PH English Jewellery Designer CAD G&JQ2303 V3

Participant Handbook
Sector
Gem and Jewellery
Sub-Sector
Cast and Diamonds Set
Jewellery
Occupation
Designing and Product
Development
Reference ID: G&J/Q2303, Version 3.0
NSQF Level 4
Jewellery Designer - CAD
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All Rights Reserved,

Second Edition, November 2022
Printed in India at
Copyright © 2017
Gem & Jewellery Skill Council of India
4th Floor, BFC Building, SEEPZ SEZ,
Mumbai - 400 096. India.
Email info@gjsci.org
Web www.gjsci.org
Phone 022-28293940/41/42
Disclaimer
The information contained herein has been obtained from sources reliable to Gem & Jewellery Skill Council of
India. Gem & Jewellery Skill Council of India disclaims all warranties to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of
such information. Gem & Jewellery Skill Council of India shall have no liability for errors, omissions, or
inadequacies, in the information contained herein, or for interpretations thereof. Every effort has been made to
trace the owners of the copyright material included in the book. The publishers would be grateful for any
omissions brought to their notice for acknowledgements in future editions of the book. No entity in Gem &
Jewellery Skill Council of India shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever, sustained by any person who relies on
this material. The material in this publication is copyrighted. No parts of this publication may be reproduced,
stored or distributed in any form or by any means either on paper or electronic media, unless authorised by the
Gem & Jewellery Skill Council of India.
Skilling is building a better India.
If we have to move India towards
development then Skill Development
should be our mission.
Shri Narendra Modi

The Prime Minister of India
iii
GEM AND JEWELLERY SKILL COUNCIL OF INDIA
Job Role/ Qualification Pack: ‘Jewellery Designer - CAD ’ QP No. ‘G&J/Q2303 / NSQF Level 4 Version - 3'
November 17th,2022
November 17th,2025
(Gem and Jewellery Skill Council Of India)
iv
Acknowledgements
GJSCI would like to take this opportunity to thank Indian Institute of Gems and Jewellery Jaipur
(IIGJJ) for their contribution in developing this Participant Handbook. IIGJ Jaipur as a Center of
Excellence of GJSCI, has been a constant source of support in skilling India. Their endless efforts
and continuous endeavor to maintain the quality of education and skills being imparted to the
youth of India are well appreciated. We sincerely thank them for inspiring and facilitating students
of Gem & Jewellery sector across India.
Sincerely,
Adil Kotwal
Chairman, GJSCI
v
About this book
This Participant Handbook is designed to enable training for the Jewellery Designer-CAD Qualification
Pack. Each National Occupational (NOS) is covered across Unit/s.
Key Learning Objectives for the specific NOS mark the beginning of the Unit/s for that NOS. The symbols
used in this book are described below.
Ÿ This book is a detailed description on Jewellery Designer- CAD at basic level.
Ÿ This book covers the right information from the beginning of the introduction of CAD software to
basic working on different CAD softwares to making finished CAD based Jewellery products.
Ÿ This book will help the individual to grow their potential in terms of thinking, observing and
creating a piece on the CAD software.
Ÿ This book contains tips and worksheet at the end of every unit, this will help in Gain knowledge
oning the unit deeply.
Symbols Used
!
Key Learning Steps Tips Notes Unit
Outcomes Objectives
Exercise
vi
Table of Content
S.No Modules and Units Page No
1. Introduction 1
Unit 1.1 - Gem and Jewellery Sector in India 3
Unit 1.2 - Objectives of the Course 10
Unit 1.3 - About Jewellery 11
2. Create Jewellery Design using CAD (G&J/N2303) Part - I 15
Unit 2.1 - Introduction of CAD Software 17
Unit 2.2 - Introduction of Rhinoceros 21
Unit 2.3 - Explain Rhino Interface 27
Unit 2.4 - Standard Toolbar 35
Unit 2.5 - Modeling Aids 39
Unit 2.6 - Working with Curve Tools 46
Unit 2.7 - Editing Geometry 57
Unit 2.8 - Solid Creation 72
Unit 2.9 - Working with Surface Commands 74
Unit 2.10 - Curve Tool 87
3. Create Jewellery Design using CAD (G&J/N2303) Part - II 97
Unit 3.1 - Solid Tool 98
Unit 3.2 - Transform Toolbar 104
Unit 3.3 - Orient Tool 108
Unit 3.4 - Solid Editing Tool 110
Unit 3.5 - Analyse Tool 117
vii
Table of Content
S.No Modules and Units Page No
Unit 3.6 - Gemstones 126

Unit 3.7 - Jewellery Setting 130
4. Maintain Health and Safety at workplace (G&J/N9902) 155

Unit 4.1 - Understand Potential Sources of Accidents 157
Unit 4.2 - Understand Safety Signs and Appropriate Requirements to be Safe 163
Unit 4.3 - Understand Ergonomics or Bad Posture of Body 172
Unit 4.4 - Fire Safety Rules 176

Unit 4.5 - Understand on How to Deal with Emergency Situations 181
5. Conservation of Energy & Materials (G&J/N9949) 187

Unit 5.1 - Energy Conservation 189
Unit 5.2 - Conservation of Materials 195
6. Annexures 198
Annexures 1 - QR codes - Video Link 199
It is recommended that all the trainings include the appropriate Employability

Skills Module.
Content for the same is available here:

https://www.skillindiadigital.gov.in/content/list
viii
1. Introduction
Unit 1.1 - Gem & Jewellery Sector in India
Unit 1.2 - Objectives of the Course
Unit 1.3 - About Jewellery
Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the Gem and Jewellery sector in India, and its sub-sectors.
2. Gain knowledge about jewellery and its need of designing.
3. Define your Roles and responsibilities as jewellery CAD designer.
4. Identify tools and equipment required while CAD designing.
5. Demonstrate skills required for the job (behavioural, professional, technical and communication).
6. Maintain a safe, hygienic and secure working environment.
2
Unit 1.1: Gem and Jewellery Sector in India
Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
1. Gain knowledge on the significance of the gem and jewellery sector in India.
1.1.1 Significance of Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

The Gems and Jewellery Sector plays a major role within the Indian economy, impacting approximately 6-7
% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) Being one of the quickest growing sectors, it's particularly
export directed and labour intensive.
Based on its potential for growth and worth addition, the Government of India has declared the Gems
and Jewellery sector as focus industry for export promotion. The Government has recently undertaken
various measures to boost investments and to upgrade technology and skills to market 'Brand India'
within the international market.
India's Gems and Jewellery sector has been conducive in an exceedingly huge way to the country's
foreign exchange earnings (FEEs). The Government of India has viewed this industry as a robust area for
export promotion.
Ÿ With a market size of just about INR 4,54,100 crores, the industry encompasses a massive share of
the gross domestic product at approximately 5.9 %, apart from large-scale employment generation
and foreign exchange earnings.
Ÿ Market research reveals that jewellery accounts for over a fourth of discretionary expenditure by
consumers in India. This combined with rising earning levels in India may be a major growth driver.
Ÿ India has a calculable 229 crore women in the age group of 20 to 49. The number of working women
in skilled sectors who are considered the amongst the key consumers for jewellery is rising rapidly.
Ÿ With over 300 crore individuals falling within the 25-29 age bracket in the period 2011-21, an
estimated 150 crore weddings are expected to take place during this period.
Ÿ In Tier-3 zones, where landowners and moneylenders are the primary resource of monetary credit,
jewellers have emerged as an alternate, providing investment choices through gold jewellery.
3
Gem and Jewellery industry classification
Processing Manufacturing Retailing
Diamond Cast and Jewellery

processing diamond retailing
set jewellery
Gemstone Hand-made
processing gold and gem
set jewellery
Fig 1.1.1.1
Based on economic activities from NIC-2008, key sub-sectors of sector are: processing
(diamond and gemstone), manufacturing (cast and diamond set, and handmade and gem set)
and retailing.
4

• With a market size of approximately INR 4,54,100 crores, the gem and jewellery segment has a sizeable
share of the gross domestic product (GDP) at approximately 5.9%, apart from large-scale employment
generation and foreign exchange earnings.
• The highly labour-intensive nature of the sector with large number of employees in the unorganised
space, has led to job creation, employing more than 0.464 million people in the country in 2013. This is
more than the population of Kolkata, the seventh most populated city in India with a population of 4.5
crore; this indicates the high employment generation capacity of this sector.
• Indian markets for diamond processing — Surat, Ahmedabad; for gemstone processing — Bhavnagar
and Jaipur; and for handmade gold jewellery — Kolkata, Thrissur and Coimbatore — are among other
areas that are known world over for their products.
• Every region of the country has a different unique style of jewellery. Some examples of these traditional
jewellery forms include Bikaneri, Dhokra, Minakari and Filigree.
• India is a source for manufacturing all varieties of products; and its presence in the global gems and
jewellery sector is of much importance.
5
Fig 1.1.1.2 Geographical Markets: Employment Zones in India
· Over two-thirds of the sector workforce in India are working in the processing and manufacturing
areas of the value chain.
· These workers are employed in certain zones, as indicated in the map above.
· The retailing manpower extends across India ranging from major metro cities in urban areas to
the smallest towns in rural areas.
6
Processing and Manufacturing Markets:
· Employment is concentrated in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal and the
Southern states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
· Amritsar and Jaipur are well-known for Kundan and Jadau jewellery with Minakari work, while Delhi
– NCR is known for silver jewellery. Further, Jaipur is also one of the biggest coloured gemstone
cutting and polishing centre in the world.
· Surat is the world's biggest diamond processing centre and processes about 85 percent of the rough
diamond imports of India. Surat has a large group of workforce and is also home to the world's
leading diamond institute, the Indian Diamond Institute (IDI).
· Besides being the largest trading centre and wholesale market in India, Mumbai, is also a significant
centre for cast and diamond set jewellery.
· SEEPZ in Mumbai alone accounts for almost a quarter of the jewellery exports to USA, the world's
largest jewellery consuming country.
· Thrissur is a hub for lightweight plain gold jewellery, a style traditional to Kerala, while Coimbatore is
known for electroformed jewellery.
· Kolkata is renowned for handmade gold jewellery.
· Its importance also comes from the fact that a large number of skilled artisans in India hail from this
region. However, off lately there has been a decline in the number of skilled artisans mainly due to a
decrease in inherited talents.
7
Fig 1.1.1.3 Geographical Markets
· India has multiple operational SEZs focused in the sector and many others expected to
operationalise in the coming years.
· Currently, there are about 22 G&J SEZ's approved under the SEZ Act, 2005, throughout India.
· Out of these, 5 are operational, 4 have valid-in principle approvals and 12 are at the formal approval
stage.
· The focus of investment is currently concentrated in Maharashtra, followed by Gujarat and
Rajasthan.
· These areas will require skilled manpower and in line with current employment areas indicating
that these areas will continue to be employment destinations for manpower supply.
8
• Incremental human resource requirement (2013-17, 2017-22) and skill gaps.

• Workforce of 4.64 crore in 2013 is expected to increase to 8.23 crore by 2022.
9.00 8.23
8.00
7.00
Workforce in crore
5.91
6.00 5.24 5.58
4.93
5.00 4.64
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2022

Sector Workforce in 2013-22
Fig 1.1.1.4 Workforce in the sector
· The sector is planning to to hire approximately 8.23 crore employees by 2022.

· This suggests a further increase of ~3.59 crore jobs in the stated nine-year period.
· The period 2013 – 2018 saw slow progression in employment vis-à-vis 2017 – 2022 due to the
effects of the worldwide recessions of 2008 – 2009.
· The industry will recuperate and will require more work-force in the later period viz 2017
–2022.
All facts and figures are based on research conducted by KPMG
Scan the QR Code to watch the related video or click on link
Click Here
Gem & Jewellery industry Orientation
9
Unit 1.2: Objectives of the Course
Unit Objectives
1. Gain the fundamental skills required to render and present your jewellery designs in an
attractive manner and in the appropriate format using the 3D CAD software.
2. Communicate your design ideas.
3. Explain your design information to clients, product development department,
merchandiser, marketing development department or craftsmen.
1.2.1 Employment Opportunities for CAD Designers

The purpose of this course is to train the students with skills to design and to render Jewellery in a 3D
CAD software. This will help them in communicating their design ideas and information to the clients,
product development departments, merchandiser, and marketing personnel.
There is a lot of demand for CAD designer. The increasing Gem and Jewellery sector in India has created
many jobs in the jewellery industry.
Employment opportunities for CAD designers with skills are:-
1 Junior/Executive CAD designer in jewellery firm
2 Freelancer (Independently)
3 CAD Design internee at the jewellery firm
4 CAD operator at the jewellery firm

Product development
department
Product development
head/ Merchandiser
Senior CAD designer
You
CAD designer
Fig 1.2.1.1 Cad Designer employment opportunity
10
Unit 1.3: About Jewellery
Unit Objectives
1. Recognize jewellery as a form of adornment.
2. Know on the necessity of jewellery designing.
1.3.1 What is Jewellery?

Jewellery (Latin word)Jocale (Meaning)Playing
The word jewellery is used to describe any piece of precious material (gemstones, Noble metal etc) used
for adornment. Jewellery can be worn on the body or clothes. In most cultures, jewellery often
indicates status, through its material properties, its patterns, or for substantive symbols.
Jewellery has been created to adorn nearly every part of the body.
Jewellery is a universal type of ornamentation. Jewellery made from stones, bones and shells
dates to prehistoric times. It is likely that from early eras it was worn for safety from the dangers
of life or as a symbol of prestige or rank.
Fig. 1.3.1.1 Prehistoric archeological shell beads used to create a modern concept of a shell necklace.
11
1.3.2 Need for Jewellery Design

Why Design is important:
1. Leads to stimulation of the brain - Good design is a lot like clear thinking made visual.
- Edward Tufte
A design is considered to be strong and powerful in a way our mind sees and captures the visuals.
More than a real image, a design stimulates the mind. The impact a design has to the brain is more
than any other image. Thus a design is important.
2. Identification - The greatest art form in the world is the transition of a natural rough crystal into a
perfect polished diamond. - Laurence Graff
Fig. 1.3.2.1
3. Adds distinction - In order to be irreplaceable one must always be different. - Coco Chanel
Fig. 1.3.2.2
12
1.3.2 Need for Jewellery Design
4. Portrays functional aspects- Design is not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it
works like. - Steve
Fig. 1.3.2.3
5. Display aesthetic appeal- Everything is Designed. Few things are Designed Well. - Brian Reed
Fig. 1.3.2.4
Design in reference to jewellery can be interpreted as an intellectual or intuitive concept in which

materials are used and arranged in relationships of shapes, forms and surface treatments to create an
integrated object.
Design development involves the designer's ability to visualize the finished work in its ultimate stage
-adorning the wearer. By determining the sequence of tasks in advance, possible errors can be
anticipated and hence avoided.
Click Here Click Here

Diversity in Indian Jewellery Categaries of Indian Jewellery
13
!
Tips
About CAD Designer:
1. A CAD Designer is responsible for creating beautiful, comfortable, wearable, unique 3D designs
by making a masterpiece in CAD.
2. They work according to the concepts and inspiration of customers thus making jewellery worth it’s
purchase.
Notes
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14
2. Create Jewellery
Design using CAD
Part - I
Unit 2.1 - Introduc on of CAD So ware
Unit 2.2 - Introduc on of Rhinoceros
Unit 2.3 - Explain Rhino Window
Unit 2.4 - Standard Toolbar
Unit 2.5 - Modeling Aids
Unit 2.6 - Working with Curve Tools
Unit 2.7 - Edi ng Geometry
Unit 2.8 - Solid Crea on
Unit 2.9 - Working with Surface Commands
Unit 2.10 - Curve Tool
Exercises
G&J/N2303

1. Prepare 3D CAD drawings.

2. Have knowledge of how to Prepare different types of 3D jewellery designs.
3. Provide the details and dimensions for jewellery piece to be manufactured.
4. Provide detailed informa on related to the product made or gemstones used or material of the metal
used or manufacturing specifica on.
5. Work on produc on parameters i.e. Ge ng a model ready for 3d prin ng for example-adding
supports, checking for bad surfaces and adding shrinkage.
6. Explain clear views of the design (Top View, Front view, Side view, Perspec ve View).
7. Prepare well balanced designs based on input from marke ng, product development and
produc on department.
8. Apprehend on to use CAD work sta on, so ware and hardware.
9
9. Basic skills of computer and digital camera.
10. Apprehend how to manage the data properly.
16
Unit 2.1: Introduction to CAD Software
Unit Objectives
1. Basic understanding of CAD/CAM terminology.
2. List of various CAD software used to model jewellery.
3. Identifying with the Rhino7 interface.
4. Creation of all essentials like lines,curves,solids and surfaces with the help of modeling aids.
5. Usage of all editing commands required to modify curves, surfaces and solids.
2.1.1 Introduction to CAD Software

