Dipesh Niroula derivatives-report

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A report on

Derivatives

Submitted to:-

Submitted by:-

Table of content
1. Acknowledgement ----------------------------------------------- 02

2. Abstract -------------------------------------------------------- 03

3. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------- 04-12

4. Result & Discussion ---------------------------------------------- 13-14

5. Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------- 15-16

6. References ------------------------------------------------------- 17

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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who have contributed to the completion of

this report on the topic of Derivatives in the field of Mathematics . First and foremost, I extend

my thanks to my mentor and guide, Mr. for providing invaluable insights, guidance, and

continuous support throughout the research process. Your expertise and encouragement have

been instrumental in shaping the content and direction of this report. I am also grateful to the

faculty members of the Department of Mathematics for their constructive feedback and

suggestions, which greatly enhanced the quality of this work. Furthermore, I would like to

acknowledge the assistance of my fellow classmates who contributed to discussions and shared

resource, enriching the overall research experience. Finally, my heartfelt thanks go to my family

phases of this project. This report stands as a collaborative effort, and I am thankful to all those

who played a part in its fruition.

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Abstract

This report provides an overview of derivatives in mathematics, focusing on their

fundamental concepts, applications, and significance across various fields. Beginning with the

definition and basic properties of derivatives, the report delves into techniques for computing

derivatives, including rules such as the power rule, product rule, and chain rule. It discusses the

geometric interpretation of derivatives as slopes of tangent lines and their role in optimization

problems, graph sketching, and related rates. Furthermore, the report explores higher-order

derivatives, implicit differentiation, and applications of derivatives in calculus, physics,

economics, and other disciplines. Through examples and illustrations, it demonstrates the

versatility and importance of derivatives in analyzing and understanding change and rates of

change in mathematical models and real-world phenomena.

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Introduction

Derivatives in calculus represent the rate at which a function’s output changes with respect to its

input. Essentially, they provide a measure of how a function’s values are changing as its input

values change. The derivative of a function f(x) is denoted as f’(x) or dy/dx, where “dy” is the

change in the function’s output and “dx” is the change in its input. Geometrically, the derivative

at a specific point corresponds to the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that

point. A positive derivative indicates an increasing function, while a negative derivative signifies

a decreasing function. If the derivative is zero, it suggests a possible local extremism.

Derivatives are fundamental in various mathematical and scientific applications. They play a

crucial role in optimization, physics, engineering, economics, and more. Differentiation rules,

such as the power rule, product rule, and chain rule, provide methods for finding derivatives of

various functions. Overall, derivatives are a powerful tool for understanding and analyzing the

behavior of functions in mathematical models and real-world scenarios.

Limits and Derivatives are the foundation stones of calculus. Just as limits help in measuring

exponential functions, derivatives help study the nature of their change. Derivatives have

addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules, which allow us to bypass the variable’s

value and yet find desired measurements. These applications are indirectly used in various fields

such as Engineering, Astronomy, Physics, Information Technology, Biotechnology, Agro

sciences, etc. A function is continuous in its motion. The meaning of derivative can be defined as

the momentary change in the constant motion of an exponent. The derivative of a function is a

small unit of it. It is denoted as dx. The unit dx can be an integer but never zero. A derivative is a

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fundamental part of calculus. It can be explained as the instant by the instant varying rate of

change of the function of a variable to an independent variable. When scientists want to study a

dynamic system, i.e., a system whose components are constantly changing, they use calculus.

For example, if they wish to study a particular molecule of water in the ocean, they will obtain its

rate of change compared to another water molecule. This is the meaning of derivatives in

calculus. This information can be further used by the scientists to apply in a differential equation

and then use integration to study the behavior of the above system in different conditions.

❖ Increment
A small change in the value of a variable is known as the increment. A change in the

value of the variable many increase or decrease. But in either case, we can use the term

increment to denote the change. As for example, if the value of the variable changes from

2.0 to 2.0004 or from 2.0004 to 2.0 the change is known as the increment is 0.00004.

Let y = f(x) be the function of x. If the value of x changes, the value of y will also change accordingly. G

For example: if y = 3x + 7 and x changes from 3 to 3.01 then the change in y is given

below.

When x = 3, y = 3*3+7= 16

When x= 3.01, y= 3*3.01+7= 16.03

Now change in y = y = 16.03-16 = 0.03

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Thus if y = f(x) and x changes to x + x, y changes to y + y and f(x) y f(x+x) then, y+y = f(x+x)

and ∆y = f(x+∆x) – y = f(x+∆x) – f(x)

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Historical background

The history of derivatives in mathematics can be traced back to ancient Greece, where thinkers

like Zeno and Democritus explored concepts related to motion and change. However, the formal

development of calculus, which includes the concept of derivatives, took place in the 17 th

century.

Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently and almost simultaneously

developed the fundamental principles of calculus in the late 1600s. Newton used the method of

fluxions, while Leibniz introduced the notation we still use today, including the symbol for

derivatives (dy/dx). This marked the birth of differential calculus, which deals with rates of

change and slopes of curves.

