Dipesh Niroula derivatives-report
Dipesh Niroula derivatives-report
Dipesh Niroula derivatives-report
Derivatives
Submitted to:-
Submitted by:-
Table of content
1. Acknowledgement ----------------------------------------------- 02
2. Abstract -------------------------------------------------------- 03
6. References ------------------------------------------------------- 17
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who have contributed to the completion of
this report on the topic of Derivatives in the field of Mathematics . First and foremost, I extend
my thanks to my mentor and guide, Mr. for providing invaluable insights, guidance, and
continuous support throughout the research process. Your expertise and encouragement have
been instrumental in shaping the content and direction of this report. I am also grateful to the
faculty members of the Department of Mathematics for their constructive feedback and
suggestions, which greatly enhanced the quality of this work. Furthermore, I would like to
acknowledge the assistance of my fellow classmates who contributed to discussions and shared
resource, enriching the overall research experience. Finally, my heartfelt thanks go to my family
phases of this project. This report stands as a collaborative effort, and I am thankful to all those
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Abstract
fundamental concepts, applications, and significance across various fields. Beginning with the
definition and basic properties of derivatives, the report delves into techniques for computing
derivatives, including rules such as the power rule, product rule, and chain rule. It discusses the
geometric interpretation of derivatives as slopes of tangent lines and their role in optimization
problems, graph sketching, and related rates. Furthermore, the report explores higher-order
economics, and other disciplines. Through examples and illustrations, it demonstrates the
versatility and importance of derivatives in analyzing and understanding change and rates of
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Introduction
Derivatives in calculus represent the rate at which a function’s output changes with respect to its
input. Essentially, they provide a measure of how a function’s values are changing as its input
values change. The derivative of a function f(x) is denoted as f’(x) or dy/dx, where “dy” is the
change in the function’s output and “dx” is the change in its input. Geometrically, the derivative
at a specific point corresponds to the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that
point. A positive derivative indicates an increasing function, while a negative derivative signifies
Derivatives are fundamental in various mathematical and scientific applications. They play a
crucial role in optimization, physics, engineering, economics, and more. Differentiation rules,
such as the power rule, product rule, and chain rule, provide methods for finding derivatives of
various functions. Overall, derivatives are a powerful tool for understanding and analyzing the
Limits and Derivatives are the foundation stones of calculus. Just as limits help in measuring
exponential functions, derivatives help study the nature of their change. Derivatives have
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules, which allow us to bypass the variable’s
value and yet find desired measurements. These applications are indirectly used in various fields
sciences, etc. A function is continuous in its motion. The meaning of derivative can be defined as
the momentary change in the constant motion of an exponent. The derivative of a function is a
small unit of it. It is denoted as dx. The unit dx can be an integer but never zero. A derivative is a
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fundamental part of calculus. It can be explained as the instant by the instant varying rate of
change of the function of a variable to an independent variable. When scientists want to study a
dynamic system, i.e., a system whose components are constantly changing, they use calculus.
For example, if they wish to study a particular molecule of water in the ocean, they will obtain its
rate of change compared to another water molecule. This is the meaning of derivatives in
calculus. This information can be further used by the scientists to apply in a differential equation
and then use integration to study the behavior of the above system in different conditions.
❖ Increment
A small change in the value of a variable is known as the increment. A change in the
value of the variable many increase or decrease. But in either case, we can use the term
increment to denote the change. As for example, if the value of the variable changes from
2.0 to 2.0004 or from 2.0004 to 2.0 the change is known as the increment is 0.00004.
Let y = f(x) be the function of x. If the value of x changes, the value of y will also change accordingly. G
For example: if y = 3x + 7 and x changes from 3 to 3.01 then the change in y is given
below.
When x = 3, y = 3*3+7= 16
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Thus if y = f(x) and x changes to x + x, y changes to y + y and f(x) y f(x+x) then, y+y = f(x+x)
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Historical background
The history of derivatives in mathematics can be traced back to ancient Greece, where thinkers
like Zeno and Democritus explored concepts related to motion and change. However, the formal
development of calculus, which includes the concept of derivatives, took place in the 17 th
century.
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently and almost simultaneously
developed the fundamental principles of calculus in the late 1600s. Newton used the method of
fluxions, while Leibniz introduced the notation we still use today, including the symbol for
derivatives (dy/dx). This marked the birth of differential calculus, which deals with rates of
The concept of a derivative continued to evolve, with mathematicians like Euler, Lagrange, and
Cauchy contributing to its theoretical foundation. In the 19th century, the rigor of calculus was
Derivatives in mathematics have a rich history that spans centuries. The concept of a derivative,
which represents the rate of change of a function at a given point, can be traced back to ancient
Greek mathematicians, notably Archimedes. However, it wasn’t until the 17th century that the
modern understanding of derivatives began to take shape with the development of calculus by
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Newton and Leibniz independently developed the fundamental theorem of calculus, which
relates derivatives to integrals, revolutionizing mathematics and paving the way for modern
science and engineering. Their work laid the foundation for differential calculus, which deals
Throughout the centuries, derivatives have found applications in various fields such as physics,
economics, engineering, and more recently, machine learning and data science. Today,
derivatives play a crucial role in understanding the behavior of functions, optimizing systems,
The study of derivatives continues to evolve with ongoing research and advancements in
mathematics and its applications. From its ancient origins to its modern-day significance, the
history of derivatives reflects the ingenuity and progress of mathematical thought across cultures
and generations.
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Types of Derivatives
In mathematics, derivatives come in several types, each serving a different purpose:
- Definition: The ordinary derivative of a function represents the rate of change of the
- Geometric Interpretation: The slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at
a given point.
