Subir Sachdev

Subir Sachdev is Herchel Smith Professor of

Physics[1] at Harvard University specializing in Subir Sachdev
condensed matter. He was elected to the U.S. National
Academy of Sciences in 2014, received the Lars
Onsager Prize from the American Physical Society and
the Dirac Medal from the ICTP in 2018, and was
elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society
ForMemRS in 2023. He was a co-editor of the Annual
Review of Condensed Matter Physics 2017–2019,[2][3]
and is Editor-in-Chief of Reports on Progress in
Physics 2022-.

Sachdev's research describes the consequences of Born 2 December 1961

quantum entanglement on the macroscopic properties New Delhi
of natural systems. He has made extensive Alma mater Massachusetts Institute of
contributions to the description of the diverse varieties Technology (B.S)
of entangled states of quantum matter, and of their
Harvard University (Ph.D)
behavior near quantum phase transitions. Many of
these contributions have been linked to experiments, Known for Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model
especially to the rich phase diagrams of the high Awards LeRoy Apker Award (1982)
temperature superconductors. Sachdev's research has Sloan Fellowship (1989)
exposed remarkable connections between the nature of Guggenheim Fellowship (2003)
quantum entanglement in certain laboratory materials,
National Academy of Sciences
and the quantum entanglement in astrophysical black
(2014)
holes, and these connections have led to new insights
on the entropy and radiation of black holes. UNSW Dirac Medal (2015)
Lars Onsager Prize (2018)
ICTP Dirac Medal (2018)
Honors Royal Society (2023)
Scientific career
Foreign Member of the Royal Society, 2023.
Citation: Fields Condensed matter theory
Thesis Frustration and Order in Rapidly
Subir Sachdev has made profound Cooled Metals (1985)
contributions to theoretical condensed Doctoral D. R. Nelson
matter physics research. His main interests advisor
have been in quantum magnetism,
Website sachdev.physics.harvard.edu (h
quantum criticality, and perhaps most
ttps://sachdev.physics.harvard.e
innovative of all, links between the nature
du)
 of quantum entanglement in black holes and stron

Raman Chair (https://www.ias.ac.in/About_IASc/Raman_Chair/), Indian Academy of

Sciences, 2023-24.
Jacques Solvay International Chair in Physics, International Solvay Institutes (http://www.sol
vayinstitutes.be/html/chair.html), Brussels, 2023
Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2019.[4]
Honorary Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, 2019.[5]
Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, 2019.[6] Citation:

Professor Subir Sachdev is a world renowned condensed matter theorist, with many seminal
contributions to the theory of strongly interacting condensed matter systems. He is a pioneer
in the study of systems near quantum phase transitions. He has also pioneered the exploration
of the connection between physical properties of modern quantum materials and the nature of
quantum entanglement in their many-particle state, elucidating the diverse varieties of
entangled states of quantum matter.

Dirac Medal (International Center for Theoretical Physics), 2018; shared with Dam Thanh
Son and Xiao-Gang Wen for "independent contributions towards understanding novel
phases in strongly interacting many-body systems, introducing original transdisciplinary
techniques".[7] Citation:

Subir Sachdev has made pioneering contributions to many areas of theoretical condensed
matter physics. Of particular importance were the development of the theory of quantum
critical phenomena in insulators, superconductors and metals; the theory of spin-liquid states
of quantum antiferromagnets and the theory of fractionalized phases of matter; the study of
novel deconfinement phase transitions; the theory of quantum matter without quasiparticles;
and the application of many of these ideas to a priori unrelated problems in black hole
physics, including a concrete model of non-Fermi liquids.

Lars Onsager Prize (American Physical Society), 2018, to recognize outstanding research in
theoretical statistical physics including the quantum fluids.[8] Citation:

for his seminal contributions to the theory of quantum phase transitions, quantum magnetism,
and fractionalized spin liquids, and for his leadership in the physics community.