CAD CAM
CAD stands for Computer-aided design. CAM stands for Computer-aided

Using various computer software's two- manufacturing also known as computer-
dimensional drawings and manufacture aided machining. CAM uses of software and
ready three-dimensional models can be computer-controlled machinery to
created. These 3D models can be directly 3D automate a manufacturing process. CAD for
printed or manufactured using traditional product designing and CAM for making the
machines and tools. It is used in various product. CAD models are exported to CAM
industry Automotive, Architecture, Dental, for machining. There are different kinds of
Interior design, Medical, jewelry, etc. by CAM machines are available in the market
engineers, geologists, architects and like, milling machine, CNC machine, etc.,
designers, etc. used in different sectors. In jewellery 3D
CAD has replaced the pencil, manual printing machines are used for CAM.
drafting and has empowered the designer
with better representation of design ideas,
easy modification of designs. Use of CAD In other words, the CAD/CAM software not
software's increases productivity, saves only gives you the possibility of creating a
time, improves accuracy, reduces errors, jewellery design, but it can also aid you in
etc. There are many different types of the physical creation using various 3D
polygonal, solid, surface, parametric Printers,CNCs and other equipment.
modeling CAD software's available in the
market. Software selection should be done
by evaluating CAD solutions meets the
needs of product development, the
production facility potential of particular
organisation.
Fig. 2.1.1.1
17
2.1.1 Introduction to CAD Software

Every CAD designer must note that CAD modeling is definitely not automatic and always man is the
'Brain' behind every CAD process. A wrong choice can cause big problems in the use of the system. To
sum up, CAD/CAM system is able to carry out the development, control and preparation of the model or
of the tools required for model manufacturing such as molds, templates or setting of machine tools.
How are 3D Resources Used in Jewellery »
There are many 3D programmes in the market today that can be adapted to design jewellery, but some of
these programmes, like Rhino, have more sophisticated resources which make the task much easier. The
commonly used programme in this segment is the Rhinoceros 3D. Rhino possesses many specific plug-
ins for the modeling of products. For jewellery, the specific plug-in is called Rhino Gold.
LIST OF VARIOUS CAD SOFTWARE USED IN JEWELERY:

Ÿ Rhinoceros 3D: Rhinoceros a 3D modeling software is primarily a surface modeling tool, but has many
related features. Many Rhino designers use only a small portion of what Rhino has to offer, while
others need and use a lot more and even use plug-ins to extend the functionality; it depends on what
the individual user is trying to accomplish with the application.
Ÿ Matrixgold : This is the newest, most powerful CAD software and it brings a wealth of fresh features
and benefits. If youre an ambitious designer who wants total creative exploration to build jewelery
from a blank slate , Matrix gold has the features you need.
Ÿ Solidworks: This software is used to develop mechatronics systems from the beginning to end. At the
initial stage the software is used for planning, visual ideation, modeling and prototyping. This
software is being acquired in Jewellery Designing.
Ÿ JewelCAD: This is a free-form surface based modeling software to create complex and unique jewelry
designs. With JewelCAD program, designers have the ability to create powerful free-from modeling
with advanced tools to achieve artistic and stylish designs.
Ÿ Blender: This is a free and open source 3D computer graphics software toolset used for creating
animated films, art and 3D models. Blender is being adapted in jewelry designing and modeling.
Ÿ Zbrush :This is a digital sculpting tool that combines 3D/2.5D modeling, texturing and painting. It uses
pixo technology which stores lighting, color,material,orientation and depth information for points
making up all objects on the screen. Also being adapted in jewelry designing.
Ÿ Corel Draw (2D): This is a vector garphics editor software,primarily used to design 2D objects like
brochures, news letters, business cards and jewelry drawings.
Ÿ Illustrator (2D):Adobe illustrator is also an vector graphics editor software ,adapted in creating 2D
jewelry presentations.
18
2.1.2 Comparison of various CAD Software

Software Organic Parametr Jewelry Interface Customization Price
ic Specific
Rhinoceros
Matrixgold
Solidworks
JewelCAD
Blender
Zbrush
Fig. 2.1.2.1 Comparison of various CAD software
19
Exercise 1
1) What is the full form of CAD?

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2) What is the full form of CAM

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3) List the different software being used for jewelry designing

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4) Which software out of the above do you think is best for jewelry modeling?
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20
Unit 2.2: Introduction to Rhinoceros
Unit Objectives
1. Know how Rhino software works.
2.2.1 Introduction - RHINO 7

Rhino could be a playground for your imagination and a work space where your concepts become
masterpieces. The fundamental geometric objects in Rhino are points,curves,surfaces , polysurfaces,
extrusion objects and polygon mesh objects. Rhino relies on the NURBS(Non uniform rational B-
splines) technology that gives the flexibleness and accuracy required for most inventive, difficult, and
complicated designs. NURBS models can be used in any process from illustration and animation to
manufacturing. Very experienced users will also find new and useful tools they were previously
unaware of in the new Rhino version 7. According to jewelry a limited portion is acquired in teaching
jewelry designing and modeling.
Once the design is approved, send it directly to 3D printing or CAM to produce the physical model for
casting. Other than creating rings, pendants, bracelets, bangles and brooches, Rhino has the ability to
make any ornament design which is in demand.
RHINO 7 is the most significant upgrade till now. You can create organic shapes with our new SubD
tools. Run Rhino and Grasshopper as a Revit Add-On with Rhino.Inside.Revit. Use the robust
QuadRemesh algorithm to create a beautiful quad mesh from NURBS geometry or meshes. With this
release a complete new modeling workflow and steadfast features are unlocked.
Fig. 2.2.1.1 View Port
21
2.2.2 Introduction - RHINO 7
Fig. 2.2.2.1 Standard Toolbar
Rhino can create, edit, analyze, document, render, animate and translate NURBS curves, surfaces and
solids, sub-division geometry (SubD), point clouds and polygon meshes. There are no limits on
complexity, degree or size beyond those of your hardware.
Special features include:

Ÿ Uninhibited free-form 3D modeling tools like those found only in products costing 20 to 50 times
more. Model any shape you can imagine.
Ÿ Accuracy needed to design, prototype, engineer, analyze and manufacture anything from an
airplane to jewelry.
Ÿ Compatibility with all your other design, drafting, CAM, engineering analysis, rendering, animation
and illustration software.
Ÿ Read and repair meshes and extremely challenging IGES files.
Ÿ Accessible. So easy to learn and use that you can focus on design and visualization without being
distracted by the software.
Ÿ Fast even on an ordinary laptop computer. No special hardware needed.
Ÿ Development platform for hundreds of specialty 3D products.
2.2.3 CAD processflow

A simplistic projection of the whole design and manufacture process is shown below in diagram 1.
Fig. 2.2.3.1 Projection of the whole design and manufacture process
22

Steps To Create Jewelry :-
1. Conceptualization of design in 2D/Sketching
2. Conversion of image to digital curves. Repairing the curve data in CAD.
3. Modeling surface with curve data and doing the necessary repairing.
4. Surface quality analysis.
5. Solid modeling of surfaces.
6. Preparing the model for 3D printing(stl or stereolithography file).
7. Casting
8. Assembling jewelry pieces
9. Stone Setting
10. Polishing and Finishing
Diagram 2 however explains in detail some in between steps which are followed to achieve desired
results.
Fig. 2.2.3.2 How Jewellery manufacturing works
23

Diagram 3 explains in detail how different companies choose to prototype the 3D model eventually
casting it into various metals.
Fig. 2.2.3.3 Standard Jewellery manufacturing workflows
Here are a few examples of 3D printed models (above) Please refer to Formlabs site for above pics of
3D printed models.
Fig. 2.2.3.4 3D printed models
24
!
Tips
1. Rhinoceros is a user friendly so ware as it works on nurbs modeling.
2. The usage of Rhino so ware is not limited to the jewellery industry but is also widely used
in other industries.
Notes
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25
Participant Handbook Designer CAD
Exercise 1
1) What is the full form of NURBS?

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2) What is NURBS technology?

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3) Please explain the CAD process flow in precise points?

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4) Name a few plugins used with the new Rhino 7?

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26
Unit 2.3 Explain Rhino Interface
Unit Objectives
1. Learn Rhino interface.
2. Apprehend on the various Rhino menu elements.
2.3.1 Explain Rhino Interface

Before learning individual tools, we will get acquainted with the Rhino interface. The following points will
explain the interface elements used in the Rhino software: the Rhino window, viewports, menus,
toolbars, and dialog boxes.
While working with Rhino, you can access the commands by using the menus, toolbars and the keyboard.
In this unit, we will learn about the menus.
To open Rhino:
Double-click the Rhino icon on the computer or laptop screen. The interface is divided into sections
discussed below.
Screen Area Description
1)Window Title Displays the current model’s name and file size
2)Menu Access commands, options, and help. Command
history window lists prompts, commands entered,
and information displayed by the command.
Displays 500 lines of the most recently used
commands. Press F2 to activate this window.
3)Command window Displays the previous commands. Text from this

area can be copied and pasted into the command
line prompt.
4)Command Prompt Use the command line to type commands ,click
command options,type coordinates,type
distances or shortcuts.
5)Toolbar group A collection of tabbed toolbars for the users
convenience.
6)Toolbar/Sidebars Access shortcuts to commands and options.

Updates when selecting tabbed toolbar. You can
float a toolbar anywhere on the screen or dock it
at the edge of the graphics area.
7)Viewports/Graphics Area Rhino graphics area includes the viewports.
Displays the working environment including
object display, viewport title ,background,
construction plane and world axis icon.
8)Viewport title and menu The viewport title appears in the upper left
corner of each viewport and offers a shortcut for
viewport actions.
Table. 2.3.1.1
9)Viewport tabs You can also display the viewport titles in tabs. The
21
highlighted tab designates the active viewport.
27
10)Osnap control Contains persistent object snap toggles.
11)Status bar Displays the coordinates, current location, delta

of the cursor and the Status Bar panes.
12)Panels Many Rhino controls are contained in tabbed

panels. The panels are docked to the right side of
the Rhino screen by default but they can be
floated anywhere.
Rhino Window
Fig. 2.3.1.1 Rhino Window
Menu
Rhino commands can be located in the menus and toolbars sections.
Shortcut buttons to commands is provided in the Rhino toolbars. A
toolbar can be floated anywhere on the screen or can be docked at
the edge or corner of the graphics area. On starting the Rhino, the
Standard toolbar group is docked above the graphics area while the
Main toolbar is docked as the sidebar on the left side of the screen.
Fig. 2.3.1.2 Menu

Rhino Viewports Overview of the Rhino 7 for
and Navigation (By Vimeo) Windows User Interface (By Vimeo)
28
Tooltip
Tooltips gives the information related to the function of each
button. When you move the pointer over a button without
clicking it, a small yellow coloured tag containing the name of
the command will appear. In Rhino, a number of buttons can
execute more than one command i.e. dual function. The
tooltips can help in identifying the buttons which have dual
functions.
For example: If you want to start a Polyline, click the Left
Fig. 2.3.1.3 Tool Tips
Mouse Button (LMB). If you want to start the Line Segments
command, click the Right Mouse Button (RMB).
Fig. 2.3.1.4 Graphics Area
Graphics Area
The viewports are included in the Rhino graphics area. The viewports and their position can be
customized as per your preference. The viewport position is adjustable.
View ports
Windows located in the graphics area that display the views of the model are called Viewports.
Drag the viewport borders or title in order to move or resize them. New viewports can be created, new
and old viewports can be renamed and predefined viewport configurations can be used by the
designer.
Each viewport has its own construction plane and grid that the cursor usually moves on and a
projection mode. Double-click a viewport title.
29
Viewport tabs
You can display the viewport titles in tabs if you prefer.
The highlighted tab designates the active viewport.
Tabs make it easy to switch between viewports when
using maximized or floating viewports. The tabs are
located below the graphics area.
Command Area
The command area displays commands and
command prompts. The command line can be docked
at the top or the bottom of the screen or it can float
anywhere. The command window shows two lines by Fig. 2.3.1.5 Command Area
default.
Press F2 to open a command window. The text in the

Command History window can be selected and copied
to the Windows clipboard.
Mouse
When using the Rhino viewport, the left mouse
button will select objects and pick locations. The right
mouse button can be used for multiple functions
which include panning and zooming, popping up a
context-sensitive menu as well as imitating the Enter
key function. The left mouse button can be used for
selecting objects in the model, commands or options
on the menus and buttons in the toolbars. The right
mouse button can be used to complete a command,
to move between stages of commands and to repeat
the previous command. The right mouse button can
also be used to initiate commands from a few toolbar
buttons. Drag the right mouse button to rotate and
pan in viewports. Hold down the Ctrl key or use the
mouse wheel and drag with the right mouse button
to zoom in and out within a viewport. To activate this
feature, you need to press and hold the right mouse
button down.
Fig. 2.3.1.6 Mouse
30
Entering Commands
Use the command line to type commands, pick command options, type coordinates, type distances, angles,
or radii, type shortcuts, and view command prompts.
To enter information typed at the command line, press Enter, Spacebar, or right mouse button over a
viewport. Note: Enter and Spacebar perform the same function.
Fig. 2.3.1.7 Commands
Shortcuts and Aliases

Shortcuts are customizable key combinations. You can program the function keys and Ctrl key combinations
to perform Rhino commands.
Command aliases run Individual Rhino commands or scripts. You can type command aliases just like normal
Rhino commands or use them to create abbreviations for often used commands or command scripts.
Clickable options
To use command options, click the option on the command line or type the underlined letter of the option
and press Enter. (The interior capitalization is meaningless.)
31
Repeating commands
To repeat the last command, right-click in a viewport,
press Enter, or press the spacebar. To repeat previous
commands, right-click In the command line window
and select from a list.
Cancelling commands
To cancel a command, press Esc or enter a new
command from a button or a menu.
View the Command Line History
The command history window lists the last 500
command lines from the current Rhino session.
Press F2 to view the command history.
View Recent Commands

Right-click the command line to view recently used
commands. To repeat the command, select it from
the popup menu.
The number of commands listed is set in Rhino
Options. The default limit is twenty commands.
When you use your twenty-first command the first
one drops off the list.
Fig. 2.3.1.10 History
View ports
View ports are windows in the Rhino graphics area
that show you a view of your model. To move and
resize view ports, drag the viewport title or borders.
You can create new view ports, rename view ports,
and use predefined viewport configurations. To
activate a viewport click anywhere in the viewport
and the title highlights.In a command sequence, you
simply have to move your cursor Into a viewport to
activate.
Fig. 2.3.1.11 Construction plane
32
Autocomplete command name

Type the first few letters of a command name to
activate the autocomplete command list. When
enough letters of the command are typed so that it is
unique, the command name completes on the
command line. Press Enter to activate the command
once the full command name appears. As you type
command names, the autocomplete command list
appears. As you type more letters, the list is
narrowed down to the possible commands. Left click
on the command in the list to start it.
Construction planes
The construction plane is the guide used for
modeling Rhino objects. Points you pick are always
on the construction plane unless you use coordinate
input, elevator mode, or object snaps.
Each construction plane has its own axes, a grid, and
an orientation relative to the world coordinate
system.
The grid is a plane of perpendicular lines lying on the
construction plane. On default grids, every fifth line is
slightly thicker.
The red line represents the construction plane x-axis.
The green line represents the construction plane y-
axis. The red and green lines meet at the construction
plane origin.
Fig. 2.3.1.13 History
The icon in the left hand corner always shows world
coordinates, which are different from the
construction plane axes.
33
Default construction planes are provided with the default viewports.

