UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.A. B.Sc. & B.Ed., Degree Examination
FIRST SEMESTER 2007/2008
MAT 341: Mathematical Methods I.
DATE / TIME: Monday 11th February, 2008 ; 12.00 - 14.30 Hours
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question ONE and any OTHER TWO Questions

1. (a)(i) Give the most general second order linear ordinary differential equation.

ii) Give conditions that guarantee the existence and uniqueness of solution of such an
equation.

iii) What does it mean to say that two solutions 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 are linearly independent? In
addition, give a condition which ensures this.

iv) Prove that if 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 are solutions in (i) and that if they have maxima or minima
at the same point interval, then they cannot be linearly independent solutions of the
equation on the said interval.
(b) (i) Let 𝑓 be a real-valued funtion on R+ = [0, ∞) with Laplace transform
L ( 𝑓 (𝑡)) = 𝐹 (𝑠). If  
𝑓 (𝑡)
lim
𝑡→0+ 𝑡
exists, show that   ∫ ∞
𝑓 (𝑡)
L = 𝐹 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑡 𝑠
ii) By the use of the result in (i), evaluate the integral
∫ ∞ 
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
0 𝑡

iii) By the use of the method of Laplace transform, solve the initial value problem
′′ 1
𝑡𝑦 − 𝑡𝑦′ − 2𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦′ (0) = (1.1)
2

2(a) Verify that the function 𝑦 1 = 𝑥 2 is a solution of the equation

′′
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦′ − 4𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 > 0 (2.1)

Find a second linearly independent solution.

2(b) If 𝑓 is a continuous real-valued function defined on R, show that a particular solution
of the equation ′′
𝑦 + 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) (2.2)
is given by ∫ 𝑥
1
𝑦 𝑝 (𝑥) = ( 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
𝑘 𝑥0
Hence, find the general solution of the equation.

1
3(a) Determine and classify the singular points of the equation
′′
(𝑡 2 − 1)𝑡 2 𝑦 − (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑡𝑦′ + (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑦 = 0 (3.1)

3(b) Determine two linearly independent series solution of equation (3.1) about the point
𝑡=0
4. Given that the Gauss’ hypergeometric equation
′′
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑦 + [𝑐 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)𝑥]𝑦′ − 𝑎𝑏𝑦 = 0 (4.1)

where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants, has the general solution

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑘 1 𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥) + 𝑘 2 𝑥 1−𝑐 𝐹 (𝑎 − 𝑐 + 1, 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 1, 2 − 𝑐, 𝑥)

near the singular point 𝑥 = 0 for constants 𝑘 1 , 𝑘 2 and

∞
∑︁ 𝑎(𝑎 + 1). . .(𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1)𝑏(𝑏 + 1). . .(𝑏 + 𝑛 − 1)
𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥𝑛
𝑛=1
𝑛! 𝑐(𝑐 + 1). . .(𝑐 + 𝑛 − 1)

1
i) Show that 𝐹 (1, 𝑏, 𝑏, 𝑥) =
1−𝑥
ii) Show that the differential equation
′′ 1
(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑦 + 𝑦′ + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 0 (4.2)
2
is of the hypergeometric type and fine the general solution near the point 𝑥 = 0.(you may
make a change of independent variable to 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑥 )

POA/poa/11th February, 2008.

2
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.A. B.Sc. & B.Ed., Degree Examination
FIRST SEMESTER 2011/2012
MAT 341: Mathematical Methods I.
SATURDAY, 14 July 2012. 8.00 - 10.15 Hours
INSTRUCTION: Answer THREE QUESTIONS WITH AT LEAST ONE
FROM EACH SECTION

SECTION A

1. (a) If the complementary solution of the differential equation

′′
𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦′ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥)

is 𝐴𝑢 1 (𝑥) + 𝐵𝑢 2 (𝑥). Show that its general solution is

∫ ∫
𝑅(𝑥)𝑢 1 (𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)𝑢 2 (𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑐 1 𝑢 1 (𝑥) + 𝑐 2 𝑢 2 (𝑥) + 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 (𝑢 1 , 𝑢 2 ) 𝑊 (𝑢 1 , 𝑢 2 )
where
𝑢 1 (𝑥) 𝑢 2 (𝑥)
𝑊 (𝑢 1 , 𝑢 2 ) = = 𝑢 1 (𝑥)𝑢′2 (𝑥) − 𝑢 2 (𝑥)𝑢′1 (𝑥)
𝑢′1 (𝑥) 𝑢′2 (𝑥)
(b) If 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 are linearly independent solutions of
′′
𝑡𝑦 + 2𝑦′ + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑦 = 0

and 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(2) = 2. Find the value of 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(5) where 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(𝑡) is the Wronskian
of functions 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 at the point 𝑡.
2. Given a differential equation
′′
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦′ − 4𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 (2.1)

(a) Show that 𝑥 2 is a solution of the associated homogeneous equation of (2.1)

(b) Determine the second linearly independent solution of the associated homogeneous
equation of (2.1)

(c) Hence, or otherwise determine the general solution of the equation (2.1)
3. (a) Solve the Hermite equation
′′
𝑥 − 2𝑡𝑥 ′ + 𝜆𝑥 = 0

in the neighbourhood of the origin and determine the interval of convergence of your
solution.