Dirac Medal for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics (University of New South Wales),
2015.[9] Citation:

The Dirac Medal was awarded to Professor Sachdev in recognition of his many seminal
contributions to the theory of strongly interacting condensed matter systems: quantum phase
transitions, including the idea of critical deconfinement and the breakdown of the
conventional symmetry based Landau–Ginsburg–Wilson paradigm; the prediction of exotic
'spin-liquid' and fractionalized states; and applications to the theory of high-temperature
superconductivity in the cuprate materials.
 Elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 2014.[10] Citation:

Sachdev has made seminal advances in the theory of condensed matter systems near a
quantum phase transition, which have elucidated the rich variety of static and dynamic
behavior in such systems, both at finite temperatures and at T=0. His book, Quantum Phase
Transitions,[11] is the basic text of the field.

Abdus Salam Distinguished Lecturer, International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste,
Italy, 2014.[12]
Hendrik Lorentz Chair, Lorentz Institute, 2012.[13]
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Distinguished Research Chair, 2009–14.[14]
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow, 2003.[15]
Fellow of the American Physical Society "for his contributions to the theory of quantum
phase transitions and its application to correlated electron materials".[16]
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow, February 1989.[17]
LeRoy Apker Award Recipient, 1982.[18]

Career
Sachdev attended school at St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore and Kendriya Vidyalaya, ASC,
Bangalore. He attended college at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi for a year. He transferred to
Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a B.S. in Physics. He received his Ph.D. in
theoretical physics from Harvard University. He held professional positions at Bell Labs (1985–1987) and
at Yale University (1987–2005), where he was a Professor of Physics, before returning to Harvard, where
he is now the Herchel Smith Professor of Physics. He has also held visiting positions as the Cenovus
Energy James Clerk Maxwell Chair in Theoretical Physics [19] at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical
Physics, and the Dr. Homi J. Bhabha Chair Professorship[20] at the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the Flatiron Institute since 2019, and Miguel Virasoro
Visiting International Chair, at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics since 2024. He has also
been on the Physical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2018.[21]

Books
Sachdev, Subir (7 April 2011). Quantum Phase Transitions (https://www.cambridge.org/core/
books/quantum-phases-of-matter/1D3F53A6FB1B448CE2484C5F797A1A00). Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50021-0.
Hartnoll, Sean A.; Lucas, Andrew; Sachdev, Subir (16 March 2018). Holographic Quantum
Matter (https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262038430/holographic-quantum-matter/). MIT Press.
ISBN 978-0-262-34802-7.
 Sachdev, Subir (13 April 2023). Quantum Phases of Matter (https://www.cambridge.org/cor
e/books/quantum-phase-transitions/33C1C81500346005E54C1DE4223E5562). Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-21269-4.

Selected Papers with Commentaries (https://sachdev.physics.harv

ard.edu/Research.pdf)

Research
Sachdev has studied the nature of quantum entanglement in two-dimensional antiferromagnets,
introducing several key ideas in a series of papers in 1989-1992. He has developed the theory of quantum
criticality, elucidating its implications for experimental observations on materials at non-zero
temperature. In this context, he proposed[22] a solvable model of complex quantum entanglement in a
metal which does not have any particle-like excitations: an extension of this is now called the Sachdev-
Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. These works have led to a theory of quantum phase transitions in metals in the
presence of impurity-induced disorder, and a universal theory of strange metals[23] which applies to a
wide variety of correlated electron materials, including the copper-oxide materials exhibiting high
temperature superconductivity. Many puzzling features of the `psuedogap' phase of these materials are
also resolved by these theories. A connection between the structure of quantum entanglement in the SYK
model and in black holes was first proposed by Sachdev,[24] and these connections have led to extensive
developments in the quantum theory of black holes.