• The Top construction plane (x- and y-axes) align with the world x- and y-axes.
• The Right construction plane (x- and y-axes) align with the world y- and z-axes.
• The Front construction plane (x- and y-axes) align with the world x- and z-axes.
• The Perspective viewport uses the Top construction plane.
Fig. 2.3.1.14 Shortcuts Fig. 2.3.1.15 Generic commands
Exercise 1
1) What is the use of Window Title?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2) What is the use of Command prompt?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) What all functions do the Panels have ?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4) List the functions of the mouse 's left and right click in the interface.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5) What is the use of Tooltips and where are they located?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6) How can you view and access all the recent commands used?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
34
Unit 2.4: Standard Toolbar
Unit Objectives
1. Understand the use of the standard toolbar.
2.4.1 Standard Toolbar

File Menu
Command Description
New Creates a new Rhino model based on a template.
Open Opens an existing Rhino or other supported format
file. Default Rhino opens a 3D Model file. When
Rhino opens a non-3D model, the title bar reflects
the name of the model that was opened. When the
model is saved for the first time, this model name is
entered as the file name.
Save Save your work periodically during a session to keep
it from being accidentally deleted. Saves your model
and keeps it open.
Save small Save your model without render or analysis meshes
and preview image to minimize tile size.
Inaementai save Save sequentially numbered versions of your model.
Save as Saves your model to a specified file name, location,
and format. Save as a template.
Save as Template Save as Template
Revert Discards changes and reverts to the previously
saved document.
It is good practice to save your model in stages under different names, using the Save As command. This lets you
go back to an earlier version of your model for modifications if necessary.
Import
Merges all objects from file into the current model. Rhino imports objects to the model on their original layers
and creates the layers if they do not already exist. If the imported file type does not contain layer information,
such as when you Save a file using the Geometry only option, the objects are placed on the current layer.
Export
Saves selected objects to a new Rhino (or other supported format Like STL File) file.
Options:
Save small : Though clearing the render meshes makes the file smaller, it will shade and render more slowly the
next time you open the file.
Save geometry only : Saves geometry objects only. No layers, materials, properties, notes, or units settings are
saved. This is similar to exporting the objects. A new file is made, but it does not become your active Rhino
model.
35
Undo and Redo

If you make a mistake or do not like the results of a command, use Undo. If you decide you want those
undone results back, use Redo command. Redo restores the last thing undone.
Rhino Button Mouse Button CommandDescription
Left-click or ctrl+Z Undo Cancels the effects of the last command.
Right-click or ctrt+Y Redo Restores the effects of undo.
The number of undos kept in memory can be set in Rhino Options on the General page.
Cut
Deletes objects from the model and places them in the Windows Clipboard. All selected objects are removed
from your model and placed on the Windows Clipboard. Object properties and location are stored with the
object. When you Paste objects into Rhino, they are placed on the same layer they came from in the original
model. If the layer does not exist, it is created when the object is pasted.
Copy
Copies selected objects to the Windows Clipboard. The object's Properties and location are stored with the
object. If the objects are grouped, a new group is created from the copied objects. The objects are not added to
the group from which they were copied. When you Paste objects into Rhino, they are placed on the same layer
they originally had. If the layer does not exist, it is created when the object is pasted.
Paste
Inserts objects from the Windows Clipboard. If there are Rhino objects on the Windows Clipboard, they are
pasted into your model. Object properties and location are restored with the object. When you paste objects into
Rhino, they are placed on the same layer they came from in the original model. If the layer does not exist, it is
created when the object is pasted.
Zoom command
Moves the viewport camera point toward and away from the target point.
Window (default)
Draws a window to define the view
Ÿ Hold down the left mouse button and drag a rectangle in a viewport to define the view.
36
Par cipant Handbook Jewellery Designer - CAD
All
Zooms all viewports.
Op ons
Extents : Zooms all viewports to show all objects.
Selected : Zooms all viewports to show all selected objects.
1to1 : Zooms all viewports so that the views are full scale.
Dynamic
Zooms the view as you drag the mouse.
Hold down the le mouse bu on and drag the mouse up and down to zoom in and out.
Extents
Zooms the view to show all objects.
Factor
Zooms the view in or out the specified amount. Values greater than 1 zoom in; values between 0 and
1 zoom out.
In
Zooms the view in.
Out
Zooms the view out.
Selected
Zooms the view to show all selected objects.
Target
Zooms the view by specifying a target and window.
Pick a loca on for the view center.
A rectangular window forms to define the zoom with the target as the view center.
When you rotate a view a er Zoom Target, the scene will rotate about the target. This is par cularly useful in
perspec ve views.
1To1
Zooms the ac ve viewport so that the view is full scale.
The command must be calibrated for this command to work properly.
In perspec ve views, only objects on the target plane will be displayed full scale; in parallel views objects on any
plane perpendicular to the camera axis are displayed full scale.
The model must have units set.
37
Shortcut Zoom Ac on
Mouse wheel Zoom In and Out
Ctrl + Right-mouse drag Zoom Dynamic
Z Zoom
Page Up Zoom In
Page Down Zoom Out
Ctrl + W Zoom Window
Shi + Ctrl +E Zoom Extents
Alt + Ctrl + E Zoom Extents All Viewports
Rotate View
Rotates the view camera around the target. Mouse naviga on in perspec ve views.
Drag with the right mouse bu on. Constrain to horizontal or ver cal.
Fig. 2.4.1.1 Rotate
Exercise 1
1) Which command merges all objects from a file into the current model?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2) What is the function of a mouse wheel?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) What are the shortcuts for the following:

Ÿ Undo
Ÿ Redo
Ÿ Cut
Ÿ Copy
Ÿ Paste
38
Unit 2.5: Modeling Aids
Unit Objectives
1. Use the modeling aids.
2.5.1 Modeling Aids

Modeling aids are modes that you can toggle on or off by pressing shortcut keys, a function key, typing a single
letter command, or clicking a button.
Click the Grid Snap, Ortho, Planar, Gum ball, SmartTrack or Record History panes on the status bar to toggle these
modeling aids on and off.
Grid Snap
This modeling aid constrains the marker to snap on grid intersections. You can also toggle Grid Snap on and off by
pressing F9 or typing the letter S and pressing Enter. Pressing F7 hides or shows a reference grid in the current
viewport of the graphics screen at the construction plane.
Ortho
This modeling aid constrains the marker movement to the points at a specified angle from the last point created.
The default angle is 90 degrees.You can also toggle Ortho on and off by pressing F8 or pressing and holding the
Shift key down.
Osnap
Object snaps constrain the marker to an exact location on an object such as the end of a line or the center of a
circle.
SmartTrack
This modeling aid uses temporary reference lines and points that are drawn in the Rhino viewport using implicit
relationships among various 3-D points, other geometry in space, and the coordinate axes' directions.
Planar
This is a modeling aid similar to Ortho. This helps you model planar objects by constraining the input to be on a
plane parallel to the construction plane that passes through the last point that you picked. You can also toggle
Planar on and off by typing the letter P and pressing Enter.
Gum ball
Displays a display widget, on a selected object, facilitating move, scale, and rotate transformations around the
gumball origin.
Record History
Records history and updates history-aware objects. With History recording and Update turned on, a lofted
surface, for example, can be changed by editing the input curves. In general, it is best to leave the Record option
set to No and use the Record History status bar pane to selectively record history. Recording history uses
computer resources and makes saved files larger.
Filter
This modeling aid restricts any selection mode to specified object types. Objects types that can be restricted are:
Annotations, Blocks, Control points, Curves, Lights, Meshes, Point clouds, Points, Polysurfaces, Surfaces,
Hatches, and others.
39
Object Snaps
Object Snaps are tools for specifying points on existing objects. Object snaps are often referred to as osnaps. In
Rhino, reliable modeling and easy editing depends on objects actually meeting at specified points. To open the
Osnap toolbar Click the Osnap pane in the status bar. This toolbar controls persistent object snaps.The display of
the Osnap toolbar is controlled with the Osnap pane in the Status bar. Click on it to toggle the display on and off.
When an object snap is active, moving the cursor near an eligible point on an object causes the marker to jump to
that point and a tooltip to appear.
Command Descrip on
End End snaps to the end of a curve, surface edge corner or polyline
segment end.
Near Near snaps to the nearest point on an exis ng curve or surface edge.
Point Point snaps to a control point or point object.
Mid Midpoint snaps to the midpoint of a curve or surface edge.
Cen Center snaps to the center point of a curve. This works best with circles
and arcs.
Int Intersec on snaps to the intersec on of two curves.
Perp Perpendicular To snaps to the point on a curve that makes a

perpendicular to the last selected point. It doesn't work on the first point
that a command prompts you to pick.
Tan Tangent To snaps to the point on a curve that makes a tangent to the last
selected point. It doesn't work on the first point that a command
prompts you to pick.
Quad Quad snaps to the quadrant point. The quadrant point is the maximum
or minimum direc on on a curve in the x or y construc on plane
direc on.
Knot Knot snaps to knot points on curves or surface edges.
Project Projects the snap point to the construc on plane.
Vertex Mesh vertex is the loca on where the edges of the mesh faces meet.
Disable Temporarily turns off persistent object snaps, retaining se ngs.
40
Display Mode
Manages the appearance of the viewport display
modes. Lists the display modes saved in the model.
The built-in display modes are:
Wireframe
Sets the viewport display to unshaded wireframe
Fig.2.5.1.1 Wireframe mode
Shaded
Sets the viewport to opaque shaded mode. Shaded
mode uses a mesh to shade surfaces using the layer
colours.
Fig.2.5.1.2 Rendered mode
Rendered
Shades the viewport with a simula on of the
rendered view.
Fig.2.5.1.3 Shaded mode
41
Ghosted X-Ray
Sets viewport display so surfaces are translucent. Shades with isoparametric curves not obscured by
objects in front.
Fig. 2.5.1.4 Ghosted mode Fig. 2.5.1.5 X-Ray mode
Technical Ar s c
Uses real- me silhoue es and intersec ons, Uses an image background and so lines to create a
creases, borders, blended shaded and rendered pencil drawing effect.
display. Objects behind other objects are occluded.
Fig. 2.5.1.6 Technical mode Fig. 2.5.1.7 Ar s c mode
42
Pen Arctic
Uses white with black lines to simulate a pen This shaded display mode sets the viewport to
drawing. opaque shaded mode.
Fig. 2.5.1.8 Pen mode Fig. 2.5.1.9 Arctic mode
Raytraced
This display mode sets the viewport to a render mode
with Cycles, a real time raytracer. The image will
continue to progressively improve indefinitely.
Fig. 2.5.1.10 Raytraced mode
43
2.5.2 3D and 2D Representation of objects in rhino

A 3D model is a mathematical representation of something three dimensional. A 3D model helps to construct
any shape imaginable while retaining production capability and brings visions come together with relative
ease. Below is the representation of various 3D objects in Rhino 7.
Fig. 2.5.2.1 How you see different kinds of objects example- points, curves surfaces, polysurfaces etc. in 3D view/perspective view
A 2D model or representation is a geometric model of an object as a two dimensional figure. Even though all
geometric models are 3 dimensional, a 2D model is often adequate for certain flat objects, such as paper cut
outs and machine parts made out of sheet metal.
Fig. 2.2.3.1 The same kind of objects in 2d or top/front/right view
Click Here
Object Types | Rhino for Windows
(By Vimeo)
36
44
Exercise 1
1) Open Camera model and try all shading options. (Go to Help- LearnRhino-Tutorials and Samples)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2) What is the difference between Object snaps and Modeling aids?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) What is the function of Ortho?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4) The grid snap restricts the cursor to ____________ on the grid area.
5) Define 2d and 3d models in your own words.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
45
Unit 2.6: Working with Curve Tools
Unit Objectives
1. Work with the curve technology and know its uses.
2.6.1 Curve Technology

In Rhino terminology, the word curve includes lines, polylines (a series of straight-line segments joined
end to end), arcs, ellipses, circles or free form curves that are generally smooth. Polycurves are made up
of 2 or more curve joined end to end. Curves are used as input for creating and editing surfaces. For
example, you can trim an object with a curve, but they may be useful in themselves as well, as in making a
2D drawing of a 3D model or as construction geometry. You can derive and extract curves from surfaces.
For example, all surfaces have edges and it is possible to extract an edge curve. You can also extract
isocurves (all surfaces are represented by either some outline curves plus some interior curves called
Isocurves)
Line PolyLine
A line segment appears between the two points. The This makes an open polyline. A polyline is made of
segments meet at a common point, but are not line segments that are joined together. It is one
joined. object.
Fig. 2.6.1.1 Line Fig. 2.6.1.2 Polyline
Line: From Midpoint

Draws a line on both sides of the start point, creating the line twice as long as you indicate.
Fig. 2.6.1.3 line and polyline
46
Interpolate Curve/Curve Control Point

The InterpCrv and Curve commands draw free-form Control points are coefficients of NURBS basis func ons.
curves. The lnterpCrv command draws a curve Some mes also called control vertex or node. Control
through the points you pick. The Curve command points are used as "grips" on objects such as curves,
uses control points to create a curve. surfaces, lights, hatch boundaries, and dimensions and
can not be separated from their objects.
Fig. 2.6.1.4 Interpolate curve/curve Fig. 2.6.1.5 Control point
Circles
You can create circles using a center point and radius, center point and a diameter, two points on the diameter,
three points on the circumference, and tangent points to two coplanar curves and a radius.
Command Descrip on
Circle Draw a circle using the center and radius.
Circle 3 Point Draw a circle through three points on its

circumference
Circle Diameter Draw a circle using two diameter points.
Circle Tangent, Draw a circle tangent to two curves with a given

radius. Tangent, Radius
Circle Tangent to 3 Curves Draw a circle tangent to three curves.
Circle AroundCurve Draw a circle perpendicular to a curve at the

chosen point.
Deformable Draws an approxima on of a circle with a

defined number of control points.
Ver cal Draw a circle perpendicular to the construc on

plane.
Example :
Arcs
You can create arcs using various points on the arc
and construc on geometry.
You can con nue an exis ng curve with an arc to an
exis ng curve, to a point or by an angle.
Fig. 2.6.1.6 Arcs
47
Command Descrip on
Arc Draw an arc from the center, start, and angle.
Arc :Start, End, Point on Arc Draw an arc from three points.
Arc: Start, End, Direc on Draw an arc from start point, end point, and the
direc on from the start point. The direc on can
be entered a er the start point is entered or
a er the end point is entered.
Arc: Tangent, Tangent, Radius Creates an arc from tangents and radius.
Arc: Start End Radius Creates an arc from start point, end point, and
radius.
Convert Output arcs Converts a curve to arc segments that are

joined together.
Ellipses
You can draw ellipses from the center or by the
ends. You can draw polygons from a center point or
Example:: an edge. You can draw a rectangle from diagonal
corners or by choosing three points.
Fig. 2.6.1.7 Arcs Fig. 2.6.1.8 Ellipses
48
Command Descrip on
Ellipse Draw an ellipse by specifying the center point
and axis ends.
Ellipse Diameter Draw an ellipse by specifying the axis ends.
Ellipse From Focal Draw the ellipse from the focus points.
Ellipse Around Curve Draw an ellipse whose axes are perpendicular to

a curve.
Polygons
Rectangles and other closed polylines are types of polygons, or closed figures with three or more sides. The
Rhino Polygon command provides a quick way of drawing regular polygons (all sides and angles are equal).
Fig. 2.6.1.9 Polygon
49
Command Descrip on
Polygon Creates a polygon from its center and radius.
Polygon Edge Draw a polygon by specifying the ends of one

edge.
Polygon Star Draw a polygonal star.
Polygon op ons
Num Sides Specify the number of sides for the polygon.
Circumscribed Draw a polygon that is circumscribed about a

radius. The default is to draw a polygon that is
inscribed in a specified radius.
Rectangles
In Euclidean plane geometry, a rectangle is any quadrilateral with four right angles. The Rectangle command
is used to draw a rectangle whose sides are ver cal and horizontal. The posi on and size of the rectangle are
defined by picking two diagonal corners.
Fig. 2.6.1.10 Rectangles
50
Command Descrip on
Rectangle Draw a rectangle using opposite corners.
Rectangle Center Draw a rectangle from center and a corner.
Rectangle 3Point Draw a rectangle through three points.
Rectangle Ver cal Draw a rectangle that is perpendicular to the
construc on plane.
Rectangle Rounded Create a rectangle with rounded corners (arc or conic).
Example : Polygon, Ellipse & Rectangle Line: Surface Normal

The Normal op on draws the line normal to a
loca on on a surface.
Fig. 2.6.1.11 Polygons Fig. 2.6.1.12 Line
51
Helix and Spiral
Fig. 2.6.1.13 Helix Fig. 2.6.1.14 Spiral
Command Descrip on
Helix Draw a helix. User can specify a radius, the

number of turns, the length and direc on of the
axis.
Spiral Draw a spiral. User can specify two radius, the

number of turns, the length and direc on of the
axis.
52
Background bitmap
Background bitmaps are always aligned with the x-axis of the construction plane. If you want your bitmap rotated
with respect to the construction plane, you must open it in a bitmap editing program and rotate it there, or you
can create a rotated construction plane and place the bitmap on it.
Only one image can be placed in a viewport at a time; placing a second deletes the first. Background bitmaps are a
construction aid, not a part of the scene that will be rendered.
Align
Aligns the background bitmap to selected points. Note: Background bitmaps are always aligned with the x axis of
the construction plane. If you want your bitmap rotated with respect to the construction plan, you must open it in
a bitmap editing program and rotate it there, or you can create a rotated construction plane and place the bitmap
on it.
Grayscale
Ÿ Click Yes - The background bitmap displays in shades of gray.
Ÿ No - The background bitmap displays the original color of image.
Extract
Ÿ Click extract from bitmap options, this will saves the bitmap to an external file.
Filter
Ÿ Click yes, the image will be filtered to estimate pixel values to try to create a smoother image.
Move
(Moves the background image)
Ÿ Pick a base point.
Ÿ Pick a point to move to.
Place
Ÿ (Places a background image in the current viewport)
Note: Placing a new background bitmap replaces the current bitmap.
Refresh
Ÿ Clicking refresh will update the stored bitmap if the file has changed.
Remove
Ÿ Clicking remove will remove the background image from the current viewport.
Scale
Ÿ Scales the background image in the current viewport.
Visible
Ÿ Click visible option Yes. If No, the background bitmap is hidden
53
Picture Frames
Picture Frames can be used to make a more flexible and powerful version of Rhinos Background Bitmap. Images
are attached as texture maps to planes in 3d space and displayed in rendered mode, thus showing the texture
map, rather than placed in the background of the viewport independent of geometry. Some advantages to using
Picture Frames.
• An unlimited number of images can be placed in the scene. These can be viewed in any and all viewports.
• Images can be scaled and rotated as needed, unlike Background Bitmap which align only with the C plane X
and Y.
• Images can be dimmed and/or made more or less transparent A possible disadvantage is that there is no
guarantee that the image will always be behind everything in space-Picture Frames are just objects in 3d
space.
Layers
Rhino layers work like CAD layering systems. By creating objects on different layers, you can edit and view related
portions of a model separately or as a composite. You can create as many layers as you like. You can display all
layers simultaneously or turn any of them off. You can lock layers so they are displayed but cannot be selected.
Each layer has a color. You can assign a name to each layer (for example, Base, Body, Top) to organize the model or
you can use preset layer names (Default, Layer 01, Layer 02, Layer 03).
The Layers panel manages layers. Use it to set up layers for your model. The Layers panel can be floating or docked
with the other tabbed panels like Properties, Command Help, Lights, Notes, and more.
Fig. 2.6.1.15 Layers
54
Dimension Types
Fig. 2.6.1.16 Dimension Types
Command Descrip on
Dim Creates a horizontal or a ver cal dimension.
Dim Aligned Creates an aligned dimension.
Dim Rotated Creates a rotated dimension.
Dim Angle Creates an angular dimension.
Dim Radius Creates a diameter dimension.
Dim Diameter Creates a diameter dimension.
Text Creates 2-D annota on text.
Leader Draw an arrow leader.
Proper es Edit dimensions and text.
Dim Recenter Text original Returns text that has been moved away from its
default posi on to its original loca on.
Make 2D Creates curves from the selected objects as

silhoue es rela ve to the ac ve construc on
plane. The silhoue e curves are projected flat
and then placed on the world x, y plane
55
Dimension Leader
The Leader command draws an annota on leader with arrowhead and a ached text.
Steps
1. Pick the head of the leader. This is the arrow end.
2. Pick the next points of the leader.
3. Press Enter to end the command. Note: Dimension Document Proper es control the text height and
arrow size.
4. In the Leader text dialog box, type text for the leader.
Box
Fig 2.6.1.17 Dimension Leader
Exercise 1
1) State the difference between Line, Polyline and Interpolate Curve.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Name the command to measure Angle between two lines

