WRITTEN REPORT (MOOD DISORDER)

Presented to
MS. SITTIE NOR FATIMAH U. SARANGANI, CSC,RSW,CGM
Faculty, Department of Social Work
Philippines Muslim Teachers College
Marawi City, Lanao Del Sur, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Course Requirements in the Subject
BSW 09 Social work and Social Deviance
2nd Semester , A.Y. 2022-2023

Presented by:
MUSTAPHA, ASNIAH M.
MAMA, JOHANIE
DIMAPINGUN, ASIMA
HADJIMALIK, NORHANIFA

JANUARY 29, 2023

 I. INTRODUCTION

Moods are our emotions. They affect us every day. Sometimes we’re sad, other times we’re
happy. We might even be sad and happy in the same day. But sometimes people’s mood can get
“stuck” on sad. Or the moods might change a lot or become extreme. When this happens, it
affects our lives. And it might be caused by a group of mental illnesses called mood disorders of
extreme happiness, extreme sadness or both. Certain mood disorders involve other persistent
emotions, such as anger and irritability. It’s normal for your mood to change, depending on the
situation.
However, for a mood disorder diagnosis, symptoms must be present for several weeks or
longer. Mood disorders can cause changes in your behavior and can affect your ability to
perform routine activities, such as work or school. Mood disorders are a group of mental
illnesses that affect how you feel and think about yourself, other people and life in general.

What are all the mood disorders?

Mood disorders include:
 Depression and its subtypes.
 Bipolar disorder and its subtypes.
 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
 Depression
DEPRESSION
Depression (major or clinical depression) is a common mental health condition. Depressive
symptoms include feeling sad or hopeless. The condition can also cause difficulty with
thinking, memory, eating and sleeping. For a person to receive a diagnosis of clinical
depression, symptoms must last for at least two weeks.
There are several different types of depression, including:
 Postpartum depression (peripartum depression): This type of depression occurs during
pregnancy or after the end of a pregnancy in women and people assigned female at
birth (AFAB). Women and people AFAB experience hormonal, physical, emotional,
financial and social changes after having a baby. These changes can cause symptoms of
postpartum depression.
 Persistent depressive disorder: This is a chronic form of depression that must last for at
least two years. Symptoms may occasionally lessen in severity during this time. It’s less
severe than major depressive disorder, but it’s ongoing.
 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): This type of depression occurs during certain seasons
of the year. It typically starts in the late autumn or early winter and lasts until spring or
summer. Less commonly, SAD episodes may also begin during the late spring or
 summer. Symptoms of winter seasonal affective disorder may resemble those of major
depression. They tend to disappear or lessen during spring and summer.
 Depression with psychosis: This is a type of severe depression combined with psychotic
episodes, such as hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others don’t) or delusions
(having fixed but false beliefs). People who experience depression with psychosis have
an increased risk of thinking about suicide.
 Major depressive disorder: a mood disorder having a clinical course involving one or
more episodes of serious psychological depression lasting two or more weeks each with
no intervening episodes of mania.
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder and mental health condition that causes intense
shifts in mood, energy levels, thinking patterns and behavior. There are a few types of bipolar
disorder, which involve experiencing significant fluctuations in mood referred to as
hypomanic/manic and depressive episodes.
There are four basic types of bipolar disorder, including:
 Bipolar I disorder: People with bipolar I disorder have experienced one or more
episodes of mania. Most people with bipolar I will have episodes of both mania and
depression, but an episode of depression isn’t necessary for a diagnosis.
 Bipolar II disorder: This disorder causes cycles of depression similar to those of bipolar I.
A person with this illness also experiences hypomania, which is a less severe form of
mania. Hypomanic periods aren’t as intense or disruptive as manic episodes. Someone
with bipolar II disorder is usually able to handle daily responsibilities.
