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ISBN: 978-9966-086-09-9

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KENYA LEARNER DRIVER HANDBOOK

PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLE (PSV) DRIVERS

2ND EDITION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO DRIVING .................................... 1
UNIT 2: FUNDAMENTAL DRIVING RULES ................................ 3
UNIT 3: MODEL TOWN BOARD ............................................. 6
UNIT 4: HUMAN FACTORS IN TRAFFIC ............................... 12
UNIT 5: VEHICLE CONSTRUCTIONS AND CONTROLS ........ 19
UNIT 6: SELF–INSPECTION OF VEHICLE............................. 25
UNIT 7: OBSERVATION ..................................................... 29
UNIT 8: VEHICLE CONTROL ................................................ 32
UNIT 9: COMMUNICATION ON THE ROAD .......................... 39
UNIT 10: SPEED MANAGEMENT .......................................... 45
UNIT 11: SPACE MANAGEMENT .......................................... 48
UNIT 12: EMERGENCY MANOEUVRES ................................... 50
UNIT 13: SKID CONTROL AND RECOVERY ............................ 52
UNIT 14: ADVERSE DRIVING CONDITIONS ........................... 54
UNIT 15: PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE .................................. 60
UNIT 16: CONDITIONS OF CARRIAGE .................................. 62
UNIT 17: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ....................................... 63
UNIT 18: EMERGENCY PROCEDURES. ................................... 65
UNIT 19: WORK PLANNING ................................................. 71
UNIT 20: CARGO HANDLING .............................................. 73
UNIT 21: CUSTOMER CARE ................................................. 80
UNIT 22: THE EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS FROM NTSA. ..... 85
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FOREWORD

In our commitment to improve Road Safety, we have prepared this

handbook as a guide for use by learner drivers. It is a
comprehensive source for the rules and regulations, information
and advice that you need to drive safely on the Kenyan roads.

It is important for every learner to get adequate training and

practice before being issued with a drivers licence. you can become
safe driver through acquiring the necessary skills and
understanding of the road environment, by always being alert and
defensive and by accepting that the prime sole responsibility for
your safety on the road is yours.

This book will help learners prepare for the drivers exam and also
enable experienced drivers to refresh their skills from time to time.

I wish to thank the National Transport and Safety Authority

fraternity for its steadfast efforts in not only preparing this
materials but also in striving to ensure our roads are safe.

Chairman, NTSA.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The National Transport and Safety Authority is grateful for the

support it received in developing the Kenya Learner Driver
Handbooks. We thank the Government of Kenya and the leadership
provided by the East African Community that set out the standards
for the creation of these materials. We also thank the European
Union for funding the development of the Syllabus for the Training
of Learner Drivers and Riders.

Ministry
The Authority acknowledges the of Transport,
Ministry of Roads and Transport,
Infrastructure, Housing and
Housing and Urban Development
Urban as well as the Kenya Urban
Roads Authority, Kenya Roads Board, Kenya Rural Roads Authority
and the Kenya National Highway Authority for their invaluable
input.

We recognise the support provided by the different government

agencies and ministries enabling us to prepare relevant and up to
date publications. We extend our gratitude to the National Youth
Service, National Police Service, Kenya Vision 2030 Delivery Board
and the Nairobi City County Government.

We thank the industry players – organisations and individuals - who

contributed to the preparation of these materials and for their
participation in the two validation workshops. These include Matatu
Welfare Association, KCDTD Union, Matatu Owners Association,
Public Transport Operators Union (PUTON), Automobile Association
of Kenya, Rocky Driving School, Kenya Institute of Advanced Driving
and Abiria Tugutuke Foundation (ATF).

Thank you to the NTSA staff who oversaw this process and for their
commitment to ensuring that our roads are kept safe. We look
forward to continued partnership and collaboration in providing a
modern and safe road transport system.
!
GEORGE NJAO, E.B.S.
Director General.

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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO DRIVING

Motor vehicles are an important part of our day-to-day living and

provide a means for people and goods to be transported from one
location to another.

The goal of driver training is to ensure that you, as the driver, are
equipped with the right knowledge of how to handle your vehicle
and how to act appropriately when using the road.

Most traffic accidents are caused by human error, however this can
be easily prevented when the driver is adequately prepared for the
traffic situation. This training also ensures that you are prepared
with the necessary skills to provide safe and efficient transport
services for goods and for passengers.

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PSV DRIVERS (CATEGORY D)

Minimum requirements for enrolment to train as a PSV Driver

CATEGORY Minimum age Requirements

D1 - 22 years Medical test certificate.

Minimum driving experience of
4 years.
D2-

D3-MINIBUS/ 22 years Medical test certificate.

Minimum driving experience of
4 years.

D4-SPECIAL BUSES 22 years Medical test certificate.

Minimum driving experience of
4 years.

Requirements for issuance of a PSV Licence

PSV Licence is categorised as a Professional Driver's Licence (PDL).
One must have a Certificate of Competence (CoC) issued under
this curriculum.

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UNIT 2: FUNDAMENTAL DRIVING RULES

The road is governed by rules and regulations that ensure order is
maintained on the roads at all times. These rules and regulations are
derived from international, regional and Kenyan law. As a road user,
you should be knowledgeable of these rules as it is the initial step in
ensuring that you and other road users are safe on the road.
These rules and regulations can be found in the following
documents:
•! The Traffic Act.
•! The Highway Code.
The Traffic Act
The Traffic Act sets out the laws that govern the use of roads and
the expected conduct of road users. It also includes some of the
penalties and fines for road users who do not abide by these laws.
Highway Code
The Highway Code is a set of information, advice, guides and
mandatory rules for all road users in Kenya. It provides guidelines
for animal, pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. The purpose of the
Highway Code is to promote safety, responsible behaviour and
courtesy at all times. It is your responsibility as a road user to read
the Traffic Act and Highway Code and learn the essential rules for
safe driving or riding and the general rules of behaviour in traffic
regarding safety, courtesy and responsibility.
Below are some of the traffic regulations that can also be found in the
Traffic Act and the Highway Code:
Use of the horn, when necessary, to warn other road-users
•! You may only use your car horn while your vehicle is moving
and you need to warn other road users of your presence.
•! Do not use the horn when you are stationary on the road.
•! Do not use the horn aggressively even when the other road
users are at fault.
•! Do not use your horn at places where the ‘No Hooting' sign has
been placed.

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Do not use your horn and at designated areas where hooting

is always prohibited e.g. hospitals and schools.
Give right-of-way for specific vehicles, road users or in specific
situations such as:
•! Police cars.
•! Emergency vehicles such as fire engines and ambulances
sounding the siren or with flashing lights.
•! The presidential motorcade.
•! When asked to do so by a police officer or traffic marshall.
Pedestrian range
You should not ride or drive in areas of the road designated for
pedestrians and cyclist.
Boarding and Alighting
•! Passengers should only board and alight from vehicles at
designated areas.
•! The driver should allow the passengers sufficient time to
get on or off the vehicle and provide assistance to
vulnerable passengers.

Alight from vehicles at designated areas

•! Do not chase or hang at the door at any time. The

conductor or passengers should never stand at the doors
while the vehicle is moving. Keep the doors shut while the
vehicle is in motion and only open them to allow for entry
or exit of passengers.

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Do not chase or hang at the door at any time

Traffic Signs and Signals

Traffic signs and signals are used to communicate on the road.
•! Traffic signs are used to guide, provide information and
warn all road users. Most signs fall within three broad
categories although there are exceptions.
•! There are two types of traffic signals; hand signals and
light signals.

Traffic signs and signals are discussed in more detail in chapter six
(Page 25) which focuses deals with different aspects of
communication.

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A. One Way Traffic Road (Dual Carriage Way)

•! This is a road where all traffic vehicles move in one
direction.
•! A road with white continuous or broken lines dividing the
lanes into equal parts.
•! A white continuous line means no changing lanes or
overtaking.
•! A White dotted or broken lines means you can overtake or
change lanes if the road is clear/safe.
•! Land or field refers to the green part on the left side of
the road.
•! A yellow marking protects the field. This yellow marking is
known as the yellow kerb.
•! Yellow kerb means no overlapping, no parking, no waiting
and no stopping.
•! Central reserve separates one-way traffic road.
•! In between the central reserve, there is an exit from the
main road or U-turn.
•! Double yellow line separates a three-lane road or streets
into equal parts. Vehicles in a street or an avenue move in
one direction.
B. Two Way Traffic Road/Single Carriageway
•! This is a road where vehicles move in opposite direction.
•! A road with single continuous or broken yellow line at the
centre dividing the road into two equal parts.
•! Yellow continuous line means you stick to your side or no
overtaking.
•! Yellow broken line means you can overtake if the road is
clear.
On a single carriageway, all drivers need to obey the rules
of roads in Kenya (keep left unless overtaking).
•! There is a safe and marked area on the road known as a
pedestrian crossing where the driver needs to slow down
and stop so as to enable pedestrians to cross from one
side of the road to another.

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C. Roundabout
•! This is a meeting point of traffic where more than two
roads meet at a point.
•! The function of a roundabout is to facilitate the movement
of vehicles in different directions without any obstruction or
collision.
Rules of the roundabout:
1.! No stopping.
2.! No changing lanes.
3.! No parking.
4.! No overtaking.
5.! No waiting.
The roundabout is divided into 3 parts.
• Traffic Island: Green part at the centre of the
roundabout used to control the movement of the vehicles.
• Innermost lane (Lane 4): It is the only lane that allows
the driver to go round and make a full circle or a 360°
angle from a four lane road. The innermost lane is the
only lane where a driver/rider is allowed to make a 270°
angle from a three lane road.
• Space (Lane 3, 2 and 1): Drives on these lanes are not
allowed to make a full circle or a 360° angle.
•! You are required to keep left and move in a clockwise
direction on the roundabout.
•! Lanes are counted/numbered from the outermost lane to
the inner-most lane.
Common mistakes made when approaching the
roundabout:
1.! Approaching the roundabout in wrong lane.
2.! Leaving/exiting the roundabout in the wrong lane.
3.! Changing lanes on the roundabout.
4.! Incorrectly observing the traffic lights.

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D. Parking zones
The model town board has two types of parking:
•! Angle/ample/controlled parking zone.
•! Flush/parallel/uncontrolled parking zone.
Angle Parking: In angle parking, vehicles are designated to flow
in one di- rection. The parking area has a designated entrance and
exit from both sides. These are the rules for angle parking:
•! Strictly for small cars only (Saloon).
•! Park from the farthest end (far end).
•! Park by forward gear (direct).
•! Leave/exit by reverse.
Flush parking: This kind of parking is found on the left side of
road in the direction of traffic. It has no security thus it is an
uncontrolled parking zone. The rules for flush parking are:
•! All types of vehicles except tractors and trailers can park
here.
•! It has an entry but you must leave space for the exit.
•! Park from the farthest end.
•! Park by reverse.
•! Leave/exit by forward (direct) driving.
E. Stop Sign
•! It is a red in colour and is an eight-sided figure (octagon)
with white letters.
•! It is positioned at a junction when joining a two-way
traffic road.
•! Traffic or vehicles are required to stop and look right, left
and right again and only proceed if the road is clear.
F. Give Way/ Yield Sign
This is a red triangular shape with the apex facing downward. It
has a white border. Vehicles are required to slow down or stop if
necessary and then only proceed if it is safe.

