CHEMISTRY 111 LECTURE

EXAM I Material

Nomenclature
I. COMPOUNDS- Two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions.
COMPOUNDS

IONIC COMPOUNDS MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

Metal - Nonmetal Nonmetal-Nonmetal

II Naming Ionic Compounds

BACKGROUND:
A. Metallic Cations - (+ charge)
1. Fixed Charged cations

2. Variable charged cations

B. Nonmetal Anions (-) charge

C. Polyatomic Ions

Page 1
Naming compounds
Key: Compounds are neutral → no net charge

III Naming Molecular compounds

Nonmetal - Nonmetal
Variable combinations
Ex.

1. Know prefixes: Di, tri, tetra...etc.

2. Naming formula:
Prefix element #1 + prefix stem of element #2 + ide
Ex.

IV ACIDS AND BASES

Formula starts with a "H" + (aq)

[H2O is excluded]
Ex. HCl (aq) "Dissolved in water" The HCl must be in H2O to have the properties of an acid.
ACIDS

Binary Acid Oxyacid/ Ternary Acid

Does not contain "O" Contains "O"

A. Binary Acids (no "O")

Naming: Hydro + stem of element + ic Acid

ACID ION

Exception: H2S 

Page 2
 B. OXYACIDS/TERNARY ACIDS (contains "O")

Naming Formula:

Ion name but change ite→ ous + Acid

ate → ic
Recognize the ion part of the Acid

ACID ION

EXCEPTION:

PRACTICE:
Name or give the chemical formula for the following:
oxalic acid magnesium hydrogen carbonate

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
mercurous nitride ammonium carbonate

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
silver nitrate aurous iodide

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
plumbic acetate iodine tribromide

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
calcium peroxide hydrobromic acid

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
potassium phosphide sulfurous acid

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
nickelous permanganate cobaltous sulfide

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

Page 3
CS2 Co2O3

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
Ni(NO2)2 Bi(NO3)3

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
Ba3N2 HClO3(aq)

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
Ca(OH)2 N2O5

_____________________________________ ___________________________________
Sr(HSO3)2 Hg(HCO3)2

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
H2CO3(aq) PbO2

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
SO3 Hg2I2

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
HF HF(aq)

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
HC2H3O2(aq) Au3PO4

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
N2O3 Cu(Cl0)2

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
HCN(aq) Al(OH)3

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

Page 4
I. THE MOLE

Avogadro's number → memorize!!

Conversions
1 mole H atoms or 6.02 x 1023 H atoms
6.02 x 1023 atoms 1 mole atoms

II. MOLAR MASS (molecular wt.)

1 mole = AMU weight numerically in grams

26
Fe
55.85

Atomic wt. Molar mass

55.85 AMU 55.85 g
{1 atom} = 1 mole of Fe atoms
= 6.02 x 1023 Fe atoms

IV. MOLES AND CHEMICAL FORMULAS

N2O5

2 atoms N 2 mole N
5 atoms O 5 moles O
= 1 molecule N2O5 = 1 mole of N2O5
Ratios:

Problem:
How many moles of N in 13.5 moles of N2O5?

V MOLES AND CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS:

1. How many grams of Zn will combine with 34.00 g of nitrogen?

2. How many atoms of O are needed to produce 32 kg of phosphoric acid?

Page 5
VI Empirical and Molecular Formulas:

A. Empirical formula shows the smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Examples:

B. Calculation of Empirical and Molecular Formula

The percentage composition of a compound is 63.133% C, 8.831% H, and 28.04% O.
The Molar mass = 171.21 g/mol
What is its empirical formula? What is its molecular formula?

STEP 1. Calculate the Empirical Formula

STEP. 2 Calculate the Empirical Formula weight.

STEP. 3 Determine the number of E.F. units in the molecular formula

{ Divide the molar mass by the E.F. wt.}

Multipliers:

AlO1.5 →

CX1.33 →

CX1.25 →

Experimental Error and it’s effect on Empirical Formula Calculation:

Page 6
A chemical reaction occurs when there is a change in chemical composition.

