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15 views

RLL

Uploaded by

chiempiamonte1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The scholarly journals, studies, books, articles, and literature produced by

qualified researchers in the past that bolster the concept of the suggested
study are presented in this chapter. The conclusions and techniques
presented in the following references will help to clarify the current state of
knowledge on the viability and usefulness of turning sound waves and
vibrations into electrical energy. This chapter is structured into five sections:
Overview of Hydroelectric Power Systems, Mini Hydroelectric Systems,
Energy Potential of Irrigation Systems, Cost-Benefit Analysis of Mini
Hydropower, and the Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts. This is
done in order to organize the concepts and the related literature.

Overview of Hydroelectric Power Systems

Hydroelectric power accounts for around 15% of global electricity generation,


making it an important renewable energy source. It makes advantage of the
kinetic energy of flowing water, which normally contained in a dam-built
reservoirs. In the process, water runs through a penstock, which contains
rotating turbines that generate electricity through related generators.
Because of its efficiency and versatility, hydropower may be swiftly altered to
meet different demand levels, making it an adaptable component of modern
energy systems. (Shahgholian, G. 2020)

There are various types of hydroelectric facilities, such as traditional dams,


run-of-river systems, and pumped-storage plants. Each type makes use of
water's potential energy in a unique way. Hydroelectric generating is an
appealing alternative to fossil fuels because to its operating efficiency and
low emissions, but environmental concerns must be addressed during project
development and implementation.

Hydroelectric facilities' durability and low operating costs make them even
more viable as a sustainable energy alternative. Many facilities operate for
50 to 100 years, producing consistent electricity with minimal direct waste.
As the global energy landscape changes, hydropower's role in decreasing
greenhouse gas emissions and supporting clean energy projects will become
more important, emphasizing the need for ongoing investment and research
in this area.

Mini Hydroelectric Systems


Mini hydropower plants are emerging as a major renewable energy resource
today. Integrating mini-hydro system can enhance energy access while
utilizing existing infrastructure efficiently. It can also helps in achieving the
competitive cost of generated power which is possible using hydro power.
Mini-hydro power generation could be planned on a small scale on existing
small rivers, canals, irrigation etc. as it could be beneficial in utilization of all
existing water reservoirs and stream as to generate hydro power (Adhau, S.
et.,al 2012).

According to Suwignyo, S. et.,al (2024) micro-hydro power systems can


significantly reduce the costs associated with irrigation by utilizing renewable
energy. The study presents a design for a micro-hydro system that can serve
up to 0.5 acres of land, highlighting its ability to operate effectively under
varying water flow conditions. It also explore how micro-hydro power plants
can provide a sustainable energy source for irrigation systems, by improving
water management and supporting dryland agriculture.

In the country side, such as in Leyte, the rice fields, covering around 84,277
hectares, are predominantly. Hilongos, Leyte, is renowned for its expansive
rice fields, which are essential to the local economy and agricultural
landscape. These fields feature a mix of irrigated and rained systems, where
farmers employ both traditional and modern agricultural techniques. The
small irrigation helps farmers to enhance the agricultural productivity, it can
also help farmers to generate renewable energy by mini- hydropower
generator. It is beneficial to those farmers who live near a small irrigation
because they can use that energy to light their houses or even store that
energy incase of blackout.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Mini Hydropower

As the need for renewable sources of energy has further grown, mini-
hydropower projects have received greater interest, particularly in areas
where water supply is readily available. The financial conditions surrounding
a 4MW mini-hydro power plant in Cipelah, Bandung Regency, Indonesia. The
total investment is estimated at $6,297,758, with an internal rate of return
(IRR) of 20.58% and a net present value (NPV) of $189,253. The payback
period for the investment is approximately 5 years and 1 month. Despite
high initial costs, the project is deemed financially feasible, with low
operating costs compared to diesel plants, making it a sustainable energy
solution for the region(Oetomo, D. S., & Ramdhani, R. F. 2021).
According to Monteiro, L. S. et.,al (2020) that small hydro projects can
significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, making them an
environmentally sustainable energy source. The analysis shows a total net
present cost of $13,345,150, a cost of energy at $0.028/kWh, a simple
payback period of 12.4 years, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 12.9%.
The substantial initial investment is justified by long-term energy savings
and environmental benefits, indicating a favorable economic outlook for such
projects.

Enhancing regulatory frameworks and reducing costs could accelerate the


adoption of small hydropower, emphasizing its benefits for rural
electrification and environmental sustainability. Small hydropower can
significantly contribute to renewable energy goals, cost and regulatory issues
remain substantial barriers to growth in many regions. Despite initial
investment challenges, the long-term benefits, including reduced greenhouse
gas emissions and energy independence, justify the investment in small
hydropower projects (Kishore, T. S. et.,al 2021).

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