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Rules of the model town board

•! Use the shortest and most correct route without using the
parking.
•! Use the longest and most correct route without using the
parking.
•! Only use the parking zone as a route as a last option (if
there is no other route).
Directions on a four-lane road when approaching a
roundabout
Lane 1 has two options
•! Stay on lane 1, Go straight, 0°.
•! Turn left at 90°.
Lane 2 has one option
•! Go straight only, 0°.
Lane 3 has two options
•! Stay on lane 3, go straight.
•! Turn right at 90°.
Lane 4 has four options
•! Turn right at 90°.
•! Come back at 180°.
•! Turn left 270°.
•! Go straight 360° after going round the roundabout
clockwise direction.
NB: For lane 4
Directions on a three-lane road when approaching the roundabout
The system is (2, 1, 5) Lane 1 has two options
•! Go straight 0°.
•! Turn left at 90°.
Lane 2 has one option
•! Go straight only 0°.

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Lane 3 has five options

•! Go straight 0°.
•! Turn right.
•! Turn right 3 4 4.
•! Come back 3 4 3.
•! Turn left 3 4 4.
NB: The 4th lane has three routes

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UNIT 4: HUMAN FACTORS IN TRAFFIC

Observation
When using the road, pay attention to your surroundings and stay
alert whether you are walking, cycling, riding or driving a motor
vehicle. Most accidents can be avoided when road users stay
attentive.
Some rules for observation include:
•! Keep your eyes moving round. Do not just focus on one
angle.
•! Get a wide view of what is ahead and behind you. This
allows you to create enough room between you and the
other road users.
•! When driving or riding, make use of all mirrors; the rear
view and wide view mirrors.
•! Pay attention to the vehicle instruments.
•! Ensure that other road users can see you.
•! Watch other road users and in particular for cyclists,
motorcyclists and pedestrians.
•! When passing parked cars, watch out for opening doors
and exiting passengers.
•! Give special attention to vulnerable road users such as
children, elderly people and persons with disabilities.
•! Give special attention to users of non-motorized
transportation such as horses, donkey carts, handcarts,
bicycles and wheelchairs.
Health and Safety
Health refers to your physical and mental well-being. It is important
that at all times you make choices that will not interfere with your
well-being. Any road user is more likely to make better judgment if
they are in good health. The following are some of the issues that
may interfere to ride safely.
Eyesight and vision
•! Check your eyes. If you need spectacles to meet the
required eyesight standard, ensure that you wear them
before starting any journey.
•! It is dangerous and risky to ride with incorrected
defective vision.
•! Do not wear sunglasses or tinted helmet visors at night
or in conditions of poor visibility.

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Fatigue
Fatigue is extreme tiredness as a result of mental or physical
exertion. Do not start a journey if you feel tired.
The following may cause fatigue:
•! Insufficient sleep or rest.
•! An extended length of time performing the same task.
•! Sleep disorders and other illnesses.
•! Riding at the time of day when you are usually resting or
sleeping e.g. night driving, early morning driving.
Fatigue decreases your ability to make the right decisions,
to avoid driver fatigue:
•! Get quality sleep before driving.
•! Take regular breaks when driving over long distances.
•! Eat balanced meals at regular intervals.
•! Keep fit and healthy.
•! Avoid driving at night (or daytime); whenever you are
likely to feel sleepy.
•! If you feel tired, stop at a safe place and rest.
Distractions
Distractions in driving can be described as anything that reduces
your ability to respond as quickly as you should during an
emergency. For this reasons some of these ordinary activities are
prohibited for drivers.
Using hand held devices
Using a cell phone, whether talking or texting, affects your ability
to be keen on the road. Statistics indicate that the accident rate is
significantly reduced when motorists refrain from using hand held
devices. As a precaution, it is best to switch off phones so that
ringing phone is not a distraction. Alternatively, it is good to put the
cell phone or other devices out of reach for the duration of the
journey.
Radio: It is fine to listen to the radio while driving but refrain from
adjusting the volume, changing CDs or Mp3's while driving.

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Grooming, smoking, and eating: Though these may be seen as

fairly simple tasks, they are distracting. Do these before or at the
end of the journey.
Video devices: These should not ever be placed in the driver's
area of vision. Passenger sitting in the rear can have these but the
volume must always be controlled to ensure that it is not
distracting you as the driver.
Communicating with passengers and other drivers: Any of
these can cause the motorist to loose focus.
GPS units:
It is always best to get directions for your destination before
starting the journey. A GPS unit is an electronic device used to help
the driver navigate through the road to the desired destination. The
driver should always set the device before starting the journey.
Carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide is an odourless
gas emitted in the exhaust fumes. It can be lethal. For this reason,
it is important to always check the exhaust system for any
leakages. Never run the engine in an enclosed space and if you feel
drowsy while driving, stop the car and get out for some fresh air.
Alcohol, Drugs and Medicine
Alcohol and certain drugs will affect your ability to drive.
•! Do not drink and drive.
Some of the effects of alcohol are:
1.! Alcohol slows down your brain functions. This affects
your ability to respond, make decisions or react quickly.
2.! Alcohol reduces your ability to judge how fast you are
moving or your distance from other cars, people or
objects.
3.! It gives you false confidence – you may take greater
risks because you think your driving is better than it
really is.
4.! It makes it harder for you to concentrate and pay
attention to various details in traffic.

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5.! Alcohol also affects your sense of balance.

•! A Police Breathalyser (Breathalyser) can measure
your Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) accurately.
It is an offence to refuse, or fail to comply with, a
direction of a police officer in relation to an alcohol.
•! Should you choose to drink alcohol, designate a
non-drinking driver, take a taxi home or use public
transport.
•! Only accept a lift if you are certain the driver has
not been drinking or using other drugs.
•! Do not take medicine which causes drowsiness if
you intend to use the road.
•! Do not drive if you are unwell.

Safety Belts
•! All passengers must wear safety belts at all times no
matter how short the distance being travelled.
•! You must fasten your safety belt correctly.
•! Use appropriate child restraints for children. A booster
seat is recommended for children under 12. A booster
seat is designed to enhance safety by ensuring that
vehicle seat belt fits properly.
*Children under 12 years old should no ride on the front passenger
seat.

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Litter
•! DO NOT discard litter on the roads.
•! Litter can be a hazard to you and other road users.
•! Always dispose litter in the dustbin before or at the end
of your journey.
Road Rage and other forms of aggression
•! Be courteous on the road.
•! If another road user provokes you, do not retaliate.
Prevention of theft
When you leave your vehicle:
•! Switch off the ignition and remove the keys.
•! When you park your car ensure that it is appropriately
secured to reduce the risk of theft.
•! Lock all windows and the car boot.
Limitations in Number of Passengers and Quantity of
Goods
Do not carry more than the legally allowed number of passengers
or weight of goods as this affects the safety of the vehicle.
Below is a table indicating the number of passengers allowed:
Category Passengers Allowed
Maximum 14
Category D1 (Van)
passengers.
Between 14 and 32
Category D2 (Mini Bus) passengers.
33 passengers and
CATEGORY D above not exceeding
Category D3 (Large Bus)
the capacity of the
bus.
33 passengers and
Category D4 (Articulated above not exceeding
buses) the capacity of the
articulated buses.

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Safety Equipment
All motorists should have certain safety equipment that could be
used in case of an emergency.
Equipment Function
Reflector Triangle
All motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) should
have these at all times. The reflector should be
used when the motor vehicle for any given reason
stops on the road. These should be placed 60
metres ahead and 60 metres behind a disabled
vehicle.

A fully equipped first aid kit should have the

following items - gauze dressings, triangular
First Aid Kit
bandages, rolled bandages, safety pins, disposable
sterile gloves, tweezers, scissors, alcohol-free
cleansing wipes, sticky tape, antiseptic cream,
painkillers such as paracetamol, antihistamine
tablets, distilled water for cleaning wounds, eye
wash and eye bath.

Tools Box

Tools such as a jack and spanner can be used to do

minimal repair when the vehicle is disabled.

Fire Extinguisher
This enables the motorist to deal with fire
emergencies. Ensure that the fire extinguisher is
inspected regularly to ensure that it is good
working condition.

Fire Axe
In the event of a fire, the fire axe is a handy tool to
rescue passengers.

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Equipment Function

Tow Ropes
This rope is reinforced to handle the weight of the
car and can be used to tow vehicles in case of a
breakdown.

Spare Tyre

It is important to have an inflated spare tyre and

restore the deflated tyre back as soon as possible
This tyre should be inflated.

Jumpstart Cable

The jumpstart cable is used to reignite the engine.

Survival Gear
This is particularly important for motorists operating
in places with extreme conditions such as extreme
cold, extreme heat and rough terrain that is likely
to damage the car. Survival gear may include
blankets, a torch, a small supply food and water.

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UNIT 5: VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION AND CONTROL

This chapter gives an overview of the light motor vehicle
construction and controls. You will also learn where these parts
are situated in the light vehicle and how they function.
This is the control panel placed at the front of the vehicle or
dashboard. The dashboard has instruments and controls used to
run the vehicle. You should get to know the names and location of
these controls. You should also know how these controls and
instruments function and how to maintain them. There are slight
differences in the dashboard depending on the make and model of
the vehicle.
Below is a table indicating some of the components of a vehicle and
their functions:

Component Function
Steering Wheel
This is used to change direction, or
maintain the one you're driving in.
Both hands should be on the steering
wheel at all times except to change
gears or to indicate.

Direction Indicator

Used to indicate you wish to turn-

signals turning left or right.

Gear Lever

Used to change gears.

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Hand Brake

Used to keep your vehicle stationary,

especially on inclines.

Brake Pedal

Used to slow your speed or to stop.

Accelerator

Used to increase your speed.

Clutch Pedal

Used to change gears in a manual

vehicle.

Rear-view Mirror

Used to see other vehicles and

hazards behind you for safety.

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Side Mirror
Used to see vehicles behind and to
your side for safety.

Windscreen Wipers Switch Used to turn your windscreen wipers

on, off or to a higher or lower wiper
setting for a clear view while driving
in rain. Also used to try to clean your
windscreen.

Speedometer
Used to see at what speed you're
driving at.

Temperature Gauge Used to check the vehicle's

temperature to make sure the engine
is not over-heating.