3
 (b) State the two singularities and outline a method of identifying the singularities of
the differential equation ′′
𝐹 (𝑡)𝑥 + 𝐺 (𝑡)𝑥 ′ + 𝐻 (𝑡)𝑥 = 0
where 𝐹, 𝐺 and 𝐻 need not be polynomials.

(c) Hence, determine the singularities of the differential equation

′′
4𝑡 2 𝑥 + 𝑡 (2𝑡 − 7)𝑥 ′ + 6𝑥 = 0

SECTION B

4. (a) Given that the general solution of the equation

′′
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑦 + [𝑐 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)𝑥] 𝑦′ − 𝑎𝑏𝑦 = 0,

where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants at the singular point 𝑥 = 0 is

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐 1 𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥) + 𝑐 2 𝑥 1−𝑐 𝐹 (𝑎 − 𝑐 + 1, 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 1, 2 − 𝑐, 𝑥)

for the hypergeometric function

∞
∑︁ 𝑎(𝑎 + 1). . .(𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1)𝑏(𝑏 + 1). . .(𝑏 + 𝑛 − 1)
𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥𝑛
𝑛=1
𝑛! 𝑐(𝑐 + 1). . .(𝑐 + 𝑛 − 1)

Find the general solution of the differential equation

′′ 1
(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑦 + 𝑦′ + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 0
2
near the singular point 𝑥 = 0, in terms of 𝐹, by changing the independent variable to
𝑡 = 𝑒𝑥
4. (b) Find the Laplace transform of the function 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑥) for constant 𝑎 > 0.

5. (a) Solve the differential equation

′′
𝑦 + 2𝑦′ + 5𝑦 = 3𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦′ (0) = 3

using the method of Laplace transform.

5. (b) Using the information given in (4a) above, show that
𝑎𝑏
𝐹 ′ (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥) = 𝐹 (𝑎 + 1, 𝑏 + 1, 𝑐 + 1, 𝑥)
𝑐

POA/GSL 2012

4
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.A. B.Sc. & B.Ed., Degree Examination
First Semester Examination 2013/2014 Session

MAT 341: Mathematical Methods I.

TUESDAY, 23 September 2014. 8.00 - 11.00 Hours
INSTRUCTION: Answer FOUR QUESTIONS with at least ONE from each
section

SECTION A

1. (a) Let 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 be two solutions of the equation

′′
𝑦 + 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦′ + 𝑟 (𝑥)𝑦 = 0 (1.1)
on the real interval 𝐼, where 𝑞 and 𝑟 are continuous functions on 𝐼. Determine a relation-
ship between the Wronskian of these solutions and the functions 𝑞(𝑥). Hence, show that
the Wronskian is either identically zero or never vanishing on 𝐼.

(b) Given that 𝐽0 (𝑥) is a solution of the equation

𝑥𝑦′′ + 𝑦′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0 (1.2)
show that a second linearly independent solution takes the form
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝐽0 (𝑥) .
𝑡 (𝐽0 (𝑡)) 2

2. Given that 𝑦 1 (𝑡) = 𝑡 2 is a solution of the complementary homogeneous equation of

the differential equation
𝑡 2 𝑦′′ + 𝑡𝑦′ − 4𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑡 > 0 (2.1)
Obtain the general solution using the method of variation of parameters.

SECTION B

3. (a) Determine the regular singular points of the Legendre differential equation

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦′′ (𝑥) − 2𝑥𝑦′ (𝑥) + 𝛼(𝛼 + 1)𝑦(𝑥) = 0 (3.1)

where 0 ≠ 𝛼 ∈ R.

(b) By making a change of variable 𝑡 = 𝑥 0 − 𝑥, 𝑥0 = 1, express the solution of the

differential equation (3.1) as power series using Frobenius method in 𝑡− space. Hence,
determine the Legendre polynomial of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥−space.
4. (a) Find the independent solutions of the Bessel’s differential equation
𝑥 2 𝑦′′ (𝑥) + 𝑥𝑦′ (𝑥) + (𝑥 2 − 𝜈 2 )𝑦(𝑥) = 0 (4.1)
where 𝜈 is a constant.

5
 (b) If 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝐽𝜈 (𝑥) is a solution of (4.1), show that
 
𝑑 −𝜈
𝑥 𝐽𝜈 (𝑥) = −𝑥 −𝜈 𝐽𝜈+1 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
.

SECTION C
5. (a) State the sufficient condition for the existence of Laplace transform of 𝑓 (𝑡).