I. Evidence of a reaction- One of the following would be observed:

a.A precipitate is formed or dissolved
b.A change of color
c.Effervescence occurs (gas formation)
d.Energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity is released
II Types of Chemical Reactions--> Know and complete
A. Combination Reactions - One product is formed:
1. Metal + Nonmetal combines to form an Ionic compound

2. Metal Oxide + H2O combines to form a Base

3. Nonmetal Oxide + H2O combines to form an Acid

B. Decomposition-A single reactant will form two or more products

1. Carbonates (CO32-) decomposes to oxides and CO2(g)

2. Sulfites (SO32-)decomposes to oxides and sulfur dioxide gas

3. Metal oxides decomposes to metal + Oxygen gas

4. Ionic Compounds decomposes to Metal + Nonmetal

5. Hydroxides decomposes to Metal oxides + water

6. Nitrates decomposes to Nitrites + Oxygen gas

7. Peroxides decomposes to Oxides + Oxygen gas

8. Chlorates decomposes to chlorides + Oxygen gas

Page 7
C. Combustion Reactions involves organic compounds:

General Form: (CxHyOz) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

D. Single displacement Reactions/ Replacement Rxns.

A more active element displaces a less active element
TYPES:
Type 1: Metal + H 2O  Base + H2(g)

Type 2: Metal + Acid  Salt + H2(g)

Type 3: Metal1 + Salt1  Metal2 + Salt2

Type 4. Nonmetal1 + Salt1  Nonmetal2 + Salt2

Page 8
 SOLUBILITY RULES FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS

Ion contained in Solubility Exceptions

the Compound
Group IA Soluble

NH4+ Soluble

C2H3O2- Soluble

NO3- Soluble

Cl-,Br-, and I- Soluble Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+

SO42- Soluble Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+,Pb2+

CO32-, PO43-, CrO42- insoluble group IA and NH4+

S2- insoluble group IA,IIA, and NH4+

OH- insoluble group IA, Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+

STRONG BASES
LiOH CsOH
KOH Sr(OH)2

RbOH Ba(OH)2

NaOH Ca(OH)2

STRONG ACIDS
HNO3 HCl

HClO4 HBr

H2SO4 HI

Page 9
E. Double Exchange (Ion Exchange) Reactions
1. In a double displacement (ion exchange) reaction, the positive end and negative end of
compounds "change partners" to form new products:

a. Precipitate
*Note: A ppt must form for the reaction to occur. ( if it doesn't...Then NR!)

b. Less Ionized Substance.(Molecule formation)

(1) Gas

(2) Neutralization

(3) A weak acid or base is formed

c. Gas generating reactions (molecular products)

H2CO3 (aq) →

NH4OH (aq) →

H2SO3 (aq) →

H2S (aq) →

Page 10
The numerical relationship among the reactants and products in a balanced equation (Chemical
reaction)

The Balanced equation

A balanced equation shows a chemical reaction in shorthand:
For example: Two magnesium atoms (a solid) when ignited, reacts with oxygen atoms to form solid
magnesium oxide

The meaning of a balanced Chemical Equation: A bookkeeping system

The balanced equation - mole to mole ratios

These mole to mole ratios are exact numbers.

II. The Stoichiometric Pathway:

# of particles of Known # particles of Unknown.

Avo. # balanced equation Avo. #

Moles of Known Moles of Unknown.

molar mass molar mass

Grams of Known Grams of Unknown.

III. Stoichiometric Calculations

1. The reaction: Chromium metal is reacted with copper (II) chloride
Key: You must have a balanced equation!!

How many grams of chromic chloride are produced from 6.0 mole Cr?

2. How many grams of oxygen gas are required for the complete combustion of 694 g of methane
CH4(g) in a sample of natural gas?

Page 11
IV. LIMITING REACTANTS
When most reactions are performed, some of the reactants is usually present in excess of the amount
needed. If the reaction goes to completion, then some of this excess reactant will be left-over. The
limiting reactant is the reactant used-up completely and it "limits" the reaction.

PROBLEMS:

1. Zinc nitrate is reacted with sodium hydroxide.

a. How many grams of Zinc hydroxide is produced when 13.0 grams of zinc nitrate and 17.0
grams sodium hydroxide are mixed? How much excess reactant is left?

METHOD: Find the L.R.  Calculate the moles of product that each reactant may produce.

BALANCED EQUATION:

(1) Find the L.R.

(3.) Determine the MASS of product made from the L.R.

(4.) Calculate the grams of excess reactant

Page 12
VI. PERCENT YIELD
The amount of product that has been previously calculated from chemical equations show the
maximum
yield (100%). However, many reactions fail to give a 100% yield of product.

The theoretical yield is the calculated amount of product.