Quantum criticality, superconductors, and black holes

Extreme examples of complex quantum entanglement arise in metallic states of matter without
quasiparticle excitations, often called strange metals. Such metals are invariably present in higher
temperature superconductors, above the highest transition temperatures for superconductivity. The
strange metallicity and superconductivity are manifestations of an underlying quantum critical state of
matter without quasiparticle excitations. Remarkably, there is an intimate connection between the
quantum physics of strange metals in modern materials (which can be studied in tabletop experiments),
and quantum entanglement near black holes of astrophysics.

This connection is most clearly seen by thinking more carefully about the defining characteristic of a
strange metal: the absence of quasiparticles. In practice, given a state of quantum matter, it is difficult to
completely rule out the existence of quasiparticles: while one can confirm that certain perturbations do
not create single quasiparticle excitations, it is almost impossible to rule out a non-local operator which
could create an exotic quasiparticle in which the underlying electrons are non-locally entangled. Using
theories of quantum phase transitions, Sachdev argued[11][25] instead that it is better to examine how
rapidly the system loses quantum phase coherence, or reaches local thermal equilibrium in response to
general external perturbations. If quasiparticles existed, dephasing would take a long time during which
the excited quasiparticles collide with each other. In contrast, states without quasiparticles reach local
thermal equilibrium in the fastest possible time, bounded below by a value of order (Planck
constant)/((Boltzmann constant) x (absolute temperature)).[11] Sachdev proposed[22][26] a solvable model
of a strange metal (a variant of which is now called the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) model),[27] which was
shown to saturate such a bound on the time to reach quantum chaos.[28]
We can now make the connection to the quantum theory of black holes: quite generally, black holes also
thermalize and reach quantum chaos in a time of order (Planck constant)/((Boltzmann constant) x
(absolute temperature)),[29][30] where the absolute temperature is the black hole's Hawking temperature.
And this similarity to quantum matter without quasiparticles is not a co-incidence: Sachdev argued[24]
that the SYK model maps holographically to the low energy physics of charged black holes in 4
spacetime dimension. Also key to this connection were the facts that in the limit of zero temperature,
charged black holes have a non-zero entropy proportional to the horizon area, and the SYK model has a
non-zero entropy density.[31] Indeed, the SYK model was the first model to exhibit a non-vanishing zero
temperature entropy density without an exponentially large ground state degeneracy, and so the
holographic mapping implied that charged black holes share this feature.

Also key to this connection was the fact that charged black holes have a non-zero entropy in the limit of
zero temperature, as does the SYK model when the zero temperature limit is taken after the large size
limit.[31]

These and other related works on quantum criticality by Sachdev and collaborators have led to valuable
insights on the properties of electronic quantum matter, and on the nature of Hawking radiation from
black holes. Solvable models related to gravitational duals and the SYK model have led to the discovery
of more realistic models of quantum phase transitions in the high temperature superconductors and other
compounds. Advances in the theory of quantum transitions in metals in the presence of impurities have
led to a universal theory of strange metals which applies across a wide range of correlated electron
compounds. Such predictions[32][23] have been connected to experiments on graphene[33][34] and the
cuprate superconductors.[35] The SYK model plays a key role in the computation of the density of low
energy quantum states of non-supersymmetric charged black holes in 4 spacetime dimensions,[36][37] and
provides the underlying Hamiltonian system upon which advances on the Page curve of entanglement
entropy of evaporating black holes have been tested.[38]

Sachdev has also developed the theory of critical quantum spin liquids which feature fractionalization and
emergent gauge fields, along with absence of quasiparticles. Such spin liquids play an important role in
the theory of the cuprate superconductors.