(b) Given that the Laplace transform L{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝐹 (𝑠), prove that

L{U (𝑡 − 𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)

where U (𝑡 − 𝑎) is the Heaviside (Unit step) function defined as;

(
0, 𝑡 < 𝑎
U=
1, 𝑡 ≥ 𝑎

(c) Hence, find the Laplace transform of the function

4 𝑡<5
𝑡 ,


  
ℎ(𝑡) = 4 𝑡 1
 𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 10 − 2 , 𝑡 ≥ 5


6. (a) Solve using method of Laplace transform, the initial value problem

𝑡𝑦′′ − 𝑡𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 2; 𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦′ (0) = −4

(b) Solve the integral equation

∫ 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 3𝑡 + 𝑦(𝑢)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
0

Hint:
𝑛 𝑎
L{𝑡 𝑛 } = , L{𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)} = , L{ 𝑓 ★ 𝑔} = 𝐹 (𝑠)𝐺 (𝑠)
𝑠𝑛+1 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
L{ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝑛 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠𝑛−1 𝑓 (0) − 𝑠𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ (0) . . . − 𝑠 𝑓 𝑛−2 (0) − 𝑓 𝑛−1 (0)

6
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.A. B.Sc. & B.Ed., Degree Examination
First Semester Examination 2013/2014 Session
MAT 341: Mathematical Methods I
Monday, 27 July, 2015. 8:00 - 11:00am
INSTRUCTION: Write legible and correct answers to FOUR questions
ensuring that TWO are chosen from each section

SECTION A

1.(a)i. Consider the second order ordinary differential equation expressed unambigu-
ously and in explicit form:

𝑦′′ = 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑦, 𝑦′), 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼 = [𝑎, 𝑏] (1.1)

where 𝑓 : Ω(= 𝐼 ×Ω𝑜 ) −→ R; Ω, Ω𝑜 and 𝐼 being open subsets of R3 , R2 and R respectively

ii) If (1.1) is linear and has the form

𝑦′′ (𝑡) + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦′ (𝑡) + 𝑟 (𝑡)𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) (1.2)

(where 𝑞(𝑡), 𝑟 (𝑡) and 𝑠(𝑡) are rational functions). State the sufficient conditions that can
be imposed on these rational functions for the existence of a unique solution of (1.2)
satisfying 𝑦(𝑡 𝑜 ) = 𝑦 𝑜 , 𝑦′ (𝑡 𝑜 ) = 𝑦′𝑜 (𝑦 𝑜 , 𝑦′𝑜 being prescribed numbers)

(b) Starting from a non-trivial solution 𝑡 −→ exp 𝑡 of the homogeneous equation

𝑡𝑦′′ − (𝑡 + 1)𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0 (1.3)

Obtain a second solution for (1.3) and write down a formula for its general solution.
2.(a) Given that 𝑦 1 (𝑡) and 𝑦 2 (𝑡) constitute a fundamental set of solutions of homogeneous
equation associated with (1.2), prove that the particular solution, 𝑦 𝑝 (𝑡) of (1.2) is given
by ∫ ∫
𝑦 2 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡) 𝑦 1 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡)
𝑦 𝑝 (𝑡) = −𝑦 1 (𝑡) + 𝑦 2 (𝑡) (2.1)
𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 ) 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )
where 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 ) is the Wronskian of 𝑦 1 (𝑡) and 𝑦 2 (𝑡).

(b) Using the result (2.1). Find the particular and general solution respectively of

𝑦′′ − 5𝑦′ + 6𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡)

3(a) i. What considerations would you employ in determining ordinary and singular
points of the equation

7
 𝑃(𝑡)𝑦′′ + 𝑄(𝑡)𝑦′ + 𝑅(𝑡)𝑦 = 0 (3.1)
where 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are analytic functions.

ii) Find a power series solution of the following differential equation;

𝑦′′ − (𝑡 − 2)𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 0 (3.2)

in the neighbourhood of 𝑡 = 2.

(b) Discuss the nature of the solutions of the equation

2𝑡 2 𝑦′′ + 𝑡𝑦′ + (𝑡 2 − 3)𝑦 (3.3)

near the singular point 𝑡 = 0. Obtain a lower bound for the radius of convergence of any
series solution obtained in the process.
SECTION B
4.(a) When is a function said to be;

i) piecewise continuous on an interval,

ii) of exponential order, 𝑎 > 0?

iii) determine whether the following functions exp 𝑡 3 and exp 2𝑡 are of exponential order.

(b) Prove that if 𝐹 (𝑠) = L ( 𝑓 (𝑡))(𝑠) is the Laplace transform of a function 𝑓 , then

L ( 𝑓 ′′ (𝑡))(𝑠) = 𝑠2 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑓 (0) − 𝑓 ′ (0)

5.(a) A simple pendulum originally hanging in equilibrium is distributed by a force vary-

ing harmonically so that the equation of motion is

𝑦′′ + 𝜔2 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑡)
given that 𝑦 = 𝑦′ = 0 when 𝑡 = 0; Use method of Laplace transform to determine 𝑦 at any
time 𝑡, if 𝜔2 ≠ 𝑛2

