General

Biology 1 12
Biology 1 – Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 14: Mitosis
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Biology 1 12
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module14
Mitosis
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to Biology 1 Grade 12 Self-Learning Module on Mitosis!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to Biology 1 Self-Learning Module on Mitosis!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
Let us continue the discussion of the phases in cell cycle. In the previous
topic, you learned about the preparation of the cell, now you will learn how cell
divides. Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each
having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. describe the stages of mitosis;

2. explain the events happen in each stages of mitosis; and
3. cite the importance of mitosis in human body.

LESSON
The most important event of a cell is when it needs to divide. In the human
life cycle, the cells in the body are continuously growing until it reaches its
maturity, except for the matures nerve cells and muscle cells. Just to emphasize, cell
division also occurs in growth and repair of the cells at the same time, also
responsible for reproduction. Cell division has two types; mitosis and meiosis. In
this module, we will focus more on MITOSIS.

After preparing (which happens in the interphase), the cell is now ready for
karyokinesis (division of a cell nucleus). Mitosis includes the replication of DNA
material so that the daughter cells will have the same genetic information. Imagine
the complexity of the process yet the necessary materials are passed along almost
perfectly from one generation to the other. Mitosis is the process by which two (2)
new daughter cells are generated having the same number of chromosome
(diploid) as the parent cell (2n). This includes the division of the nucleus to produce
two nuclei.

There are four (4) stages in Mitosis and they are: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase and telophase. Each stage has their own unique events that will help
you remember them.
 Mitosis (Kultys, 2008, figure 1)

Let us now discuss each of the stages of mitosis.

If you can recall, the last phase of interphase is the second gap where the
cell is finishing its preparation for cell division. The cell has already the duplicated
DNA and centrosomes. Once the cell is ready, the next stage is the PROPHASE.
Prophase starts when chromatin became visible under light microscope as it
condenses into discrete chromosome. Also, the nuclear envelope breaks down and
releases the chromosomes. From the centrosomes, the mitotic spindle begins to
form, and some microtubules start capturing the chromosomes. These
microtubules are called
kinetochore microtubules because they are the ones attached to the kinetochore of
each sister chromatids. Kinetochore are proteins found in the centromere
(centromeres are the regions of DNA where sister chromatids are connected).

Following the prophase is the METAPHASE. Metaphase is easily identified

because the chromosomes assemble at the metaphase plate. Actually, it is not the
chromosomes that lie at the center but their centromeres. Remember that the
microtubules attached to the kinetochore are responsible for the movements of the
chromosomes during mitosis. Also, in metaphase, the centrosomes are now at the
opposite poles of the cell.

Next stage is the ANAPHASE. This stage is considered as the shortest stage in
mitosis. The main event in this stage is when the sister chromatids start to part
because the kinetochore microtubules attached to the centromeres shortens.
Relative to this, the cell starts to elongate as well.

Metaphase

Prophase

Anaphase

Telophase and
cytokinesis
Stages of Mitosis (Zifan, 2016, figure 2)

The last stage is the TELOPHASE. In this stage, the two daughter nuclei form in
the cell (the nuclear envelope comes from the pieces of parents’ nuclear envelope).
The chromosomes become less dense. In here, mitosis has finally ended. To
complete the separation, in most animal cells, cytokinesis overlaps with telophase.
Cytokinesis happens when cleavage furrow is visible.

The result of mitosis is two diploid daughter cells. This means that each one has
the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In humans, it is represented
as 2n = 46 (2n = diploid, 46 = chromosome number).
 One of the best examples of mitosis that we commonly experience is when we get
wounded. Did you ever feel amazed on how that lesion closed as if it never happened?
That is mitosis. The cells in our body generates new cells to replace all the damaged
cells.

For plants, we can use onion root tip as an example. The image below shows the
stages of mitosis (plant cell) under a light microscope. In here, the roots are
growing.

Onion root tip under light microscope (n.a., 2004, figure 3)

Is the mitosis of animal cell same with plant cell? Yes, the process is the
same; the only difference is the cytokinesis. In plant cell, there is no cleavage
furrow. Instead, as described by (Reece 2011, 284), the vesicles from golgi
apparatus move along mictrotubules to the middle of the cell where cell plate is
produced. The cell plate enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the
plasma membrane along the perimeter of the cell. Refer to the image below.

Cell division of a plant cell (Stuart, 2012, figure 4)

 R E F E R E N CE S
Chi, Ya-Hui, Zi-Jie Chen, and Kuan-Teh Jeang. “The Nuclear Envelopathies and
Human Diseases.” Journal of Biomedical Science 16, no. 1 (October 22,
2009): 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-16-96.

Ferens, Witold. “Cell Division.” Quora (blog), July 7, 2019. quora.com/What-would-

happen-if-all-your-cells-stopped-dividing.

Kultys, Marek. Mitosis. Photograph. n/a, July 2, 2008. Wikimedia Commons.

n/a, n/a. Photograph. Onion Mitosis. n/a, n/a: UAF Center for Distance
Education, November 15, 2004. UAF Center for Distance Education.
flickr.com/people/uafcde/2233758.

Reece, Jane B., Lisa A. Urry, Michael L Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V.
Minorsky, and Robert B. Jackson. “The Cell.” Essay. In Campbell
Biology, 9th ed., 228–45. Boston, CA: Benjamin Cummings / Pearson,
2011.

Stuart, Charles. “Nature and Method of Reduction.” Essay. In Heredity and

Evolution in Plants, 55–55. Philadelphia, PA: Hardpress Publishing, 2012.
https://archive.org/stream/heredityevolutio00gage/heredityevolutio00gage#
page/36/mode/1up.

Zifan, Ali. A Diagram of Mitosis Stages. Photograph. Wikimedia Commons. Creative

Commons Attributions, June 26, 2016. Wikimedia Commons.
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki.File:Mitosis_Stages.svg.