AEN 302 Practical manual

AEN 302
PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS

AND STORED PRODUCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
(1+1)
PRACTICAL MANUAL CUM RECORD
Dr. S. JEYARANI
Dr. E. SUMATHI
Dr. B. VINOTHKUMAR
Dr.K. SENGUTTUVAN
Dr. N. SATHIAH
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

CENTRE FOR PLANT PROTECTION STUDIES
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE
2022
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of work done by
Mr./Ms............................................................ I.D.No. ............................... of
3 rd year B.Sc.(Hons.) Agri., for the course AEN 302 PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL
CROPS AND STORED PRODUCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT (1+1) offered
during the VI Semester of 2022.
COURSE TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
REARING :
INSECT COLLECTION :
HERBARIUM :
INDEX
Name : __________________________ I.D. No. ________________
Date of
Ex. No. Date Title Signature
submission
1. Pests of Brinjal, Bhendi and Tomato
2. Pests of Chillies, Onion, Garlic, Moringa and

Amaranthus
3. Pests of Crucifers and Cucurbits
4. Pests of Mango, Citrus and Sapota
5. Pests of Banana, Grapevine and Guava
6. Pests of Pomegranate, Aonla and Papaya
7. Pests of Jack, Pine apple, Custard apple, Ber

and Apple
8. Pests of Potato, Sweet potato, Tapioca, Yam

and Colocasia
9. Pests of Coconut and Arecanut
10. Pests of Coffee and Tea
11. Pests of Cashew, Cocoa and Betelvine
12. Pests of Turmeric, Ginger and Coriander
13. Pests of Cardamom, Pepper, Curry leaf and

Tamarind
14. Pests of Rose, Jasmine, Crossandra,

Chrysanthemum, Tuberose and Cut flowers
15. Pests of Gloriosa, Coleus, Phyllanthus,