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Components of a light vehicle

Name Component

Engine

Ignition

Accelerator

Vehicle Body

Exhaust Pipe

Gear Box

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Name Component

Radiator

Chassis

Windscreen

Bumper Bar

Light vehicle accessories:

Name Component

Air-conditioning

Antilock Braking System (ABS)

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The light vehicle system

Name Component

Braking System

Steering System

Transmission

Suspension System

Rim and Tyres

Lights and Reflectors

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UNIT 6: SELF–INSPECTION OF VEHICLE

Before embarking on a journey, any responsible driver should
ensure that the vehicle is in the right condition for the journey.
Self-inspection refers to checking on different aspects of the motor
vehicle to ensure that it is safe to use.
Self-inspection allows the driver to know what maintenance or
repair work ought to be done. Self-inspection should also be done
at the end of the journey so that the driver or vehicle owner can
plan for any repairs.
Self- inspection is divided into two parts:
•! Exterior inspection.
•! Interior Inspection.
It is also important for the driver to know the common anomalies
that may occur during long distance travel.
Exterior Inspection
This is the inspection that the driver of the vehicle undertakes
before starting the journey. There are various vehicle components
that should be inspected before driving off. These are:
1.! Tyres.
2.! Reflectors and lights.
3.! Mirrors.
4.! Windshield wipers.
5.! Windows.
6.! The body.
7.! Cleanliness.
8.! Safety belts.
9.! Emergency equipment.
10.! Paperwork.

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Tyres Safety Check
It is important that the vehicle tyres are always in good condition.
When tyres are in good condition, the driver is able to brake
properly and to negotiate corners with ease.
•! Give your tyres a visual inspection before and after
every journey Small stones wedged in the tread can
cause problems later.
•! Ensure that tyre treads are in good condition. Replace
aging tyres.
•! Ensure that the tyres are securely fastened.
•! Check the tyre pressure.
•! Recognize the danger of underinflated and overinflated
tyres. Both are harmful to the tyre.
•! Ensure you have a spare tyre that is in good condition.
(i) Reflectors and Lights
•! Ensure that the headlights, turn signals, and hazard
lights are operational.
•! Where possible, ask for assistance in checking the
reverse lights since this can only be done when the
vehicle is reversing.
(ii) Mirrors
•! Make sure that all your mirrors are present, properly
ad¡usted and unobstructed before driving the vehicle.
(iii) Windshield Wipers
•! The windshield wipers must work at all setting.
•! Make sure that you have wiper fluid.
(iv) Windows
•! Check all the windows, ensure that they can open and
shut without difficulty.
•! Ensure that the roll up handle is functional.
(v) The Body
•! Inspect the exterior body for any damage such as dents
and scratches.

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(vi) Cleanliness
•! Ensure that the vehicle is clean. Make sure that the
windscreen, windows and mirrors are clean for ease of
navigation.
•! Ensure that your vehicle interior is clean and free of
clutter to minimise distraction while driving and ensure
that your passengers are as comfortable as possible.
(vii) Safety Belts and Car Seats
•! Inspect the safety belts to ensure that they are still
functional.
•! The safety belts should be clean.
•! If using special child safety seats or booster seats
ensure that they are also in good condition and that
when in use, they are properly secured.
(viii) Emergency Equipment
•! Ensure that your emergency equipment is still in good
working order. Emergency equipment includes the
reflector triangle, a fire extinguisher, a first aid kit, a
tools, the spare tyre and survival gear.
(ix) Paperwork
•! Ensure that you have all that you as the motorist have
the appropriate licence that permits you to drive the
car. Additionally, ensure that the vehicle is roadworthy
and the correct registration and vehicle insurance.
Interior Inspection
It is important to carry out the interior inspection to ensure that the
vehicle is mechanically sound.
The following are some of the parts that should be inspected:
1.! Brakes.
2.! Steering.
3.! Indicators.
4.! Vehicle transmission.
5.! Oil level.
6.! Coolant check.
7.! Battery.
8.! Check for leaks.

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(I) Brakes
Ensure that the brakes are properly ad¡usted. To do this you may
turn on the engine and do a few manoeuvres.
(II) Steering
The steering wheel should have a full range of motion i.e it should
be able to turn at 360 degrees. The steering wheel should be able
to effective turn the front wheels.
(III) Indicators
Inspect all indicators to make sure that they are operational.
(IV) Gears
Ensure that the vehicle is capable of shifting into any gear.

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UNIT 7: OBSERVATION
Observation is essential for safe driving. Observation refers to using
your sight and hearing ability to get a clear perception of what is
around. The driver's ability to observe effectively is influenced by
driver visibility.
Driver visibility is the maximum distance at which a driver can
clearly identify objects around the car. Driver visibility varies for
each driver depending on the type of vehicle, the traffic
conditions and the individual's own ability to see. To enhance driver
visibility it is important to make use of all the mirrors in your
vehicle.
•! Check the mirrors by looking into the centre interior
mirror, followed by the door mirror of the direction you
are going.
•! Note what is in the mirrors. Look for potential hazards
such as vehicles driving closely behind you, vehicles
approaching quickly from behind, motorcyclists and
cyclists. Potential hazards may require further mirrors
checks to eliminate the possibility of turning into actual
hazards.
•! If approaching a situation where you need to stop or slow
down, special actions may need to be taken. A vehicle
driving too closely behind may require that you gently
slow your car down earlier than usual to provide the driver
behind with more reaction time to slow down.
•! A vehicle approaching quickly behind may require that you
slow down slightly later than usual (if possible) to allow
the driver with a greater stopping distance.
•! Motorcyclists and cyclists are often be in the habit of
pushing forward past slowing vehicles to reach the front
of a queue. Such potential hazards require that you use all
the mirrors to establish their location and checking the
blind spot is extremely important. The blind spot is often
required after the mirror checks.
The blind spot is the area around the vehicle that the driver
cannot directly observe while driving. The blind spot varies
according to the type of vehicle and the driver.

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Mirrors
Mirrors are placed at different parts of the vehicle to assist the
driver to get a clearer view of what is around the vehicle. The
mirrors eliminate or alleviate the vehicle blind spot.
The blind spot should be checked before changing direction when:
•! There are motorcyclists or cyclists close by.
•! You are overtaking on a dual carriageway.
•! You wish to change lanes.
•! You wish to change lanes or direction when there is a
potential hazard.
Types of mirrors
Rear View Mirror (Interior mirror)
•! These are made with flat glass and do not give a distorted
image of what is reflected. This makes it possible to judge
the speed and distance of following traffic.
•! You should only adjust this mirror when the vehicle is
stationary.
•! You should be able to view the whole of the rear window
in the interior mirror.

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Exterior Mirror
These are convex mirrors, which are made using curved glass.
Convex mirrors give a wider field of vision but this make judging
the speed and position of following traffic more difficult. Vehicles
appear smaller and further away than they actually are. You should
ad¡ust the exterior mirrors so that you can get the best rear view
with minimal head movements. The horizon should appear in the
middle of the mirror.
•! Correctly positioned.
•! Too much sky.
•! Too much car.
•! Correctly positioned.
Nearside Mirror
This is the one that's closest to the kerb.
Offside Mirror
The offside mirror is the one that closest to the inner lane marker.

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UNIT 8: VEHICLE CONTROL

This section allows you to start putting your theoretical knowledge into
practice. You will be asked to demonstrate certain aspects of your
theoretical training at the manoeuvre yard. The manoeuvre yard also
provides you with an opportunity to practice and gain confidence in driving
before taking the car out to the road. These are some of the essential skills
you must have before you are allowed to proceed to the road.
Driving Preparation
As a learner you should be able to make the appropriate preparations
before driving the car. These preparations include the vehicle self-inspection
as explained in Unit 8 above. Once you are certain that your vehicle safe to
drive.
•! Adjust your driving seat to ensure that it is suitable for you.
•! Adjust the mirrors if it is necessary.
•! Check the doors to ensure that they shut properly.
•! Fasten your seat belt and ensure that all passengers also
do the same.
•! Sit in the correct driving position – your back should get
adequate support and your feet should reach the pedals.
•! Hold the steering wheel correctly – It should be held with
both hands in the positions illustrated below. Your hands
should hold the steering wheel naturally, not too stretched
or too bent.
•! From this position you should get a clear view of what is
ahead of and around you. You should also comfortably
operate the brakes and the accelerator.
•! Check all the instruments at the dashboard and ensure that
they are all in good working order.
•! Once this is done you can turn on the ignition and start
practicing your driving skills.

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Car Movement and Control
1. To start the vehicle
•! Fully depress the clutch pedal and wait for three seconds
•! Start the engine as follows:
1.! Put the hand brake ON.
2.! Turn the ignition switch ON.
3.! Turn the motor switch ON.
•! Start motor control by turning the ignition key and releasing
it when the engine starts:
•! Step lightly on the accelerator to warm the engine.
•! Check rear view mirrors.
•! Give the proper signal before moving.
•! Select the appropriate gear.
•! Increase the engine speed using the accelerator.
•! Move the handbrake to the OFF position.
•! Let the clutch pedal rise until the engine speed decreases
slightly under the load. Keep your feet in this position – on
the clutch and accelerator pedals.
2. To stop the vehicle
•! Check the rear view mirrors to ensure that it is safe to stop.
•! Signal properly to alert other road users.
•! Remove the foot from the accelerator.
•! Apply pressure on the foot brake and maintain it as
necessary.
•! Depress the clutch pedal as the car comes to rest and
maintain the pressure.
•! Set the hand brake at the ON position.
•! Put the gear lever in the 1ST position.
•! Switch off the engine.
•! Remove your foot from the clutch pedal and then from the
brake pedal.

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3. Using the gears
Most vehicles have five forward gears and one reverse gear. You
should know the appropriate gear speed to be used when driving.
You should learn to proficiently change from to 5th gear without
looking.
The neutral position is where no gear is selected. Before starting
the engine, the gear should be in neutral position.
Gears
2nd Gear – The gear gives the greatest power. It is used for
moving off, building up speed after moving away and driving at low
speeds e.g. in slow moving traffic because it is more economical. It
is also the ideal gear for moving downhill from a stationary
position.
3rd Gear – This is used to build up speed and when you need
more power for climbing hills. It also increases your control when
going down steep hills and dealing with some bends. This is the
appropriate gear for travelling between 35 and 70 km/h.
4th Gear – This is the appropriate gear for travelling between 60
and 110 km/h where there are no hazards to confront. The 4th
gear provides more power and speed to the engine and can be
used when overtaking another vehicle.
5th or 6th Gear – Not all vehicles have a 5th or 6th gear which
gives better fuel economy. This is normally only used on open
roads (on highways where the speed limits are higher); when
travelling constantly at higher speeds (between 80 and 110 km/h.
1st Gear – This gear is for travelling between 30 and 0 km/h - for
manoeuvres and negotiating hazards.
4. Steering the vehicle
•! Hold the steering wheel correctly.
•! To steer in a straight course position your hands in the
10-minutes-to-2 position and aim the car in the general
desired direction. Lightly correct the vehicle's tendency to
turn from the neutral position.
•! To avoid injury from the airbag position your hands in the
9 and 3 position.
•! To change direction, pull the steering down in the
direction you wish to turn. Bring it down to meet your
other hand then push the steering wheel up until the turn
has been executed.

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5. Parking at the kerb

You should always find a parking space that is legal and convenient to
park. To park you vehicle take the follow steps:
•! Look into your rear view mirror so that you can know
what is around you. If there are no vehicles behind you,
you may slow down to get a clearer picture of what is
around you.
•! Locate a safe and convenient parking position.
•! Use your indicator signals to inform other road users of
your intention to slow down and park.
•! Slow down the vehicle by covering the brake and the
clutch.
•! Gradually move a to a suitable distance from the kerb.
•! Apply the brake gently and 5 metres from your intended
stop, press the clutch as to avoid stalling the car.
•! Stop. Apply the handbrake and select neutral to cancel the
indicator.
•! Remove feet from the pedals.
Different types of parking.