(b) Evaluate each of the following by the use of the Convolution Theorem

 
1
i) L −1
(𝑠 + 𝑎 2 ) 2
2
 
1
ii) L −1
𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1) 2

8
6.(a) Given that
(
2𝑡, if 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑓 (𝑡) = (6.1)
𝑡, 𝑡 > 1

Find
i) L 𝑓 (𝑡)

ii) L 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)
iii) Does the result L ( 𝑓 ′ (𝑡))(𝑠) = 𝑠L 𝑓 (𝑡) − 𝑓 (0) hold in this case? Justify your answer.
(b) Solve the initial value problem using Laplace transform

𝑦′′ + 4𝑦′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡 − 3) + 4𝑡, 𝑦(3) = 0, 𝑦′ (3) = 7

9
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.A. B.Sc. & B.Ed., Degree Examination
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2015/2016 Session
MAT 341: MATHEMATICAL METHODS I.
MONDAY, 25 July 2016. 8.00 - 11.00 Hours.
INSTRUCTION: Answer TWO Questions from each section

SECTION A

1. Consider the second order linear ordinary differential equation (o.d.e.)

𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑥 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑥(𝑡) = 0 (1.1)

for 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, and 𝑝, 𝑞 continuous on 𝐼.

(a) Given that 𝑥1 (𝑡) and 𝑥 2 (𝑡) are solutions of (1.1), state their Wronskian, 𝑊 (𝑥 1 , 𝑥2 )(𝑡).
Show that 𝑊 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )(𝑡) are non-vanishing on 𝐼. Hence, find the Wronskian of two solutions
of
(1 − 𝑡 2 )𝑥 ′′ − 2𝑡𝑥 ′ + 𝛼(𝛼 + 1)𝑥 = 0.
(b) i. Suppose that 𝑥 1 (𝑡) is a given solution of (1.1). Obtain the second linearly inde-
pendent solution.

ii) Given that 𝑥1 (𝑡) is a solution of the linear o.d.e

𝑡 2 𝑥 ′′ − 𝑡 (𝑡 + 2)𝑥 ′ + (𝑡 + 2)𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 > 0 (1.2)

Obtain a second linearly independent solution 𝑥 2 (𝑡).

2.(a) If the functions 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑔 are continuous on an open interval 𝐼, and if the functions
𝑥 1 (𝑡) and 𝑥 2 (𝑡) are linearly independent solutions of the homogeneous equation (1.1)
corresponding to the non-homogeneous equation

𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑥 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑥(𝑡) (2.1)

for 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼. Show that the particular solution of (2.1) is

∫ 𝑡
{𝑥 2 (𝑡)𝑥 1 (𝑠) − 𝑥 1 (𝑡)𝑥 2 (𝑠)}
𝑋 (𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠.
𝑊 (𝑥 1 , 𝑥2 )(𝑠)
1
(b) Given that 𝑥1 (𝑡) = and 𝑥 2 (𝑡) = 𝑡 2 are two linearly independent solutions of
𝑡
2
𝑥 ′′ − 𝑥 = 0, 0 < 𝑡 < ∞ (2.2)
𝑡2
determine a particular solution of
2
𝑥 ′′ − 𝑥 = 𝑡, 0 < 𝑡 < ∞ (2.3)
𝑡2
3. Given a linear ordinary differential equation

𝑝(𝑡)𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑥 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑟 (𝑡)𝑥(𝑡) = 0 (3.1)

10
for 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, and 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 are continuous on 𝐼.

(a) What do you understand by

i) an ordinary point?
ii) a singular point?
iii) a rectangular point? of (3.1)
 
1 1 2
(b) The equation 𝑥 ′′ + 𝑝 + − 𝑡 𝑥 = 0, where 𝑝 is a constant, certainly has a series
2 4
solution of the form
∞
∑︁
𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑛
𝑛=0
Show that the coefficients are related by the three-term formula
1 1
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑎 𝑛+2 + ( 𝑝 + )𝑎 𝑛 − 𝑎 𝑛−2 = 0.
2 4
(c) In several problems in Mathematical Physics, it is necessary to study the differ-
ential equation
𝑡 (1 − 𝑡)𝑥 ′′ + [𝛾 − (1 + 𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑡]𝑥 ′ − 𝛼𝛽𝑥 = 0, (3.2)
where 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are constants.
i) Show that 𝑡 = 0 is a regular singular point and that the roots of the indicial
equation are 0 and 1 − 𝛾.
ii) Show that 𝑡 = 1 is a regular singular point and that the roots of the indicial
equation are 0 and 𝛾 − 𝛼 − 𝛽.
iii) Assuming that 1 − 𝛾 is not positive integer, show that, in the neighborhood of
𝑡 = 0, one solution of (3.2) is
𝛼𝛽 𝛼(𝛼 + 1) 𝛽(𝛽 + 1) 2
𝑥 1 (𝑡) = 1 + 𝑡+ 𝑡 +. . .
𝛾 2𝛾(𝛾 + 1)
SECTION B

4. (a) What do you understand by the hypergeometric function 𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥)?