Aswagantha, Senna and Periwinkle
16. Pests of Lawn and stored products

Ex.No.1 PESTS OF BRINJAL, BHENDI AND TOMATO
Date:
BRINJAL
1. Shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Crambidae Lepidoptera
2. Stemborer Euzophera perticella Pyralidae Lepidoptera
3. Hadda / spotted beetle Henosepilachna dodecastigma, Coccinellidae Coleoptera
H. vigintioctopunctata,
H. demurille, H. implicata
4. Ash weevils Myllocerus subfasciatus, Curculionidae Coleoptera
M. discolor, M. viridanus,
M. maculosus
5. Brown leafhopper Cestius phycitis (Hishimonas Cicadellidae Hemiptera
phycitis)
6. Aphid Aphis gossypii Aphididae Hemiptera
7 Lacewing bug Urentius hystricellus Tingidae Hemiptera
8. Leafhopper Amrasca devastans Cicadellidae Hemiptera
9. Mealy bug Coccidohystrix insolitus Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
10. Pod bug Anoplecnemis phasiana Coreidae Hemiptera
11. Cow bug Tricentrus bicolor Membracidae Hemiptera
12. Thrips Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella Thripidae Thysanoptera
schultzei, Scirtothrips dorsalis
13. Hard Scales Aonidiella aurantii, Diaspididae Hemiptera
Aspidiotus destructor
14. Soft scale Parasaissetia nigra Coccidae Hemiptera
15. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci, Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
Aleurodicus dispersus
16. Spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus Tetranychidae Acari
17. Budworm Scrobipalpa (Phthorimaea) Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
blapsigona
18. Leaf roller Antoba olivacea Noctuidae Lepidoptera
19. Leaf webber Herpetogramma bipunctalis Pyralidae Lepidoptera
20. Sphingid Acherontia styx, A. lachesis Sphingidae Lepidoptera
21. Leaf Miner Scrobipalpa blapsigona Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
22. Hairy caterpillar Selepa celtis Noctuidae Lepidoptera
23. Grasshoppers Atractomorpha crenulata, Acrididae Orthoptera
Oxya japonica,
Poekilocerus pictus
24. Termite Trinervitermes biformis, Termitidae Isoptera
Microtermes sp
I BORERS
1. Shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis; F: Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
General symptoms of damage are withered terminal shoots, bore holes on shoots plugged with
excreta, shedding of flower buds, drying of leaves due to boring on petioles by larvae. Larva is pink in
colour. Adult is medium sized moth with forewings having black and brown patches and dots. Hind
wings are opalescent with black dots.
2. Stem borer, Euzophera perticella; F: Pyralidae; O: Lepidoptera
Stunted growth, withering and wilting of plants. Bore holes on stem and leaf axils are covered
with excreta. Infestation is caused by larva. Larva is yellowish or light brown with red head. Moth is
greyish brown, forewings with transverse lines and white hindwings.
© Dr. S. Jeyarani, Dr. E. Sumathi, Dr. B. Vinothkumar, Dr. K. Senguttuvan and Dr. N. Sathiah
Department of Agricultural Entomology, AC&RI, TNAU, Coimbatore 2022 Page 1
II LEAF FEEDERS
3. Spotted beetle (or) Hadda beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, H. demurille,
H. implicata; F: Coccinellidae; O: Coleoptera
Both grubs and adults feed by scrapping chlorophyll from epidermal layers of leaves which get
skeletonized and gradually dry up. Grub is yellowish in colour and stout with spines all over the body.
Adult is spherical, pale brown and mottled with black spots (6 or 14) on each elytra.
4. Ash weevils, Myllocerus sp.; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
Adults cause notching of leaf margins. Grubs feed on roots resulting in wilting of plants. Grub
is small, apodous and white in colour. Adult: M. subfasciatus: Brown; M. discolor: Brown with white
spots; M. viridanus: Small light green weevil
III. SAP FEEDERS
5. Brown leafhopper, Cestius phycitis (Hishimonas phycitis); F: Cicadellidae; O: Hemiptera
Small light brown leafhopper. Both nymphs and adults suck plant sap and serve as vector of
little leaf disease.
6. Aphid, Aphis gossypii; F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause stunted growth, gradual drying resulting in
death of the plants. Development of black sooty mould due to the excretion of honey dew. The aphids
are greenish brown, soft bodied and small insects. The alate as well as apterous females multiply
parthenogenitically and viviparously. A single female may produce 8-22 nymphs in a day which
become adults in about 7-9 days. They are often attended by ants for the sweet honey dew secretion.
Winged forms may be seen under crowded conditions.
7. Lacewing bug, Urentius hystricellus; F: Tingidae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves resulting in yellowing. Affected leaves are
covered with exuviae and excreta. Adult is straw coloured dorsally and dark brown to blackish ventrally.
Pronotum and the forewings are reticulate.
BHENDI
1. Shoot and fruit borer Earias vittella, E. insulana Nolidae Lepidoptera
2. Fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera
3. Leaf roller Sylepta derogata Crambidae Lepidoptera
4. Semiloopers Anomis flava, Noctuidae Lepidoptera
Xanthodes graellsii,
Tarache nitidula
5. Jassids Amrasca devastans Cicadellidae Hemiptera
7 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
8. Red spider mite Tetranychus urticae Tetranychidae Acari
9. Stem weevil Pempherulus affinis Curculionidae Coleoptera
10. Shoot weevil Alcidodes affaber Curculionidae Coleoptera
11. Pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa Agromyzidae Diptera
12. Grasshoppers Poekilocerus pictus, Acrididae Orthoptera
Oxya japonica
14. Red cotton bug Dysdercus koenigii Pyrrhocoridae Hemiptera
15. Dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Lygaeidae Hemiptera
16. Mealy bug Ferrisia virgata Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
17. Soft scale Saissetia coffeae, Coccidae Hemiptera
Parasaissetia nigra Diaspididae
18. Leaf weevil Myllocerus sp. Curculionidae Coleoptera
19. Leaf miner Trachys herilla Buprestidae Coleoptera
20. Chafer beetle Oxycetonia versicolor Cetonidae Coleoptera
21. Blister beetle Mylabris pustulata Meloidae Coleoptera
BORERS
1. Shoot and fruit borer
Spotted bollworm, Earias vittella; F: Noliidae; O: Lepidoptera
Spiny bollworm, Earias insulana; F: Nolidae; O: Lepidoptera
The symptoms of attack are terminal shoots wither and droop, shedding of buds, flowers fruits
eaten and seeds discoloured. The larva of E. vittella is chocolate brown with dorsum showing a white
median longitudinal streak. In E. insulana: the last 2 thoracic segments and all the abdominal segments
have two pairs of fleshy tubercles. Adults of E. vittella are buff coloured small moth, forewings buff coloured
with a green wedge in the middle. Adults of E. insulana are buff coloured small moths and the forewings are
uniformly green.
2. Bhendi fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
The larvae cause regular circular boreholes on fruits, presence of granular faecal pellets
outside the bore hole. Larva is seen hanging in the borehole with head and part of the abdomen thrust
inside fruit. The larva is stout, light pink caterpillar and the adults are pale brown with yellow marking on
forewings and white hindwings.
DEFOLIATORS
1. Leaf roller, Sylepta derogata; F: Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
Leaves rolled in the form of trumpets and fastened by silken threads, defoliation. The larva is green,
glistening with dark head and prothoracic shield. The adults are medium sized, yellowish wings with
brown wavy markings.
2. Semiloopers: Anomis flava, Xanthodes graellsii, Tarache nitidula; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
The larva causes defoliation leaving only the midribs. The larva of A. flava is green with five
white longitudinal lines and red prolegs; X.graellsii - Green with a pair of horse-shoe shaped black mark
on each segment and black warts on the abdomen; T.nitidula – Dark brown caterpillar. Adults of A.flava
is medium sized, brown moth; forewings reddish-brown provided with dark coloured zig-zag bands.
Hindwings are light brown; X.graellsii – yellowish with a brown streak; T.nitidula - Stout and white moth
with black spots.
SUCKING PESTS
1. Leafhopper / Jassid, Amrasca devastans; F: Cicadellidae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause yellowing of leaves, crinkling, backward curling of
leaves, bronzing and hopper burn. Plants become stunted. Nymphs are light green, translucent,
wingless and wedge shaped and adults are slender green and wedge shaped insects.
Due to aphids damage, the young plants become weak, leaf curl up and wither. Adults are soft,
yellow, exist both in winged and wingless forms. Both forms reproduce parthenogenetically and are
viviparous.
3. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; F: Aleyrodidae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause yellowing and curling of leaves. Plants become
stutnted. Secrete honeydew which lead to sooty mould formation. Nymphs are oval and greenish
yellow. Adults are minute with yellow body and hyaline wings dusted with a waxy powder. It transmits
yellow vein clearing mosaic virus (YVMV).
4. Red spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae: Acari)
Nymphs and adults feed on ventral leaf surface, under protective cover of fine silken webs. As
a result of their feeding numerous yellow spots appear on dorsal surface of leaves. Affected leaves
gradually start curling, finally wrinkled and crumpled.
Adult: Ovate, reddish brown.
TOMATO
2. South American tomato Tuta absoluta Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
pinworm/ tomato leaf miner
3. Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae Diptera
4. Leaf eating caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera
5. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
6. Thrips Thrips tabaci, Thripidae Thysanopte
Frankliniella schultzi ra
7. Fruit sucking moth Eudocima (Othreis) materna Noctuidae Lepidoptera
E.phalonia
E.homaena
8. Spotted leaf beetle Henosepilachna Coccinellidae Coleoptera
vigintioctopunctata
9. Cabbage green semilooper Trichoplusia ni Noctuidae Lepidoptera
10. Aphid Aphis gossypii, Aphididae Hemiptera
Myzus persicae
11. Leaf hopper Amrasca devastans Cicadellidae Homoptera
12. Stem borer Euzophera perticella, Pyralidae Lepidoptera
Phthorimaea operculella Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
13 Red spider mite Tetranychus urticae Tetranychidae Acarina
I BORER
1. Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Young larva feeds on tender foliage and from fourth instar onwards infests fruits. They make
circular holes and thrust only a part of their body inside fruit and eat inner contents. Young larva is
yellowish white but gradually becomes green. Full-grown larva is apple green in colour with white and
dark grey-brown longitudinal lines and sparse short hairs. Adult is a light brown and medium sized moth
with dull black border.
II. LEAF FEEDER
2. South American tomato pinworm/ tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, F: Gelechiidae
O: Lepidoptera
Larvae feed on leaves, stems, buds, calyces, young fruit or ripe fruit. Freshly hatched larvae
are light yellow or green and only 0.5 mm in length. As they mature, larvae develop a darker green
color and a characteristic dark band posterior to the head capsule. The adults are silvery brown, 5-7
mm long.
3. Serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii; F: Agromyzidae; O: Diptera
Leaves are often with serpentine mines followed by drying and dropping of leaves due to
infestation. Larva is orange yellowish and apodous. Adult is pale yellow fly.
4. Leaf eating caterpillar, Spodoptera litura; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
The first instar larvae feed gregariously on the leaf by scrapping the epidermal layer, leaving the
skeleton of veins. The skeletonized leaf may dry up. Then, the larvae move to other leaves and feed
voraciously. Larvae also feed on young fruits.
Larva: Pale greenish with dark markings; yellow and purplish spots in the sub marginal areas;
gregarious in the early stages.
Adult: Moth with wavy white markings on the brown forewings. Hindwings are white with a brown patch
along the margin.
III. SUCKING PESTS
5. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; F: Aleyrodidae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause white chlorotic spots on leaves. Nymphs and
adults secrete honeydew, which lead to sooty mould formation. Nymphs are oval and greenish yellow.
Adults are minute with yellow body and hyaline wings dusted with a waxy powder.
6. Thrips: Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella schultzi; F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
Both nymph and adult lacerate the tissue and suck the sap from the upper and lower surface of
leaves and in cases of severe infestation they curl up and become crumpled. Silvery patches on the
lower surface of leaves can be seen in early stages of attack.
Frankliniella schultzi - Vector of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus.
Adults are small, slender, yellowish to brown with fringed wings and drift away on disturbance.
Nymphs are very minute, slender, yellowish and microscopic.
7. Fruit sucking moths, Eudocima (Othreis) materna, E. phalonia, E.homaena F:Noctuidae;
O: Lepidoptera
Adults suck the juice by piercing the fruits. Infested fruits will shrink, shrivel, rot and ultimately
drop down, causing direct loss to harvestable produce. Larva feeds on the leaves of the creeper weed
Tinospora cardifolia and Cocculus sp.
Larva: Semilooper with orange blue and yellow spots on velvetty dark speckled body. Moth:
Stout built; with grey and orange coloured wings. E. materna: Three black spots on forewings and
circular marking on hind wing. E. phalonia: Tripod black mark on the forewings and curved marking on
the hind wings. E.homaena: Green stripe on the forewings and curved marking on the hind wings.
Ex.No. 2. PESTS OF CHILLIES, ONION, GARLIC, MORINGA AND AMARANTHUS
Date:
CHILLIES
1. Chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae Thysanoptera