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) State True and False-

a) Background bitmap once placed cannot be edited.
b) Picture frames can be sized using Gumball.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4) What is the function of Dimension leader?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
56
Unit 2.7: Edi ng Geometry
Unit Objectives
1. Apprehend the use of editing geometry.
2.7.1 Editing Geometry

Once you create objects, you can move and edit them to produce complex and detailed varia ons in your
designs. These commands in Edi ng Geometry are very helpful and save me as it gives you the freedom
to experiment with the object designed.
Group/Ungroup
Grouping objects allows all members of the group to be selected as one. You can then apply commands to the
en re group.
Le -click or Ctrl+G - Group - Makes a group from selected objects.
Le -click or Ctrl+Shi + G - Ungroup- Removes grouping
Fig. 2.7.1.1 Fig. 2.7.1.2
Lock/Unlock
Lock : Sets the state of selected objects so they can be seen and snapped to, but cannot be selected for edi ng.
The object becomes shaded gray.
57
Unlock : The Unlock command redisplays all locked objects
Lock Object Unlock Object

Fig. 2.7.1.3
Hide Show
The Hide command conceals selected objects from The Show command re-displays all hidden objects.
view. Shortcut : Ctrl+ Alt+ H
Shortcut : Ctrl + H
Fig. 2.7.1.4 Fig. 2.7.1.5
58
Move Copy
Use Move to move objects without changing Copy duplicates selected objects and places them in a
orienta on or size. new loca on. The command can repeat to create
more than one copy in the same command sequence.
Fig. 2.7.1.7 Copy

Fig. 2.7.1.6 Move
Scale
Rotate Scale changes the size of exis ng objects without
Use Rotate to move objects in a circular mo on changing their shape. This command scales three-
around a base point. For precise rota on, enter a dimensional objects equally along all three axes.
number of degrees to rotate. Posi ve numbers There are also 2-dimensional, one-dimensional, and
non-uniform scale commands.
rotate counter clockwise; nega ve numbers rotate
clockwise. Scale : Changes the size of selected objects uniformly
in the x-, y-, and z-direc ons.
Fig. 2.7.1.8 Rotate Fig. 2.7.1.9 Scale
59
Scale 2D : Changes the size of selected objects Scale 1D

uniformly in two direc ons.The objects are expanded Changes the size of selected objects in one direc on
or contracted uniformly in the two direc ons of the
axes of the ac ve viewport construc on plane where The objects expand or contract in the single direc on
where you specify the scale factor. specified, without expanding the objects in the other
direc ons.
Fig. 2.7.1.10 Fig. 2.7.1.11
Mirror
Mirror creates a copy of the objects flipped over a specified axis on the construc on plane.
Fig. 2.7.1.12 Fig. 2.7.1.13
60
Rotate 3D
Rotates objects around a specified axis in 3-D space.
Fig. 2.7.1.14 Fig. 2.7.1.15
Fig. 2.7.1.16 Fig. 2.7.1.17
61
Symmetry
Mirrors curves and surfaces, makes the mirrored half tangent to the original, and then when the original
object is edited, the mirrored half updates to match the original.
Fig. 2.7.1.18 Fig. 2.7.1.19
Fig. 2.7.1.20 Fig. 2.7.1.21
62
Edi ng with the gumball

Gumball displays a widget on a selected object which
is used to facilitate the direct edi ng. The gumball
provides move, scale, and rotate transforma ons
around the gumball origin.
Click the Gumball pane in the status bar.
Fig. 2.7.1.22 Fig. 2.7.1.23
Gumball ac ons:
• Drag gumball arrows to Move the object.
• Drag scale handles (squares) to Scale the object in one direc on.
• Drag arcs to rotate the object.
• Tap the AIt key a er star ng to drag to toggle copy mode.
• Click a control handle to enter a numeric value.
• Hold the Shi key during Scale to force 3-D scale.
Gumball Controls
1 Axis plane indicator
2 Free move origin
3 Menu ball Move arrows,
4 Move X,
5 Move Y
6 Move Z
Rota on arcs
7 Rotate X
8 Rotate Y
9 Rotate z
Scale handles
10 Scale X
11 Scale Y
12 Scale z Fig. 2.7.1.24
63
Extend
Extend lengthens an object to make it end precisely at its intersec on with another object or you can
lengthen an object when there is no intersec on.
Fig. 2.7.1.25 Fig. 2.7.1.26
Fillet
Fillet connects two lines, arcs, circles, or curves
extending or trimming them to touch or to join with a
circular arc. Rules to follow when fille ng curves:
• The curves must be coplanar.
• The created fillet is determined by picking on the
curve por on to keep.
• The radius cannot be so large that it runs past the
end of the curve.
Fig. 2.7.1.27
64
Fig. 2.7.1.28 Fig. 2.7.1.29
Blend
Blending is another method to connect lines, arcs, or
curves. There are three blend commands that work
on curves, BlendCrv (default), Blend (Quick Blend)
and Arc Blend.
BlendCrv allows you to adjust the con nuity with the
input curves and has adjustable endpoints.
Fig. 2.7.1.30
Fig. 2.7.1.31
65
Chamfer
Chamfer connects two curves by extending or
trimming them to intersect or to join with a beveled
line. Chamfer works on convergent or intersec ng
curves.
Fig. 2.7.1.32
Example:
Fig. 2.7.1.33
Fig. 2.7.1.34
Offset
Offset creates an object parallel or concentric to
another object. Use Offset to create specialized
copies, such as parallel lines, concentric circles, and
concentric arcs, through specified points or at pre-set
distances.
Fig. 2.7.1.35
66
Rebuild
Reconstructs selected curves or surfaces to a
specified degree and control point number.
Fig. 2.7.1.36
Join
Join unites curves that meet at a common end,
making a single curve. Join can unite curves that do Fig. 2.7.1.37
not touch, if you select them a er the command has

started. As you select non-touching curves, a dialog Explode
box asks if you want to fill the gap. Breaks objects down into components.
Fig. 2.7.1.38 Fig. 2.7.1.39
67
Trim
Trim cuts and deletes por ons of an object to make it end precisely at its intersec on with another object.
Fig. 2.7.1.40 Fig. 2.7.1.41
Fig. 2.7.1.42 Fig. 2.7.1.43
68
Split
Split divides objects into parts using other objects as cu ers. The Split command breaks the object where
it intersects the cu ng object but does not delete anything.
Fig. 2.7.1.44 Fig. 2.7.1.45
Fig. 2.7.1.46 Fig. 2.7.1.47
69
Shrink Trimmed - Surface

The Shrink Trimmed Srf command contracts the underlying untrimmed surface close to trimming boundaries.
• Select trimmed surfaces.
Trimmed surfaces are represented by an untrimmed surface with trimming boundaries. When textures are
applied to surfaces, the textures map to the underlying untrimmed surface. Some mes the underlying
untrimmed surface is much larger than the trimmed surface, resul ng in only a small por on of the texture
showing up in the rendering.
Fig. 2.7.1.48 Fig. 2.7.1.49
Fig. 2.7.1.50 Fig. 2.7.1.51
70
Select
Select curve
Select all curves.
Select > select curves
Sel curves > select curves.
Select Point
Select all point objects.
Select > select points
Select by layer
Select all objects on layer. Use the pick bu on in the dialog box to select an object on the layer.
Select > Select by layer.
Select duplicate object
Select objects that are geometrically iden cal with another object and visible, regardless of other objects
property.
Select > Select duplicate object.
Exercise 1
1) Which commands out of these can make copies also-

a) Mirror
b) Hide
c) Rotate
d) Scale
e) Show
f) Symmetry
2) This command reconstructs curves or surfaces to a specified degree and control point number.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) State True or false-

a) Join unites 2 or more curves. Curves need not be placed end to end.
b) For trimming or splitting curves or surface all selected objects have to be intersecting.
Click Here
RHINO / Editing Curves (By IIT DC)
71
Unit 2.8: Solid Crea on
Unit Objectives
1. Gain knowledge on the use of geometry objects.
2.8.1 Solid Toolbar

Ÿ In Rhino solids are closed surfaces or polysurfaces that enclose a volume.
Ÿ Some of the solid primitives are closed single surfaces carefully edge matched others are polysurfaces.
Ÿ Rhino's polysurface objects are deformable by using the deformation commands under the Transform
menu.
Ÿ You can also extract surfaces and deform the surfaces with control point editing .
Create 3D Solid Tool

Command Descrip on Image
Sphere Draws a solid sphere.
Box Draws a Solid Box
Ellipsoide Draws a Ellipsoide Box
Cone Draws a Cone
Pyramid Draws a Pyramid
72
Command Descrip on Image
Truncated Cone Draws a cone whose apex is

truncated by a plane.
Cylinder Draw a Cylinder.
Tube
Draws a closed cylinder with a
concentric cylindrical hole.
Torus Draws a torus (donut shape).
Pipe Creates a surface with a

circular profile around curves.
Exercise 1
1) Name a few primitive solid objects in Rhino
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Draw a sphere with radius 10 mm

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_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) How many faces does a box have?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4) How many faces does an Ellipsoid have?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
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73
Unit 2.9: Working with Surface Commands
Unit Objectives
1. Use the surface command.
2.9.1 Surface Command

A Rhino surface is similar to a piece of stretchy fabric. It can take on many different shapes. Surfaces are bound
by curves called edges. To visualize the surface shape Rhino displays a grid of isocurves on the surface.
Surface Point
Creates a surface by picking three or four points in space for corners.
Fig. 2.9.1.1 Fig. 2.9.1.2
Edge Surface
Creates a surface by selec ng two; three; or four exis ng curves whose ends meet exactly.
Fig. 2.9.1.3 Fig. 2.9.1.4
74
Planar Surface
Creates a surface from planar curves that enclose an area.
Fig. 2.9.1.5 Fig. 2.9.1.6
Plane
Creates a rectangular planar surface parallel to the construc on plane from two diagonal points.
Fig. 2.9.1.7 Fig. 2.9.1.8
75
Extrude
Extrudes a curve perpendicular to the construc on plane with op on to taper the surface with a dra angle.
Fig. 2.9.1.9 Fig. 2.9.1.10
Extrude along Curve :

Extrudes a curve following along a second curve.
Fig. 2.9.1.11 Fig. 2.9.1.12
76
Extrude to Point :
Extrudes a curve to a point.
Fig. 2.9.1.13 Fig. 2.9.1.14
Extrude Tapered :
Creates a surface by tracing the path of a curve in a straight line tapering in or out at a specified dra angle.
Fig. 2.9.1.15 Fig. 2.9.1.16
Click Here
Extrude and Tapered Ring
77
SWEEP 1 RAIL
Fits a surface through a series of profile curves that define the surface shape and one curve that defines a
surface edge. Convert curve to 3D surface with one rail and one cross sec on using “sweep 1” command.
Fig. 2.9.1.17 Fig. 2.9.1.18
SWEEP 2 RAIL
Fits a surface through a series of profile curves that
define the surface shape and two curves that define
the surface edges.
Fig. 2.9.1.19
Fig. 2.9.1.20
78
Fig. 2.9.1.21 Fig. 2.9.1.22
Revolve
Creates a surface by revolving a profile curve that defines the surface shape around an axis.
Fig. 2.9.1.23 Fig. 2.9.1.24
79
Fig. 2.9.1.25 Fig. 2.9.1.26
Rail Revolve
Creates a surface by revolving a profile curve that defines the surface shape around a rail curve that
defines the surface edge.
Fig. 2.9.1.27 Fig. 2.9.1.28
80
Fig. 2.9.1.29 Fig. 2.9.1.30
Lo
Creates a surface from shape curves; the normal; loose; and ght op ons make a surface with no creases as
it passes over the shape curves The Straight Sec ons op on creates a surface with creases at each shape
curve and straight sec ons between the shapes curves.
Fig. 2.9.1.31 Fig. 2.9.1.32
Patch
Creates a surface that approximates a set of curves and/or point objects.
81
Fig. 2.9.1.33 Fig. 2.9.1.34
Networksrf All curves in one direc on have to cross all curves in

Creates a surface from a network of crossing curves. the other direc on and cannot cross each other.
Fig. 2.9.1.35 Fig. 2.9.1.36
82
Fillet Surface
Creates a fillet or round between two surfaces.
Fig. 2.9.1.37
Fig. 2.9.1.38
Blend Surface
Creates a blend surface between two surfaces.
Fig. 2.9.1.39
Fig. 2.9.1.40
83
Fig. 2.9.1.41 Fig. 2.9.1.42
Offset Surface :
Copies a surface or polysurface so that loca ons on
the copied surface are the same specified distance
from the original surface.
Fig. 2.9.1.44
Fig. 2.9.1.43
84
Exercise 1
CONSTRUCT AND EXTRUDE
Use revolve command to construct as shown below
85
Exercise 2
1) What are isocurves?
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2) State True or False- To extrude a curve into a closed polysurface the input curve needs to be closed
and planar.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) What is the main difference between Sweep 1 and Sweep 2 Rail?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4) State True or False-

a) Revolve uses only a profile curve to give a surface shape around an axis
b) Rail revolve uses multiple profile curves and two shape defining curves to develop a surface
Click Here
Overlapping Ring
86
Unit 2.10: Curve Tool

Unit Objectives
1. Apprehend on the use of curve tools.
2.10.1 Curve Tools Create Border/Duplicate Border

Duplicate Edge Creates a curve or polyline that duplicates a surface,
Creates a curve that duplicates a surface edge. polysurface, hatch, or mesh border.
Fig. 2.10.1.1 Fig. 2.10.1.2
Naked Edges Sec on

A surface or polysurface edge that is not connected Creates a planar curve or points resul ng from the
to another edge. Solid objects have no naked edges. intersec on of a defined cu ng plane through
objects.
Fig. 2.10.1.3 Fig. 2.10.1.4
87
Fig. 2.10.1.5 Fig. 2.10.1.6
Contour
Creates a spaced series of planar curves and points resul ng from the intersec on of a defined cu ng planes
through curves, surfaces, polysurfaces, or meshes.
Fig. 2.10.1.7 Fig. 2.10.1.8
88
Mean curve
The Mean Curve command creates curves between
two open or closed input curves.
Fig. 2.10.1.9
Project
Fig. 2.10.1.10
Creates curves or points on a surface that are the
intersec ons of the surface and curves or points
projected toward the construc on plane.
Fig. 2.10.1.11 Fig. 2.10.1.12
89
Pull
Creates curves and points on a surface that are the
intersec ons of curve or points pulled toward a
surface in the surface normal direc on
Fig. 2.10.1.13
Fig. 2.10.1.14
Fig. 2.10.1.15 Fig. 2.10.1.16
90
Curve from 2 Views

Creates a curve from selected curves that are planar in different views. Use to create a curve when you know
its profile in two direc ons. The example demonstrates crea ng a curve that follows the edge of a boat hull
hull from 2-D curves in the top and front views. The AlignProfiles command is useful for lining up curves in two
views prior to crea ng a curve from two views.
Fig. 2.10.1.17 Fig. 2.10.1.18
Extract Surface
The Extract Surface command separates or copies a polysurface face.
Fig. 2.10.1.19 Fig. 2.10.1.20
91
Create UV Curve
Creates curves that duplicate the untrimmed boundary and trim curves of a surface as planar curves onto the
world x-y plane.
Fig. 2.10.1.21 Fig. 2.10.1.22
Apply UV Curve
Wraps a curve onto a surface.
Fig. 2.10.1.23
Fig. 2.10.1.24
92
Fig. 2.10.1.25 Fig. 2.10.1.26
Fig. 2.10.1.27
93
Exercise 1
1. How does CAD So ware help in Jewellery designing?
2. Which technology does Rhino rely on and how does the technology help in jewellery designing?
3. Once you have made a model design of your ornament, how will you view it?
4. What the different ways you can view your designed object through different modes?
5. What are the advantages of using picture frames?
Exercise 2
Draw a model of an ornament and use the standard tool bar commands.
File Menu commands-Open, Save, Save Small, Save as template, Import, Export, Save geometry only,
Undo & Redo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Zoom
Exercise 3
1. How will you group or ungroup objects?