 Cyclothymia disorder (cyclothymia): People with cyclothymic disorder have a
chronically unstable mood state. They experience hypomania and mild depression for at
least two years.
 Other specified and unspecified bipolar and related disorders: Symptoms of this type
of bipolar disorder don’t meet the criteria for one of the other types, but people still
have significant, abnormal mood changes.
OTHER MOOD DISORDERS
Other mood disorders include:
 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): This type of mood disorder occurs seven to 10
days before menstruation and goes away within a few days of the start of the menstrual
period. It’s a more serious form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Researchers believe
this condition is brought about by the hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle.
Symptoms may include anger, irritability, anxiety, depression and insomnia.
 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD): DMDD affects children and
adolescents. It involves frequent anger outbursts and irritability out of proportion to the
 situation. DMDD is more severe than intermittent explosive disorder (IED), and anger is
present most of the time, occurring before the age of 10.
Is anxiety a mood disorder?
Anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder) isn’t a mood disorder. It’s classified as one of many
anxiety disorders, including panic disorder and phobias. However, anxiety often precedes or
coexists with mood disorders.
Who do mood disorders affect?
Mood disorders can affect anyone, including children, adolescents and adults.
Major depression is twice as likely to affect women and people AFAB than men and people
assigned male at birth (AMAB).
What are the symptoms of mood disorders?
Each mood disorder has different symptoms and/or different patterns of symptoms. Mood
disorders typically have symptoms that affect your mood, sleep, eating behaviors, energy
level and thinking abilities (such as racing thoughts or loss of concentration).
In general, depressive symptoms include:
 Feeling sad most of the time or nearly every day.
 A lack of energy or feeling sluggish.
 Feeling worthless or hopeless.
 Loss of interest in activities that formerly brought enjoyment.
 Thoughts about death or suicide.
 Difficulty concentrating or focusing.
 Sleeping too much or not enough.
 Loss of appetite or overeating.
In general, symptoms of hypomanic or manic episodes include:
 Feeling extremely energized or elated.
 Rapid speech or movement.
 Agitation, restlessness or irritability.
 Risk-taking behavior, such as spending more money than usual or driving recklessly.
 Racing thoughts.
 Insomnia or trouble sleeping.
What causes mood disorders?
Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders,
including:
  Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and
emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have
been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests.
 Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more
likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly
genetic/inherited.
 Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic
stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the
development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has
also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart
disease.
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTS
How are mood disorders diagnosed?
 If you or your child are experiencing symptoms of a mood disorder, a healthcare
provider may perform a physical examination to rule out physiological causes for
symptoms, such as thyroid disease, other illnesses or a vitamin deficiency.
 Your provider will ask about your medical history, any medications you’re taking and
whether you or any family members have been diagnosed with a mood disorder. They
may refer you to a mental health professional.
 A mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, will conduct an
interview or survey, asking questions about your symptoms, sleeping and eating habits
and other behaviors. They use criteria in the American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to make diagnoses of mood
disorders.
In general, a mood disorder is diagnosed when sadness, elation, anger or other emotion is:
 Overly intense and persistent.
 Accompanied by other mood disorder symptoms, such as sleep changes or activity level
changes.
 Significantly impairs the person’s capacity to function.

MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT

How are mood disorders treated?
Treatment for mood disorders depends on the specific condition and symptoms. Usually,
treatment involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy (also called talk therapy).
There are also other types of treatment, such as brain stimulation therapy.
Medications for mood disorders
 Medications that healthcare providers may prescribe to help treat mood disorders include:
 Antidepressants: Some of the most widely used drugs to treat depression and
depressive episodes of bipolar disorder are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs). Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are also commonly
prescribed and are similar to SSRIs in their action. Although studies show that different
types of antidepressants work equally well, some antidepressants may be more
effective depending on the person. Usually, an antidepressant takes four to six weeks
before it begins to work. It’s important to take the antidepressants as prescribed and
continue taking them even if you feel better.
 Mood stabilizers: These medications help regulate the mood swings that occur with
bipolar disorder or other disorders. They reduce abnormal brain activity. Providers may
prescribe mood stabilizers along with antidepressants in some cases. Some of the most
widely used mood stabilizers include lithium and anticonvulsant drugs.
 Antipsychotics (neuroleptics): People with bipolar disorder who experience mania or
mixed episodes may be treated with an atypical antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drug, such
as aripiprazole (Abilify®). Providers sometimes prescribe atypical antipsychotics to treat
depression if symptoms aren’t controlled with an antidepressant alone.
 Psychotherapy for mood disorders
Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is a term for a variety of treatment techniques
that aim to help a person identify and change unhealthy emotions, thoughts and
behaviors. Psychotherapy takes place with a trained, licensed mental health
professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. It can provide support, education
and guidance to you and/or your family to help you function better and increase your
well-being.
Some of the more common types of psychotherapy include:
 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This is a structured, goal-oriented type of
psychotherapy. Mental health professionals use it to treat or manage mental health
conditions and emotional concerns.
 Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): DBT is a type of talk therapy that’s based on
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), but it’s specially adapted for people who experience
emotions very intensely.
 Psychodynamic therapy: This type of therapy is based on the idea that behavior and
mental well-being are influenced by childhood experiences and problematic repetitive
thoughts or feelings that are outside of your awareness (they’re unconscious).
OTHER TREATMENTS FOR MOOD DISORDERS
Other treatments for mood disorders include:
 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): ECT is a medical procedure that involves passing a mild
electric current through your brain, causing a short seizure. This procedure is proven to
 have strong positive effects on severe, treatment-resistant mental health conditions,
including depression and bipolar disorder. The ECT sessions can be performed on an
outpatient basis. Usually, two or three sessions per week are required, over a period of
two weeks or more. Generally, six to 12 sessions are required.
 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): TMS is a treatment for people with severe
depression that hasn’t been helped by at least one antidepressant medication. It’s a
type of brain stimulation therapy. TMS elicits magnetic energy, which turns into an
electrical current underneath your skull, to help regulate your emotions.
 Light therapy: This technique has long been used to treat seasonal affective disorder
(SAD). It’s based on the idea of supplementing natural sunlight with bright artificial light
during the fall and winter.
PREVENTION
Can mood disorders be prevented?
At this time, there’s no known way to prevent mood disorders, but many of the related issues
may be lessened with treatment. Seeking help as soon as symptoms appear can help
decrease the disruption to your life.
OUTLOOK / PROGNOSIS
What is the prognosis for mood disorders?
The prognosis (outlook) for mood disorders depends on several factors, including:
 The type of condition and its severity.
 How early it’s diagnosed.
 If it’s properly treated.
Depression and bipolar disorder may recur (come back after initial treatment) or be ongoing
and, therefore, may require long-term or lifetime treatment.
People with mood disorders also have an increased risk of the following:
 Disability ranging from mild to complete inability to care for oneself and maintain social
interactions.
 Missing work or school.
 Severe anxiety.
 Alcohol use disorder.
 Substance use disorder.

II. KEY LEARNING POINTS

A mood disorder is a class of serious mental illnesses. The term broadly describes all types of
depression and bipolar disorders. Children, teens, and adults can all have mood disorders. But
children and teens don’t always have the same symptoms as adults. It’s harder to diagnose mood
disorders in children. That's because they can't always express how they feel. Therapy,
medicines, and support and self-care can help treat mood disorders. It’s important to remember
that mood disorders are mental health conditions. As with all mental health conditions, seeking
help as soon as symptoms appear can help decrease the disruptions to your life.
Mental health professionals can offer treatment plans that can help you manage your
symptoms. Researchers believe most serious mental illnesses are caused by complex imbalances
in the brain's chemical activity. They also believe environmental factors can play a part in
triggering, or cushioning against, the onset of mental illness. Like other diseases, Mood Disorder
can be treated. The good news is that most people who have mental illnesses, even serious ones,
can lead productive lives with proper treatment. Mood disorders are one form of serious mental
illness. It’s important to remember that mood disorders are treatable. Even though it may take
a while to find the right treatment plan for you, stay committed to feeling better.

Bipolar disorder is made up of three different parts: depression, mania and normal feelings
Women Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression, dysthymic disorder and SAD.
But bipolar disorder seems to affect men and women equally Young people While mood
disorders can affect you at any time inyour life, many people start to experience symptoms in
their teens and twenties.
Family members Having a close relative who has a mood disorderincreases your risk of having
one .
Cognitive-behavioural therapy or CBT is the most common therapy treatment for mood
disorders.
Depression leaves you feeling sad or depressed. Some people experience depression as feeling
“numb” or having no feelings.
Self-management: There are some things you can do on your own to help keep you feeling
better.
Major depressive disorder a mood disorder having a clinical course involving one or more
episodes of serious psychological depression lasting two or more weeks each with no
intervening episodes of mania.
Dysthymic disorder (also called dysthymia) is similar to depression. With dysthymic disorder,
your symptoms of depression are milder but last for a longer period of time.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that’s affected by the seasons. It
usually affects people in the winter months, when there’s less daylight. Postpartum depression
is a type of depression that affects a motherafter they give birth. Postpartum depression is
likely brought on by different biological changes as well as the social and emotion.

III. REFERENCES / SOURCES

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/o/overview-of-mood-
disorders.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007