2. Aphid Aphis gossypii, Aphididae Hemiptera
Myzus persicae
3. Muranai mite/ Broad Polyphagotarsonemus latus Tarsonemidae Acarina
mite/ yellow mite
4. Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera
6. Stem borer Euzophera perticella Phycitidae Lepidoptera
7. Cut worm Agrotis ipsilon Noctuidae Lepidoptera
1. Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis; F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera

Leaves become crinkled, curled upward and shed. Buds become brittle and drop down. Plants
get stunted and bronzed. Nymphs and adults are tiny, slender, fragile and straw yellow in colour.
2. Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae; F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Leaves get curled and crinkled coated with honeydew and sooty mould. Plants remain stunted.
Adult is green in colour.
Aphis gossypii also attack which is yellow in colour.
3. Muranai mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, F: Tarsonemidae; O: Acarina
Down ward curling and crinkling of leaves due to sucking of sap by nymphs and adults followed
by development of blister patches and petiole elongation. Adult is tiny, oval, glossy or whitish mite.
4. Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Young larvae scrap the leaves on ventral side. Grown-up caterpillar completely defoliates.
Larvae also feed on young fruits. Larva is pale greenish brown with dark markings. Yellow and purplish
spots are seen on the submarginal areas. Adult is stout moth with wavy white markings on the brown
forewings and white hindwings are having a brown patch along its margin.
5. Fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Young larvae feed on tender foliage and from fourth instar onwards attacks fruits. They bore
circular holes and thrust only a part of their body inside fruit and eat inner contents. Freshly hatched
larva is yellowish white but gradually become green. Full-grown larva is apple green in colour with white
and dark grey-brown longitudinal lines and sparse short hairs. Adult is light brown and medium sized
moth with dull black border.
6. Stem borer, Euzophera perticella; F: Phycitidae; O: Lepidoptera
Stunted growth, withering and wilting of plants, stem and leaf axils covered with excreta
covering bore holes are the infestation caused by the larvae. Larva is yellowish or light brown with red
head. Moth is with greyish brown forewings having transverse lines and white hind wings.
7. Cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
The greasy cut worms come out during night and cut the seedlings at ground level and eat
tender leaves.
ONION & GARLIC
1. Onion thrips Thrips tabaci Thripidae Thysanoptera
2. Onion fly Delia antiqua Anthomyiidae Diptera
3. Earwig Euborellia annulipes Forficulidae Dermaptera
5. Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon Noctuidae Lepidoptera
1. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera

Nymphs and adults congregate in dense masses in narrow spaces between the axils of the
inner leaves. Faded and curled leaf tips are the symptoms and the bulb size is also reduced. Nymph is
pale yellow. Adult is with fringed wings.
2. Onion fly, Delia (=Hylema) antiqua, F: Muscidae; O: Diptera
Maggots burrow down into the underground portion of the stem and bulb, resulting in withering
of plants. Maggots also cause rotting of the bulbs in storage. Maggot is white in colour. Adult is slender,
greyish fly having large wings.
3. Earwig, Euborellia annulipes, F: Forficulidae O: Dermaptera
Both nymphs and adults bore into the onion bulb and feed. The eggs are laid only in the tender
leaf and the adult colour varies from pale yellow to grey with forceps like caudal cerci and white leg
joints.
4. Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura, F: Noctuidae O: Lepidoptera
The larvae feed on the leaves and makes complete defoliation. The larva is pale greenish
brown with dark markings and the adult is stout moth with wavy white markings on the brown forewings
and having a brown patch along its margin.
5. Cutworm, Agrotis segetum; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Young larvae feed on leaves and the grown up larvae cut the stem at collar region.
Larva is black colored with brown head. Adult forewing is grey with spot like markings. Hindwing is
dull white.
MORINGA
1. Pod fly Gitona distigma Drosophilidae Diptera