- Example: If \( f(x) = x^2 \), then \( f’(x) = 2x \) represents the rate of change of the
2. Higher-Order Derivatives:
{dx^n} \).
- Example: If \( f(x) = x^3 \), then \( f’(x) = 3x^2 \) and \( f’’(x) = 6x \) represent the
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3. Partial Derivative
- Geometric Interpretation: Represents the rate of change of the function in the direction
4. Implicit Derivative
explicitly.
- Example: Given \( x^2 + y^2 = 1 \), the implicit derivative \( \frac{dy}{dx} \) can be
5. Total Derivative:
variables.
y} dy \).
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- Example: For a function \( f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2 \), the total derivative \( df \) accounts
Each type of derivative has its own applications and uses in various fields of mathematics,
Application of Derivatives
The application of derivatives in mathematics is vast and extends across various fields including
physics, engineering, economics, biology, and more. Here's a detailed overview of some key
applications:
scenarios, businesses often aim to maximize profit or minimize costs, which can be represented
as functions. By finding critical points (where the derivative is zero) and analyzing the behavior
of the function around these points (using the first or second derivative test), one can determine
2. Physics: Derivatives play a crucial role in physics, particularly in the study of motion. For
example, velocity and acceleration are defined as the first and second derivatives of displacement
with respect to time, respectively. Derivatives are also used in mechanics to analyze forces,
3. Economics : In economics, derivatives are used to analyze the rate of change of various
economic variables such as demand, supply, cost, and revenue. For instance, marginal revenue
and marginal cost are derivatives of the total revenue and total cost functions, Derivatives help
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economists understand how changes in one variable affect others, which is vital for making
4. Biology : Derivatives are employed in biology to model and understand various processes
such as population growth, enzyme kinetics, and neural signaling. For example, the logistic
growth model, which describes how populations grow in limited environments, involves
5. Engineering : Engineers use derivatives extensively in designing and analyzing systems. For
instance, derivatives are used in electrical engineering to analyze signals and circuits, in
mechanical engineering to design structures and analyze motion, and in chemical engineering to
6. Finance : Derivatives play a fundamental role in finance, particularly in the valuation and risk
management of financial instruments such as options, futures, and derivatives themselves. The
Black-Scholes equation, a key formula in option pricing, involves derivatives to determine the
surfaces and calculate lighting effects. Techniques like ray tracing and rasterization rely on
derivatives to determine the direction and intensity of light rays, resulting in realistic images.
8. Medicine : In medical imaging, derivatives are used in techniques like MRI and CT scans to
analyze the rate of change of signals over space, enabling the visualization of internal structures
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These are just a few examples highlighting the diverse applications of derivatives in various
fields. Overall, derivatives serve as powerful mathematical tools for analyzing and understanding
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Results and discussion
The field of mathematics known as calculus deals extensively with derivatives. A derivative
represents the rate of change of a function with respect to one of its variables. It’s a fundamental
concept in calculus and has wide-ranging applications in various fields like physics, economics,
In calculus, the derivative of a function at a point is defined as the limit of the ratio of the change
in the function’s value to the change in the independent variable as the latter approaches zero.
This limit essentially gives the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point.
The derivative provides crucial information about the behavior of a function, including its
There are different notations for derivatives, such as the prime notation (f’(x)), Leibniz notation
(dy/dx), and Newton’s notation (ẋ). Each notation has its advantages and is used in different
contexts. The derivative rules, such as the power rule, product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule,
enable the computation of derivatives of various functions. These rules are essential tools for
Applications of derivatives are vast and diverse. They include optimization problems, where
derivatives are used to find maximum or minimum values of functions; related rates problems,
where derivatives are used to analyze how related quantities change with respect to each other;
and curve sketching, where derivatives provide information about the behavior of functions and
their graphs.
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In summary, derivatives play a crucial role in mathematics and have widespread applications
across various disciplines. They form the foundation of calculus and provide essential tools for
analyzing and solving problems involving rates of change and other related concepts.
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Conclusion
provide a precise way to analyze how a function changes at any given point, offering insights
into rates of change, slopes of curves, and optimization problems. Derivatives are essential in
understanding of dynamic systems and facilitating the development of mathematical models. The
concept of derivatives extends beyond calculus, influencing diverse fields and serving as a
powerful tool for problem-solving and analysis. Derivatives are a powerful tool in mathematics
with wide-ranging applications. Their understanding provides valuable insights into the behavior
Diverse applications of derivatives can be found not only in mathematics and real life, but also in
a wide range of other fields such as science, engineering, physics, and so on. To use graphs to
calculate the profit and loss in a business venture. In order to determine the temperature
variation. To calculate the speed or distance travelled, such as miles per hour, kilometers per
hour, or kilometers per hour. In physics, derivatives are used to derive a large number of
equations.
applications across various fields, including physics, engineering, economics, and more.
Essentially, a derivative represents the rate of change of a function with respect to its
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independent variable. It provides crucial information about how a function behaves locally,
Derivatives are used extensively in optimization problems to find maximum and minimum
values of functions, which are vital in areas like economics (e.g., maximizing profit or
minimizing cost), engineering (e.g., designing structures for optimal efficiency), and physics
(e.g., determining the trajectory of a projectile). Additionally, derivatives play a central role in
the study of differential equations, which are fundamental in modeling real-world phenomena.
change, which is particularly relevant in physics for describing motion and in economics for
analyzing marginal changes. They also underpin the notion of integration, forming the basis of
integral calculus, where the reverse process of finding the area under a curve or the accumulation
In conclusion, derivatives are a cornerstone of modern mathematics, providing powerful tools for
analyzing and understanding the behavior of functions, optimizing processes, modeling real-
world phenomena, and solving a wide array of problems across diverse fields of study. Their
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Reference
● https://www.istockphoto.com
● https://www.google.com
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