Write in terms of 𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥) the general solution of the equation

𝑥(𝑥 − 1)𝑦′′ + [𝑐 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)𝑥] 𝑦′ − 𝑎𝑏𝑦 = 0

near the singular point 𝑥 = 0 for constants 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 where 𝑐 ≠ 0 or an integer.

(b) Using your answer above, determine the general solution of the equation

(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6)𝑦′′ − (5 + 3𝑥)𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 0

11
near the point 𝑥 = 3.
5. (a) With the hypergeometric function 𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥). Find the value of 𝐹 (1, 𝑏, 𝑏, 𝑐) as a
rational function of 𝑥, −1 < 𝑥 < 1.

(b) Define the Laplace transform of a real valued function 𝑓 on R+ = [0, ∞). If the
Laplace transform L ( 𝑓 (𝑡))(𝑠) = 𝐹 (𝑠) and lim𝑡→0 ( 𝑓 (𝑡)
𝑡 ) exists, show that
  ∫ ∞
𝑓 (𝑡)
L = 𝐹 (𝑠)𝑑𝑥
𝑡 0

Hence, evaluate the integral ∫ ∞

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
0 𝑡

6. (a) Give sufficient conditions for the existence of the laplace transform L ( 𝑓 (𝑡))(𝑠) of
a real valued function 𝑓 on R = [0, ∞).
Prove that if 𝐹 (𝑠) = L ( 𝑓 (𝑡))(𝑠) is the Laplace transform of the function 𝑓 , then

L ( 𝑓 ′′ (𝑡))(𝑠) = 𝑠2 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑓 (0) − 𝑓 ′ (0),

𝑑
where 𝑓 ′ =
𝑑𝑡

(b) By using the method of Laplace transform determine the solution of the differential
equation
𝑦′′ − 3𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 12𝑒 4𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦′ (0) = 0.

MOO, POA/poa @ UI, 2016

12
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.ED AND B.Sc DEGREE EXAMINATION
2017/2018 FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION
MAT 341 (MATHEMATICAL METHODS I
DATE: 20TH AUGUST 2018 TIME: 8:00am - 10:30am
SECTION A
INSTRUCTION: Answer only ONE QUESTION from this section.

1. (a) If 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 are two linearly independent solutions of the homogeneous equation
associated with the differential equation

𝑦′′ + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑦′ + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) (1.1)

where 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑔 are given continuous functions. By choosing the lower limit of integration
as the initial point 𝑡 𝑜 . Show that the solution of the non-homogeneous equation (1.1) ,
𝑌 (𝑡) is given by ∫ 𝑡
𝑦 1 (𝑠)𝑦 2 (𝑡) − 𝑦 1 (𝑡)𝑦 2 (𝑠)
𝑌 (𝑡) = ′ ′ 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 (1.2)
𝑡 𝑜 𝑦 1 (𝑠)𝑦 2 (𝑠) − 𝑦 1 (𝑠)𝑦 2 (𝑠)

10 marks
(b) Determine the two linearly independent solutions of the differential equation

𝑦′′ (𝑡) + 𝑦(𝑡) = 0

5 marks
(c) Hence, use the result in (1.2) to show that the solution of the differential equation

𝑦′′ (𝑡) + 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡)

is given by ∫ 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡 − 𝑠)𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡𝑜

5 marks
2. (a) When is a set of {𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 , . . . , 𝑦 𝑛 } of solutions of the differential equation

𝑦′′ + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑦′ + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦 = 0 (2.1)

is said to form a fundamental set of solutions

2 marks
(b) If 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 are solutions of the second order linear differential equation (2.1), where
𝑝 and 𝑞 are continuous on an open interval 𝐼, show that the Wronskian, 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(𝑡) is
given by  ∫ 
𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒𝑥 𝑝 − 𝑝(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

where 𝑐 is a constant which depends on 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 but not on 𝑡 and either 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(𝑡) is
zero for all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼 or else never zero in 𝐼.
12 marks

13
 (c) If the Wronskian of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is

𝑊 ( 𝑓 , 𝑔)(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

and if 𝑢 = 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑣 = 𝑓 − 𝑔. Find the Wronskian of 𝑢 and 𝑣.

6 marks
3. (a) Define the following terms of the differential equation

𝑃(𝑥)𝑦′′ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦′ + 𝑅(𝑥)𝑦 = 0 (3.1)

i) Ordinary points
ii) Regular Singular point
iii) Irregular Singular point of (3.1)
6 marks
b. (i) Determine and classify the singular points of the equation

2(𝑥 − 2) 2 𝑥𝑦′′ + 3𝑥𝑦′ + (𝑥 − 2)𝑦 = 0

4 marks
(ii) Determine whether the power series about 𝑥 = 2 exist for the differential equation

(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦′′ − 2𝑦′ + 5𝑥𝑦 = 0

4 marks
and predict the set of values for which the series is guaranteed to converge.
(c) Given that 𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑥) = ∞
Í
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑜 ) is a solution of the given initial value problem
𝑛

𝑦′′ + 𝑥𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦′ (0) = 0

Determine the first five coefficients of the solution without solving the initial value prob-
lem.
6 marks