2. What does locking/ unlocking objects mean?
3. What are the shortcut keys used to Hide and Show objects?
4. How does Symmetry work with objects?
5. Use the blend, chamfer, offset and rebuild in an object you would draw.
Exercise 4
1. What result does Duplicate Edge give- Curve or Surface?

2. What commands out of these are used to place a curve on another curve or surface- Project, Pull, Mean
Curve,Curve from 2 views, Extract Surface, Create And Apply Uv Curves
94
Exercise 5
Mark the statements as right or wrong
1. Rhino So ware relies on NURBS Technology that makes its designs very complicated.
2. The Rhino So ware has the ability to make any ornament design that's in demand.
3. Rhino So ware is limited to jewellery industry.
4. Construc on Plane is the guide used for modelling Rhino objects.
5. Objects Snaps are tools for specifying points on exis ng objects.
6. Wireframe is a frame made of wire.
7. The Interpolate Curve commands draws a curve commands draws a curve through the points one picks.
8. The Rhino Polygon, Command is a slow way of drawing regular polygons.
9. Picture Frames are more powerful version of Rhino background bitmap
10. Le click or Control + Shi + G leads to grouping of selected objects.
Exercise 6
1.Create your model using the tools Rhino Software provides. You can start with sketching, drawing, making a
physical model, scan data or any idea and using Rhino tools to make the model ready and also record the
design for animation, rendering, analysis, drafting and manufacturing.
2.While making your design model, practise the commands Cut, Copy, Paste, Zoom, Undo and Redo
3. Which modelling aid constrains the marker to an exact location on an object.
4. Which modelling aid constraints the marker movement to points at a specified angle from the last point
created.
5. Name the modelling aid that uses temporary reference lines and points that are drawn in the Rhino
Viewport.
95

Split Ring Wire Ring
96
3. Create Jewellery
Design using CAD
Part - II
Unit 3.1 - Solid Tool
Unit 3.2 - Transform Toolbar
Unit 3.3 - Orient Tool
Unit 3.4 - Solid Editing Tool
Unit 3.5 - Analyse Tool
Unit 3.6 - Gemstones
Unit 3.7 - Jewellery Setting
Exercises
G&J/N2303
Unit 3.1: Solid Tool
Unit Objectives
1. Understand the use of solid tools.
3.1.1 Solid Tools

Boolean Union
Trims the shared areas of selected polysurfaces or surfaces and creates a single polysurface from the
unshared areas.
Fig. 3.1.1.1 Fig. 3.1.1.2
Boolean Difference
Trims the shared areas of selected polysurfaces or surfaces with another set of polysurfaces or surfaces.
Fig. 3.1.1.3 Fig. 3.1.1.4
98
Boolean Intersec on
Trims the unshared areas of selected polysurfaces or surfaces.
Fig. 3.1.1.5 Fig. 3.1.1.6
Cap Planner
Fills openings in surfaces or polysurfaces with a planar surface joined to the hole edge. The openings must
have edge loops that are closed and planar.
Fig. 3.1.1.7 Fig. 3.1.1.8
99
Extract Surface
The surfaces are separated from the polysurfaces.The remainder of each polysurface will stay joined.
The extracted surface is also removed from any groups to which the original surface may belong.
Fig. 3.1.1.9 Fig. 3.1.1.10
Fillet Edge
Creates a tangent surface between polysurface edges
with varying radius values then trims and joins the
original faces to the fillet surfaces.
Fig. 3.1.1.11 Fig. 3.1.1.12
100
Fig. 3.1.1.13 Fig. 3.1.1.14
Chamfered Edge
Creates a ruled surface between selected polysurface edges with varying chamfer distances,trims and joins
the chamfer surfaces to the surface.
Fig. 3.1.1.15 Fig. 3.1.1.16
101
Make Hole
Move Edge/Move Hole/Make Hole/Delete Hole
Make Hole
Fig. 3.1.1.17
The Make Hole command projects selected closed Fig. 3.1.1.18

curves to a surface or polysurface to define hole
shapes.
Fig. 3.1.1.19
Move Hole
The Move Hole command moves a hole cut in a
planar surface. Fig. 3.1.1.20
102
Delete Hole Move Edge

The Delete Hole command deletes a hole from a The Move Edge command moves a polysurface edge.
polysurface and remakes the surface.
Fig. 3.1.1.21 Fig. 3.1.1.22
Exercise 1
Hammer
Follow the measurements and guidelines provided to make the toy hammer
Use commands circle, arc, revolve, sweep 1, sweep 2, boolean difference, trim and more to complete
the model
103
Unit 3.2: Transform Toolbar
Unit Objectives
1. Apprehend on the use of array tools.
3.2.1 Array Tools

Array Object
Use the Array commands to make mul ple copies of selected objects. Array Rectangular makes rows and
columns of objects. Array Polar copies objects in a circle around a center point.
Rectangular
Copies objects spaced in columns, rows, and levels in
the x-, y-, and z-direc ons.
Fig. 3.2.1.1 Fig. 3.2.1.2
Polar
Copies objects around a central loca on.
Fig. 3.2.1.3 Fig. 3.2.1.4
104
Fig. 3.2.1.5 Fig. 3.2.1.6
Along Curve
Copies objects spaced along a curve.
Fig. 3.2.1.7 Fig. 3.2.1.8
105
Along Surface
Copies objects in rows and columns on a surface. The surface normal direc on determines the orienta on
of the objects.
Fig. 3.2.1.9 Fig. 3.2.1.10
Along Curve on Surface

Copies objects spaced and rotated along a curve on a surface. The surface normal determines the
orienta on of the arrayed objects.
Fig. 3.2.1.11 Fig. 3.2.1.12
106
Fig. 3.2.1.13 Fig. 3.2.1.14
Fig. 3.2.1.15
107
Unit 3.3: Orient Tool

Unit Objectives
1. Gain knowledge on the use of orient tools.
3.3.1 Orient Tool

The orient commands moves or copies, rotates, scales objects using two reference and two target points.
On Curve
Moves or copies, rotates, and scales objects using two reference and two target points.
Fig. 3.3.1.1 Fig. 3.3.1.2

Perpendicular to Curve
Orients the object perpendicular to the curve. The perpendicular plane is determined by the current
construc on plane when the base point is picked.
Fig. 3.3.1.3 Fig. 3.3.1.4
108
ON Surface
Moves or copies and rotates objects on a surface using the surface's normal direc on for orienta on.
Fig. 3.3.1.5 Fig. 3.3.1.6
Fig. 3.3.1.7
109
Unit 3.4: Solid Edi ng Tool
Unit Objectives
1. Apprehend on the use of solid editing tools.
3.4.1 Solid Editing Tool

Twist
Deforms objects by rota ng them around an axis.
Fig. 3.4.1.1 Fig. 3.4.1.2
Fig. 3.4.1.3 Fig. 3.4.1.4
110
Bend
Deforms objects by bending along a spine arc.
Fig. 3.4.1.6
Flow Along Curve

Fig. 3.4.1.5
Re-aligns an object or group of objects from a base
curve to a target curve. Use the Flow command to
map a flat, straight shape to a curved shape, since it
can be easier to draw things when they are lined up
than to draw a complex shape around a curve.
Fig. 3.4.1.7 Fig. 3.4.1.8
111
Fig. 3.4.1.9 Fig. 3.4.1.10
Flow Along Surface

Morphs objects from a source surface to a target surface.
Fig. 3.4.1.11 Fig. 3.4.1.12
112
Fig. 3.4.1.13 Fig. 3.4.1.14
Cage Edit
Deforms objects smoothly using 1D, 2D, and 3D
cages.
Fig. 3.4.1.15 Fig. 3.4.1.16

Earring Flower & Pearl Articulated Bracelet
113
Fig. 3.4.1.17 Fig. 3.4.1.18
Fig. 3.4.1.19 Fig. 3.4.1.20
114
Bounding Box • Select the objects. If the objects are contained in

The Bounding Box command creates a rec linear box a plane parallel to a coordinate system plane, the
object (polyline or polysurface) that encloses bounding box is a rectangular polyline.
selected objects.
Fig. 3.4.1.21 Fig. 3.4.1.22
• Otherwise, a polysurface box is created.
Fig. 3.4.1.23 Fig. 3.4.1.24
The extreme corners of the bounding box object are reported at the command line in the chosen coordinate
system.
115
Stretch
The Stretch command scales selected areas of an
object in one direc on.
Fig. 3.4.1.26
Fig. 3.4.1.25
Ribbon
Create a surface by offse ng a curve and crea ng a
ruled surface in the area between the two curves.
Fig. 3.4.1.27
116
Unit 3.5: Analyse Tool
Unit Objectives
1. Apprehend on the use of analyse tools.
3.5.1 Analyse Tool

To calculate volume of any product
• Select metal and hide all of rest.
• Go to Analyse Menu then Mass property then Volume
• Volume will come in cubic millimetre.
• Now apply formula to calculate the weight of the product.
Specific gravity of Metal x Volume of Product

Weight of Any Metal (gm.) =
1000
Click Here
Introduction to Precious metal
117
3.5.2 Metal Weight

Specific Gravity of Metal
Metal Specific Gravity Metal Specific Gravity
Aluminum 2.7 Iridium 22.5
An nomy 6.62 Iron (Pure) 7.87
Beryllium 1.82 Lead 11.34
Bismuth 9.8 Magnesium 1.74
Cadmium 8.65 Manganese 7.43
Carbon 2.22 Molybdenum 10.2
Chromium 7.19 Nickel 8.9
Cobalt 8.9 Osmium 22.5
Copper 8.96 Palladium 12
Gold 19.32 Phosphorus 1.82
18K Green 15.9 Pla num 21.45
18K Yellow 15.58 15% Iridium Plat. 21.59
18K White 14.64 10% Iridium Plat. 21.54
18K Red 15.18 5% Iridium Plat. 21.5
14K Green 14.2 Rhodium 12.44
14K Yellow 13.07 Ruthenium 12.2
14K White 12.61 Silicon 2.33
14K Red 13.26 Silver 10.49
10K Green 11.03 Sterling Silver 10.36
10K Yellow 11.57 Coin Silver 10.31
10K White 11.07 Tin 7.3
10K Red 11.59 Zinc 7.13
118
3.5.2 Metal Weight
For Example :
Volume = 245.36 Cubic mm

18 k Yellow Gold Specific Gravity = 15.58
925 Silver Specific Gravity = 10.36
Specific gravity of Metal x Volume of Product

Weight of Any Metal (gm.) =
1000
18 K Gold Weight = 245.36 x 15.58/1000 = 3.822 gm

925 Silver Weight = 245.36 X 10.36/1000 = 2.541 gm
Analyses- Length, Distance
Length: The Length command reports the length of curves or edges.
Steps : Select curves or edges.
The accumulated length of the curves or edges displays on the command line.
Distance: Measures and reports the radius of a curve at a specified point.
Steps : Pick the first point.
Pick the second point.
The distance between the points displays in the command history window, with angles and distances in the
axis direc ons in world and construc on plane coordinates.
Select Bad Objects
• Select all objects that do not pass Check .
• Note: Delete or rebuild the object.
Join Naked Edges
The Join Edge command joins two naked edges that are out of tolerance.
• Select two naked surface or polysurface edges that are coincident or close together.
• If the edges overlap (run somewhat parallel) along at least part of their length (an interval), but are not
coincident, the Edge Joining dialog box reports, "Joining these edges requires a join tolerance of
<distance>. Do you want to join these edges?". The surfaces will extend to join along the intervals.
119
3.5.3 New In Rhino 7

Commands and Enhancements useful in jewellery making:
Generic Commands
Ÿ BatchRenderNamedViews- Renders all the named views in the model and saves the renderings as image
files to a folder.
Ÿ LockViewport- Toggles the locking state of the current viewport (Viewport title- locked).
Ÿ Layouts- Opens the Layouts panel that manages the layouts in the model.
Ÿ RibbonOffset- Offsets a closed curve and then creates a ruled or Sweep 2 surface between the input and
offset curves.
Ÿ MergeSrf- Combines curves connected end to end into a single curve.
Ÿ Array polar- New UseLastAxis option and ZOffset Supports negative values.
Ÿ Cap- Rejects self-intersection inputs and shows a warning.
Ÿ Gumball- New Align To View option, allows extruding multiple faces in the same polysurface and allows
snapping a scale handle to Gumball origin to flatten the object.
Ÿ Mirror- New ZAxis option
Ÿ Move- New Normal option
Ÿ Offset- New Corner=None and Trim= Yes/No options.
Ÿ OrientOnCrv- New Flip option.
Ÿ History- Moving parent and child together keeps connection between them and parent and child objects
will stay connected if they are cut/copy-pasted together.
Ÿ Join- Maintains degree and control points of the input curves.
Ÿ Keyboard- Arrow keys are able to select through items in named panels.
Ÿ Layer- Allows deleting layers with keyboard delete key.
Ÿ Plu-ins- It is possible to install 3rd party v6 plug-ins for v7 without v6 being installed.
120

Commands and Enhancements useful in jewellery making:
Model Creation Tools
Fig. 3.5.3.1 Model Creation tools
Ÿ SubD- (New Plug-in) for designers who need to explore organic shapes quickly. SubD is a new geometry
type that can create editable, highly accurate shapes. Unlike other geometry types, SubD combines free-
form accuracy while still allowing quick editing.
Ÿ Revolve- Ends of the revolving axis can be attached to objects using object snaps when History is recorded.
Ÿ DupBorder- Adde history support.
Ÿ FilletSrf- Now has a G2 option.
Ÿ MatchSrf- History locking allows editing control points of matched surfaces.
Ÿ BlendSrf- New refine checkbox avoids creating a simpler blend surface also new automatic straighten
button and angle threshold.
Ÿ Grasshopper- (New Plug-in) The Grasshopper command opens the plug-in window. It is a graphical
algorithm editor tightly integrated with Rhino's 3D modeling tools.
New features in Grasshopper:-

a) Turn your Grasshopper definitions into Rhino commands.
b) Clash Detection: Quickly search a large number of objects to find points of intersection between pairs of
clashing objects.
c) Component Placeholders: Placeholder component for missing plug-ins.
d) New components for Hatch, Rhino. Inside. Revit and more.
121

Editing
Fig. 3.5.3.2 Editing tools
Ÿ Named Selections- For anyone who has a need to repeatedly select objects and sub-objects, Named
selections is a productivity enhancement which makes recalling selections easier.
Ÿ Curve Surface Intersection- Improves results for Trims, Splits and Booleans. This can be 4x faster in some
cases.
Ÿ BlendEdge- Changed the spacing of control points in BlendEdge based on customer feedback.
Ÿ Boolean Operations- Have been improved to union, subtract or intersect coplanar surfaces.
Interface
Fig. 3.5.3.3 Interface tools
Ÿ User Interface- Coordinate read out, floating/dockable command area, pop-up recently used commands,
clickable command options, auto complete command line, customizable pop-up commands , pop-up layer
manager, synchronize views, camera based view manipulation, perspective match image, configurable
middle mouse button, customizable icons and user workspace, customizable pop-up toolbar, transparent
toolbars, context-sensitive right click menu, multiple monitor support, Alt key copy and OpenGL hardware
support with antialiasing.
Ÿ Construction Aids- Unlimited Undo and Redo, Undo and Redo multiple, exact numeric input, units
including feet ,inches and fractions, x,y,z point filters, object snaps with identifying tag, grid snaps, ortho,
planar, named construction planes, next and previous construction planes, orient construction plane on
curve, layers, layer filtering, groups, back ground images, object hide/show, show selected objects, select
by layer, select front most, color, object type, last object and previous selection set , swap hidden objects,
objects lock/unlock, unlock selected objects, control and edit points on/off and points off for selected
objects.
122