The Actual yield is the amount of product actually obtained

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = X 100
Theoretical Yield

PROBLEM:
5.000 g of Ag2S was produced from 5.000 g of Ag and an excess of sulfur according to
the reaction:
2 Ag + S  Ag2S
What is the percent yield?

Page 13
WORKSHEET- STOICHIOMETRY AND CHEMICAL FORMULA CALCUATIONS

SET A: (Time required, 1 hour)

1. A compound with the formula, BxH20O3, contains 36.14 % by mass oxygen. What is the value
of the integer, x ?
Ans: x = 6

2. A mixture of cobalt(II) oxide and cobalt(III) oxide contains 32.50 % by mass cobalt (II)
oxide. What is the total number of oxide ions in a 122 g of the mixture?
Ans: 1.22 x 1024 oxide ions

3. A sulfur containing compound is treated chemically to convert all its sulfur into barium sulfate.
A 8.19 mg sample of the compound gave 5.46 mg barium sulfate.
a) What is the percentage of sulfur in the compound? Ans: 9.18 % S
b) If there is one sulfur atom in the molecule, what is the molar mass of the compound ?
Ans: 349 g/mole

4. An alloy of Co, Rh and Mn contains these elements in the atomic ratio of 2 : 5 : 2,

respectively. What is the mass of a sample of this alloy containing a total of 8.75 x 1021 atoms?
Ans: 1.20 g

5. The percent of aluminum in the compound, Al2X3, is 18.56 %. What is the molar mass of
element X ?
Ans: 79.00 g/mole

6. 3.9104 g sample of a compound made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen is burned
completely. 3.820 g CO2 and 3.125 g H2O are produced. Analysis of nitrogen showed that the
compound contains 46.62 % by mass nitrogen. The molar mass of the compound is about 170
+ 15 g/mole.
a) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. Ans: C2H8N3O
b) What is the molecular formula of the compound? Ans: C4H16N6O2

7. 169 g FeCr2O4, 298 g K2CO3 and an excess of O2 (g) are sealed in a reaction vessel and
allowed to react at high temperature. The amount of K2CrO4 obtained is 194 g. Calculate the
percent yield of K2CrO4.
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 K2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 K2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
( Molar mass: FeCr2O4 = 223.84, K2CO3=138.21, K2CrO4 =194.19 g/mole )
Ans: 66.2 %

Page 14
SET B: (time required, 1 hour)

1. Excess amount of HCl is added to a mixture of CaCO3 and K2CO3. The mixture reacted
completely.
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
K2CO3 + 2 HCl → 2 KCl + H2O + CO2
4.48 g CO2 and 3.57 g KCl are produced along with some CaCl2 and H2O. Calculate the
mass of the mixture.
Ans: 11.10 g mixture

2. The percent of manganese in the compound, Mn5X2, is 42.10 %. What is the molar mass of
element X ?
Ans: 186.9 g/mole

3. A mixture of potassium phosphate and potassium nitrate contains 36.55 % by mass

potassium nitrate. What is the total number of potassium ions in 83.5 g mixture?
Ans: 6.32 x 1023 ions

4. A carbon containing compound was treated chemically to convert all its carbon into SrCO3.
A 31.23 g sample of the compound gave 1.203 x 102 g SrCO3.
a) What is the percentage of carbon in the compound? Ans: 31.3 % C
b) If there are three carbon atoms in a molecule of the compound, what is the molar mass
of the
compound? Ans: 114.8 g/mole

5. 80.0 g KClO3 are mixed with 59.5 g HCl and allowed to react according to the equation:
2 KClO3 + 4 HCl _ 2 KCl + 2 ClO2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O
( Molar mass: KCl = 74.6, KClO3 = 122.6, HCl = 36.5, ClO2= 67.5, Cl2 = 71.0, H2O = 18.0
g/mole)
The amount of Cl2 produced is 18.7 g. Calculate the percent yield of Cl2. Ans: 80.6 %

6. 28.50 g sample of a compound of carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen is burned. 35.25
g CO2 and 14.65 g SO2 are produced. Analysis of hydrogen showed that the compound
contains 8.514 % hydrogen by mass. The molar mass of the compound is 500 + 5 g/mole.
a) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. 6a) Ans:C7H21S2O5
b) What is the molecular formula of the compound? 6b) Ans: C14H42S4O10