SECTION B
INSTRUCTION: Answer all questions in this section

4. (a) Given the hypergeometric differential equation

𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑦′′ + [𝑐 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)𝑥] 𝑦′ − 𝑎𝑏𝑦 = 0 (4.1)

where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants

i) Show that 𝑥 = 0 is a regular singular point of (4.1)
2 marks
ii) Show that the indical roots of the equation near 𝑥 = 0 are 0 and 1 − 𝑐
4 marks

14
iii) Show that a solution near 𝑥 = 0 with exponent 0, is given by 𝑦 = 𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥)
7 marks
where
∞
∑︁ 𝑎(𝑎 + 1). . .(𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1)𝑏(𝑏 + 1). . .(𝑏 + 𝑛 − 1) 𝑛
𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 (4.2)
𝑛=1
𝑛!𝑐(𝑐 + 1)(𝑐 + 2). . .(𝑐 + 𝑛 − 1)
(b) i. Transform the differential equation
(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑦′′ + (1 + 5𝑥)𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0 (4.3)
into an hypergeometric equation of the form (4.1)
6 marks
ii) Hence, using (4.2), determine a solution of the differential equation (4.3) near 𝑥 = 0
5. (a) Given that the Laplace transform of 𝑓 (𝑡), L{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝐹 (𝑠), show that

i)
L{ 𝑓 (𝑡 − 𝑎)U (𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)
where (
1, 𝑡 > 𝑎
U (𝑡 − 𝑎) =
0, 𝑡 < 𝑎
7 marks
ii)
L{𝑡 𝑛 𝑓 (𝑡))} = (−1) 𝑛 = 𝐹 𝑛 (𝑠), 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, . . .
where 𝐹 𝑛 (𝑠) is the 𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative of 𝐹
7 marks
(b) Solve using the Laplace transform, the system of differential equations
𝑦′1 = −6𝑦 1 + 4𝑦 2
𝑦′2 = −4𝑦 1 + 4𝑦 2
𝑦 1 (0) = −2 , 𝑦 2 (0) = −7
7 marks
(c) Solve using the Laplace transform
𝑦′′ + 3𝑦′ = 4𝑦 = 6𝑒 2 (𝑡−1) , 𝑦(1) = 4 , 𝑦′ (1) = 5
7 marks
Table: Some functions 𝑓 (𝑡) and their Laplace transforms L{ 𝑓 (𝑡)}

𝑓 (𝑡) L{ 𝑓 (𝑡)}
1
1
𝑠
𝑛!
𝑡𝑛
𝑠𝑛+1
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎
GSL - U.I 2018

15
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
B.A. B.SC. & B.Ed., Degree Examination
2018/ 2019 FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION
MAT 341(MATHEMATICAL METHOD I
DATE: MONDAY, 7TH OCTOBER 2019 TIME: 8AM - 11:00AM
INSTRUCTION: Answer ANY TWO questions from SECTION A and ONLY
ONE question from SECTION B

SECTION A

1. (a) Consider the non-homogeneous second order linear differential equation

𝑦′′ + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑦′ + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) (1.1.1)

where the functions 𝑝, 𝑞, and 𝑔 are continuous on an open interval 𝐼. If 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 form
a fundamental set of solutions of the corresponding homogeneous equation

𝑦′ + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑦′ + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦 = 0 (1.1.2)

show that the particular solution of (1.1.1) is

∫ 𝑡 ∫ 𝑡
𝑦 2 (𝑠)𝑔(𝑠) 𝑦 1 (𝑠)𝑔(𝑠)
𝑌 (𝑡) = −𝑦 1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑦 2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑜 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(𝑠) 𝑡 𝑜 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(𝑠)

(b) Show that if 𝑃 is differentiable and 𝑃(𝑡) > 0, then the Wronskian of two solutions,
𝑊 (𝑡) of
[𝑃(𝑡)𝑦′] ′ + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦 = 0
is
𝐶
𝑊 (𝑡) =
𝑃(𝑡)
where 𝐶 is a constant.
2. (a) If {𝑦 1 (𝑡), 𝑦 2 (𝑡)} form a fundamental set of solutions for the differential equation

𝑦′′ + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦′ + 𝑟 (𝑡)𝑦 = 0

Show that ∫ 𝑥
∫ 𝑡 −𝑞(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑦 2 (𝑡) 𝐶𝑒
= 𝐴+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 (𝑡) 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 21 (𝑥)
(b) Given that 𝑦 1 = 𝑡 −1 is a solution of

2𝑡 2 𝑦′′ + 3𝑡𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 0, 𝑡 > 0

Find a fundamental set of solutions for the differential equation.