Display
Fig. 3.5.3.4 Display
Features include extremely fast 3D graphics, unlimited viewports, shaded, working views, perspective
working views, named views, floating views, full screen display, draw order support, two point perspective,
clipping planes and one to one scale to view models at full size.
Ÿ Rendered display mode captures more lighting in a real time working mode.
Ÿ Viewports and Rhino render now use the same rendering settings.
Ÿ Transparent color support on layers and objects.
Ÿ Per face color support for polysurfaces and SubD.
Rendering and Presentation
Fig. 3.5.3.5 Object Rendering
Features include
Rhino Render, a raytrace render with textures, bumps, highlights, transparency, spotlights with hotspot, angle
and direction control, point lights, directional lights, rectangular lights, linear lights, shadows and
customizable resolution. Real time render preview, real time render preview selected objects, turntable,
export to many common file formats used by renderers, rendering plug in support, setting saved in file.
Ÿ Rhino uses the new Cycles engine with new textures and materials added.
Ÿ Modern progressive rendering technology including advanced usage of both the CPU and GPU hardware.
Ÿ Denoisers- Produce beautiful renderings in a fraction of time using Denoisers in Rhino. These post effect
filters use artificial intelligence techniques to remove the grainy noise from your draft renderings,
dramatically reducing the time to reach a high quality image.
Ÿ Physically Based Rendering (PBR) materials- PBR materials are the best choice for renderings and
presentations for professionals who want realistic looking materials. PBR materials are supported natively
in Rhino's rendering engines and viewports.
123

Drafting
Fig. 3.5.3.6 Draft
Every type of physical product design relies on technical illustration and 2D drawing to concisely communicate
ideas, specifications and instructions to people in design, development and fabrication. Rhino V7 makes it
easier to create 2D drawings and illustrations for every discipline in every notation system and visual style
used around the world.
Annotation objects include arrows, dots, dimensions, text blocks, leaders, hidden line removal, Unicode
(double byte) support for text, dimensions and notes. Dimensions in perspective views are supported. Display
color transparency on objects and by layer is added.
Mesh Tools
Fig. 3.5.3.7 Mesh

Robust mesh import, export, creation and editing tools are critical to all phases of design, including:
Ÿ Transferring captured 3D data from digitizing and scanning into Rhino as mesh models.
Ÿ Exchanging mesh data with many applications such as SketchUp and Modo.
Ÿ Exporting meshes for analysis and rendering.
Ÿ Exporting meshes for prototyping and fabrication.
Ÿ Converting NURBS to meshes for display and rendering.
Ÿ QuadRemesh: Quickly create a quad mesh from existing surfaces, solids, meshes, or SubDs—ideal for
rendering, animation, CFD, FEA, and reverse-engineering.
Ÿ Improved mesh intersection results.
124

Compatibility
Fig. 3.5.3.8 Compatibility
Rhino is compatible with hundreds of different CAD, CAM, CAE, rendering and animation products. The open
NURBS library allows hundreds of other applications to read and write Rhino's native 3DM files.
In Rhino V7 improved fidelity for existing formats and support for SubD is now possible. In addition you can
now Copy/Paste between Rhino and Illustrator, Inkscape and Affinity Designer(Windows only).
125
Unit 3.6: Gemstones
Unit Objectives
1. Apprehend gemstones.
2. Gain knowledge on the type of gemstones.
3. Shade (faceted and cabochon) gemstones.
3.6.1 Introduction to Gemstones

A gemstone or gem is a piece of crystal (mineral), which in cut and polished form, is used to make jewellery or
other adornments. Beauty of a gemstone is defined by its : Cut, Colour, Clarity, Carat .
The tradi onal classifica on begins with the dis nc on between precious and semi-precious gemstones.
Precious Gemstone
Fig. 3.6.1.1
126
3.6.1 Introduction to Gemstones

Cabochon gemstone (Cabs)
A cabochon is a stone that is cut with a highly polished rounded or convex top with no face ng, with a flat
or slightly domed base. A cabochon may be cut in any shape.
Fig. 3.6.1.2
Faceted gemstone
Face ng is the style of cu ng gemstone with several geometrical pa erns on its surface. Each of these flat
surfaces is called a facet. The gem is faceted by a faceter on a face ng machine. The purpose of face ng is
to bring out the brilliance of a gem. That is where the light entering the stone is reflected off the bo om
facets and returned to the viewer.
Fig. 3.6.1.3
127
3.6.2 Type of Gemstones

TRANSPARENT, TRANSLUCENT AND OPAQUE GEMSTONES
A Gemstone can also be transparent, translucent or opaque. These proper es depend on the amount of light
being absorbed and the chemical structure of the rock.
The amount of light able to pass through a mineral determines its transparency. Light is able to pass
through transparent minerals.
Translucent minerals par ally let light pass through.
Opaque minerals do not let any light through.
Flaws, inclusions, and impuri es degrade the transparency of a mineral.
Transparent Translucent
Opaque
Fig. 3.6.2.1
128
3.6.3 Basic Stone
Fig. 3.6.3.1
Click Here
Types of Gemstone Settings
129
Unit 3.7: Jewellery Se ng
Unit Objectives
1. Cognize on the importance of settings and its importance in jewellery.
2. Know the different types of settings.
3.7.1 Basic Jewellery Settings

Stone se ng is the art of securing precious or semi- precious gemstones into jewellery. The term se ng
refers to different ways in which a gemstone is mounted in a piece of jewellery. The concept of stone se ng is
the idea of stone sea ng in its fixed place and is held securely without any danger of loss.
Se ng can be classified under the basic concept of closed, open and group se ng and in each of these
varia ons and modifica ons are possible.
Table 3.7.1.1
Ÿ Closed Setting:
These settings are considered more secure as the stone is normally open to light from the top i.e. above
the girdle area and held in place by precious metal covering the girdle all around.
Ÿ Open Setting:
A faceted gemstone shows its full lustre and brilliance in Prong/ Claw/ Tiffany/ Illusion settings also
known as Open Settings. The light enters the gemstone below the girdle edge through the pavilion facet.
Ÿ Group Setting:
Any setting type showing several stones set together.
130
3.7.2 Prong Se ng
Prong se ng is used to secure gemstones to a piece of Jewellery with the help of metal projec ons called
prongs.
A prong se ng from top and front view:
Fig. 3.7.2.1 Prong Se ng
Fig. 3.7.2.2 Top View
131
Fig. 3.7.2.3 Front View
Fig. 3.7.2.4 Different Type of Prong Shapes
There are many other fancy shapes of prongs which are also used in fashion Jewellery like heart shape, star
shape etc.
132
3.7.3 Bezel Se ng
The gemstone or diamond which is completely
surrounded by a metal band or metal strip to
securely hold the stone is known as bezel se ng.
If we see a bezel se ng from top and front view:
Fig. 3.7.3.1 Bezel Se ng
133
Fig. 3.7.3.3 Front view
Front View
Fig. 3.7.3.4
134
There are many other fancy sec ons of bezel which are also used in fashion Jewellery.
Fig. 3.7.3.5
135
3.7.4 Pave Se ng
Lots of gemstones are closely set on a metal sheet with
li le beads of the se ng metal. These are either
pulled from the exis ng metal in the se ng, or they
are soldered on. The beads virtually disappear into Pave se ng from top and front view:
the background, and the result is what looks like a
con nuous surface of diamonds or other gems.
Pave se ng can be further classified into different

Fig. 3.7.4.1 Pave Se ng types:
1 Single Row Pave se ng or bead Se ng
Fig. 3.7.4.3 Front View Fig. 3.7.4.4
136
2 Group se ng or grain se ng There are two ways of doing pave se ng:

1 With sharing grains
Fig. 3.7.4.5 Fig. 3.7.4.6
2 With individual grains
Fig. 3.7.4.7
137
Exercise 1
Extrude Object
Tools:- Circle, Extrude Planar Curve (Straight/Taper) 2 On “Viewport Right” using the “Extrude Planar
Step by Step :- Curve” command extrude the planar curve either
straight or taper. Apply the command “Extrude
1 On viewport front, make a circle on point “0” Planar curve straight”, select the curve to extrude
using the “Circle: Center, Diameter” tool. Select and then press “Enter”. Now click on “Solid”; give
the tool, type “0” and press “Enter” to confirm. the extrusion distance (suppose)10mm then
Now create a circle of size17.19mm. In the press “Enter”.
command prompt, click on “diameter” and type
“17.19” and press “Enter” to create a circle.
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 3 Shaded View Fig. 4 Wireframe View
138
3 Similarly if you want to extrude the curve both side then in step 2 select the command “Extrude planar
curve straight”. Select the curve to extrude and then press “Enter”. Now click on “Solid”, click on “Both side”
give the extrusion distance (suppose) 10mm then press “Enter”. Now the total distance will be 20mm.
Fig. 5 Fig. 6
4 Similarly if you want to extrude the curve Taper; then in step 2 select the command “Extrude planar curve
Tapered”. Select the curve to extrude and then press “Enter”. Now click on “Solid”, click on “Flip Angle” to
to adjust the taper side, give the extrusion distance (suppose) 10mm then press “Enter”.
Fig. 7 Fig. 8
139
Sweep 1 Rail
Tools:- Circle, Polyline, Sweep 1 Rail
Step by Step :-
On viewport front, make a circle on point “0” using the “Circle: Center, Diameter” tool. Select the tool,type
“0” and press “Enter” to confirm. Now to create a circle of size17.19mm. In the command prompt , click on
“diameter” and type “17.19” and press “Enter” to create a circle. On viewport right, draw with the “Polyline”
tool the profile of figure 1 using your measurements. Being the drawing on the superior quadrant of the ring.
Cer fy yourself that “Ortho” and “Quad” are enabled. On “Viewport Right” click on the upper quadrant of the
circle , type in “2mm ”, press “Enter”, take the cursor to the side and click. Do the same with the other
measurements un l you close the drawing.
Fig. 9 Fig. 10
On viewport perspec ve, use the “Sweep 1 Rail” tool so that the drawn profile can be made around the ring’s
rim. Select the tool, click on the path (1), in the rim’s case, click on the profile (2)and press “Enter”. On the
window that appears , click “OK”.
Fig. 11 Wireframe View Fig. 12 Shaded View
140
Sweep 1 Rail
Use the “Fillet Edge ” tool with the “0.5mm” radius
measurement to round the ring’s internal edges.
Fig. 14 Shaded View
Fig. 13 Wireframe View Similarly we can apply mul ple sec on in step 2. But
on applying sweep 1 rail in Step 3 seam points appear,
adjust them in the iden cal same direc on and press
“Enter”; a box gets opened click on close sweep then
press OK follow further steps likewise.
Fig. 15 Fig. 16
141
Sweep 1 Rail
Fig. 17 Fig. 18
Sweep 2 Rail
Tools:- Circle, Offset Curve, Arc (Start, End, Point on

arc), Polyline, Sweep 2 Rail, Mirror, Join
Step by Step :-
1 On viewport front, make a circle on point “0”
using the “Circle: Center, Diameter” tool. Select
the tool, type “0” and press “Enter” to confirm.
Now to create a circle of size 17.35mm (US 7). In
the command prompt, click on “diameter” and
type “17.35” and press “Enter” to create a circle.
Fig. 19
142
Sweep 2 Rail
2 Now on “Viewport Front”; using command 3 Now on “Viewport Front”; using command “Arc
“Offset Curve”, offset the circle three mes. For (Start, End, Point on arc)”, make an arc. For this
this apply the command and Select the curve take the arc start it from the lower quad of the
(circle 17.35mm) to offset. Click on distance and 1.5mm offset circle and end point on the upper
give offset distance 1.5mm, 2.25mm, 3mm quad of the 3mm offset circle then touch the arc
consecu vely to the circle (17.35mm). point on either right or le quad of 2.25mm
offset circle.
Fig. 20 Fig. 21
command, select the arc to mirror, start the mirror

plane form any of the end point of the arc and end of
the mirror plane will be the another end point of the
arc. Now using the “Join” command select both the
arc and apply join.
Fig. 22
4 Now on “Viewport Front”; select all the circles

which we offset previously (1.5mm, 2.25mm,
3mm) and delete.
Now on “Viewport Front”; using the command
“Mirror”, mirror the arc which we made. Select the Fig. 23
143
Sweep 2 Rail
5 “On Viewport Right”, draw with the “Polyline” tool the
profile of figure 1 using your measurements. Being the
drawing on the superior quadrant of the ring (17.35mm). Similarly we can apply multiple sections likewise:
Certify yourself that “Ortho” and “Quad” are enabled. On 6 On “ Viewport Perspective”, use the “Sweep 2
“Viewport Right” click on the upper quadrant of the Rail” tool so that the drawn profile can be made
circle(17.35mm) , give dimensions like “3mm” and press around the ring’s rim. Select the tool, click on the
“Enter”, take the cursor to upper side and click. Do the path (1) in the rim’s case, click on the path (2) in
the rim’s case click on the cross sections we made
same with the other measurements until you close the and press “Enter”. Now on applying sweep 2 rail
drawing and make your upper section. seam points appear, adjust them in the identical
same direction and press “Enter”; a box gets
opened click on Close Sweep then press OK On
the window that appears.
Fig. 24
Fig. 25 Shaded View
Fig. 2.18.1 Shaded View

26 Wireframe View
144
Sweep 2 Rail
7 Now in “Sweep 2 Rail”, we can design the path or Now trim the design using the “Trim” tool select the
rail also. “For this a er step 5” make circles using cu ng object and press “enter” then select the
the “Circle: Center, Diameter” tool on the object to trim then join the curves usin “Join”
outside rail according to required design like:- command like:-
Fig. 27 Fig. 28
Fig. 29 Wireframe View Fig. 30 Shaded View
145
Revolve
Tools:- Curve interpolet, Offset, Revolve, Shade. Step by Step :-
This wine glass will be modeled using simple 1 On “Viewport Front” make a curve half side from
method, where you draw glass as you wish, define the point “0”using the “Tool bar Curve: Curve
execute the ac on, make it in 360* to make it round. Interpolet” tool. Select the tool, type “0” and
press “Enter” to confirm. Now start making the
curve in the shape of the wine glass.
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
2 Now we will give the thickness to the glass, “Tool

bar Curves Tool, Offset” select the curve to
offset.
In the command prompt, click on the “Distance”
and type the distance, lets take the a distane of “.5”
and press enter to offset it, close both curves by line
Fig. 33
Fig. 34
146
Revolve
3 Now we will apply command “Surface, Revolve” see the command line Select the curve to revole, press
enter then it will ask for start of revolve axis “0” enter it, the star ng point drag it straight upside to the end
of axis and leave it. And now in command prompt it will ask the start angle 0*and revolu on angle 360* to
make it complete round.
Fig. 35
Fig. 36
Top View
Fig. 37 Fig. 38
147
Revolve
4 Now we will use “Standard Tool, Shade Viewport” bar to give colour to the object wine glass.
Fig. 39
Fig. 40 Fig. 41
148
Click Here Click Here Click Here

Enamel Ring Channel Ring Hoops
Click Here Click Here Click Here

Leaf Shape Pendant Cluster ring Ring Channel on Bezel
149
Exercise 3
Create Ring Using Flow Along Curve

Tools:- Circle, Polyline, Length, Move, Mirror, CrvSeam, Solid Extrude, Flow Along Curve.
Step by Step:-
1 On “Viewport Front”, make a circle on point “0” using the “Circle: Center, Radius” tool. Select the tool,
type “0” and press “Enter” to confirm. In the command prompt, click on “Diameter” and type in 17.19mm.
Fig. 1
2 On “Viewport Top”, Analyze the length of Such Round Circle using Command “Analyze > Length” and Make
straight Polyline of such length value 54.51mm.
Fig. 2
3 On “Viewport Top” Make a design within the Straight Line area.
Fig. 3
150
Create Ring Using Flow Along Curve

4 On “Viewport Front” , Get the “CrvSeam” down using command “CrvSeam”. Click on CrvSeam command
and then Select the Circle Curve and press “Enter” for Confirma on then Select the CrvSeam Point and
get it down.
Fig. 4 Fig. 5
5 On “Viewport Front”, Extrude both Design 6 On “Viewport Top” Flow such Design using Flow
curve using command “Solid > Extrude Planer along Curves Command (Transform > Flow along
Curve > Straight. Click on Command, Select Curve). Process is Click on Flow along Curve,
Curves and Press Enter for confirma on then select design, Press enter for confirma on then
press value of solid and then press Enter. Select Base curve then Select the Target Curve
(Between command, Solid = Yes, Bothside = No) (Circle Curve).
Fig. 6 Fig. 7
151
Exercise 4
Use the Create and UV Apply Curve and Flow Along Curve
1 On the front viewport, make a circle of 2.75 diameter using circle diameter tool. Then create a sec on
for bezel se ng and then using revolve command make a solid circle.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
2 On the front viewport, make the curves for the 4 Now, extrude the curves using extrude planar
ear using interpolate curves and arc (start,end, curve at distance of 2mm.
direc on at start) and adjust it with control
points and make closed curves by joining them. 5 Now, in front viewport, create the curves and
then extrude the other curves at different levels.
3 Now, using line tool, make lines slight tapered Extrude the curves at 1mm, 1.5mm and 2mm
downwards and make it a closed curve. Like this
make three parts.
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
152
Distance (can be seen in the picture, the black por ons are the extruded one) This will show the levels in
the design.
Fig. 5 Fig. 6
6 Now, select all (ctrl+A) and hide. Create a circle of 2mm using circle center diameter tool. Offset it using
offset curve command at a distance of .2mm outside (reference line) and .1mm inside (for cu er).
7 Now, import the stone and select the stone from top viewport, go to transform, select orient, click on remap
to c plane, and then click on front viewport. Then using scale 3D command, scale the stone by scale factor
.2mm (varies according to the stone size).
8 Now, extrude the .1mm circle by extrude planar curve, taper command. In the top viewport move the
extrusion down it should be more than the table por on.
9 Now, define them in different layers and group the objects together.
10 Similarly, repeat the process (6 to 9) creates stones of size 2.5mm, 2.25mm,
1.8mm, 1.5mm, 1.4mm, 1.2mm, 1.1mm, 1mm. A er that set the stones
accordingly.
11 Now, in the front viewport, create a circle of .8mm at 0 point and extrude it
straight by using extrude planar curve at distance of 1mm then fillet the edges using fillet edge command and
move the prong .8mm forward. Similarly, create the prongs of the following sizes according to the stone and
set the prongs according to the stone size. The prong should be .2mm inside metal and .8mm outside.
153
Stone size Prong size
2.5mm .9mm
2.25mm .9mm
2mm .8mm
1.8mm .8mm
1.5mm .7mm
1.4mm .65mm
1.2mm .5mm
1.1mm .5mm
1mm .45mm
12 Now, select all and ungroup it un l everything 13 For connec vity, in the front view port, create a
gets ungrouped. Then do the Boolean difference circle of .8mm and offset it by .3mm. Then apply
of the base surface and the cu ers. pipe command, select the outer curve (offset
.3mm) and give the radius .3mm and press enter.
Then copy the pipe and paste it on itself, the
rotate it in top viewport. At the end move it down
and place where connec vity is needed.
Fig. 7 Fig. 8
154
4. Maintain Health and
Safety at Workplace
Unit 4.1 - Potential Sources of Accidents
Unit 4.2 - Safety Signs and Appropriate Requirements to be Safe
Unit 4.3 - Ergonomics or Bad Posture of Body
Unit 4.4 - Fire Safety Rules
Unit 4.5 - How to Deal with Emergency Situations
G&J/N9902