The concept of a derivative continued to evolve, with mathematicians like Euler, Lagrange, and

Cauchy contributing to its theoretical foundation. In the 19th century, the rigor of calculus was

further solidified by mathematicians like Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Karl Weierstrass.

Derivatives in mathematics have a rich history that spans centuries. The concept of a derivative,

which represents the rate of change of a function at a given point, can be traced back to ancient

Greek mathematicians, notably Archimedes. However, it wasn’t until the 17th century that the

modern understanding of derivatives began to take shape with the development of calculus by

Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

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Newton and Leibniz independently developed the fundamental theorem of calculus, which

relates derivatives to integrals, revolutionizing mathematics and paving the way for modern

science and engineering. Their work laid the foundation for differential calculus, which deals

with the study of rates of change and slopes of curves.

Throughout the centuries, derivatives have found applications in various fields such as physics,

economics, engineering, and more recently, machine learning and data science. Today,

derivatives play a crucial role in understanding the behavior of functions, optimizing systems,

modeling physical phenomena, and solving real-world problems.

The study of derivatives continues to evolve with ongoing research and advancements in

mathematics and its applications. From its ancient origins to its modern-day significance, the

history of derivatives reflects the ingenuity and progress of mathematical thought across cultures

and generations.

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Types of Derivatives
In mathematics, derivatives come in several types, each serving a different purpose:

1. Ordinary Derivative (First Derivative):

- Definition: The ordinary derivative of a function represents the rate of change of the

function with respect to its independent variable.

- Notation: denoted by \( f’(x) \) or \( \frac{df}{dx} \).

- Geometric Interpretation: The slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at

a given point.

- Example: If \( f(x) = x^2 \), then \( f’(x) = 2x \) represents the rate of change of the

function \( f \) with respect to \( x \).

2. Higher-Order Derivatives:

- Definition: Derivatives of derivatives, representing successive rates of change.

- Notation: denoted by \( f’’(x) \), \( f’’’(x) \), \( f^{(n)}(x) \), or \( \frac{d^nf}

{dx^n} \).

- Example: If \( f(x) = x^3 \), then \( f’(x) = 3x^2 \) and \( f’’(x) = 6x \) represent the

first and second derivatives of \( f \), respectively.

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3. Partial Derivative

- Definition: The derivative of a function of several variables with respect to one of

those variables, keeping the others constant.

- Notation: denoted by \( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \) or \( f_x \).

- Geometric Interpretation: Represents the rate of change of the function in the direction

of one of the coordinate axes in multivariable calculus.

- Example: If \( f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2 \), then \( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = 2x \) and \( \

frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = 2y \) represent the partial derivatives of \( f \) with respect

to \( x \) and \( y \), respectively.

4. Implicit Derivative

- Definition: Derivative of a function defined implicitly by an equation rather than

explicitly.

- Technique: Involves differentiating both sides of an equation with respect to a

particular variable and then solving for the derivative.

- Example: Given \( x^2 + y^2 = 1 \), the implicit derivative \( \frac{dy}{dx} \) can be

found using implicit differentiation techniques.

5. Total Derivative:

- Definition: The derivative of a multivariable function with respect to all of its

variables.

- Notation: denoted by \( df = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} dx + \frac{\partial f}{\partial

y} dy \).

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- Example: For a function \( f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2 \), the total derivative \( df \) accounts

for changes in both \( x \) and \( y \) simultaneously.

Each type of derivative has its own applications and uses in various fields of mathematics,

physics, engineering, and other sciences.

Application of Derivatives

The application of derivatives in mathematics is vast and extends across various fields including

physics, engineering, economics, biology, and more. Here's a detailed overview of some key

applications:

1. Optimization: Derivatives are extensively used in optimizing functions. In real-world

scenarios, businesses often aim to maximize profit or minimize costs, which can be represented

as functions. By finding critical points (where the derivative is zero) and analyzing the behavior

of the function around these points (using the first or second derivative test), one can determine

the optimal solution.

2. Physics: Derivatives play a crucial role in physics, particularly in the study of motion. For

example, velocity and acceleration are defined as the first and second derivatives of displacement

with respect to time, respectively. Derivatives are also used in mechanics to analyze forces,

energy, and fluid dynamics.

3. Economics : In economics, derivatives are used to analyze the rate of change of various

economic variables such as demand, supply, cost, and revenue. For instance, marginal revenue

and marginal cost are derivatives of the total revenue and total cost functions, Derivatives help

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economists understand how changes in one variable affect others, which is vital for making

informed decisions in areas like pricing, production, and investment.

4. Biology : Derivatives are employed in biology to model and understand various processes

such as population growth, enzyme kinetics, and neural signaling. For example, the logistic

growth model, which describes how populations grow in limited environments, involves

derivatives to analyze the rate of change of population size over time.