Page 15
SET C:
1. A phosphorus containing compound is treated chemically to convert all its phosphorus into
Mg3(PO4)2. A 7.88 g sample of the compound gave 4.75 g Mg3(PO4)2. What is the
percentage by mass of phosphorus in the compound?
Ans: 14.2 % P

2. The percent by mass of boron in the compound, B7X3, is 42.1 % . What is the molar mass
of X ?
Ans: 34.7 g/mole

3. A 39.11 g sample of a compound containing Cr is analyzed to show the presence of 86.22

% Cr. It is found that there are five chromium atoms per molecule of the compound. What
is the molar mass of the compound?
Ans: 301.6 g/mole

4. The percent by mass of silicon in the compound, Si8X3, is 72.33 %. What is the molar mass
of element X ?
Ans: 28.65 g/mole

5. Consider the following reaction:

3 CaBr2 + 2 Na3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 NaBr
( Molar mass: CaBr2 = 199.9, Na3PO4 = 164.0, Ca3(PO4)2 = 207.2, NaBr = 102.9 g/mole)

A reaction mixture contained 22.44 g of CaBr2 and 16.85 g Na3PO4.

a. What is the mass of Ca3(PO4)2 produced after the reaction is complete ? Ans: 7.753 g
b. How many grams of each reactant is left after the reaction is complete? Ans: zero
grams of CaBr2
and 4.58 g Na3PO4

Page 16
 Chapter 5 (pages 178-216)
I. Properties of gases

II. Measurements-Review
force
A. Pressure =
Unit area
1. Conversions:
1 atm= 760 mm Hg = 760 torr (exactly)
1.013 x 105 Pa= 1 atm = 14.68 psi
2. Barometer
3. Manometer
B. Temperature - Kelvin
K = ºC + 273.15
C. Volume
1. The volume of a gas is the volume of the container it occupies.
2. Units: liters or milliliters

III. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN oT, VOLUME, AND PRESSURE.- Review

A. Boyle's law P&V
As the pressure increases the volume decreases in the same proportion.

B Charles's law ºT & V

As the temperature (Kelvin) is increased the volume is increased proportionally.

C Gay-Lussac's Law
When temperature (K) increases pressure increases proportionally.

D Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Amount (in moles, n)

When the amount (moles, n) increases volume increases proportionally.

Page 17
E. COMBINATION OF THE GAS LAWS-Review:
P, V, and oT varying. Assume that the mass is constant.
Prob: A certain mass of gas occupies 5.50 L at 34ºC and 655 mm Hg. What will its volume in
liters be if it is cooled to 10.0oC and its pressure remains the same?

F. GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES-Review:

At the same oT and Pressure, the volumes of gases that combine in a chemical reaction are in the
ratio of small whole numbers.

G. IDEAL GAS EQUATION-Review:

Derivation:

KNOW: PV=nRT Where: n = moles of gas

R = 0.0821 L-atm
mole-K

1. What volume in liters will be occupied by 6.00 mol carbon dioxide gas at 105 mm Hg and
28ºC?

H. MOLAR VOLUME at Standard Temperature and Pressure-Review:

At the same temperature and pressure the same number of moles of different gases have the
same volume. The Molar Volume is the volume of one mole of any gas at a given oT & P. [STP]
Standard Temperature and Pressure = [STP]:
22.4 L
At: 273 K and 1 atm (760 torr)
1 mole of gas

Page 18
The density of an unknown gas is 1.43 g/L at 0ºC and 760 torr. What is the molar mass of the
unknown gas?

WHEN TO USE:

1. PV = nRT

22.4 L
2. at STP
mole

P1V1 P2V2
3. =
T1 T2

4. PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3+…….

𝑛1 𝑃1
5. 𝑋1 = =
𝑛𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

H. MIXTURES OF GASES AND PARTIAL PRESSURES (DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES) a

mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas.

Ptotal = P1 + P2 +P3 +.....

Collecting Gases over Water

Example: The total pressure in a 1.00 liter container is 725 mm Hg. The container contains
water vapor and nitrogen gas. If the partial pressure of the water vapor is 225 mm Hg, what is
the partial pressure of the nitrogen gas.

Ptotal = PN + PH O
2 2

Page 19
 I. MOLE FRACTIONS; Mixtures of gases
The mole fraction of a component is the fraction of moles of that component of the total moles
of the gas mixture.

