Functions

1.
Definition of a Function
 A function is a relation that assigns exactly one output (dependent
variable) for each input (independent variable).
 Notation: If fff is a function and xxx is an input, then the output is
denoted as f(x)f(x)f(x).
2. Components of a Function
 Domain: The set of all possible input values (x-values) for the
function.
 Range: The set of all possible output values (y-values) that the
function can produce.
 Input and Output: The relationship can be expressed as f:x→f(x)f:
x \to f(x)f:x→f(x).
3. Types of Functions
 Linear Functions:
o Form: f(x)=mx+bf(x) = mx + bf(x)=mx+b
o Graph: A straight line.
o Characteristics: Constant rate of change (slope mmm).
 Quadratic Functions:
o Form: f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x) = ax^2 + bx + cf(x)=ax2+bx+c
o Graph: A parabola (opens upwards if a>0a > 0a>0,
downwards if a<0a < 0a<0).
o Vertex: The highest or lowest point of the parabola.
 Polynomial Functions:
o Form: f(x)=anxn+an−1xn−1+…+a1x+a0f(x) = a_nx^n +
a_{n-1}x^{n-1} + \ldots + a_1x + a_0f(x)=anxn+an−1
xn−1+…+a1x+a0
o Degree: The highest exponent nnn in the polynomial.
 Rational Functions:
o Form: f(x)=P(x)Q(x)f(x) = \frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}f(x)=Q(x)P(x),
where P(x)P(x)P(x) and Q(x)Q(x)Q(x) are polynomials.
o Domain excludes values that make Q(x)=0Q(x) = 0Q(x)=0.
 Exponential Functions:
o Form: f(x)=a⋅bxf(x) = a \cdot b^xf(x)=a⋅bx (where b>0b >
0b>0).
o Characteristics: Rapid growth or decay depending on the base
bbb.
 Logarithmic Functions:
o Form: f(x)=log⁡b(x)f(x) = \log_b(x)f(x)=logb(x)
o Characteristics: The inverse of exponential functions.
 Trigonometric Functions:
o Functions like sin⁡(x),cos⁡(x),tan⁡(x)\sin(x), \cos(x), \
tan(x)sin(x),cos(x),tan(x) that relate angles to ratios of sides in
a right triangle.
4. Function Operations
 Addition: (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)(f+g)(x)=f(x)
+g(x)
 Subtraction: (f−g)(x)=f(x)−g(x)(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)(f−g)(x)=f(x)
−g(x)
 Multiplication: (f⋅g)(x)=f(x)⋅g(x)(f \cdot g)(x) = f(x) \cdot g(x)(f⋅g)
(x)=f(x)⋅g(x)
 Division: (f/g)(x)=f(x)g(x)(f / g)(x) = \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}(f/g)
(x)=g(x)f(x) (where g(x)≠0g(x) \neq 0g(x)=0)
5. Composite Functions
 Definition: Combining two functions where the output of one
function becomes the input of another.
 Notation: If fff and ggg are functions, then the composite function is
(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)).
6. Inverse Functions
 Definition: A function that reverses the effect of the original
function.
 Notation: If fff is a function, its inverse is denoted as f−1f^{-1}f−1.
 Finding Inverses: To find f−1(x)f^{-1}(x)f−1(x):
1. Replace f(x)f(x)f(x) with yyy.
2. Solve for xxx in terms of yyy.
3. Swap xxx and yyy.
7. Graphing Functions
 Plotting Points: Create a table of values for different inputs and
their corresponding outputs.
 Shape: Identify the general shape based on the function type (e.g.,
lines for linear functions, curves for quadratics).
 Intercepts:
o X-intercept: Where the graph crosses the x-axis (set
f(x)=0f(x) = 0f(x)=0).
o Y-intercept: Where the graph crosses the y-axis (evaluate
f(0)f(0)f(0)).
8. Properties of Functions
 Continuity: A function is continuous if there are no breaks, holes, or
jumps in the graph.
 Increasing/Decreasing:
o A function is increasing on an interval if f(x1)<f(x2)f(x_1) <
f(x_2)f(x1)<f(x2) for x1<x2x_1 < x_2x1<x2.
o A function is decreasing on an interval if f(x1)>f(x2)f(x_1) >
f(x_2)f(x1)>f(x2) for x1<x2x_1 < x_2x1<x2.
 Even and Odd Functions:
o Even Function: Symmetric about the y-axis; f(−x)=f(x)f(-x) =
f(x)f(−x)=f(x).
o Odd Function: Symmetric about the origin; f(−x)=−f(x)f(-x)
= -f(x)f(−x)=−f(x).
9. Application of Functions
 Modeling Real-World Situations: Functions can describe
relationships in physics, economics, biology, and more.
 Function Analysis: Analyzing the behavior of functions using
calculus (e.g., finding maximum and minimum values).
Study Tips
 Practice Graphing: Regularly practice plotting different types of
functions.
 Use Technology: Utilize graphing calculators or software to
visualize functions.
 Solve Problems: Work on various problems involving different
types of functions and operations.
 Explore Applications: Relate functions to real-life scenarios to
deepen understanding.

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