Angle parking Flash parking

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Parallel parking
6. Turning J-turns
A J-turn is a driving manoeuvre in which a reversing vehicle turns
180 degrees and continues, facing forward, without changing
direction of travel.
Only a confident driver who has had a sufficient experience driving
on different road surfaces should do this type of turn.

J-turns
U-turn
A U-turn is a driving manoeuvre in which a forward driving vehicle
turns 180 degrees and continues, facing forward, but moving in the
opposite direction.
Before you make a U-turn, check to make sure that there is no
sign that says you should not. To make a U-turn safely, you must
be able to see well both sides.

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U-Turn by forward driving

7. Driving on Bends
When approaching a bend, it is important to note how sharp the
bend is. Look out for road signs and markings which would indicate
the type of bend you are going to encounter.
Adjust your speed accordingly. If you are too fast you are more
likely to skid or lose control of your car.
Surrounding trees, hedges, buildings and streetlights can give you
a good indication of how sharp the bend is if there are no road
signs.
As you approach the bend, apply the MSM technique to
communicate with other road users:
•! Slow down and select a lower gear.
•! Do not brake as you steer round the bend.
•! When leaving a bend, check your mirrors and gently
accelerate to the speed appropriate for the traffic
conditions.
8. Driving on Hills
This requires you to anticipate what is ahead of you. While going
downhill you have a clearer view but going uphill you see less of
what is ahead of you. When driving downhill, switch to a lower
gear so that the engine controls some of the braking. This protects
your brakes from excessive wear and tear.
It takes longer for the vehicle to stop therefore, you need a greater

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stopping distance. When driving uphill, switch to a lower gear so as

to maintain your speed.
9. Reversing
•! Use your mirrors to assist you in seeing what is behind
you.
•! When reversing, you may tilt your head so that you can
see beyond the head restraint.
•! Always reverse at slow speed so as to retain control of
your steering.
•! To steer the car in reverse, turn the wheel in the direction
you want the rear of the car to go. Turning the wheel to
the right steers the back of the car to the right. Turning
the wheel to the left steers to the left.

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UNIT 9: COMMUNICATION ON THE ROAD
Road users communicate with each other using a prescribed set of
signs and signals to avoid confusion and misunderstanding on the
road. This is done using hand gestures, signal lights and
responding to instructions from traffic marshalls and police.
MSM technique (Mirror, Signal and Manoeuvre)
The MSM technique is a simple procedure that helps drivers
communicate on the road. It is a routine that is convenient in many
different situations.
The MSM technique should be used:
•! Before moving off.
•! Bust before signaling.
•! Before any change of direction including turning left or
right, overtaking other vehicles or cyclists and changing
lanes.
•! Before any changes in speed. This also includes an
increase of speed as a vehicle may be trying to overtake
you as you gain speed. More importantly however is when
slowing or coming to a stop either in traffic or parking up.
Mirror
•! Check the mirrors by looking into the center interior
mirror, followed by the door mirror of the direction you
are going.
•! Note of what is in the mirrors. Look for potential hazards
such as vehicles driving closely behind you, vehicles
approaching quickly from behind, motorcyclists and
cyclists. Potential hazards may require further mirrors
checks to eliminate the possibility of turning into actual
hazards.
•! If approaching a situation where you need to stop or slow
down, special actions may need to be taken. A vehicle
driving too closely behind, may require that you gently
slow your car down earlier than usual to provide the driver
behind with more reaction time to slow down. A vehicle
approaching quickly behind may require that you slow
down slightly later than usual (if possible) to allow the
driver with a greater stopping distance.
•! Motorcyclists and cyclists can often be in the habit of
pushing forward past slowing vehicles to reach the front

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of a queue.
•! Such potential hazards require that you use all the mirrors
to establish their location and checking the blind spot is
extremely important. The blind spot is often required after
the mirror checks.
Signal
•! Signals should be applied to the direction you intend to
take.
•! Signals depend on what you see in your mirrors.
•! If you notice a potential or actual hazard located in your
mirrors may have to alter your intended route and not
apply a signal. It's therefore, important that a signal is
applied immediately after the mirrors. If there is a delay,
the mirror sequence must be repeated.
•! Signaling must be applied in good time. Signaling too late
may not provide vehicles behind with enough time to
react if you are intending on slowing or stopping the car.
Signaling too early can give the impression you are taking
a turn sooner than the actual turn you intend, or that you
are parking up, leading to confusion. If parking up, ensure
you do not signal before a junction.
Manoeuvre
•! The manoeuvre part of MSM applies at different situations
such as roundabouts, junctions, changing lanes or
parking.
•! You should always be prepared to alter the MSM routine
depending on circumstances. If driving in an area with
potential hazards, pedestrians or cyclists for example, you
may need to check the mirrors and blindspot once again
before committing to the manoeuvre.
•! Be prepared to alter your speed or destination even at the
very last moment. Cyclists, pedestrians and other vehicles
can be unpredictable.

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Signals Given by Road Users

(a)! Hand signals given by drivers

I intend to turn to my left or I I intend to turn to my right or I I intend to slow down!

intend to move out to my left! intend to move out to my right!

(b)! Hand signals given by drivers to traffic police

I intend to move left I intend to move right. I intend to go on straight

(c)! Light signals given by vehicles and motorists

I want to turn left I want to turn right

I am applying the brakes I intend to reverse

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(d)! Hand signals given by motorcyclists

I intend to turn to my left. I intend to move out to my right I intend to slow down

(e)! Hand signals given by cyclists

I intend to turn left I intend to slow down. I intend to turn right

(f)! Hand signals given by traffic police officers

STOP, traffic approaching STOP, traffic Come on

from behind approaching from both
behind and in front

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Come on STOP, traffic Keep coming

approaching from front

(g)! Signals given by traffic marshals

Barrier to stop Ready to cross

All vehiclesmust stop Not ready to cross
pedestrians crossing pedestrians, vehicles
pedestrians
must be prepared to
stop

Traffic Light Signals

A B C D
A: RED means STOP
B: RED and AMBER also mean STOP They alert the driver to get ready
C: GREEN means you may go on if the road is clear
D: AMBER means STOP at the line

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A GREEN arrow may be provided in addition to the full

green signal if movement in a certain direction is allowed
before or after the full green light phase. If the way is clear
you may go, but only in the direction shown

Traffic Signal Blackout

If traffic signal lights are not working because of an electrical power failure:
•! Stop at the intersection.
•! Proceed when you know other turning and approaching
vehicles, bicycles, or pedestrians have stopped.

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UNIT 10: SPEED MANAGEMENT
A major cause of road accidents is reckless driving and over
speeding. Before deciding what speed to drive at take into
consideration the laws determining the speed limits of the particular
road you are using and the road conditions.
The higher the speed of a vehicle, the shorter the time a driver has to
stop to avoid a crash. Overall, accidents are more severe when the
driving speed is high. The choice and ability drive at a high speed is
influenced by:
•! The driver's choice to make responsible or irresponsible
decision on the road.
•! The road conditions.
•! Traffic and the surrounding environment.
•! It is important to remember that pedestrians face great risk
when vehicles are driven at high speeds.
•! How poor speed management affects driving.
•! At high speeds it is more difficult for the driver to stay in
control especially when negotiating corners.
•! The driver will have less time to respond to poor or
changing road conditions and any changes in the weather.
•! The driver may not notice any new hazard warning signs or
other traffic signs.
•! The fuel consumption may increase due to poor efficiency.
Drive at a reasonable speed and within the designated speed
limits.
The 4-second rule
•! Is a guideline that enables you to estimate the minimum
distance you should travel behind the vehicle immediately in
front in adverse weather conditions such as rain or fog.
•! To apply the 4-second rule, when the vehicle in front of
you passes a landmark such as a sign or a bridge, count one
thousand and one, one thousand and two, one thousand
and three, one thousand and four.
•! If you pass the landmark before you finish counting, then
you are too close and you should increase your distance
from the vehicle in front of you.

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Braking distance
•! Is the distance the vehicle travels between hitting the
brakes and coming to a stop.
•! When on poor roads with wet or icy conditions, the braking
distance increases.
•! As the vehicle's speed increases, so does the braking
distance.
•! If the vehicle is in poor condition due to worn out tyres, poor
brakes or overloaded, the braking distance will increase.
Thinking distance
•! Is the distance the vehicle travels after the driver decides
to hit the brakes and when the driver actually brakes.
•! Thinking distance is affected by speed, driver fatigue and
distractions.
Stopping Distance
•! Is both the thinking distance and the braking distance added
together.

6m! 6m!

15m! 38m!

18m! 55m!

21m! 75m!

Braking Systems and Techniques

There are different types of brakes. These are: disc brakes, drum
brakes, and handbrakes.
•! Brakes are located on all four wheels of the vehicle.

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•! Some vehicles have disc brakes on all four wheels while

others have drum brakes on the back wheels.
•! Braking pushes the weight of the vehicle forward,
therefore, the front brakes of the car play a more crucial
role than the rear brakes.
•! The handbrake applies the two rear brakes.
Freewheeling is moving the vehicle without using power. It is also
known as coasting. In driving this is a technique achieved by
depressing the clutch so as not to use the engine to move.
Drivers most frequently freewheel in the following situations.
•! When turning at junctions.
•! Before making a stop.
•! When changing gears.
•! When keeping the gear in neutral to save petrol.
Risks of Freewheeling
•! Freewheeling is reduces one's control of the vehicle because
the engine is not engaged. When the engine is engaged, the
driver can brake with more ease.
•! Freewheeling is also risky because there are times when
the driver needs to accelerate to prevent an accident but
freewheeling prevents the use of the accelerator.
•! Freewheeling increases pressure on the brakes because
the engine is not engaged in the process of slowing down
the vehicle to a stop. This results in increase wear and tear
of the brakes.
•! Fuel consumption in freewheeling is the same as fuel
consumption for an idle engine. A small amount of fuel is
needed to keep the engine active. As such freewheeling
does not save petrol.
When the driver needs to stop, progressive braking is safer than
freewheeling because it reduces wear on the braking system and on
the tyres and ensures that the driver maintains control of the
vehicle.

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UNIT 11: SPACE MANAGEMENT

To drive safely, it is important to manage the space around your
vehicle. You do this by controlling your speed, the position of your
vehicle in the lane and communicating on the road.
In order to manage your space effectively you should be aware of
the different road conditions when driving. These can be broadly
divided into three categories.
(i) Open Condition – This occurs in large areas where the
driver can get a clear broad view of the road and surroundings and
there are no restrictions or obstacles blocking the view. In these
conditions, it is easy to adjust speed and change lanes.
(ii) Closed Conditions – In this case, there is limited space and the
driver's view is also restricted due to various obstructions such as
trees, buildings and other vehicles blocking the view.
(iii) Changing Conditions – This occurs where there are
changes in the speed limit, the road surface conditions, the width of
the lane, visibility influenced by the weather or the time of the day and
the traffic flow. All these are conditions that may be unpredictable or
may need specific actions by the driver. In all the above-mentioned
conditions, the driver has to maintain an appropriate space around
the vehicle for safe driving. This is the space envelope.
To manage space
•! Drive at the same speed as the vehicles around you in
traffic.
•! Maintain a safe following distance between your
vehicle and the vehicle ahead of you (Discussed in UNIT 7
on speed management).
Space Recovery
When you realize that there is insufficient space in front of the
vehicle.
•! Signal so that the vehicles around you know that you
intend to slow down.
•! Turn slowly to give yourself and other drivers more
space to avoid problems.

