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C PROGRAMMING INTRODUCTION-converted

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chaitubudati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Languages

The user of a computer must be able to communicate with it. That


means, he must be able to give the computer commands and
understand the output that the computer generates. This is possible
due to the invention of computer languages.

Basically, there are two main categories of computer languages,


namely Low Level Language and High Level Language.

Machine Language

This is one of the most basic low level languages. The language was first developed to interact
with the first generation computers. It is written in binary code or machine code, which means it
basically comprises of only two digits – 1 and 0.

Assembly Language

This is the second generation programming language. It is a development on the machine


language, where instead of using only numbers, we use English words, names, and symbols. It is
the most basic computer language necessary for any processor.

As we know that computers can only understand the machine-level instructions, so we require a
translator that converts the assembly code into machine code. The translator used for translating
the code is known as an assembler.

High-Level Language

The high-level language is a programming language that allows a programmer to write the
programs which are independent of a particular type of computer. The high-level languages are
considered as high-level because they are closer to human languages than machine-level
languages.

Some prominent examples are PASCAL, FORTRAN, C++ etc.

A compiler is required to translate a high-level language into a low-level language.

Advantages of a high-level language

• The high-level language is easy to read, write, and maintain as it is written in English like words.
• The high-level languages are designed to overcome the limitation of low-level language, i.e.,
portability. The high-level language is portable; i.e., these languages are machine-independent.

C LANGUAGE INTRODUCTION
C programming is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language
developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX
operating system. C is the most widely used computer language.

Applications of C Programming
 Operating Systems
 Language Compilers
 Assemblers
 Text Editors
 Print Spoolers
 Network Drivers
 Databases
 Language Interpreters
 Utilities

How 'C' Works?

C is a compiled language. A compiler is a special tool that compiles the program and converts it
into the object file which is machine readable. After the compilation process, the linker will
combine different object files and creates a single executable file to run the program. The
following diagram shows the execution of a 'C' program
C programming is considered as the base for other programming languages, that is why it is known as
mother language.

Features of C Language
C is the widely used language. It provides many
features that are given below.

1. Simple
2. Machine Independent or Portable
3. Mid-level programming language
4. structured programming language
5. Rich Library
6. Memory Management
7. Fast Speed
8. Pointers
9. Recursion
10. Extensible

1) Simple

C is a simple language in the sense that it provides a structured approach (to break the problem
into parts), the rich set of library functions, data types, etc.

2) Machine Independent or Portable

Unlike assembly language, c programs can be executed on different machines with some
machine specific changes. Therefore, C is a machine independent language.
3) Mid-level programming language

Although, C is intended to do low-level programming. It is used to develop system


applications such as kernel, driver, etc. It also supports the features of a high-level language.
That is why it is known as mid-level language.

4) Structured programming language

C is a structured programming language in the sense that we can break the program into parts
using functions. So, it is easy to understand and modify. Functions also provide code reusability.

5) Rich Library

C provides a lot of inbuilt functions that make the development fast.

6) Memory Management

It supports the feature of dynamic memory allocation. In C language, we can free the allocated
memory at any time by calling the free() function.

7) Speed

The compilation and execution time of C language is fast since there are lesser inbuilt functions
and hence the lesser overhead.

8) Pointer

C provides the feature of pointers. We can directly interact with the memory by using the
pointers. We can use pointers for memory, structures, functions, array, etc.

9) Recursion

In C, we can call the function within the function. It provides code reusability for every
function. Recursion enables us to use the approach of backtracking.

10) Extensible

C language is extensible because it can easily adopt new features.

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