1. Inspect safety procedures.

2. Inspect potential hazards.
3. Analyze what to do in an emergency situation.
4. Analyze how to use the fire extinguisher by identifying the appropriate fire.
5. Analyze how complying with company safety rules and regulations can be safe for you.
156
Unit 4.1: Potential Sources of Accidents
Unit Objective
1. Analyze the potential sources of accidents in a workplace.
4.1.1 Potential Sources of Accidents

Accidents are unpleasant events that happen unexpectedly, causing damage, injury or sometimes even
death. Working people spend most of the time in work, thus accidents at work can happen unexpectedly.
Accidents or hazards mean an incident involving loss of life inside or outside the workplace, suffering
injuries internally and/or externally, or release of toxic chemical or explosion or fire, or spilling of
hazardous chemical resulting in 'on-site' or 'off-site' emergencies or damage to equipment leading to
stoppage of process or adverse effects to the environment.
Accidents or hazards usually occur due to: Faulty equipment

Improper working conditions
Faulty inspection or repairing equipment or tool without the proper instructions
Irregular maintenance of equipment and tools
Repairing of faulty equipment by someone who is not qualified to repair
Lack of concentration or bringing personal tensions to work
Unsafe practices such as plugging wires directly into sockets without a plug
Not reading voltage instructions for imported equipment
Improper or insufficient safety training
Smoking in non-smoking zones
Storage of chemicals near heat emitting machines
Improper storage of chemicals
Improper work clothing or lack of protective gears
Exposed wire or wires bitten by rats or other animals
Wires with bad insulation
Improper electric connections
Using wrong tools and equipment in wrong place or plugging into wrong socket
Using too many wires in one spike guard or electric socket
Bad housekeeping which includes wet floors, sweeping not done, papers thrown on floor,
dustbins not covered or emptied
Tools and equipment not stored properly after work
Not unplugging tools and equipment after work or during breaks
Leaving main switch ON of tools and equipment after work
Non reporting of hazards to supervisor or ignoring potential dangers
157

The below figure clearly shows an exposed wire that can be hazardous to anyone who accidently
touches or comes in contact with it.
Fig 4.1.1.1 Exposed Wire
158
Fig 4.1.1.2 Burned Socket – Not advised to use the working plug
159

In the picture it is clear that the floor is wet with equipment lying on it. This can lead to serious
accident and the workers should be very careful.
Fig 4.1.1.3 Liquid spilled on carpet floor with tools and equipment around
160
Fig 4.1.1.1 Causes of Accidents
161
!
Tips
1. Check your surrounding areas for any live wires, cables that are exposed or any chemical spill which may
cause a fire.
2. Always check that equipment and tools are switched off before you leave for a break and after your
work has ended.
3. It is better to be safe than sorry as it could cost you your life or put others in danger.
4. If there is a potential hazard waiting to happen inform your supervisor to have the same checked as soon
as possible.
5. Do not delay in informing your senior about any hazardous thing you see around.
Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________
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162
Unit 4.2: Safety Signs and Appropriate Requirements to be Safe
Unit Objective
1. Analyze the safety signs and appropriate requirements to be safe and to make the workplace safe for
yourself and others.
4.2.1 Safety Signs

Safety Signs are some very important tips that you see around when you need some help in any situation
where safety is required. You are just required to keep your mind alert during work and to look for any
safety sign for your use. These are signs that cannot be avoided and are especially useful when nobody
else is around to help.
Fig 4.2.1.1 Safety Sign - 1
163
4.2.1 Safety Signs
164
4.2.1 Safety Signs
165
4.2.1 Safety Signs
Fig 4.2.1.6 Safety Sign – 6
166
4.2.1 Safety Signs

In the figure you can see various signs explaining physical hazards and health hazards that you need
to check around yourself. These are majorly warning signs that alert you beforehand.
Physical Hazards
Explosives Flammable Liquids Oxidizing Liquids Compressed Gases Corrosive to Metals
Health Hazards Env. Hazards
Acute Skin Corrosion Skin Irration CMR”.STOP. Hazardous to the

Toxicity Aspiration Hazard Aquatic Environment
Fig 4.2.1.7 Safety Sign – 7
167
4.2.2 Safety First
Fig 4.2.2.1 Safety gears to be worn while working with tools and equipment
Fig. 4.2.2.2 Refer to voltage mentioned on equipment and machines before plugging in socket to avoid short circuit
168
4.2.2 Safety First
Fig 4.2.2.3 Housekeeping rules for every employee
169
4.2.2 Safety First

Just say no to electrical hazards.
Before you turn it on, make sure that you say no the following:
Ÿ Are outlets, motors, or circuits overloaded?

Ÿ Are the electric wires passing near water or heat sources?
Ÿ Are cords twisted or tangled?
Ÿ Do I see sparks or smoke?
Ÿ Are my hands wet?
Ÿ Am I wearing any metal jewellery?
170
!
Tips
1. If you follow proper housekeeping rules and the other mentioned rules, you can avoid accidents or
hazards in your workplace.
2. Always work as a team when it comes to the workplace.
Notes
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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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171
Unit 4.3: Ergonomics or Bad Posture of Body
Unit Objective
1. Develop the right body posture required while carrying out any kind of work.
2. Analyze how to relax your body more and put less strain on your body.
4.3.1 Ergonomics or Bad Posture of Body
Fig 4.3.1.1 Straining elbows can strain the shoulder leading to body pain
172
Fig 4.3.1.2 Wrong and right way to sit
Fig 4.3.1.3 Right way to work on computer
173
Fig 4.3.1.4 Problems to avoid
174
!
Tips
1. The right body posture will benefit you in keeping many health problems away.
2. The wrong body posture can create health problems such as stiff neck, pain in the entire body, stiff
shoulders, cervical spondylitis and many other problems.
3. Also drink a lot of water to keep yourself hydrated.
Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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175
Unit 4.4: Fire Safety Rules
Unit Objectives
1. Inspect the fire safety rules.
2. Develop the skills on how to use a fire extinguisher.
4.4.1 Fire Safety Rules
Fig 4.4.1.1 Know the different types of fire with classification codes and symbols
176
Fig 4.4.1.2 Know your fire extinguisher code
Fig 4.4.1.3 Know the refill date on the fire extinguisher
177
Fig 4.4.1.4 Basic fire fighting steps
Fig 4.4.1.5 Do not use elevator or lift when there is a fire
178
4.4.2 Using the Fire Extinguisher
Fig 4.4.2.1 Steps to use the fire extinguisher – use the right extinguisher for the fire
179
!
Tips
1. Always recognize the type of fire before using the fire extinguisher.
2. The fire extinguisher has a code on it and that code will tell you for which fire that extinguisher can be
used.
3. Do not use the lift or elevator when there is a fire.
4. Use wet blankets or napkins to cover your mouth so that you do not inhale the smoke.
5. Call the fire brigade and pull the fire alarm.
Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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180
Unit 4.5: How to Deal with Emergency Situations
Unit Objective
1. Analyze an emergency situation and how to deal with it.
4.5.1 Emergency Situations
Fig 4.5.1.1 Emergency situations
181
4.5.2 Dealing with Emergency Situations
Evaluate Situation
Check the surroundings.

Evaluate the situation.
Are there things that may place you in danger or harm?
Are you or the victim endangered by fire, harmful smoke or gasses, an unstable construction, live
electrical wires or alternative dangerous scenario?
Don't rush into a situation wherever you may find yourself as a victim?
If approaching the victim will endanger your life, seek professional help immediately; they
have higher levels of training and know how to handle these situations.
First aid becomes useless if you can't safely perform it without hurting yourself.
Fig 4.5.2.1 Evaluate situation
182
Call for Help
Call for help.

Call the appropriate authorities or emergency services immediately if you feel someone is
seriously injured.
If you are the only person on the scene, try to check if the person is breathing before calling for help.
Do not leave the victim alone for an extensive amount of time.
Take Care of the Person
Take care of the person.

A person who has just gone through a serious trauma requires to be taken care of including
providing emotional support and physical treatment such as first aid.
Always remember to remain calm and try to be reassure the person about help arriving.
Check for Response
Determine responsiveness.
If a person is unconscious, try to wake them by gently tickling their bare hands and feet or by
speaking to them.
If they do not respond to activity, sound, touch or other stimulation, check if they are breathing.
183

Conducting CPR OR First Aid
Danger Response
Are you or the Does the casualty
casualty in danger? If respond to a
not and it is safe, command or gentle
approach the shake? i.e. are they
casually. conscious or
unconscious?
Airway Breathing
If the casualty does Look, listen and feel
not respond open for breathing. If the
their airway. Put one casualty is
hand on their unconscious and
breathing normally, put
forehead, two fingers
them into the recovery
on their jaw and tilt
position, check for
their head back whilst
injuries and dial
lifting their chin. for an ambulance.
Fig 4.5.2.1 Conducting CPR or first aid
EMERGENCY NUMBERS IN INDIA
100 for Police

102 for Ambulance
101 for Fire
108 for Disaster management
181 for Women's helpline
184
4.5.3 Solving the Issue
1.
Site
Management
2.
8. and Control
Site
Terminate the
Identify the
Incident
Problem
INCIDENT PRIORITIES 3.
7. 1. Life Safety Hazard
Decontamination and Risk
2. Incident Stabilization
Evaluation
3. Proper Conservation
6. 4.
Implement Select Personal
Response 5. Protective
Objectives Information Equipment
Management
and Resource
Coordination
Fig. 4.5.3.1 Incident Priorities
185
!
Tips
1. Always participate in emergency drills organized by your company, you may never know when the
knowledge will come in use.
2. Ask your company for a live demonstration of first aid administration.
3. Check with your company the contents of the first aid box and where it is kept.
4. Always report an incident to your supervisor or others, rather than hiding it.
5. Always care for others in an emergency situation.
Exercise
1. Write the full form of RACE.
2. Identify the meaning of the safety signs.

Safety Sign Meaning of Safety Sign
3. Identify the following emergency numbers.

a. 100: _______________________________
b. 101: _______________________________
c. 102: _______________________________
4. Accidents or hazards usually occur due to-

a) Faulty equipment
b) Smoking in non-smoking zones
c) Improper electric connections
d) All of these
5. If you find that someone is stuck in an emergency situation, how will you deal with it? Write in
short.
186
5. Conserva on of
Energy and Materials
Unit 5.1 : Energy Conserva on
Unit 5.2: Conserva on of Materials
G&J/N9949

At the end of this module, the trainee will be able to,
Ÿ Telling about the importance of energy conserva on.
Ÿ Explain the different types of energy.
Ÿ Following various methods of energy saving prac ces.
Ÿ Explain the importance of material conserva on.
Ÿ Explain the commonly used materials in industrial establishments.
Ÿ Following various methods of material conserva on prac ces.
188
Unit 5.1 : Energy Conserva on
Unit Objective
At the end of this unit, the trainee will be able to,
Ÿ Telling about the importance of energy conserva on.
Ÿ Explain the different types of energy.
Ÿ Following various methods of energy saving prac ces.
5.1.1 Definition of Energy

In fact, energy is a property of objects, which can be transferred to other objects or transformed into various
forms. The ability of any object and human being to do work is called energy. Water falling from a height has
energy because it can turn a wheel, which can generate electricity.
It is difficult to give a simple defini on of energy. Energy is not a thing. We cannot see it, it occupies no space,
and it casts no shadow. Energy exists in many forms, including electromagne c radia on (such as light),
gravita onal poten al energy, kine c energy, thermal energy, nuclear energy, and chemical bonds.
5.1.2 Importance Of Energy Conservation

Energy is an important means of mee ng all the important needs of human life. Energy is the reason for
movement in life, whether it is for our walking or for the opera on of machines, energy is needed in every
field of life. There are limited reserves of energy. That's why we have to go towards energy conserva on so
that our future genera ons do not face energy crisis. Energy conserva on becomes a major issue in today's
me considering the rapidly increasing popula on and consump on of energy.
Because energy is a precious gi given to us by nature, to be honest, life has no meaning without it. We are
constantly making new inven ons and making full use of energy and filling our future life with comforts. Yes
– No it is not a wrong thing but when this energy is misused in useless things then it is completely wrong
thing because by doing this we are harming ourselves and nature as well.
189
5.1.3 Different Types of Energy

Generally energy is of two types
· Renewable Energy/Non-conventional
· Non-Renewable/Conventional Energy
5.1.3.1 Renewable Energy & Non Renewable Energy
190
Renewable energy is pollu on-free and never-ending energy, they can be used any me, for example, solar
energy, wind energy, dal energy, etc. come in renewable energy.
Under non-renewable energy, those energies come which cannot be obtained again once they are
exhausted, it may take millions of years to be formed, for example, coal, petroleum etc.
Ÿ Conven onal Sources of Energy:

Ÿ Coal
Ÿ Petroleum/Mineral Oil
Ÿ wood
Ÿ Natural gas, etc.
Coal (coal):
This is the largest source of energy produc on in India, coal meets about 67% of the country's commercial
energy demand, India has coal reserves in many states such as Jharkhand, Odisha, Chha sgarh, Tamil Nadu
And so on.
Biomass or dry organic ma er:

Under this comes dry branches of trees, wood, dung, and oil obtained from living beings etc. It is also an
important medium of energy, which fulfills about 14 percent of the world's energy. In developing countries,
its amount is up to 43 percent, so there is con nuous deforesta on, the day is not far when we will destroy
the environment completely. Will give and myself too.
Oil:
Petroleum and oil products contain more energy than coal. Many organic and inorganic substances are
obtained from crude oil. Oil reserves are mostly found in porous rocks and 40% of the world's energy is
obtained from oil energy. And out of that 55% only from Central Asian countrie.
Natural gas:
Natural gas is also found mainly near oil deposits, it also contains some amount of carbon dioxide and other
flammable gases ethane and propane.
Nuclear energy:
92U235 is used for its produc on, energy is obtained from the disintegra on of Uranium 235. It is
disintegrated in a nuclear reactor.
Hydroelectric energy:
This energy is cheap and frequently used energy, the earth receives energy from the sun every year. It is
absorbed by energy which becomes vapor then we get this energy again through rain.
191
Ÿ Non-Conven onal Sources:
Solar energy
Solar energy is used for human welfare in direct and indirect form, direct
solar energy is radia on energy while indirect solar energy is the energy
that comes from the elements, in which solar energy radia on is first
contained.
Solar energy is used directly in the form of heat energy and this energy is
converted into electricity. Photovoltaic ba eries directly convert solar
energy into electricity.
When solar energy is used indirectly among many types of energy
sources, biomass energy is the most prominent. Biomass is used here for 5.1.3.2 Solar Energy
all those substances which are made by the process of photosynthesis.
Wind energy
The fan is rotated by using wind (air) and electricity is generated but
there is also a problem in this, energy through wind cannot be obtained
in every area, for this only islands, coastal, and mountainous areas are
be er.
5.1.3.3 Wind Energy
Tidal energy
Electricity is produced through high des and low des that rise in the ocean.
Geothermal energy
Electricity is generated by rota ng the turbine from the springs and surface water flowing in the form of hot
water.
Ocean wave energy

Electrical energy is also produced by running turbines in sea waves generated by wind.
192
5.1.4 Different ways of energy / Power saving practices