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•! Be aware of the size and weight of oncoming vehicles, give

then room to pass but do not reverse as this will affect the
vehicles behind you.
•! Ensure that you have sufficient space to get across or join a
lane.
Position to ‘See and be seen’
Position the vehicle as indicated below

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Unit 12: EMERGENCY MANOEUVRES
When driving along the road, the driver may need to make sudden
and unexpected manoeuvres so as to avoid accidents or any
imminent danger. Emergency manoeuvres involves quick and
efficient moves.
Safely performing evasive turns on the road
Evasive manoeuvre driving is important in getting out of situations
of danger. Some of the skills that you should learn include
optimizing the braking distance and making J-turns and U-turns.
This is addressed in Unit 8.
Brake failure
•! If your brake fails, try pumping the brake pedal to
temporarily restore hydraulic brake pressure. If this does
not work, apply the parking brake (hand brake) gently but
firmly while holding the release button.
•! Total brake failure is rare on modern vehicles but if your
brakes fail and you manage to stop, do not drive again.
Call for help from your mechanic.
Blowouts
In order to drive Through a Tire Blowout:
•! Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel.
•! Do not slam on the brakes.
•! Let your car slow down gradually.
•! Pull to the side of the road once you have slowed to a safe
speed.
•! Activate your emergency flashers.
If your wheel goes off the pavement
•! Hold the steering firmly.
•! Take your foot off the gas pedal to slow down, avoid
heavy braking.
•! When the vehicle is under control, steer towards the
pavement.
If your headlights go off
•! Check the switch immediately.
•! If the lights remain off, keep to the left and bring your

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vehicle to a safe stop off the road.
•! It is dangerous and illegal to drive at night without lights
•! Defensive Driving.
Defensive driving is safe driving or cautious driving in cases where
the driver needs to be more vigilant particularly in an environment
that could cause danger. It goes beyond mastering the rules of the
road and basic mechanical skills and is taught to experienced
drivers.
Importance of defensive driving
•! It allows you to be prepared to avoid accidents.
•! It allows you to provide more protection to yourself and/or
passengers.
•! It is enables you to save lives in situations of danger.
•! It enables you to save money by limiting wear and tear to
your motor vehicle and any unexpected damage.
•! It prepares you to act accordingly in adverse riding
conditions.
•! Defensive driving is important when in the following
condition; Adverse weather conditions such as rain, fog
or windy. In these cases, the road surface may change
and so you need to apply different techniques to avoid
danger.
•! Different road conditions that may be difficult to manoeuvre
such rough terrain, wet surface or sloping surfaces.
•! Defensive driving techniques.
•! Improving observation, anticipation and awareness
consistent with the riding speed.
•! Applying sound judgment of speed and distance.
•! Don't drive when you are tired, rest before any journey.

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UNIT 13: SKID CONTROL AND RECOVERY

A skid happens when your wheel slide out of control on a slippery
surface. Skids can involve the front, rear or all four wheels. Even
careful drivers experience skids. You lose traction and your wheels
spin or lock, usually when braking, cornering or accelerating.
Causes of Skid:
•! Driving too fast for road or traffic conditions.
•! Sudden, hard braking.
•! Going too fast around a corner or accelerating too
quickly.
Types of Skidding
The Front Wheel Skid
This happens when the vehicle goes off the intended course. It is
caused by excess speed on entry and a corner or a bend. It also
occurs during sudden braking when negotiating a hazard.
The Rear Wheel Skid
This occurs when the rear of the vehicle swings out of the line as if
the vehicle is trying to overtake at the front. It is often caused by
excessive speed leading to sudden braking in a hazard situation.
Aquaplaning
Driving too fast or at an excessive or inappropriate speed on a wet
road causes aquaplaning. When the tyre tread cannot channel away
enough water, the tyre(s) lose contact with the road and the vehicle
floats on a wedge of water.
Aquaplaning can be avoided by reducing speed in wet conditions.
Having the correct tyre pressure and tyre tread depth will maximise
your tyres' ability to maintain their road grip. If it happens, ease
off the accelerator and brakes until your speed drops sufficiently for
the car tyres to make contact with the road again.
To correct skidding:
•! Take your feet off the accelerator pedals.
•! Release the brake pedal and reapply the brakes gently.

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•! Quickly turn the steering wheel in the direction you want

to go.
•! As your vehicle turns back in the correct direction, you
may then need to steer in the opposite direction so as to
stay on your desired path.
Most cases of skidding are caused by human error. These
include sudden acceleration, excessive or sudden breaking and
poor steering.

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UNIT 14: ADVERSE DRIVING CONDITIONS

The first step in dealing with adverse driving conditions is to be
prepared by training for these conditions and preparing the vehicle
for these conditions. Ensure that the vehicle has good tyre tread,
firm brakes and streak-free wipers. Situations that are considered
adverse driving conditions are:
Night Driving:
In this case, the driver's vision and visibility is greatly reduced by the
absence of natural light.
•! Slow down when driving at night, especially on unlit
roads.
•! Reflective roads can mislead you to believe that you
can see further than you really can.
•! Do not over drive your headlights – going fast that
your stopping distance is farther than you can see with
your headlights.
•! Give yourself enough room to make a safe stop.
•! When meeting oncoming vehicles with bright headlights
at night, look up and beyond and slightly to the left of
the oncoming lights.
•! Cut down bright lights at night by following the rule of
the road for vehicle lights.
•! Use your low beam headlights within 150 metres of an
oncoming vehicle or when following a vehicle within 60
metres.
•! In rural areas, switch to low beams when you come to a
curve or hilltop so you can see oncoming headlights and
wont blind oncoming drivers. If you can't see any
headlights, switch to high beams.
Other Extreme driving conditions
•! Fog.
•! Windy condition.

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•! Heavy rain.
•! Hot weather.
•! Dusty conditions.
Fog
•! Slow down gradually and drive at a speed which suits the
condition.
•! Make sure the full lighting system of your vehicle is turned
on: use your low beam headlights as high beams reflect
off the moisture droplets in the fog making it harder to
see. Otherwise, use fog lights if your car has them.
•! Always be patient – avoid overtaking, changing lanes and
crossing traffic.
N/B: If visibility is decreasing rapidly, move off the road and
into safe parking area and wait for fog to lift.
Rain
•! Rain makes the road surface slippery and reduces
visibility.
•! Ensure your windshield wiper blades are in good
condition (no streaking while cleaning).
•! Try to drive in clear sections of the road, look ahead and
plan your movements.
•! Smooth steering, braking and accelerating will reduce
your chances of skidding.
•! Leave more space between you and the vehicle ahead of
you.
•! Stay out of puddles – a puddle can hide a large pothole
that can damage your vehicle or its suspension or flatten
a tyre. The spray of water could splash nearby
pedestrians or drown your engine, causing it to stall.
Water can also make your brakes less effective.
Under these and other adverse conditions the driver has to deal
with reduced visibility and traction, steering, braking and skid

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control. It is best to practice how to deal with this conditions in a

safe, secluded area. The driver who knows what to do in an
emergency is more likely to stay in control.
While driving in adverse conditions:
1. Be Cautious
•! Get in the right frame of mind before you start driving.
Travel with another person so that the responsibility of
driving is shared.
2. In the driver’s seat
•! Adjust your seat correctly to enable you to perform
manoeuvres properly. This also reduced the risk of injury to
fingers, elbows and the chest. Fasten your safety belt.
3. Dress appropriately
•! Wear clothes that are comfortable and also provide freedom
of movement. Heavy garments can restrict movement
behind the wheel. Stop in a safe spot before removing a
coat or gloves.
Poor visibility
Keep your windshield and windows clean. Clean the inside of your
windows at least once a week. Use your defroster to keep front and
rear windshields clear. On a cold day, move the heat control to “hot"
and let the engine warm up before you turn on the defrosters and
blowers. This will prevent moisture from collecting on the inside of the
glass.
When the glass gets foggy, open a window slightly and turn the
defroster fan to a higher speed. Use your air conditioner to reduce
humidity. Mud and dust on your headlights can reduce the
illumination by 90 per cent. Stop periodically during long trips and
clean your headlights. If your vehicle is not equipped with daytime
running lights, drive with your low-beam headlights on at all times -
especially on dark or overcast days. Use low beams and fog lights in
fog.

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Reduced Traction
Wet roads mean poor traction. Conditions are most dangerous
during the first 10 minutes of a heavy downpour as oil and debris
first rise up, then wash away. Knowing how to handle poor traction
reduces the potential for hydroplaning, skidding or getting stuck in
the mud.
Getting out of a tough spot
You need steady pulling and moderate power when traction is
poor. The best remedy when wheels are stuck in the mud or a soft
shoulder is to apply power slowly.
•! Keep the wheels pointed straight ahead so the vehicle can
move in a straight line. If you can't go forward, try backing
out, steering in the vehicle's tracks.
•! With a manual transmission, start in second gear to prevent
wheel spin. Accelerate carefully, giving enough fuel to
prevent the engine from stalling and ease along gradually
until traction improves.
•! Rock your way out by using second gear in a manual
transmission and low gear in automatic transmissions.
Check your owner's manual for recommended procedures.
Move forward until the vehicle stops, then shift into reverse
and move backwards until momentum stops. Repeat this
process, moving ahead a little more each time. Use minimum
power to keep the wheels from spinning and digging in
deeper.
•! If rocking doesn't work and wheels simply spin, find a way
to create traction. Traction mats, gravel or kitty litter work
best, but you can also use salt, burlap, branches or even the
vehicle's floor mats. Shovel a space in front of the drive
wheels and spread your materials there. Apply power
slowly, using second or low gear.
Steering clear of collisions
You may need to take evasive action in poor weather to avoid a
collision. Steering around an obstacle is preferred to braking at
speeds above 30 km/h because less distance is required to steer

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around an object than to brake to a stop. In wet weather, sudden

braking often leads to skids.
There are two acceptable methods of emergency steering:
1.! The push-pull method of steering is performed by shuffling
your hands, so that neither hand crosses over the imaginary
line between 12 and 6 o'clock. Since the arms never cross, you
are able to provide continuous adjustments in either
direction.
2.! The fixed-hand steering method allows rapid 180-degree
steering to either direction, but it has one shortcoming.
This method is confining in that your arms may get locked
together as you attempt to steer past 180 degrees, leaving
you in an awkward position to make further fine
adjustments.
Braking
Stopping on a slippery surface requires more distance, so increase
your following distance. Focus your attention as far ahead as
possible - at least 20 to 30 seconds.
Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are designed to prevent wheels
from locking and to retain steering control during panic braking.
Sensors located at wheels detect lock-up. The anti-lock system
relieves pressure as needed, allowing all four wheels to continue to
turn while maintaining steering control.
You should use the “plant and steer" method with antilock brake
systems. Do not remove your foot from the brake or pump the
pedal. If you apply pressure and the wheels lock momentarily, you
might feel the brake pedal pulse back against your foot. This is
normal. Just hold the brake pedal down and steer. Pumping the pedal
actually works against the system.
The best way to stop on a slippery surface if your vehicle doesn't
have antilock brakes is to use threshold braking. Keep the heel of
your foot on the floor and use the ball of your foot to apply firm,
steady pressure on the brake pedal to the “threshold" of locking
your brakes.
If your heel leaves the floor, the wheels could lock because control
of the brake pedal is transferred from your ankle muscles to your thigh

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muscles, which are not capable of the finer control required in this
situation.
Under the stress of trying to stop quickly, drivers almost inevitably
use too much pressure, resulting in locked wheels (on non-ABS-
equipped vehicles). If this happens, release pressure on the brake
pedal by one or two degrees, then immediately reapply slight
pressure. Continue this technique as needed until the vehicle comes
to a stop.
Dealing with a crisis
When visibility is so limited that you can't see the edges of the road
or other vehicles at a safe distance, it's time to get off the road and
wait for the rain to ease up. It's best to stop at a rest area or exit the
freeway and go to a protected area. If the roadside is your only
option, pull off the road as far as you can, preferably past the end of
a guardrail. Vehicles parked at the side of the road are frequently
struck by other drivers. Respect the limitations of reduced visibility and
turn headlights off and emergency flashes on to alert other drivers.