IV GASES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS: STOICHIOMETRY--Review:

Certain chemical reactions involve gas as a reactant or product. For these types of reactions, the
stoichiometric calculations involve the use of: 1) PV=nRT
L
2) 22.4 at STP
mole
3) Molar volumes

The general stoichiometric scheme

Vol. of known (gas) Vol. of unknown (gas)

PV=nRt or 22.4 L/mole (at STP) or molar volumes

g of Known Moles Known Moles UNK. g. of UNK.

Molarity (mol/L)

Vol. of Known Vol. of UNK.

(liters) (liters)

Page 20
Problems:
1. How many liters of ammonia gas can be produced by the reaction of 735 ml hydrogen gas with an
excess nitrogen gas at 425 oC and 135 atm? Nitrogen + hydrogen → ammonia
Ans.=0.490 L

2. How many liters of carbon dioxide gas at 0 oC and 1.0 atm are produced by the complete
combustion of 60.0 mol of liquid glucose, C6H12O6?
Ans. = 8.06 x 103 L CO2

Page 21
 3. How many liters of the air pollutant NO(g) could be produced at 985 oC and a pressure of 30.0
atm by the reaction of oxygen gas with 455 g of nitrogen gas.
Ans. = 112 L NO

V GAS PROBLEMS
1. A 655 ml gas cylinder filled with oxygen gas at a pressure of 95 atm and at 26.0 °C was used by a
scuba diver. The pressure after it was used was 85 atm. How many moles of oxygen gas were
used by the diver? Ans = 0.26 mol O2

Page 22
2. A flask contained 1.017 mol of carbon dioxide. The gas exerted a pressure of 925 mm Hg at a
temperature of 28 °C. When an additional 0.250 mole of Carbon dioxide was added to the flask the
temperature increased to 35°C. What is the new pressure in the flask?
Ans.= 1.56 atm CO2

3. A sample of an unknown gaseous hydrocarbon had a density of 1.56 g/L at 25.0 °C AND 1.33 atm.
Calculate the molar mass of the gas.
Ans. = 28.7 g/mol

Page 23
4. A container with only He had a pressure of 544 torr at a temperature of 35 °C. When 0.810 g of Ne
is added to this container, the pressure increases to 959 torr. Calculate the grams of He in the
container.
Ans. = 0.212 g He

5 A mixture containing 1.22 g Xe and 0.675 g NO2 exerts a pressure of 1.44 atm. What is the partial
pressure of NO2?
Ans. = 0.883 atm NO2

Page 24
6.. The complete combustion of 0.500 g of hydrocarbon, containing only C and H, produced 0.771 L of
CO2 at STP and 0.755 g of water. In another experiment, 0.218 g of sample occupied 185 ml at 23
°C and 374 mm Hg. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
Ans. = C4H10

Page 25
VI. KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY-Review

A. Gases are composed of such extremely tiny atoms or molecules that are widely separated by
empty space.

B. Gas particles move in a random, rapid, and continuous motion, thus has kinetic energy.

C. Gas particles moves so rapidly and are so far apart that there is essentially no force of
attraction between the particles.

D. Particles collide frequently with each other and with the walls of the container, the collisions
are perfectly "elastic" - (No net loss of energy as a result of a collision)

VII. TEMPERATURE AND MOLECULAR VELOCITIES: AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY

The average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of the gas particles are directly proportional to its
absolute Temperature (Kelvin)

Page 26
VIII MOLECULAR SPEEDS; DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

A. MOLECULAR SPEEDS

# of
molecules

molecular speed

B. DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

Diffusion is the ability of two or more gases to spontaneously mix until it becomes a uniform,
homogeneous mixture.

Effusion is the process by which gas particles flows thru a very small hole from a container of
high pressure to a lower pressure.

Graham's Law of Effusion - The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to

it's size [ Molar Mass ] at constant temperature and pressure.

rA MB
=
rB MA

Problem #1: What is the rate of effusion for H2 if 15.00 ml carbon dioxide of CO2 takes 4.55 sec to
effuse out of a container?

Problem #2: What is the molar mass of gas X if it effuses 0.876 times as rapidly as N 2(g)?

Page 27
IX REAL GASES
Gas laws describe the behavior of an ideal or "perfect" gas - a gas described by the kinetic molecular
theory. Under normal conditions of typical pressure and temperature, gases follow the ideal gas laws
fairly closely. At low temperature and/or high pressures gases deviate from the ideal gas laws.

A. Intermolecular forces of attraction

B. Molecular volume

Page 28