2. Bud worm Noorda moringae Crambidae Lepidoptera
3. Leaf caterpillar Noorda blitealis Crambidae Lepidoptera
4. Hairy caterpillars Eupterote mollifera Eupterotidae Lepidoptera
5. Pericallia ricini Arctiidae Lepidoptera
6. Metanastria hyrtaca Lasiocampidae Lepidoptera
7 Streblote (Taragama) siva Lasiocampidae Lepidoptera
8. Bark borer Indarbela tetraonis Metarbelidae Lepidoptera
9. Stem borer Batocera rubus Cerambycidae Coleoptera
10. Aphids Aphis gossypii Aphididae Hemiptera
11. Scale Insect Ceroplastodes cajani Diaspididae Hemiptera
12. Bud midge Stictodiplosis moringae Cecidomyiidae Diptera
13. Leaf eating Myllocerus spp. Curculionidae Coleoptera
weevils
1. Pod fly, Gitona distigma, F:Drosophilidae; O:Diptera
Maggots enter into tender fruits by making small-bore holes at the terminal end. This causes
oozing out of gummy fluid from fruits, which ultimately results in the drying of fruits from tip to upwards.
A maximum of 20-28 maggots are found in a fruit. Internal contents of the fruit rot.
Maggot: Cream coloured
Adult: Small yellowish fly with red eyes. Wings extend beyond body and have a dark spot near the
coastal margin.
2. Bud worm, Noorda moringae, F: Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larvae bore into flower buds and cause shedding. Larva is dirty brown with mid-dorsal stripe
and black head with prothoracic shield. Adult is small with dark brown forewings and white hindwings
with a brown border.
3. Leaf caterpillar, Noorda blitealis, F: Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva remains in a silken web in the undersurface of leaf and feeds on the leaflets reducing
them into papery leaf. Larva is with brown head and without prothoracic shield. Adult is bigger than bud
worm.
4. Moringa hairy caterpillar
a. Eupterote mollifera, F: Eupterotidae; O: Lepidoptera
Caterpillars feed gregariously by scrapping bark and gnawing foliage. Severe infestation results
in complete defoliation of the tree.
Full-grown caterpillars are brownish in colour with dense hairs. Hairs are irritating to touch.
Adults are large-sized moths with light yellowish-brown wings having faint lines.
b. Pericallia ricini, F:Arctiidae; O: Lepidoptera
The larva is robust, greyish black or blackish brown with red head and thick tuft of hairs arising
from the body. The adult is greyish brown or black with black spots on wings. Hindwings are pink or
red colour with black spots.
c. Metanastria hyrtaca, F: Lasiocampidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larvae are seen in groups in tree trunks and feed gregariously, scrap the bark and gnaw the
foliage resulting in defoliation of tree. Larva is brown and hairy. Adult is large sized, uniformly light
yellowish brown in colour with faint lines on wings.
d. Streblote (Taragama) siva, F: Lasiocampidae; O: Lepidoptera
Full-grown caterpillars are pale ochreous–brown in colour with small black spots and long
lateral tufts of ochreous hair. Moth has greyish-white head and thorax and whitish abdomen. Forewings
are beautifully coloured with reddish-brown spot ringed with white. Hind wings are white.
5. Bark caterpillar, Indarbela tetraonis, F: Metarbelidae; O: Lepidoptera
Young trees succumb to the attack. Caterpillars bore into the trunk or junction of branches
make zig zag galleries. Presence of gallery made out of silk and frass is the key symptom. They remain
hidden in the tunnel during day time, come out at night and feed on the bark. Under severe infestation,
flow of sap is hindered, plant growth arrested and fruit formation is drastically reduced. Larva: Stout and
dirty brown in colour. Adult: Pale brown with brown spots and streaks in forewings and white hindwings.
6. Stemborer, Batocera rubus, F: Cerambycidae; O: Coleoptera
Grub causes zigzag burrows beneath the bark, which results in death of the branch or stem.
Adult feeds on bark of the young petiole and twigs. Grub is stout and yellowish. Adult is large sized
beetle with yellowish brown elytra.
AMARANTHUS
1. Amaranthus stem Hypolixus truncatulus Curculionidae Coleoptera
weevil
2. Amaranthus caterpillar Spoladea (Hymenia) Crambidae Lepidoptera
or webber recurvalis
3. Leaf webber Eretmocera impactella Heliodinidae Lepidoptera
4. Leaf webber Psara basalis Pyraustidae Lepidoptera
5. Tortoise beetle Aspidomorpha exilis Chrysomelidae Coleoptera
6. Grasshopper Atractomorpha crenulata Acrididae Orthoptera
7 Leaf twisting weevil Apoderus tranquebaricus Curculionidae Coleoptera
8. Aphid Aphis craccivora Aphididae Hemiptera
10. Thrips Euryaplothrips crassus Thripidae Thysanoptera
Haplothrips ceylonicus
1. Amaranthus stem weevil, Hypolixus truncatulus; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera

Grubs bite stem, feed on pith region making irregular zigzag tunnels and fill with excreta. Stem
splits longitudinally. Plants dry completely. Adult feeds on tender leaves, makes circular holes in stems,
branches and mid-ribs. Attack causes stunting of plants, twisting and swelling of branches and stem,
suppression of shoot and leaf production. Grub: Stout, curved, apodous and white in colour. Full-fed
grubs form a greyish-brown hard compact gall like chamber and pupate therein.
Adult: Ash-grey in colour, with elbowed antennae and brown elytra.
2. Amaranthus caterpillar or webber, Spolodea (Hymenia) recurvalis; F:Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
Webbing of leaves with silken threads and drying of webbed leaves. Larva: Greenish in colour
with white lines and black crescents on thorax below lateral line. Fully fed, caterpillars drop down and
pupate in soil. Adult: Dark brownish black moth with white wavy markings on the wings.
Ex.No. 3. PESTS OF CRUCIFERS AND CUCURBITS
Date:
CRUCIFERS
1. Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella Plutellidae Lepidoptera
2. Leaf webber Crocidolomia binotalis Crambidae Lepidoptera
3. Cabbage semilooper Trichoplusia ni Noctuidae Lepidoptera
4. Cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae, Pieridae Lepidoptera
P. rapae
5. Cabbage borer Hellula undalis Crambidae Lepidoptera
6. Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Aphididae Hemiptera
7 Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae Aphididae Hemiptera
8. Cabbage flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae Chrysomelidae Coleoptera
9. Mustard sawfly Athalia lugens proxima Tenthredinidae Hymenoptera
10. Painted bug Bagrada hilaris Pentatomidae Hemiptera
11. Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon Noctuidae Lepidoptera
12. Leaf miner Chromatomyia Agromyzidae Diptera
(Phytomyz) harticola
13. Thrips Thrips tabaci, Caliothrips Thripidae Thysanoptera
indicus
1. Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella; F: Plutellidae; O: Lepidoptera

