SQL_Cheat_Sheet_with_JOIN_and_Integrity_Constraints

SQL Cheat Sheet: Working with Multiple
Tables (Including JOIN and Integrity

Constraints)
1. CREATE TABLE
Use to create a new table in the database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
...
);
Example:
CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
department_id INT,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
2. INSERT INTO
Use to insert data into a table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
Example:
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary)
VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', 1, 50000.00);
3. SELECT
Use to query data from a table.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
Example:
SELECT first_name, last_name, salary
FROM employees;
4. WHERE Clause
Use to filter records based on a condition.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
SELECT first_name, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 1;
5. Aggregation Functions
Use to calculate aggregate values (e.g., SUM, COUNT, AVG).
- SUM(): Adds up values in a column.

- COUNT(): Counts the number of rows.
- AVG(): Calculates the average of a column.
- MIN(): Finds the minimum value.
- MAX(): Finds the maximum value.
Example:
SELECT department_id, SUM(salary) AS total_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
6. JOINs
JOINs combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.
- INNER JOIN: Returns only matching rows from both tables.

- LEFT JOIN (LEFT OUTER JOIN): Returns all rows from the left table, and matched rows
from the right table.
- RIGHT JOIN (RIGHT OUTER JOIN): Returns all rows from the right table, and matched rows
from the left table.
- FULL JOIN (FULL OUTER JOIN): Returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table1
JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Example of INNER JOIN:

SELECT employees.first_name, employees.last_name, departments.department_name,
employees.salary
FROM employees
INNER JOIN departments ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
Example of LEFT JOIN:

employees.salary
FROM employees
LEFT JOIN departments ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
Example of RIGHT JOIN:

employees.salary
FROM employees
RIGHT JOIN departments ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
Example of FULL JOIN:

employees.salary
FROM employees
FULL OUTER JOIN departments ON employees.department_id =
departments.department_id;
7. UNION
Use to combine the result sets of two or more SELECT queries. Removes duplicates.
Syntax:
FROM table1
UNION
FROM table2;
Example:
SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees
UNION
SELECT first_name, last_name FROM customers;
8. Subqueries
A subquery is a query within another query, often used in SELECT, WHERE, or FROM
clauses.
Example of Subquery in WHERE:

SELECT first_name, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE
department_name = 'HR');
Example of Subquery in SELECT:

SELECT first_name, last_name,
(SELECT department_name FROM departments WHERE department_id =
employees.department_id) AS department
FROM employees;
9. Integrity Constraints
Integrity Constraints are used to ensure the accuracy and reliability of data in a database.
- **PRIMARY KEY**: Ensures that each row in a table has a unique identifier. A column with
the primary key constraint cannot contain NULL values.
- **FOREIGN KEY**: Enforces a link between the columns in two tables. It ensures that the
values in one table must exist in another table.
- **NOT NULL**: Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value.
- **UNIQUE**: Ensures that all values in a column are unique.
- **CHECK**: Ensures that all values in a column satisfy a specific condition.
- **DEFAULT**: Provides a default value for a column when no value is specified.
Syntax for PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY:

CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
department_id INT,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES departments(department_id)
);
Syntax for NOT NULL and UNIQUE:

CREATE TABLE products (
product_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
product_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
price DECIMAL(10, 2),
UNIQUE (product_name)
);
Quick Reference
- SELECT: Retrieve data from a table.

- WHERE: Filter rows before aggregation.
- GROUP BY: Group rows based on column values.
- HAVING: Filter groups after aggregation.
- ORDER BY: Sort results.
- JOIN: Combine data from multiple tables.
- UNION: Combine results from multiple queries.
- CREATE TABLE: Create a new table.
- INSERT INTO: Insert data into a table.
Common Data Types
- INT: Integer numbers.

- VARCHAR(length): Variable-length character strings.
- DECIMAL(m, d): Decimal numbers with a specified precision and scale.
- DATE: Date values.
- BOOLEAN: True/False values.

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SQL Cheat Sheet: Working with Multiple

Tables (Including JOIN and Integrity

Use to create a new table in the database.

Use to insert data into a table.

Use to query data from a table.

Use to filter records based on a condition.

Use to calculate aggregate values (e.g., SUM, COUNT, AVG).

- SUM(): Adds up values in a column.

- INNER JOIN: Returns only matching rows from both tables.

Example of INNER JOIN:

Example of LEFT JOIN:

Example of RIGHT JOIN:

Example of FULL JOIN:

Example of Subquery in WHERE:

Example of Subquery in SELECT:

Syntax for PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY:

Syntax for NOT NULL and UNIQUE:

- SELECT: Retrieve data from a table.

- INT: Integer numbers.

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