Most of the light is received from the sun, which is generally 1 lakh lux / Sq.meter, while office work generally
requires 200 to 250 lux labeled light. Therefore, to make maximum use of the sunlight, keep the curtains of
the windows open.
5.1.4.1 How to save electricity
General measure:
Ÿ The walls of the rooms should be painted with white/light
colors and the ceilings should be painted with white paint,
due to which the temperature inside the room decreases as
compared to the outside.
Ÿ All electrical appliances used for cooling and hea ng should
have a thermostat switch. A thermostat is such a device that
controls the power supply by sensing the current
temperature. 5.1.4.2 BEE star ra ng label
Ÿ Domes c wiring should not have joint or loose connec on.
Ÿ All electrical equipment should be earthed.
Ÿ Solar energy should be used as far as possible.
Ÿ Use of fancy/decora ve lights should be minimized. Neon/LED lamps should be used in night lamps.
Ÿ Use star rated appliances. BEE Using electrical appliances of higher star ra ng approved by the IAEA
results in less energy consump on as well as carbon emissions. According to its power consump on
"Star" ra ng is given like one / single star appliance consumes the most power and on the other hand five
/ five-star appliance consumes the least power.
Ÿ Unnecessarily more electricity is spent on switching off the equipment from the remote instead of
turning it off directly from the switch. Therefore, as far as possible, the equipment should be switched off.
5.1.4.3 Turn off light
193
Arrangement / measures of ligh ng electrical equipment:

Ÿ Using LEDs instead of ordinary lamps saves up to 75 percent of electrical energy while providing the same
amount of light.
Ÿ Use a task light (table lamp) to provide proper illumina on at the work place.
Ÿ Light gets reduced by up to 50 percent when dust accumulates on the lights. So keep them clean.
Ÿ Automa c systems save a lot of electrical energy, such as infrared sensors, mo on sensors, automa c
mers, street lights and dimmers, etc. can be used to switch on / off like automa c switches.
Ÿ Keep the switches of electrical equipment closed when not required. It is the best way of saving electrical
energy.
Coolers and fans:

Ÿ Five star rated fans should be used to save energy.
Ÿ Electronic regulator should be used in coolers and fans.
Ÿ Keep fans and coolers switched off when not required.
Ÿ Before the start of the season, overhauling of coolers and fans should be done, this increases their
capacity.
Ÿ Automa c mer switch should be used to turn on/off the pump in coolers. This saves electrical energy as
well as water.
Room air condi oner:

Ÿ An air condi oner of appropriate capacity should be installed
according to the size of the room.
Ÿ AC Energy is saved by installing false ceiling in the room.
Ÿ AC room should be air sealed.
Ÿ Five star rated air condi oners should be used to save energy.
Ÿ Goods made of heat absorbent materials should not be kept in AC
room.
Ÿ Turn off the AC half an hour before leaving the room.
5.1.4.4 So Starter -
Ÿ The air filter and air condi oner coil should be cleaned from me to me.
For Industrial Motors
Ÿ The thermostat should be set at a minimum of 25 degrees cen grade, which
provides comfortable coolness at low cost. About 03 percent electricity is saved for every 01 degree
cen grade higher temperature set.
Ÿ Pain ng of white ceramic paint on the outer surface of the roof reduces the temperature of the room by 6
to 8 degrees. Due to which the load on AC will reduce and electricity will be saved.
Ÿ As far as possible do not install AC on the south and west walls, because these walls get more sun rays due
to which the AC gets damaged and the load on AC will be more.
Electric motor :
Ÿ Energy efficient motor should be used.
Ÿ If the motor load is less than 50%, then it should be replaced with an energy
efficient motor of lower capacity.
Ÿ So starter should be used in the motor.
Ÿ If the motor burns out, instead of rewinding the motor, the motor should be
replaced with an energy efficient motor. On rewinding, there is a loss of 5
percent to 10 percent energy efficiency.
Ÿ Use of flat belt in place of V-belt reduces fric onal loss, thereby saving energy.
Ÿ The motor should operate at op mum voltage, not at excess voltage.
Ÿ Motor should not be run without load.
5.1.4.5 Variable Frequency
Ÿ Variable frequency drives (VFDs) should be used for variable torque loads like
Drives - For Industrial
blowers, pumps etc. Blowers & Pumps
194
Unit 5.2: Conserva on of Materials
Unit Objective
At the end of this unit, the trainee will be able to,
Ÿ Explain the importance of material conserva on.
Ÿ Explain the commonly used materials in industrial establishments.
Ÿ Following various methods of material protec on prac ces.
5.2.1 Conservation of materials and resources

Different types of materials and resources are used in industrial establishments for different purposes or
applica ons. The following types of materials are commonly used extensively in industry
Ÿ Water / Steam
Ÿ compressed air
Ÿ paper
Ÿ Oils and Lubricants
Ÿ Petrol/Diesel
Ÿ Industrial gases
Ÿ Chemicals
Ÿ Plas c Bags
Ÿ Wax
Ÿ Polishing Compound
It is important to use such materials/resources or minimum to reduce the effect of some of the bad
consequences men oned below, such as,
Ÿ Environmental pollu on
Ÿ Deple on of valuable/non-renewable resources for future genera ons
Ÿ Monetary Expenditure
Ÿ Ozone deple on
Ÿ Health hazards to employees working in hazardous processes
195
5.2.2 Different Methods of Material Conservation

What can you do to conserve water?
1. Check that there is no water leakage in your house.

2. Use only as much water as you need.
3. Keep the water taps closed a er use.
4. Keep the tap closed while brushing and open it only when necessary.
5. Don't waste too much water for bathing.
6. Use such a washing machine which does not consume much water.
7. Do not leave taps open while washing food items and clothes.
8. Never pour water down the drain, but use it for other uses like watering
plants or garden or cleaning. Etc. 5.2.2.1 How to save water
9. The water used for washing vegetables and fruits is used to water the pots of flowers and ornamental
plants.
10. Do not throw away the remaining water in the water bo le, but use it to irrigate the plants.
11. Do not leave the water tank open.
12. Don't throw garbage in ponds, rivers or sea.
Some water conserva on measures in industrial establishments:

1. Reuse non-potable water for other purposes.
2. Re-install exis ng appliances and fixtures
3. Replace old appliances with energy-efficient alterna ves.
4. Removal of water from cleaning processes when dry alterna ves are possible.
5. Reduce the amount of water required for non-essen al opera onal ac vi es.
6. Install water saving taps at common points of consump on.
Sugges ons to reduce the use of paper in office work:

1. Post in-house reminders near copy machines or on individual desktops.
2. Track the individual print footprint in your office.
3. Hold paperless mee ngs
4. Encourage the use of email extensively
5. Set the default on the computer for double sided prin ng, font size of 10, and lower margin se ng for MS
Word related documents.
6. Reuse the paper used on one side for photocopying purpose.
Some ps to save fuel for private vehicles:

Ÿ Do not press the accelerator or brake suddenly, it consumes more fuel.
Ÿ Avoid running the air condi oner if it is not needed.
Ÿ Do not drive in reverse gear excessively, it consumes unnecessary fuel. While parking the car in the
parking lot, park it in reverse, so that when you want to go, you can get out of the car directly.
Ÿ Keep the air pressure in the wheels correct. Follow the specifica ons given by the vehicle manufacturer.
Ÿ Avoid carrying unnecessary items in the vehicle. Keep only essen al items in the trunk.
Ÿ Avoid keeping luggage on the roof of the vehicle, it consumes more fuel.
Ÿ Get the vehicle serviced on me, ge ng the service done at the right me gives more mileage, because
fuel is spent more due to dirty air filter, old spark plug and less fluid.
Ÿ Use public transporta on.
Ÿ Plan well before you set out on a trip. Try to leave in the morning itself, the crowd is less. Car pooling can
also be used.
Ÿ Before buying a new car, do know its mileage, don't buy a car just because of its looks.
196
Some ps for saving fuel in industrial establishments:

1. Take proper care of machines on me.
2. Follow the opera ng standards given by the machine manufacturer.
3. Take proper care of your generator. Maintaining your generator can significantly reduce fuel consump on.
4. Remove carbon deposits.
5. Minimize the use of generators.
6. Don't overload or underload.
7. Maintain proper coolant temperature.
Plas c bags, wax, polishing compound:

Ÿ Select the correct op on by adop ng the principle of Re-do, Re-use, Recycle
197
6. Annexure
Annexures 1 - QR codes - Video Link
Annexure: Chapter wise QR codes

Chapter No. Topic Name Page Url
Unit No. QR code (s)
No.
1. Introduc on Unit 1.1: Gem 1.1.1 Significance of 9 https://www.yout

ube.com/watch?v
and Jewellery Gem and Jewellery
=nKY1AbPz668&t=
Sector in India Sector in India 1s
Gem & Jewellery

industry Orienta on
1. Introduction Unit 1.3: 1.3.2 Need for 13 https://drive.googl

e.com/file/d/1Reg
About Jewellery Design
-5FCnxLzJkTj9NFec
Jewellery rL8EYnNNv6nA/vie
w?usp=sharing
Diversity in Indian
Jewellery
1. Introduction Unit 1.3: 1.3.2 Need for 13 https://drive.go

About Jewellery Design ogle.com/file/d
Jewellery /1szE3LWEmzgS
t1xGopymE3sh
RhDCwpLqf/vie
w?usp=sharing
Categaries of
Indian Jewellery
2. Create Unit 2.3 2.3.1 Explain Rhino 28 https://vimeo.c

Jewellery Explain Rhino om/176390754
Interface
Design using Interface
CAD
Part - I
Rhino Viewports
and Navigation
(By Vimeo)
2. Create Unit 2.3 2.3.1 Explain Rhino 28 https://vimeo.c

Jewellery Explain Rhino om/58212839
Interface
Design using Interface
CAD
Part - I
Overview of the
Rhino 7 for
Windows User
Interface (By Vimeo)
199

No.
2. Create Unit 2.5: 2.5.2 3D and 2D 44 h ps://vimeo.co

Jewellery Representation of m/606610665
Modeling
Design using objects in rhino
Aids
CAD
Part - I
Object Types | Rhino
for Windows
(By Vimeo)
2. Create Unit 2.7: 2.7.1 Editing 71 https://www.yo
Jewellery Edi ng Geometry utube.com/wat
Design using ch?v=JYVxSsdtl
Geometry qI
CAD
Part - I
RHINO / Editing
Curves (By IIT DC)
2. Create Unit 2.9: 2.9.1 Surface 77 https://drive.go

Jewellery Working with Command ogle.com/file/d
Design using Surface /1FTS4-
Commands OIKaQ370C9Z9
CAD
MLpLGzBsA27A
Part - I 2xq/view?usp=s Extrude and
hare_link Tapered Ring
2. Create Unit 2.9: 2.9.1 Surface 86 https://drive.go

Jewellery Working with Command ogle.com/file/d
Design using Surface /1D-
Commands 5UlFVPJwYNfU
CAD
MmoMZSwCrW
Part - I _nppIr9b/view?
Overlapping Ring
usp=share_link
2. Create Unit 2.10: 2.10.1 Curve Tools 96 https://drive.go

Jewellery Curve Tool ogle.com/file/d
Design using /1SMAucp4OTx
QIYPoIh_wl0E4
CAD
_3M7YR8wX/vi
Part - I ew?usp=share_l Split Ring
ink
2. Create Unit 2.10: 2.10.1 Curve Tools 96 https://drive.go

Jewellery Curve Tool ogle.com/file/d
Design using /1ebWPs8SXRui
PuSvJZ22vNhyFl
CAD
Z5OWNv4/view
Part - I ?usp=share_link
Wire Ring
200

No.
3. Create Unit 3.4: Solid 3.4.1 Solid Editing 113 h ps://drive.goo

Jewellery Edi ng Tool Tool gle.com/file/d/1J
qBLZOZ0AYLJtRjo
Design using
LdrRNn0OEETMX
CAD
r3n/view?usp=sh
Part - II are_link
Earring Flower
& Pearl
3. Create Unit 3.4: Solid 3.4.1 Solid Editing 113 https://drive.goo

Jewellery Editing Tool Tool gle.com/file/d/1k
pXRtxm9UuVsJql
Design using
Bhkw5tkoRO3PH
CAD
qqw9/view?usp=
Part - II share_link
Articulated Bracelet
3. Create Unit 3.5: 3.5.1 Analyse Tool 117 https://drive.go

Jewellery Analyse Tool ogle.com/file/d
Design using /1eWzT-
AO66CBSbpcdk
CAD
pl6clY8qXMseP
Part - II 25/view?usp=s
Introduction to
haring Precious metal
3. Create Unit 3.6: 3.6.3 Basic Stone 129 https://drive.g
Jewellery Gemstones oogle.com/file
Design using /d/1_2XPTcEa
CAD pET9ICY4n0IJ_
Part - II BaRTmWX1c3
q/view?usp=s Types of Gemstone
haring Settings
3. Create Unit 3.7: 3.7.4 Pave Setting 149 https://drive.g

Jewellery Jewellery oogle.com/file
Design using Setting /d/1D13RHM0
CAD jgbY0YNAfgJeZ
Part - II kGfnyYdQBs08
/view?usp=sh Enamel Ring
are_link
3. Create Unit 3.7: 3.7.4 Pave Setting 149 https://drive.go

Jewellery Jewellery ogle.com/file/d
Design using Setting /1ojPcqccVsPjEi
KvpRMDjzjDXVb
CAD
sWuCC8/view?
Part - II usp=share_link
Channel Ring
201

No.

Design using Setting /1meFZc35QHQ
Ry58qbMZQ2fB
CAD
nnsQTxO-
Part - II _e/view?usp=sh Hoops
are_link

Design using Setting /1YSUoHpkpUl2
qGt6hhqCld2Zi
CAD
GxYfFfZO/view?
Part - II usp=share_link
Leaf Shape Pendant

Design using Setting /1zJaCCXeGgeld
Hcmu93OiRMCr
CAD
s8COwj_X/view
Part - II ?usp=share_link
Cluster ring

Design using Setting /1zvM4RwVNfX
96H1HtWKtYjy
CAD
Q7whE6_Td6/vi
Part - II ew?usp=share_l Ring Channel on
ink Bezel
https://www.ski
llindiadigital.gov
Employability Skills .in/content/list
Employability Skills
202
203
Scan this QR Code to access ebook or
Click Here
Address: Gem & Jewellery Skill Council of India

4th Floor, BFC Building, SEEPZ SEZ, Mumbai 400 096, India.
Email: info@gjsci.org
Web: www.gjsci.org
Phone: 022-28293941
CIN No.: U80904MH2012NPL233740

PH English Jewellery Designer CAD G&JQ2303 V3

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Participant Handbook

Jewellery Designer - CAD

Scan this QR Code to access ebook or

All Rights Reserved,

Shri Narendra Modi

(Gem and Jewellery Skill Council Of India)

Unit 1.1 - Gem and Jewellery Sector in India 3

Unit 1.2 - Objectives of the Course 10

Unit 1.3 - About Jewellery 11

2. Create Jewellery Design using CAD (G&J/N2303) Part - I 15

Unit 2.1 - Introduction of CAD Software 17

Unit 2.2 - Introduction of Rhinoceros 21

Unit 2.3 - Explain Rhino Interface 27

Unit 2.4 - Standard Toolbar 35

Unit 2.5 - Modeling Aids 39

Unit 2.6 - Working with Curve Tools 46

Unit 2.7 - Editing Geometry 57

Unit 2.8 - Solid Creation 72

Unit 2.9 - Working with Surface Commands 74

Unit 2.10 - Curve Tool 87

3. Create Jewellery Design using CAD (G&J/N2303) Part - II 97

Unit 3.1 - Solid Tool 98

Unit 3.2 - Transform Toolbar 104

Unit 3.3 - Orient Tool 108

Unit 3.4 - Solid Editing Tool 110

Unit 3.5 - Analyse Tool 117

Unit 3.6 - Gemstones 126

4. Maintain Health and Safety at workplace (G&J/N9902) 155

Unit 4.3 - Understand Ergonomics or Bad Posture of Body 172

Unit 4.4 - Fire Safety Rules 176

5. Conservation of Energy & Materials (G&J/N9949) 187

Unit 5.2 - Conservation of Materials 195

It is recommended that all the trainings include the appropriate Employability

Content for the same is available here:

Key Learning Outcomes

Unit 1.1: Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

1.1.1 Significance of Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

1.1.1 Significance of Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

Gem and Jewellery industry classification

Processing Manufacturing Retailing

Diamond Cast and Jewellery

1.1.1 Significance of Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

1.1.1 Significance of Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

Fig 1.1.1.2 Geographical Markets: Employment Zones in India

1.1.1 Significance of Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

Processing and Manufacturing Markets:

· Kolkata is renowned for handmade gold jewellery.

1.1.1 Significance of Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

Fig 1.1.1.3 Geographical Markets

1.1.1 Significance of Gem and Jewellery Sector in India

• Incremental human resource requirement (2013-17, 2017-22) and skill gaps.

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2022

· The sector is planning to to hire approximately 8.23 crore employees by 2022.

All facts and figures are based on research conducted by KPMG

Scan the QR Code to watch the related video or click on link

Unit 1.2: Objectives of the Course

1.2.1 Employment Opportunities for CAD Designers

Employment opportunities for CAD designers with skills are:-

1 Junior/Executive CAD designer in jewellery firm

3 CAD Design internee at the jewellery firm