Young caterpillars cause small yellow mines followed by scrapping of epidermal leaf tissues
producing typical whitish patches. Full-grown larvae bite holes in the leaves. Larva is pale yellowish
green in color, pointed at both ends with fine erect black hairs scattered over the body. Adult is small,
greenish brown with pale whitish narrow wings. At rest a dorsal median patch of 3 diamond shaped
yellowish white spots are clearly visible by joining both forewings. Hindwings have a fringe of long fine
hairs.
2. Leaf webber, Crocidolomia binotalis; F: Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
Young larvae feed gregariously on leaves, later web together the leaves and feed. Larva is with
red head, brown longitudinal stripes and rows of tubercles with short hairs on its pale violaccous body.
Adult is small with brown forewings having distinct wavy spots. Hindwings are semi-hyaline.
3. Cabbage semilooper, Trichoplusia ni; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Damaged leaves are with holes initially and the severe damage is represented by
skeletonization. Larva is green color with light wavy lines and broad lateral stripes on either side. Adult
is stout moth. Head and thorax are grey in colour and the abdomen is white with basal tufts. Grey wavy
forewings are with a slender ‘y’ mark.
4. Cabbage butterflies, Pieris brassicae; P. rapae; F: Pieridae; O: Lepidoptera.
The caterpillar feeds on leafy vegetation irregularly (defoliation). Sometimes bores into the
heads of cabbage. Larva is velvetty bluish green in colour with black darts and yellow dorsal and lateral
stripes covered with white hair. Adult is with snow white forewings with black distal margin and black
apical spots; hindwings are pure white.
5. Cabbage borer, Hellula undalis; F: Pyraustidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva webs the leaves and bore into the stem, stalks or leaf veins. Larva is pale whitish brown
with 4-5 purplish brown longitudinal lines. Adult is pale greyish brown with 4-5 purplish brown
longitudinal stripes. Adult is pale greyish brown moth with forewings having grey wavy lines. Hindwings
are pale dusty.
6. Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi; F: Aphididae; F: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the under surface of the leaves. Nymph is light yellowish
green and adult is darker than nymph.
7. Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae; F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults cause crinkling and cupping of distorted primordia. White cast skins are
present at the base of the plant. Adult is yellowish green with wavy white filament over the body.
8. Flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae; F: Chrysomelidae; O: Coleoptera
Adults feed on foliage of cabbage, cauliflower, radish etc. and make typical small shot holes.
Adult beetles are elongate, oval, metallic bluish green in color.
9. Mustard sawfly, Athalia lugens proxima; F: Tenthredinidae O: Hymenoptera
Grubs nibble the margin of tender leaves and also make holes in the leaves
CUCURBITS
1. Fruit flies Bactrocera cucurbitae Tephritidae Diptera
B. zonata, B. ciliatus
2. Pumpkin beetles Aulacophora foveicollis, Chrysomelidae Coleoptera
A. cincta, A.intermedia
3. Snake gourd semi looper Plusia (Anadevidia) Noctuidae Lepidoptera
peponis, A. signata
A. orichalcea
4. Leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae Diptera
5. Pumpkin caterpillar/ Diaphania (Cryptographis) Crambidae Lepidoptera
gherkin fruit borer indica
6. Stem gall fly Neolasioptera falcata Cecidomyiidae Diptera
7 Stem borer /clear winged Melittia eurytion Aegeriidae Lepidoptera
moth
8. Stem boring grey beetle Apomecyna saltator Cerambycidae Coleoptera
9. Plume moth Sphenarches caffer Pterophoridae Lepidoptera
10. Stink bug Aspongopus janus Pentatomidae Hemiptera
11. Spotted leaf beetle Epilachna Coccinellidae Coleoptera
vigintioctopunctata
12. Flower feeder Mylabris pustulata Meloidae Coleoptera
13. Snake gourd stem weevil Baris trichosanthis Curculionidae Coleoptera
1. Fruit flies, Bactrocera (=Dacus) cucurbitae; F: Tephritidae: O: Diptera
The maggots feed on the pulp of the fruits and the symptoms of damage include oozing of
resinous fluid from fruits, distorted and malformed fruits, premature dropping of fruits and unfit for
consumption. Maggot is white and apodous. Adult is with hyaline wings or brownish body with brown
oval spot on either side of 3rd tergite.
2. Pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis; A. cincta; A. intermedia; F: Chrysomelidae; O: Coleoptera
Grubs feed on the roots, stem and fruits that spread over the soil. Adults feed on leaf and flower.
Grub is creamy yellow. Adult A. foveicollis: red. A. cincta: grey with black having glistening yellow-red
border A. intermedia: blue in color.
3. Snake gourd semilooper, Plusia peponis; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva cuts the edges of leaf lamina, folds it over the leaf and feeds within the leaf roll. Larva is
whitish green and the body is with black warts, off-white longitudinal stripes and a hump on its anal
segment. Stout dark brown adult has shiny brown forewings.
4. Serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii; F: Agromyzidae; O: Diptera
Leaves are often with serpentine mines followed by drying and dropping of leaves due to
infestation. Larva is orange yellowish and apodous. Adult is pale yellow fly.
5. Pumpkin caterpillar/gherkin fruit borer, Diaphania (Cryptographis) indica; F:Crambiidae; O:
Lepidoptera
Larvae web leaves and feed. Ovaries and young developing fruits are also eaten. Affected
flowers bear no fruits and infested fruits become unfit for consumption. Larva is elongate bright green
with a pair of thin white longitudinal lines on the dorsal side. Adult has transparent white wings with
broad and dark brown marginal patches and orange coloured anal tuft of hairs in the female.
Ex. No. 4. PESTS OF MANGO, CITRUS AND SAPOTA
Date:
MANGO
1. Mango hoppers Idioscopus niveosparsus, Cicadellidae Hemiptera
I. clypealis, Amritodus atkinsoni
2. Flower webber Eublemma (Antoba) versicolor Noctuidae Lepidoptera
3. Gall midges Procystiphora mangiferae, Cecidomyiidae Diptera
Dasineura amaramanjarae,
Erosomyia mangiferae
4. Fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Tephritidae Diptera
5. Nut weevil Sternochetus mangiferae Curculionidae Coleoptera
6. Shoot webber Orthaga exvinacea Pyralidae Lepidoptera
7 Leaf caterpillars Bombotelia (Penicillaraa) jacosatrix Noctuidae; Lepidoptera
8. Euthalia garuda Nymphalidae Lepidoptera
9. Leaf midges Amradiplosis amaraemyia Cecidomyiidae Diptera
10. Leaf weevil Rhynchaenus mangiferae Curculionidae Coleoptera
11. Red tree ant Oecophylla smaragdina Formicidae Hymenoptera
12. Stem borer Batocera rufomaculata Cerambycidae Coleoptera
13. Leaf miner Acrocercops syngramma Gracillaridae Lepidoptera
14. Aphid Toxoptera odinae Aphididae Hemiptera
15. Castor slug Parasa lepida Cochlididae Lepidoptera
16. Leaf twisting Apoderus tranquebaricus Curculionidae Coleoptera
weevil
17. Whitefly Aleurocanthus mangiferae Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
18. Scale insect Chionaspis vitis Diaspididae Hemiptera
I PESTS OF INFLORESCENCE/FRUIT
1. Mango hoppers, Idioscopus niveosparsus, I. clypealis, Amritodus atkinsoni;F: Cicadellidae; O:
Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults cause withering and shedding of flower buds and flowers. Presence of
small drops of honeydew on lower leaves followed by development of sooty mould. Clicking sound due
to the movement of jassids amidst leaves is a common phenomenon.
I. niveosparsus - Three spots on scutellum; white band across the wing
I. clypealis - Two spots on scutellum and dark spots on the vertex
A. atkinsoni - Two spots on scutellum.
2. Flower webber, Eublemma (Antoba) versicolor; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larvae web the inflorescence and tunnel the stalks. Larva is greenish yellow with light brown head and
prothoracic shield. Adult female moth is with grey wings and male is with purplish pink wings.
3. Gall midges, Procystiphora mangiferae, Dasineura amaramanjarae, Erosomyia mangiferae;
F: Cecidomyiidae; O: Diptera
Procystiphora mangiferae: Causes malformation and dropping of flowers. Maggot and adult are
orange coloured. Dasineura amaramanjarae: Causes damage to flower buds and dropping of bud.
Erosomyia mangiferae: Causes stunting and malformation of inflorescence. Maggot is yellowish.
4. Fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis; F: Tephritidae; O: Diptera
Semi-ripe fruits are with decayed spots and dropping of fruits. Maggot is yellowish. Adult fly is
light brown with transparent wings.
5. Nut weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
The infestation results in dropping of fruits at marble stage and tunnelled cotyledons.
Ovipositional injuries and eggs are seen on marble sized fruits. Grub is fleshy, yellowish and apodous.
Adult is brownish with short snout and papillate scales.
II LEAF FEEDERS
6. Shoot webber, Orthaga exvinacea; F: Pyralidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larvae cause webbing of terminal leaves and defoliation. Larva is pale green with brown head
and prothoracic shield. Adult is brownish moth with wavy lines on forewings.
7. Leaf caterpillars, (a) Bombotelia (Penicillara) jacosatrix; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera;
(b) Euthalia garuda; F: Nymphalidae: O: Lepidoptera
a. Larvae cause defoliation of tender leaves. Larva is green or yellowish green, smooth with
pink spots. Adult is with dark brown forewing and half of the hindwing is white.
b. Larva feeds the leaves irregularly and defoliates. Larva is greenish with a yellowish mid-
dorsal line and long branched greenish hairs all over the body. Adult is medium sized greyish butterfly.
8. Leaf midges, Amradiplosis amaraemyia; F: Cecidomyiidae; O: Diptera
Larva induces different shapes and sizes of galls and malformation. Maggot is yellowish. Adult
is tiny mosquito like fly.
9. Leaf weevil, Rhynchaenus mangiferae; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
Tender leaves are mined. Cholorophyll is scrapped and leaves crinkled. Adult is brown weevil
with enlarged hind femur.
10. Red tree ant, Oecophylla smaragdina; F: Formicidae; O: Hymenoptera
Terminal leaves are stitched with silk threads in the form of nest, which remain green and
presence of ants. They are orange red in colour. Queen is olive green in colour.
III BORERS
11. Stem borer, Batocera rufomaculata; F: Cerambycidae; O: Coleoptera
The grub causes drying of terminal shoots in early stage of attack. Wilting of whole tree can be
seen when damage occurs at the main stem. Grub is linear, fleshy and apodous. Adult is greyish beetle
with two pink dots and lateral spine on the thorax.
PESTS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE

12. Leaf miner, Acrocercops syngramma, F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera
13. Aphid, Toxoptera odinae, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
14. Castor slug, Parasa lepida, F: Cochlididae; O: Lepidoptera
15. Leaf twisting weevil, Apoderus tranquebaricus, F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
16. Whitefly, Aleurocanthus mangiferae, F: Aleyrodidae; O: Hemiptera
17. Scale insect, Chionaspis vitis; F: Diaspididae; O: Hemiptera
CITRUS
1. Orange borer Chelidonium cinctum, Cerambycidae Coleoptera
Chloridolum alcamene
2. Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella Gracillaridae Lepidoptera
3. Citrus butterfly Papilio demoleus, P. polytes Papilionidae Lepidoptera
4. Fruit sucking moth Eudocima (Othreis) materna, Noctuidae Lepidoptera
E. phalonia, E.homaena
5. Rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora Eriophyidae Acarina
6. Psyllid Diaphorina citri Psyllidae Hemiptera
7 Black fly Aleurocanthus woglumi Aleurodidae Hemiptera
8. Aphids Toxoptera citricida Aphididae Hemiptera
T. aurantii
9. Scale insects Lepidosaphes beckii Diaspididae Hemiptera
I. INTERNAL FEEDERS
1. Orange borer, Chelidonium cinctum, Chloridolum alcamene; F: Cerambycidae; O: Coleoptera
The grubs cause drying of terminal shoots in the early stages, followed by wilting of thicker
branches and main stem. Grub is creamy white with flat head. Adult is dull metallic green to dark violet
or shiny blue beetle with yellow band across the middle of the elytra.
2. Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella; F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera
The infestation by the larva results in leaves with serpentine mines and distortion of the leaf
lamina. Larva is minute, reddish or yellowish and apodous. Adult is minute moth with a black spot at the
tip of the forewing.
II LEAF FEEDER
3. Citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus, P. polytes; F: Papilionidae; O: Lepidoptera
The larva causes defoliation of tender leaves. Larva in its early stage resembles bird dropping.
Grown up larva is cylindrical, stout and green with brown lateral oblique bands. Adult is dark brown
swallow tail butterfly with numerous yellow markings.
III SAP FEEDERS
4. Fruit sucking moth, Eudocima (Othreis) materna, E phalonia, E.homaena; F:Noctuida; O:
Lepidoptera
Adults suck the juice by piercing the fruits. Infested fruits will shrink, shrivel, rot and ultimately
drop down, causing direct loss to harvestable produce. Larva feeds on the leaves of the creeper weed
Tinospora cardifolia and Cocculus sp. Larva: Semilooper with orange blue and yellow spots on velvetty
dark speckled body. Moth: Stout built; with grey and orange coloured wings. E. materna: Three black
spots on forewings and circular marking on hindwing. E. phalonia: Tripod black mark on forewings and
curved marking on hindwing. E.homaena: Green stripe on forewing and curved marking on hindwing.
5. Rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, F: Eriophyidae; O: Acarina
Feeding by adults and nymphs causes silvery, scaly or rusty black discolouration on the fruits.
The affected fruits are smaller and the rind of injured fruit is thicker.
PESTS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE
6. Psyllid, Diaphorina citri; F: Psyllidae; O: Hemiptera
7. Black fly, Aleurocanthus woglumi; F: Aleyrodidae; O: Hemiptera
8. Aphids, Toxoptera citricida, T. aurantii; F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera – Vector for citrus tristeza virus
9. Scale insects, Lepidosaphes beckii; F: Diaspididae; O: Hemiptera
SAPOTA
1. Chickoo moth or leaf Nephopteryx Phycitidae Lepidoptera
webber eugraphella
2. Budworm Anarsia ephippias Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
3. Fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, Tephritidae Diptera
B. zonata
4. Hairy caterpillar Metanastria hyrtaca Lasiocampidae Lepidoptera
5. Ash weevil Myllocerus spp Curculionidae Coleoptera
6. Leaf twisting weevil Apoderus Curculionidae Coleoptera
tranquebaricus
7 Leafminer Acrocercops syngramma Gracillaridae Lepidoptera
8. Whitefly Trialeurodes ricini Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
1. Chickoo moth or leaf webber, Nephopteryx eugraphella, F: Phycitidae; O: Lepidoptera
Leaves are webbed together in a bunch and chlorophyll is scrapped by the larva. Clusters of
dried leaves are hanging from the webbed shoots. Flower buds and tender fruits are bored, become
withered and shed. Larva is pinkish in colour with three dorso-lateral brown stripes on each side. Adult
moth is greyish with hairy brown forewings or black spots and semi hyaline hindwings.
2. Budworm, Anarsia ephippias, F: Gelechiidae; O: Lepidoptera
Floral buds and flowers are webbed together and shed. Larva is small, slender, pinkish brown
in colour with black head and yellowish brown prothoracic shield. Adult is grey coloured moth with black
patch on wings.
3. Fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. zonata; F: Tephritidae; O: Diptera
Semi–ripe fruit show decayed spots and fruits drop later. Maggot is yellowish. Adult fly is light
brown with transparent wings.
4. Hairy caterpillar, Metanastria hyrtaca, F: Lasiocampidae;O: Lepidoptera
Larva feeds on leaves irregularly and causes defoliation. Larva is greyish brown, stout and
hairy. Adult is stout greyish brown moth. Male is with pectinate antenna and chocolate brown patch in
the middle of forewings. Female is bigger in size than male and has wavy transverse bands on wings.
5. Ash weevil, Myllocerus spp., F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
Leaf margins are notched by adults. Roots are eaten away by the grubs. Small white apodous
grubs are found feeding on roots. Adult weevil is greenish white elytra having dark lines.
6. Leaf twisting weevil, Apoderus tranquebaricus, F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
The grub rolls leaf terminal results in drying. Grub is yellowish and apodous. Adult is reddish
brown weevil.
7. Leafminer, Acrocercops syngramma, F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera
Mining of tender leaves in whitish blotches is the symptom of damage. Larva is reddish brown
and minute.
8. Whitefly, Trialeurodes ricini, F: Aleyrodidae; O: Hemiptera
Continuous desaping results in water soaked spots on the leaves.
Ex. No. 5. PESTS OF BANANA, GRAPEVINE AND GUAVA
Date:
BANANA
1. Rhizome weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Curculionidae Coleoptera
2. Pseudostem borer Odoiporus longicollis Curculionidae Coleoptera
3. Banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Aphididae Hemiptera
4. Lacewing bugs Stephanitis typicus Tingidae Hemiptera
5. Thrips Helionothrips kadaliphilus, Thripidae Thysanoptera
Thrips florum,
Chaetanothrips signipennis
6. Scale Aspidiotus destructor Diaspididae Hemiptera
7. Leaf feeder Pericallia ricini Arctiidae Lepidoptera
9. Bagworm Kophene cuprea Psychidae Lepidoptera
1. Rhizome weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera

The grub causes death of unopened pipe and withering of outer leaves. Grubs bore into the
rhizome and cause death of the plants. Grub is apodous and yellowish white with red head. Adult is
dark coloured weevil.
2. Pseudostem borer, Odoiporus longicollis; F: Dryophthoridae; O: Coleoptera
The grub makes bore holes and tunnels in the pseudostem and causes wilting of the plant.
Grub is apodous and creamy white with dark head. Adult is robust reddish brown and black weevil.
3. Banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa; F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults are seen in colonies on leaf axils and pseudostem and suck the sap.
Nymphs and adults are dark in colour. Winged adults are with black veined wings. Act as vector of
bunchy top virus disease.
4. Lacewing bugs /Tingid, Stephanitis typicus, F: Tingidae; O: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults feed in colonies on undersurface of leaves and cause discolouration.
Adults are small, dull-coloured or white bugs with transparent shiny lace-like reticulate wings, nymphs
are black coloured.
GRAPEVINE
1. Grapevine stem girdler Sthenias grisator Cerambycidae Coleoptera
2. Grape vine flea beetle Scelodonta strigicollis Eumolpidae Coleoptera
3. Grapevine thrips Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Thripidae Thysanoptera
4. Grapevine mealy bug Maconellicoccus hirsutus Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
5. Leaf roller Sylepta lunalis Crambidae Lepidoptera
6. Sphingid Hippotion celerio Sphingidae Lepidoptera
7. Leaf miner Phyllocnistis toparcha Gracillariidae Lepidoptera
8. Plume moth Oxyptilus regulus Pterophoridae Lepidoptera
9. Fruit sucking moth Eudocima spp. Acanthodelta Noctuidae Lepidoptera
(Achaea) janata
1. Stem girdler, Sthenias grisator; F: Cerambycidae; O: Coleoptera
Grub bores into the bark and tunnels into the dry wood resulting in wilting of branches and then the
entire vine. They cut the bark in a circular ring like fashion (girdling) which leads to the drying of the
region above the cut. Adult is medium sized and grey coloured with a white spot in the centre of each
elytron.
2. Flea beetle, Scelodonta strigicollis, F: Eumolpidae; O: Coleoptera
The adults bite small holes on tender leaves and the root is damaged by the grubs. Adult is reddish
brown, shiny beetle with six spots on elytra.
3. Thrips - Fruit rust thrips - Rhiphiphorothrips cruentatus and Flower thrips - Scirtothrips dorsalis,
F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
Both nymphs and adults lacerate leaves causing silvery white patches on leaves with black
excreta. Severe infestation results in yellowing and withering. Young nymphs reddish to yellowish-
Pupates on leaves, pupae mobile and crawl away when disturbed. Adult is minute, blackish brown with
yellowish wings.
4. Mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves, shoots and fruits that results in crinkling and
yellowing of leaves and rotting of berries. Honey dew secretions and sooty mould (black powdery
coverings) on leaves, shoots and branches. Nymphs are pinkish in colour. Adult females are pinkish
and sparsely covered with white wax.
GUAVA
1. Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Miridae Hemiptera
2. Fruitfly Bactrocera (Dacus) diversus Tephritidae Diptera
3. Fruit borer Virachola (Deudorix) isocrates, Lycaenidae Lepidoptera
Rapala varuna
4. Fruit borer/ Castor Dichocrocis (Conogethes) Crambidae Lepidoptera
capsule borer punctiferalis
5. Mealy bug Ferrisia virgata, Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
Maconellicoccus hirsutus
Paracoccus marginatus
6. Spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
7. Aphids Aphis gossypii Aphididae Hemiptera
8. Scarlet mite Brevipapus phoenicus Tenuipalpidae Acari
9. Guava scale Chloropulivinaria psidii Coccidae Hemiptera
10 Bark caterpillar Indarbela tetraonis Cossidae Lepidoptera
11. Whitefly Aleurotuberculatus psidii Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
12. Thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus Thripidae Thysanoptera
1. Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii; F: Miridae; O: Hemiptera