Resonating valence bonds and Z2 quantum spin liquids

P.W. Anderson proposed[39] that Mott insulators realize antiferromagnets which could form resonating
valence bond (RVB) or quantum spin liquid states with an energy gap to spin excitations without
breaking time-reversal symmetry. It was conjectured that such RVB states have excitations with fractional
quantum numbers, such as a fractional spin 1/2. The existence of such RVB ground states, and of the
deconfinement of fractionalized excitations was first established by Read and Sachdev[40] and Wen[41] by
the connection to a Z2 gauge theory. Sachdev was also the first to show that the RVB state is an odd Z2
gauge theory,.[42][43][44] An odd Z2 spin liquid has a background Z2 electric charge on each lattice site
(equivalently, translations in the x and y directions anti-commute with each other in the super-selection
sector of states associated with a Z2 gauge flux (also known as the m sector)). Sachdev showed that
antiferromagnets with half-integer spin form odd Z2 spin liquids, and those with integer spin form even
Z2 spin liquids. Using this theory, various universal properties of the RVB state were understood,
including constraints on the symmetry transformations of the anyon excitations. Sachdev also obtained
many results on the confinement transitions of the RVB state, including restrictions on proximate
quantum phases and the nature of quantum phase transitions to them.
The topological order (i.e. ground state degeneracies on 2-manifolds) and anyons of Z2 quantum spin
liquids are identical to those which appeared later in the solvable toric code model, which plays a key role
in quantum error correction in qubit devices.

Z2 spin liquids are ground states of spin models on the kagome lattice, and this has been connected to
experiments on correlated electron materials and arrays of trapped Rydberg atoms.

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16%2F0025-5408%2873%2990167-0). ISSN 0025-5408 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/00
25-5408).
40. Read, N.; Sachdev, Subir (1991). "Large-Nexpansion for frustrated quantum
antiferromagnets". Physical Review Letters. 66 (13): 1773–1776.
Bibcode:1991PhRvL..66.1773R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhRvL..66.1773R).
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.1773 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.66.1773).
ISSN 0031-9007 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9007). PMID 10043303 (https://pub
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10043303).
41. Wen, X. G. (1991). "Mean-field theory of spin-liquid states with finite energy gap and
topological orders". Physical Review B. 44 (6): 2664–2672. Bibcode:1991PhRvB..44.2664W
(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhRvB..44.2664W). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.44.2664
(https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.44.2664). ISSN 0163-1829 (https://search.worldcat.o
rg/issn/0163-1829). PMID 9999836 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9999836).
42. Jalabert, Rodolfo A.; Sachdev, Subir (1991). "Spontaneous alignment of frustrated bonds in
an anisotropic, three-dimensional Ising model". Physical Review B. 44 (2): 686–690.
Bibcode:1991PhRvB..44..686J (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhRvB..44..686J).
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.44.686 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.44.686). ISSN 0163-
1829 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-1829). PMID 9999168 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/9999168).
43. Sachdev, S.; Vojta, M. (1999). "Translational symmetry breaking in two-dimensional
antiferromagnets and superconductors" (https://journals.jps.jp/page/jpsj/suppl). J. Phys.
Soc. Jpn. 69, Supp. B: 1. arXiv:cond-mat/9910231 (https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9910231).
Bibcode:1999cond.mat.10231S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999cond.mat.10231S).
44. Sachdev, Subir (2019). "Topological order, emergent gauge fields, and Fermi surface
reconstruction". Reports on Progress in Physics. 82 (1): 014001. arXiv:1801.01125 (https://a
rxiv.org/abs/1801.01125). Bibcode:2019RPPh...82a4001S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/ab
s/2019RPPh...82a4001S). doi:10.1088/1361-6633/aae110 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1361
-6633%2Faae110). ISSN 0034-4885 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4885).
PMID 30210062 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30210062). S2CID 52197314 (https://api.
semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52197314).

External links
Interview of Subir Sachdev by David Zierler on June 11, 2021, Niels Bohr Library &
Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, USA (https://www.aip.org/history-
programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/46897)
Official website (http://sachdev.physics.harvard.edu/)
List of Publications (https://arxiv.org/a/sachdev_s_1.html) on the arXiv
Subir Sachdev (https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DMIvQbwAAAAJ) publications
indexed by Google Scholar
YouTube channel of Subir Sachdev with video lectures (https://www.youtube.com/user/subir
1961/)

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