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UNIT 15: PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Preventive Maintenance (PM) refers to the different types of work
done to ensure that the vehicle is in good working condition and that
any problems can be detected and fixed before they get out of hand.
Preventive maintenance may include the following:
•! Vehicle inspection.
•! Lubrication.
•! Adjustment.
•! Cleaning.
•! Testing of certain parts.
•! Repair and replacing worn out parts.
Driver’s obligation: As the owner and/or driver of a vehicle it is
important to carry out regular preventive maintenance as this
increase the availability and safety of the vehicle.
•! PM maintenance should be scheduled on a regular basis
based on the specific part of the vehicle being
maintained.
•! The driver of the vehicle should participate in this
maintenance work as ultimately he or she is the one who
makes the decision as to whether the vehicle is safe to
drive, clean enough or if the vehicle needs further repair or
maintenance work done.
•! To determine how regular PM should be undertaken the
driver should also look at the vehicle manufacturer's
guidelines.
•! It is important for every driver to know some of the basic
steps to take in the event that the vehicle malfunctions.

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Below is a table indicating common issues and how to resolve

them.
Problem Symptom Solution
Tyres/Steering •!Puncture •!Change the wheel
Heavy steering Vibrations in •!Power assisted steering •!Seek qualified
steering at specific speeds fault assistance
•!Bulge in tyre or front •!Change the tyre or
wheel out of balance seek
qualified assistance
Brakes •!Incorrect adjustment •!Seek qualified
•!Vehicle
pulls to one side •!Undue wear in pads assistance
when braking System fault •!Seek qualified
•!Warning light shows •!Low brake fluid assistance
•!Possible component failure •!Check level
•!Seek qualified
assistance
Lights •!Bulb failure •!Check and replace
•!Lamp does not light .Fuse failure .Check and replace
.Check and replace
•!Indicator flashing .Possible bulb failure
irregularly •!Check and replace
•!Part failure of unit
Main/dip not lit
Engine •!Fuel or electrical fault •!Examine connections
•!Misfiring or won't run •!Defective spark plugs •!Seek assistance
•!Fails to start •!Out of fuel •!Refuel
•!Starter does not operate •!Damp in electrical system •!Examineand replace if
•!Starter
or solenoid clicks but •!Battery flat necessary
does not operate •!Startermotor jammed Fan •!Check gauge
•!Squealing noise from belt loose •!Change battery
engine area •!Fuse blown on electric •!Jump start
•!Overheating cooling fan •!Push start
•!Lossof coolant Fan belt •!Rock vehicle
snapped backwards forwards in
gear
•!Adjust and replace and
•!Replace fuse
•!Tape hose for
temporary repair
Replace belt

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UNIT 16: CONDITIONS OF CARRIAGE

Conditions of carriage refer to customers' rights and the
restrictions on these rights. It also refers to the driver's obligation
to customers and their obligations when handling cargo. The Traffic
Act provides guidelines for conditions of carriage for different
categories of goods and passengers.
A commercial vehicle is a motor vehicle constructed or adapted
for the carriage of goods or burdens of any description in
connection with any trade, business or agriculture. Therefore, a light
vehicle can be licenced as a commercial vehicle. Light vehicles
licenced to be Public Service Vehicles (PSV) should do the following:
•! Provide a statement of liability.
•! State what fares or ticketing prices will be charged.
•! Indicate if there are any exceptions with fare prices.
•! Ensure that you abide by a code of conduct that customers
can easily rely on as a guideline.
•! Ensure that you address restricted items. Provide outlines for
customers to know what items are restricted and which are
Lost property.
•! Contact details of the owner or company that runs the
service.

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UNIT 17: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Hazardous Material is any material prescribed as such by any
written law and includes explosives, petroleum products and any
material involving high risk. Hazardous materials are solids, liquids,
or gases that are harmful to people, other living organisms, property,
or the environment. They are often subject to chemical regulations.

Characteristics of Hazardous Goods

Hazardous goods are known for the following characteristics:
•! Flammable; something that can burn easily.
•! Corrosive, something that rusts or decomposes.
•! Reactive; something that can explode.
•! Toxic; something that is poisonous.
Before handling hazardous material, the driver is required to get
legal approval that requires special equipment and different
alterations to the vehicle to make it suitable for transporting any of
these materials.
Hazmat Endorsement Framework is an assessment process for
any driver seeking to obtain, renew and transfer a hazardous
materials endorsement on a commercial driver's license.
Classification of Hazardous Materials
There are nine classes of hazardous materials. These are:
•! Explosives.
•! Gases.
•! Flammable Liquids.
•! Flammable Solids.
•! Oxidizing Substances.

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•! Toxic and Infectious Substances.

•! Radioactive Material.
•! Corrosives.
•! Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods.
Each class of hazardous material has a prescribed procedure for
loading and offloading that the driver should adhere to.
In Kenya, the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KBS), National
Environmental Management Agency (NEMA) and NTSA co-ordinate
licencing for transportation of hazardous goods.
Do not handle hazardous material unless you have the
appropriate licencing to do so.

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UNIT 18: EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

The driver should always be prepared to handle any emergencies that
may occur within or outside the car.
Many of these situations can be avoided by ensuring that the
passengers and driver take the prescribed safety precautions before
embarking on the journey. This section will address the most
frequent emergencies.
Basic Responsibilities at a Scene of Crash
Crashes frequently occur on the carriageway due to error or
negligence by different road users. If you are involved in an accident
or if you witness an accident, you should stop and offer assistance
where possible.
These are the steps that should be taken in the event of an accident.
•! Set up the reflector triangles behind and in front of the
crash site. The reflector triangles should each be 50 metres
behind and ahead the vehicle.
•! Call for emergency services – the police, ambulance and
fire brigade - immediately, providing full details of the
incident location and any casualties.
•! Move uninjured people away from the vehicles to safety.
•! DO NOT move injured people from their vehicles unless
they are in immediate danger from fire or explosion.
•! Do not remove a motorcyclist's helmet unless it is essential
to do so.
•! Be prepared to give First Aid.
•! Stay at the scene until the police arrive.
•! If you are involved in any other medical emergency on the
road, you should contact the emergency services in the
same way.
•! In the event of spillage, keep onlookers away from the
scene of the accident and wait for police to handle the
situation.

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First Aid
Many road crash victims suffer unnecessarily, or even die, at the
scene of the crash due to inadequate care. Someone with First Aid
training can often prevent a victim's condition from worsening and
may save their life. The aims of First Aid are to:
1.! Preserve life.
2.! Prevent a casualty's injury or illness from getting any worse.
3.! Promote recovery.
You can get First Aid training at places such as Red Cross and St.
John's Ambulance. But even if you do not have First Aid training
there are simple things you can do to help the injured, and these are
described below.
1. Prevent further danger and make safe
First of all assess the danger to yourself, the victims and others.
Make the situation safe before approaching. You do not want to
become a casualty yourself. For instance, warn and control
approaching vehicles to prevent a second collision. Ask other
people to help you with this. If there is a danger of fire, make sure
no one smokes or uses lighters or matches.
2. Emergency treatment
The most important thing is to preserve life. Remember “Dr A.B.C."
This stands for:
D = Danger:
Is there continuing danger to the injured? Try to make safe. Protect
the casualty and keep curious onlookers away.
R = Response: Is there any response from the casualty? – Shake the
casualty gently and talk to him. If there is no response check the
airway (throat).
A = Airway:
Is the airway (throat) clear? Lay the casualty on his back, tilt the head
to one side, and open the mouth; check that the tongue is not
blocking the throat, and use your fingers to scoop out anything
(food, dirt, artificial teeth, etc.) in the mouth; then gently move the

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head so that the chin is up and the mouth open and check for
breathing.
B = Breathing:
Is the casualty breathing?
Check by putting your ear close to the casualty's mouth for at least
10 seconds to hear and feel the breath. Look to see whether the
chest is rising and falling. If there is no breath, then immediately give
artificial respiration by pinching closed the nostrils, taking a deep
breath, and breathing slowly into the casualty's mouth until you have
emptied all the air in your lungs into his. Do this again. Check
again for breathing. If there is still no breath, check for circulation.
C = Circulation:
Is there a pulse? Check the pulse by placing two fingers at the
neck near the throat, and look at the casualty's colour and pupils
of the eyes. If there is no breath or circulation, call for emergency
assistance immediately before continuing. Once help has been
summoned, if you know the technique, then apply CPR (Cardio-
Pulmonary Resuscitation) combining chest compressions with artificial
respirations until expert help arrives, or the casualty starts
breathing. If there is a pulse, but the casualty is still not breathing,
continue with artificial respiration (a breath every five seconds).
Do not give up - it may take some time for him to be able to
breathe on his own. Once the casualty is breathing and talking
again, lay him on his back and keep him warm.
If he is breathing but does not answer questions, put him in the
recovery position.
3. Get help
Expert help must be summoned as quickly as possible, normally by
dialing 999. Try not to leave the casualty alone, so ask others to
phone or get help and to report back that they have done so. Many
people have mobile phones so there may be no need to leave the
scene. It is important to give the emergency services clear information
on:
•! What has happened.
•! The location of the crash; street name, known landmarks or

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places.
•! Site conditions and dangers.
•! Number of people injured and severity of injuries. You
should not end the call until you are told to do so – wait for
the emergency service to confirm the details.
•! If help is not quickly available you may have to transport
the casualty to a medical facility. Ask the advice of the Police
or local people about the best place to take the casualty.
Small facilities like health posts and clinics may be able to
stabilize the condition of the seriously injured so that they
will survive a long trip to hospital. However some may not be
open 24 hours.
4. Moving casualties
•! Do not move any casualties unless absolutely necessary.
Injured persons still in vehicles should not be removed
unless there is immediate danger of fire, additional damage,
or further collisions. Persons suffering obvious bone
fractures or possible internal or spinal injuries should not be
moved unless it is essential for their safety.
•! If a casualty is unconscious but is breathing and not
obviously badly injured, put them in the recovery position
to prevent breathing problems.
5. Bleeding and injury treatment
•! A person can bleed to death in five minutes, so it is vital
that you try and stop heavy loss of blood. Reassure him,
and, if possible, lay him flat on the ground. Find out where
the bleeding is coming from. Then check for anything in the
wound and remove it if is easy to do so. Apply firm pressure
over the wound, preferably using a sterile dressing from a
First Aid kit or any other.
•! Clean padding - otherwise use your hands. If the bleeding
does not reduce, press harder. You may be able to tie the
padding over the wound, but be careful that you do not cut
off circulation - release the pressure briefly every ten minutes.
If there are no broken bones, raise a bleeding limb as high as

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possible to reduce the blood flow.