3. (a) Define the following terms:
i) Ordinary point,
ii) Regular singular point,
iii) Irregular singular point of the differential equation

𝐴(𝑡)𝑦′′ + 𝐵(𝑡)𝑦′ + 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑦 = 0

16
 (b) Determine whether the power series solution about 𝑡 = 2, exist for the differential
equation
(𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 13)𝑦′′ − 2𝑦′ + 5𝑡𝑦 = 0
and predict the set of values for which the series is guaranteed to converge if it exists

. (c) Solve the differential equation

𝑡 2 𝑦′′ + 𝑡𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 0
about the point 𝑡 = 2
SECTION B
4. (a) Given a differential equation
𝑡 (𝑡 − 1)𝑦′′ + [𝑐 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)𝑡]𝑦′ − 𝑎𝑏𝑦 = 0 (4.1.1)
where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants.
i) Determine and classify the singular points of (4.1.1)

ii) Show that the indicial roots of (4.1.1) are 0 and 1 − 𝑐 near 𝑡 = 0.
iii) Show that if the indicial roots is 0, then the recursion formula is given by
(𝑎 + 𝑛)(𝑏 + 𝑛)
𝑎 𝑛+1 = 𝑎𝑛
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑐 + 𝑛)
iv) Show that by setting 𝑎 𝑜 = 1, a solution of (4.1.1) is given by
𝑎𝑏 𝑎(𝑎 + 1)𝑏(𝑏 + 1) 2 𝑎(𝑎 + 1)(𝑎 + 2)𝑏(𝑏 + 1)(𝑏 + 2) 3
𝑦 =1+ 𝑡+ 𝑡 + 𝑡 +. . . (4.1.2)
1.𝑐 1.2𝑐(𝑐 + 1) 1.2.3𝑐(𝑐 + 1)(𝑐 + 2)
b) Hence use the result (4.1.2) to determine a solution of the differential equation
 
′′ 3
𝑡 (1 − 𝑡)𝑦 + − 2𝑡 𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 0
2
near 𝑡 = 0
5. (a) If the Laplace transform of 𝑓 (𝑡), L{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} is 𝐹 (𝑠). Show that,
i) L{𝑡 𝑛 𝑓 (𝑡)} = (−1) 𝑛 𝐹 𝑛 (𝑠), 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, . . .
ii) L{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝐹 (𝑠 − 𝑎)

𝑠2 + 3𝑠 + 2
(b) Determine the Laplace inverse of
𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠 − 3

(c) Use Laplace transform to find the solutions of the differential equation
𝑦′′ + 2𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 0
satisfying the initial conditions 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦′ (0) = −3
𝑠 𝑎
L{𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡} = 2 2
, L{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡} = 2
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 + 𝑎2
GSL U.I 2019

17
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
FIRST SEMESTER 2020/2021 SESSION
MAT 341: MATHEMATICAL METHODS I JUNE 16, 2021
Instruction: Answer All Questions Time Allowed: 45 minutes

1. (a) Consider the Legendre differential equation

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦′′ − 2𝑥𝑦′ + 𝛼(𝛼 + 1)𝑦 = 0, 𝑎 ∈ R\{0}

Locate the following points on the differential equation

i) Ordinary points, ii) singular points, iii) regular singular points, iv) irregular singular
points.

b) Find the series solution of the Legendre differential equation

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦′′ − 2𝑥𝑦′ + 6𝑦 = 0, about the origin 𝑥 𝑜 = 0

2. (a) State and prove the Convolution Theorem for Laplace Transformation.
(b) Solve the following integral equation by using Laplace transform.
∫ 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡) + 𝑦(𝜏)𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏.
0

18
 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
FIRST SEMESTER 2020/2021 SESSION
MAT 341: MATHEMATICAL METHODS I MON. 19TH JULY, 2021.
Instruction: Answer Any FOUR Questions Time Allowed: 2hours

1. (a) Let 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 are two linearly independent solutions of the second order ordinary
differential equation (ode)
𝑦′′ + 𝑎(𝑥)𝑦′ + 𝑏(𝑥)𝑦 = 0.
Define the Wronskian of 𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 ; 𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )

Show that the Wronskian of 𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 ;

𝑊 (𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 )(𝑥) ≠ 0, ∀𝑥 ∈ R
(b) Verify that 𝑦 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 is a solution of
𝑥𝑦′′ − 𝑦′ + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 = 0.
Obtain the second linearly independent solution and use the variation of parameters to
obtain a general solution of
𝑥𝑦′′ − 𝑦′ + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3
[15Marks]
2. (a) Consider a second order differential equation
𝑃(𝑥)𝑦′′ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦′ + 𝑅(𝑥)𝑦 = 0,
when is a point 𝑥 𝑜 said to be
i) ordinary point, ii) singular point, iii) regular singular point, iv) irregular singular
point.
Locate these points for the differential equation
2(𝑥 − 2) 2 𝑦′′ + 2𝑥𝑦′ + (𝑥 − 2)𝑦 = 0.
(b) Find a series solution of the equation
𝑦′′ − 2𝑥𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 0,
in the neighbourhood of 𝑥 𝑜 = 0.
Hence, show that the solution yields a Hermite Polynomial 𝐻1 (𝑥).
[15Marks]
3. (a) Use the Frobenius method to obtain the indicial equation for the ordianry differ-
ential equation
𝑦′′ + 𝑎(𝑥)𝑦′ + 𝑏(𝑥)𝑦 = 0
about a regular singular point 𝑥 𝑜 = 0.