5. Engineering : Engineers use derivatives extensively in designing and analyzing systems. For

instance, derivatives are used in electrical engineering to analyze signals and circuits, in

mechanical engineering to design structures and analyze motion, and in chemical engineering to

model reaction rates and design processes.

6. Finance : Derivatives play a fundamental role in finance, particularly in the valuation and risk

management of financial instruments such as options, futures, and derivatives themselves. The

Black-Scholes equation, a key formula in option pricing, involves derivatives to determine the

fair value of options.

7. Computer Graphics : Derivatives are utilized in computer graphics to simulate smooth

surfaces and calculate lighting effects. Techniques like ray tracing and rasterization rely on

derivatives to determine the direction and intensity of light rays, resulting in realistic images.

8. Medicine : In medical imaging, derivatives are used in techniques like MRI and CT scans to

analyze the rate of change of signals over space, enabling the visualization of internal structures

and abnormalities in the body.

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These are just a few examples highlighting the diverse applications of derivatives in various

fields. Overall, derivatives serve as powerful mathematical tools for analyzing and understanding

the behavior of complex systems in the real world.

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Results and discussion

The field of mathematics known as calculus deals extensively with derivatives. A derivative

represents the rate of change of a function with respect to one of its variables. It’s a fundamental

concept in calculus and has wide-ranging applications in various fields like physics, economics,

engineering, and more.

In calculus, the derivative of a function at a point is defined as the limit of the ratio of the change

in the function’s value to the change in the independent variable as the latter approaches zero.

This limit essentially gives the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point.

The derivative provides crucial information about the behavior of a function, including its

increasing or decreasing nature, concavity, and critical points.

There are different notations for derivatives, such as the prime notation (f’(x)), Leibniz notation

(dy/dx), and Newton’s notation (ẋ). Each notation has its advantages and is used in different

contexts. The derivative rules, such as the power rule, product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule,

enable the computation of derivatives of various functions. These rules are essential tools for

solving problems in calculus and related fields.

Applications of derivatives are vast and diverse. They include optimization problems, where

derivatives are used to find maximum or minimum values of functions; related rates problems,

where derivatives are used to analyze how related quantities change with respect to each other;

and curve sketching, where derivatives provide information about the behavior of functions and

their graphs.

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In summary, derivatives play a crucial role in mathematics and have widespread applications

across various disciplines. They form the foundation of calculus and provide essential tools for

analyzing and solving problems involving rates of change and other related concepts.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, derivatives play a fundamental role in mathematics, particularly in calculus. They

provide a precise way to analyze how a function changes at any given point, offering insights

into rates of change, slopes of curves, and optimization problems. Derivatives are essential in

physics, economics, engineering, and various scientific disciplines, enabling a deeper

understanding of dynamic systems and facilitating the development of mathematical models. The

concept of derivatives extends beyond calculus, influencing diverse fields and serving as a

powerful tool for problem-solving and analysis. Derivatives are a powerful tool in mathematics

with wide-ranging applications. Their understanding provides valuable insights into the behavior

of functions, enabling us to model and analyze real-world phenomena. As we continue to explore

calculus, the importance of derivatives becomes increasingly evident in unraveling the

complexities of change of motion .

Diverse applications of derivatives can be found not only in mathematics and real life, but also in

a wide range of other fields such as science, engineering, physics, and so on. To use graphs to

calculate the profit and loss in a business venture. In order to determine the temperature

variation. To calculate the speed or distance travelled, such as miles per hour, kilometers per

hour, or kilometers per hour. In physics, derivatives are used to derive a large number of

equations.

The concept of derivatives In mathematics is foundational in calculus and has wide-ranging

applications across various fields, including physics, engineering, economics, and more.

Essentially, a derivative represents the rate of change of a function with respect to its

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independent variable. It provides crucial information about how a function behaves locally,

including its slope, concavity, and extremities.

Derivatives are used extensively in optimization problems to find maximum and minimum

values of functions, which are vital in areas like economics (e.g., maximizing profit or

minimizing cost), engineering (e.g., designing structures for optimal efficiency), and physics

(e.g., determining the trajectory of a projectile). Additionally, derivatives play a central role in

the study of differential equations, which are fundamental in modeling real-world phenomena.

Furthermore, derivatives are essential in understanding the concept of instantaneous rates of

change, which is particularly relevant in physics for describing motion and in economics for

analyzing marginal changes. They also underpin the notion of integration, forming the basis of

integral calculus, where the reverse process of finding the area under a curve or the accumulation

of quantities over time is studied.

In conclusion, derivatives are a cornerstone of modern mathematics, providing powerful tools for

analyzing and understanding the behavior of functions, optimizing processes, modeling real-

world phenomena, and solving a wide array of problems across diverse fields of study. Their

significance extends far beyond theoretical mathematics, impacting numerous practical

applications and driving advancements in various disciplines.

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Reference

● https://www.istockphoto.com

● https://www.google.com

● Text book ( Sukunda Publication)

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