•! If there are broken bones, fractures or dislocations it is
important to stabilize the limb and avoid movement so you
don't make the injury worse. If there are burns,
immediately cool the area with cold running water and then
cover with a clean dressing.
6. Treat victims for shock
•! It is also very important to recognize, prevent, and treat the
symptoms of shock, as these may cause even more serious
deterioration than the original injury. The signs are: a cold,
pale, damp skin; fast or weak pulse; rapid shallow
breathing; feeling sick; yawning or sighing.
•! The causes of shock are many, including: injury; drop in
blood pressure; and reduction in the volume of any body
fluid. As well as treating the cause, it is vital not to leave the
person alone, and to make them more comfortable by:
(i)! Laying the person down.
(ii)! Loosening any tight clothing particularly round the chest
and airways.
(iii)! Keeping the person warm by covering with a blanket.
(iv)! Talking to the person to keep them calm.
(v)! Raising the legs slightly to keep blood flowing to the
head.
•! An accident casualty should never be given anything to eat
or drink. If they are thirsty, moisten their lips with water.
Never give a casualty any medicines or apply anything but
clean water and dressings to wounds.
7. Put the casualty in the recovery position
•! This is a stable position with the casualty on their side, to
prevent choking on their tongue or vomit if unconscious.
•! The head is slightly tilted back, the lower arm is out at a
right angle, the hand of the upper arm is under the cheek,
the lower leg stretched out, and the upper leg bent in a right

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angle as shown in the illustration below.

1" 2"

4"
3"

Reporting the accident

•! Report the accident as soon as possible to the police.
•! If you are hired as a driver, also report the incident to your
employer.
•! Take a photo or sketch the accident scene if you can do so
safely.
•! Record the number plate of the vehicles involved in the
accident.

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UNIT 19: WORK PLANNING
Work Planning ensures that the driver and the customers both get
the best out of the service provided because it allows the driver to
prepare both physically and psychologically before the journey,
schedule maintenance work in advance, schedule any stoppages
during the journey and arrive at the intended destination on time.
Preparing for the Journey (Trip Planning)
If the journey involves transportation of goods, then the driver should
pick up the goods and get all the appropriate documentation. This
may include:
•! Name, address, phone and directions of the sender.
•! Pick-up phone number.
•! Appointment time for collecting and delivering the goods.
•! Requirements for securing the load e.g. if it is fragile.
•! Other legal requirements if the goods are classified as
Hazardous Material or if the goods are being transported
outside the country of origin.
Managing the trip
While travelling, the following are factors will affect your how you
manage your trip.
1. Distance to be travelled
•! The longer the distance you travel the more preparations
you will need to make. You may need a co-driver to take
over from you if the distance being travelled is long.
2. Time/Traffic conditions during the journey
•! If you travel during peak traffic hours your journey is likely to
be longer.
•! Travelling at night or early in the morning when there is
limited visibility also affects you travel.
•! It is best to plan ahead and choose the most convenient
travel time for you.
3. Meals
•! Plan ahead for where you will stop for meals.
•! If using familiar roads then go to place you are familiar
with.

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•! If you are using an unfamiliar route, it is best to plan
ahead by using maps which can assist you in planning for
where to stop.
4. Fatigue
•! Do not start a journey when you are tired.
•! If you feel tired during the journey, stop the vehicle at a
convenient stop and get some rest and fresh air before
proceeding on your journey.
5. Adverse weather conditions
•! Avoid driving in adverse weather conditions.
•! Take the right precautions if you get caught up in these
conditions.
Managing Time
To get to the intended destination within the least possible amount
of time get directions before starting the journey. You can do this by
consulting maps, GPS units and other drivers. Ensure that you know
alternative routes so that you have options in case of road
restrictions.
Legal limits on Duty hours /Driving hours
The driver is obligated to adhere to the rules in the Traffic Act. It is
illegal to force a public service driver work for more than the
designated hours provided.
The Traffic Act indicates that
“66A. (1) No person shall drive a public service vehicle or a
commercial vehicle for more than a total of eight hours in any period
of twenty-four hours.
(2)! Any person who contravenes or fails to comply with sub-
section (1) shall be guilty of an offence and liable —…"
Completing records of duty, work tickets or trip cards.
After completing the journey, the driver of a public service vehicle
should pro vide a summarized record of the trip.

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UNIT 20: CARGO HANDLING

Cargo Securement
Cargo securing also known as load securing is the securing of
cargo for transportation.
As a driver you are responsible for getting cargo to its destination
in good condition and without risk to other road users and the general
public. This means that it must be correctly loaded and secured
firmly in the vehicle.
You are also responsible to see that the vehicle is not overloaded, that
the weight of the cargo is properly distributed and that the cargo is
properly secured.
Cargo that is being transported in a vehicle should always be
secured. When brakes are applied in a moving vehicle, an insecure
load shifts forward and this creates the following risks:
•! Injury of passengers or the driver.
•! Loss of cargo.
•! Damage to the cargo.
•! Damage to the vehicle.
•! Loss of life.
•! Crashes as a result of vehicle instability.
Cargo is secured to prevent the load from shifting during the
journey. This must be done using the right procedures and securing
components to prevent damage to the cargo.
Cargo should be secured so that it does not leak, spill, blow off the
vehicle, fall off the vehicle, fall through the vehicle or shift within the
vehicle to the extent that it causes vehicle instability.
An effective securement system must be able to withstand the
following forces;
• Forward force: caused when braking when driving in a
straight line.
• Rearward force: caused when accelerating, shifting
gears while climbing a hill, or braking in reverse.

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• Sideways force: caused by the cargo weight when

turning, changing lanes or braking while turning.
• Upward force: caused when travelling over bumps or
uphill.
Safe Loading and Unloading
Ensure that you have the correct vehicle. Before undertaking to
transport any cargo you must have a vehicle suitable to handle the
type of cargo to be transported and enough load capacity.
Loading the Cargo
•! The vehicle should be fitted with a loading rack, headboard
and other fittings necessary for carrying the cargo you
have.
•! Use the appropriate method to load the cargo.
•! Spread the load to keep the centre of gravity as low as
possible. The centre of gravity of the load should be on or as
near as possible to the centre of the vehicle.
•! If the cargo is stacked, keep the larger and heavier items at
the bottom.
•! Whenever you load or unload cargo, redistribute the load, if
necessary, to maintain good weight distribution.
•! Secure the load using the correct securing components.
These components include binder cables, tarpaulin, ropes.
•! Extra wide or long projections from the vehicle require
special permits.
Unloading the Cargo
•! Unload the cargo at the area designated for unloading it.
Assigned loading areas are shown using road markings and
signage [AM1].
•! Ensure that you have sufficient assistance when unloading
heavy or fragile goods. Do risk injury and permanent
disability by overloading yourself or your assistants.
•! Ensure that the area where goods are being loaded or

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unloaded is secure enough before starting the exercise.

Axle Weight Distribution
•! When loading the vehicle, ensure that it does not exceed
any of the legal limits as stipulated in the Traffic Act of
Kenya.
•! Load limits are specified for each axle and group of axles.
These limits are determined by the number of and type of
tyres on each axle, and the spacing of the axles.
•! Some of these mass limits vary from country to country
although in East Africa we are moving towards standard
limits. Always be certain that the vehicle is within the limits
when you cross country.
Legal aspects of loading (EAC Vehicle Axle Load Control Act,
2013
The practice in Kenya is that vehicles are weighed in three aspects
as provided under the Traffic Act, Cap. 403.
•! Axle Overload.
•! An Axle Group Overload; and
•! Gross Vehicle weight Overload.
The regulation set the maximum allowable single axle load limit of
10 tons and a maximum gross vehicle mass of 56 tons. Conformity
involves compliance to both Axle Load and Gross Vehicle Weight.
The EAC Vehicle Load Control Bill passed in May 2013 harmonizes
the GVW limits to 56 tons. Measurement is based on axle load with
maximum for single axle =10 tons, tandem=18 and tridem=24
tons.
N/B: Kenya increased its GVW limit from 48 tons to 56 tons based
on the EAC vehicle Load Control Bill.

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Country Single Two Axle Three Gross

Axle Unit Axle Unit Vehicle
(Non- (Tandem) (Tridem) Weight
steering)
Angola 10 16 24 38
Botswana 8.2 16.4 24.6 50.2
Malawi 8.2 16.4 24.6 55.0
Mozambique 10 16 24 38
South Africa 9 18 24 56
Tanzania 10 18 24 56
Zambia 10 16.3 23 -
Zimbabwe 8.2 16.4 24.6 55
AVERAGE 9.2 16.7 24.1 53.6
Kenya 10 18 24 56
COMESA 10 16 24 53
* GVW in Angola and Mozambique are regarded as “outliers" and
are not included in the average

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Terms and Definition

Axle load - the sum of the wheel weight loads of all wheels on any
axle.
Axle Group - any number of axles which for the purposes of
transferring load to the road pavement act in unison or together.
Gross Vehicle Weight - in relation to a motor vehicle, means the
maximum permissible weight of such vehicle and its load under this
Act.
Weighing Station - a check point or installation along the Regional
Trunk Road Network for weighing vehicles and includes all facilities
found therein.
Weighbridge - a machine for weighing vehicles under this Act,
including all its associated peripherals and software.
Overload - means an axle load, a load from a group of axles, or
gross vehicle weight on a vehicle that exceeds the prescribed legal
limits for the vehicle or for any particular part of public roads.
Unstable Load - a load on a vehicle which could shift or oscillate
within the vehicle when it is moving or stationary.
Super Load - a load, which by its nature is indivisible and the
weight of which exceeds the authorized weight of the vehicle on
which it is to be loaded.
Legal Load Limit - the weight that may be borne by a single axle,
an axle group, or all the axles of a vehicle as specified in the
Second and Third Schedules.
Hazardous Load - any load which has been prescribed by the
Council in the Gazette to be capable of posing risk to health, safety,
and property when transported along the Regional.Trunk Road
Network.
Cargo Movement documentation
Whenever you are in charge of the cargo in transit, make sure that
all details pertaining to potential cargo are documented. Do not
leave details to memory; document at the time of loading and the
unloading.