(b) Find a series solution of

𝑥 2 𝑦′′ + 𝑥𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0,
near a regular singular point 𝑥 𝑜 = 0.

19
 [15Marks]
4. (a) State and prove the Translation theorem of Laplace transformation.
Hence prove by Mathematical induction,
𝑛!
L (𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 )(𝑠) = , 𝑠 > 𝑎, ∀𝑛 ∈ N.
(𝑠 − 𝑎) 𝑛+1
(b) Prove that the Laplace transformation is a linear transformation.
Hence show that 𝑎
L (sinh 𝑎𝑡)(𝑠) = 2 , 𝑠 > |𝑎|.
𝑠 − 𝑎2
[15Marks]
5. (a) Let 𝑓 , 𝑔 be two functions in L (R+ , ) define the convolution of 𝑓 and 𝑔, 𝑓 ★ 𝑔.
State the convolution theorem for the Laplace transformation.
If 𝑓 ★ 𝑔 denotes the convolution of 𝑓 and 𝑔, show that
i) 𝑓 ★ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ★ 𝑓 ii) 𝑓 ★ (𝑔 + ℎ) = ( 𝑓 ★ 𝑔) + ( 𝑓 ★ ℎ).

b. (i) Use the convolution theorem to find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹 (𝑠), if
𝑠
𝐹 (𝑠) =
(𝑠2 + 1) 2
ii) Solve the following integral equation by using Laplace transform
∫ 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 + 𝑦(𝜏)𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏.
0

[15Marks]
6. (a) Solve the following initial value problem (IVP) by Laplace transformation,

𝑦′′ − 2𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦′ (0) = 0.

(b) Solve the following pair of ordinary differential equations by Laplace transforma-
tion.
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ,
𝑑𝑡

given that at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0.
[15Marks]
MOO @ UI 2021

20
 MAT 341
Tutorial 1

1. Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 are linearly independent solutions of the differential
equation
𝑥𝑦′′ − 𝑦′ + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 = 0
Show that their wronskian vanishes at 𝑥 = 0, but is not identically zero. Why does this
not contradict Theorem (1.19)

2. In the following problems verify that the functions 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 are solutions of the
given differential equations and determine in what intervals they form a fundamental set
of solutions (Two solutions are said to form a fundamental set of solution if they are
linearly independent)
(a) 𝑦′′ + 𝜆2 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑥, 𝑦 2 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑥 for a real constant 𝜆.
(b) 𝑥 2 𝑦′′ − 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)𝑦′ + (𝑥 + 2)𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑦 2 (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
(c) 𝑦′′ − 2𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 2 (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
3. Prove that if 𝑦 1 and 𝑦 2 have maxima or minima at the same point on an interval,
then they cannot form a fundamental set of solutions on that interval.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
Tutorial II MAT 341

1. Use the method of reduction of order to find the general solution of each of the following
equations from the given  solution 𝑦 1 (𝑥). Indicate the interval of validity of solution.
1 1
i) 𝑥 2 𝑦′′ + 𝑥𝑦′ + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
4

ii) (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦′′ − 2𝑥𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑥

iii) 𝑥 2 𝑦′′ + 𝑥𝑦′ − 4𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2

𝑧 ′ 1
iv) 𝑦′′ − 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑧−1 𝑥−1
v) 𝑥𝑦′′ − (2𝑥 + 1)𝑦′ + (𝑥 + 1)𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥

vi) 𝑥𝑦′′ − (2𝑥 + 1)𝑦′ + 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥

vii) 𝑥 2 𝑦′′ + 2𝑥𝑦′ = 0, 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 1
2) Find the general solution of the following D.E given the solutions 𝑦 1 (𝑥).
i) 𝑥 2 𝑦′′ − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑦′ + (𝑥 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑥
ii) 𝑥𝑦′′ + 2(1 − 𝑥)𝑦′ + (𝑥 − 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥

iii) 𝑥𝑦′′ + (𝑥 + 1)𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦1 = 𝑥 + 1

iv) (1 − 𝑥)𝑦′′ + 𝑥𝑦′ − 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥) 2 , 𝑦1 = 𝑥
v) Show that a particular solution of the equation 𝑦′′ + 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) is given by
∫
1 𝑥
𝑦 𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
𝑘 𝑥𝑜

vi) Given that 𝐽𝑜 (𝑥) is a solution of the equation 𝑥𝑦′′ + 𝑦′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0.

Show that a second solution takes the form
∫
𝑑𝑥
𝐽𝑜 (𝑥)
𝑥 [𝐽𝑜 (𝑥)] 2
1
vii) Given that 𝑦 1 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is a solution of Bessels equation of order one-half
 
2 ′′ ′ 2 1
𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 > 0
4
Find the general solution of the equation
 
2 ′′ ′ 2 1 1
𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 > 0
4

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