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Definition of Terms
To fully grasp the basics of completing cargo documentation and
the bill of lading you should be familiar with a series of definitions.
Carrier — an individual or company in the business of shipping
goods.
Shipper (consignor) — the individual or company originating the
order for transport of goods. Be aware that sometimes the shipper
may not be the point of origin. It may be a warehouse that contracts
on behalf of your shipper.
Receiver (consignee) — the individual or company to whom the
goods are shipped or consigned. Sometimes the consignee is not
your destination. It may be someone contracting on behalf of the
consignee.
Freight broker — an individual or company who arranges, for
compensation, the truck transportation of cargo belonging to others,
utilizing authorized for-hire carriers to provide the actual truck
transportation. A broker does not assume responsibility for the
cargo and usually does not take possession of the cargo.
Freight forwarder — an individual or company that accepts small
shipments from various shippers and combines them into one larger
shipment.
Originating (pickup) carrier — the carrier who picks up a
shipment from a shipper.
Connecting carrier — the carrier who delivers a shipment to an
interchange point where goods are then transferred to another
company to continue shipment.
Terminal carrier (agent) — the carrier who delivers the
shipment to the consignee.
Pickup and Delivery procedures
When picking up or delivering cargo, please take note in advance of
the:
•! Delivery and Pick up timelines/ schedules.
•! Venue of the pickup station.

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•! Designated parking area when picking or delivering

cargo.
•! Nature , size and weight of the cargo.
•! All the above conditions should be in tandem within the
stipulated regulation.

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UNIT 21: CUSTOMER CARE

A customer refers to anyone that you have to deal with in the course
of riding or driving on the road. In this case, the customer may be a
pedestrian, a passenger and other motorists.
The following are essential skills any driver should have:
•! Communication skills.
•! Handling customer expectations.
•! Handling customers with special needs.
•! Knowledge of sexual harassment and other forms of
discrimination.
Communication Skills
Communication is the process of using words, sounds or
behaviour to pass on information. Communication is necessary for
all road users as it allows for shared and safe use of the road with
minimal disruption. It is important to know and understand how
other road users communicate so as to ensure safety and harmony
along the road.
Why you need to train on communication
The traffic situation brings together different types of road users –
pedestrians, cyclists, riders and other motorists – and also different
types of individuals with varying personalities and varying needs. As
such it is not enough to know the rules of the road. It is also
important to learn how to interact with different types of individuals.
The following are some elements of communication that every road
user should learn:
•! Patience.
•! Attitude.
•! Language.
Courtesy on the road
Courtesy involves applying all the elements of good communication
- patience, having a positive attitude and using appropriate
language.

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•! Ensure that you get the right training and a license before
you venture out on the road.
•! You should always apply all road safety techniques as
required for safe driving.
•! Having a positive attitude enables you to complete tasks
with confidence and to respond appropriately to
instructions or signals from the authorities, road signals
and other road users.
•! Take responsibility for your actions when you are on the
wrong. In the event that you are involved in an accident.
Do not take the law into your own hands. Report the
matter to the police.
•! Be visible by positioning yourself correctly on the road
and signalling where necessary.
•! Ensure that your vehicle interior and exterior is clean, that
the number plates are visible and that your passengers
have comfortable seating and use their safety belts at all
times.
•! Ensure that you store away luggage in the boot.
Handling Customer Expectations
The driver or rider should always prioritize their safety by ensuring
that they observe all the correct safety procedures. This section
primarily addresses the needs of customers who are paying for the
service as passengers or owners of goods that need to be
transported but all these guidelines can also be applied to private
motorists and motorcycle riders who are ferrying goods or
passengers.
Before embarking on any trip ensure that you:
•! Pick and drop off passengers or goods at the
appropriate and designated points.
•! Provide sufficient time for passengers to board and
alight from the vehicle. Be patient, do not rush them.
•! Assist passengers who may need help in embarking and
disembarking from the motorcycle.

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•! Address customers in respectful language so that there is

less room for misunderstanding.
•! Be professional: This means giving clear information
about the service you provide, the charges and any other
detail that would ensure that you, the service provider,
and the customer have clear expectations.
•! Provide a helmet and reflective jacket for your passengers.
•! Let your passengers know how to correctly position
themselves on the motorcycle.
•! Provide appropriate sitting for all passengers.
•! Where possible, and in particular for the PSV, ensure that
you designate sitting for the elderly, sickly, and expectant
mothers. Make arrangements for them to access seats
that are most convenient for easy boarding and
alighting. Give special consideration for passengers with
disabilities and offer assistance where requested.
•! Do not carry more passengers or goods than you are
legally allowed to ferry.
•! Know the weight restrictions related to your vehicle or
motorcycle. Do not exceed this.
•! Ensure that you are appropriately equipped to handle the
goods to be ferried from one location to another.
Observe Personal Hygiene
•! Ensure that you are smart, sober and clean. Provide a
clean environment for both you and your passengers to
work and travel comfortably. Your personal grooming
projects your level of confidence, your attitude towards
your work and it ultimately affects how you interact with
your customers.
•! Ensure that your vehicle or motorcycle is kept clean.
Ensure that your number plates are visible and that your
safety gear is also kept clean. This allows you to
communicate effectively on the road; to see and be seen.

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Time and Stress management skills

•! Ensure that your passengers or goods are ferried within
the expected time. Where unexpected circumstances cause
a delay, let your customer know.
•! Get sufficient rest and nutrition to that you are strong
and healthy enough to ride your motorcycle.
•! Take breaks between journeys and only work within
legally stipulated hours so that you, your passengers and
goods are safe from the risk of accidents caused by
fatigue
Sexual Harassment and Discrimination
Sexual Harassment
This is a form of bullying or coercion which happens when a person
directly or indirectly makes unwelcome requests for sexual intercourse,
sexual contact, other sexual activity, uses written or spoken
language of a sexual nature, uses visual material or shows physical
behaviour of sexual nature.
Discrimination
Occurs when you chose to treat customers favourably or
unfavourably because of their appearance, race, ethnic identity,
gender or age.
•! Both sexual harassment and discrimination are anti-social
behaviours that discourage positive interaction on the
road.
•! It is important to create a working environment where
vulnerable passengers are safe and are less likely to
encounter inappropriate behaviour, language or contact.
•! Ensure that you have a procedure in place to deal with
sexual harassment and discrimination should you
encounter it.
•! When faced with sexual harassment or discrimination,
speak up, address the issue with the administrative
authority and seek assistance from the police.

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Competitive Riding
This is when motorcyclists ride abreast at unreasonable speed. No
more than 2 riders are allowed to ride abreast.
Defensive riding is important when in the following condition.
•! Adverse weather conditions such as rain, fog or windy. In
these cases, the road surface may change and so you
need to apply different techniques to avoid danger.
•! Different road conditions that may be difficult to manoeuvre
such rough terrain, wet surface or sloping surfaces.
Defensive riding techniques
•! Improving observation, anticipation and awareness
consistent with the riding speed.
•! Applying sound judgement of speed and distance.
•! Don't drive when you are tired, rest before any journey.

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UNIT 22: THE EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS FROM NTSA
Provisional Driving Licence (PDL)
•! This is issued to an applicant who wants to undergo
training in driving.
•! It is endorsed in respect of any class or classes of motor
vehicle which if you held a driving licence you would be
entitled to drive, in order that you may learn to drive such
class or classes of vehicle.
•! This licence is valid for three (3) months only but may be
renewed for further periods of three months on payment
of the prescribed fee.
Requirements
•! You shall enrol in a licenced driving school and apply on-
line.
•! As a holder of a PDL, you shall not be allowed to a drive
on a road unless you are in the company of a qualified
driver holding a valid driving licence for the class or classes
you have been permitted to drive.
Driving Licences
•! A driving licence is issued as an authority to allow you to
drive a motor vehicle of any class on a road.
•! No person shall be allowed to drive a motor vehicle on
road unless he is the holder of a valid driving licence or a
provisional licence endorsed in respect of that class of
vehicle.
•! No person shall be entitled to more than one driving
licence, but a driving licence may be endorsed to permit
the holder to drive one or more classes of motor vehicle
in line with curriculum.
•! Driving licences shall upon expiry be renewed on
production and upon payment of the prescribed fee. The
renewal period will either be valid for a period of twelve
(12) months or three (3) years from the date of issue at
the option of the holder.
No driving licence or provisional licence shall be granted to
any person:
•! Under the age of sixteen years;

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•! Under the age of eighteen (18) years, except in respect of
motor cycles; or
•! Endorsed in respect of matatus and motor-omnibuses,
unless he:
1.! Is over the age of twenty-four (24) years; and
2.! Has for not less than four (4) years held a licence
endorsed in respect of motor-cars or commercial vehicles.
Any person driving a motor vehicle on a road shall carry his driving
licence or provisional licence, and on being so required by a police
officer, produce it for examination.
Conditions for Granting Driving Licence
•! A licensing officer shall not grant an applicant a driving
licence endorsed in respect of any class of motor vehicle
unless the applicant satisfies the licensing officer that he
has passed a test of competence to drive that class of
motor vehicle and that he holds a certificate of
competence.
•! Is the holder of a valid driving licence for that class of
motor vehicle granted by a competent authority in a
member country of the Commonwealth, or
•! Is the holder of an international driving permit.
•! Makes a declaration as to whether or not he is suffering
from any such disease or physical disability which would
be likely to cause the driving by him of a motor vehicle to
be a source of danger to the public.
•! Is able to read, with glasses if worn, a motor vehicle
identification plate at a distance of twenty-five (25)
metres.
•! A person who is totally blind or blind in one eye is not
allowed to hold a driving licence.
•! If it appears to a licensing officer that there is reason to
believe that the applicant for any driving licence is
suffering from disease or physical disability likely to cause
the driving by him of a motor vehicle, of the class or
classes in respect of which the application for a licence is
made, to be a source of danger to the public, such
application may be disapproved unless the applicant.
•! Produces a certificate from a medical practitioner stating

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that in the opinion of such medical practitioner the
applicant is physically fit to drive the class or classes of
motor vehicle in question; and
•! Undergoes and passes a driving test.
•! Indicate other requirements-badge, PSV licence.
Test Booking
•! When an applicant is satisfied that he can take a driving
test, he shall be required to book for a test stating the
date, and time and location he would like to go for the
driving test.
•! A test booking certificate shall be issued upon payment
of the prescribed fee. All driving tests are undertaken at
Driving Test Units (DTU) which are based across the
country. The driving tests are conducted by driving test
examiners (DTE) and shall include a test of the
applicant's –
1.! Knowledge of the rules of road;
2.! Knowledge of recognized road signals and road signs;
3.! Knowledge of any authorized road or highway code; and
4.! Physical fitness to drive a motor vehicle of the class for
which the licence is required.
•! Once an applicant has passed a driving test, he shall be
issued with a certificate of competence (C of C) indicating
the class or classes of motor vehicle he/she is permitted to
drive. The C of C is valid for a period of three (3) months,
and upon expiry, it will be at the discretion of the licensing
officer to decide whether the applicant will under-go
another driving test, or on the contrary approve the
application for payment of the driving licence.

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