Corky scab formation on fruits is the symptom of damage. The infestations caused by the
nymphs and adults include inflorescence blight, terminal drying of young shoots and water soaked
lesions followed by brownish spots at the feeding sites. Nymphs and adults are reddish brown, elongate
bugs with black head, red thorax and black and white abdomen.
2. Fruit fly, Bactrocera diversus F:Tephritidae; O: Diptera
Maggots bore into fruits and feed on soft pulp. The infested fruits show small cavities with dark
greenish punctures and when cut open, the wriggling maggots are seen inside. The infestation causes
rotting and dropping of fruits. Maggot is pale cream in colour and cylindrical. Adult is smoky brown with
greenish black thorax having yellow marking.
3. Fruit borer, Virachola (Deudorix) isocrates; Rapala varuna; F: Lycaenidae; O: Lepidoptera
Infected fruits are with boreholes plugged with anal segment of the larva. Severe infestation
results in fruit rotting and dropping. Larva is dirty dark brown, short and stout built covered with short
hairs. Adult is bluish brown butterfly. Female is with ‘V’ shaped patch on forewing. Rapala varuna;
Fruits are with boreholes. Adult is metallic red coloured butterfly.
4. Fruit borer/ Castor capsule borer, Dichocrocis (Conogethes) punctiferalis;
F: Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva bores into the young fruits which dry up and fall prematurely, bore holes plugged with
excreta. Larva is pale reddish brown with numerous tubercles on body. Adult medium sized bright
orange-yellow color has numerous black dots on wings.
5. Mealy bug, Ferrisia virgata; F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
Premature dropping of fruits. Presence of white, cottony-nymphs and adult mealy bugs on the
leaves and twigs resulting in stunted growth. Crawlers are yellowish to pale white in colour. Adult
female is long, slender having a pair of long glossy wax filaments at caudal end.
6. Spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus ; F: Aleyrodidae; O: Hemiptera
Adults and nymphs congregate heavily on the lower surface of leaf, suck the sap and cause pre-
mature leaf drop, chlorosis, yellow speckling, crinkling and curling. Honey dew secretion also leads to
the development of sooty mould fungus. The copious white, waxy flocculent material secreted by all the
stages of the pest is readily spread by wind and thus cause public nuisance. Adults are larger than
many of the whitefly species and white in colour with waxy coating on the body. Eyes are dark reddish
brown. Fore wings are with three characteristic spots.
Nymphs and adults cause yellowing of tender shoots and wilting. Curling and crinkling of leaves,
stunted plants with honeydew secretion and sooty mould are the symptoms of damage. Large number
of aphids are seen on tender / apical shoots. Nymph is greenish brown or yellow in colour. Adult is
yellowish green to dark green in posterior side.
8. Scarlet Mite: Brevipalpus phoenicus; F:Tenuipalpidae; O: Acari
Mite lays eggs on stalks of fruits, calyx and leaves. Both nymphs and adults suck the
cell sap from fruits which results in browning of nodal regions and appearance of brown patches on
calyx and surface of fruits. In severe infestation, these symptoms cover the entire surface of fruits
leading to splitting of fruits.
9. Guava scale, Chloropulvinaria psidii; F: Coccidae; O: Hemiptera
Yellowing of leaves. Adult female is long with white ovisac and resembles mealy bug.
Ex.No. 6. PESTS OF POMEGRANATE, ANOLA, PAPAYA
Date:
POMEGRANATE
1. Anar butterfly / Fruit Deudorix (Virachola) isocrates / Lycaenidae Lepidoptera
borer Rapala varuna
2. Castor semilooper Acanthodelta (Achaea) janata Noctuidae Lepidoptera
3. Fruit fly Bactrocera zonata Tephritidae Diptera
4. Fruit borer Dichocrocis (Conogethes) Crambidae Lepidoptera
punctiferalis
5. Aphid Aphis punicae Aphididae Hemiptera
6. Whitefly Siphoninus phillyreae Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
7. Mealybug Ferrisia virgata Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
Pseudococcus lilacinus
8. Thrips Retithrips syriacus, Thripidae Thysanoptera
Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus
9. Slug caterpillar Latoia (Parasa) lepida Cochlididae Lepidoptera
10. Hairy caterpillar Euproctis fraterna Lymantriidae Lepidoptera
Somena (Porthesia) scintillans
11. Leaf mite Aceria granati Eriophyidae Acari
12. Red spider mite Tetranychus punicae Tetranychidae Acari
13. Bagworm Clania crameri Psychidae Lepidoptera
1. Fruit borer, Deudorix (Virachola) isocrates, F: Lycaenidae; O: Lepidoptera

Infested fruits are with bore holes plugged with anal segment of the larva. Severe infestation
results in fruit rotting and dropping. Larva is dirty dark brown, short and stout built covered with short
hairs. Adult is bluish brown butterfly. Female is with ‘V’ shaped patch on forewing.
2. Castor semilooper: Acanthodelta (Achaea) janata F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva feeds on leaves while the adult moth pierces the fruits with its proboscis for feeding,
causing injury on the surface of fruits. Larva is a semilooper with varying shades of colour with black
head and a red spot on the third abdominal segment and red tubercles in the anal region. Adult is a
pale reddish brown moth with black hindwings having a median white spot on the outer margin.
3.Fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata, F: Tephritidae; O: Diptera
Rotting of fruit is the symptom of infestation. The maggots feed on the pulp of the fruits and the
symptoms of damage include brown resinuous fluid from fruits, distorted and malformed fruits
premature dropping of fruits and unfit for consumption. Maggot is white and apodous. Adult is with
hyaline wings or brownish with pale yellow band on 3rd tergite.
4. Shoot and fruit borer, Dichocrocis (Conogethes) punctiferalis, F: Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larvae make holes on fruits. Larva is pale greenish with pinkish tinge and fine hairs with dark
head and prothoracic shield. Adult is medium sized and pale yellowish moth with small black spots on
the wings.
5. Aphids, Aphis punicae, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults cause yellowing and wilting of terminal shoots. They are pale green in
colour. Winged and wingless aphids are common.
ANOLA
1. Fruit borer Deuodorix (Virachola) isocrates Lycaenidae Lepidoptera
2. Leaf roller Caloptilia (=Gracillaria) acidula Gracillariidae Lepidoptera
3. Bark eating caterpillar Indarbela tetraonis Cossidae Lepidoptera
4. Shoot gall maker Betousa stylophora Thyridae Lepidoptera
5. Aphid Setaphis bougainvilleae Aphididae Hemiptera
6. Whitefly Trialeurodes rara Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
7. Mealy Bug Ferrisia virgata Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
Nipaecoccus viridis Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
1. Fruit borer, Virachola isocrates, F: Lycaenidae, O: Lepidoptera
It causes severe damage to the fruits, which led to significant economic loss to the growers. It
attacks all the varieties of amla. The caterpillar burrows into the fruit in different phases of maturity. The
light brown young caterpillar is found to attack the tender fruits, while the grown up blackish brown hairy
caterpillar attacks even the matured fruits. Matured fruits start decaying from one side, which gradually
spreads all over, before they fall off. Adult is bluish brown butterfly. Female is with ‘V’ shaped patch on
forewing.
2. Leaf roller Caloptilia (Gracillaria) acidula F: Gracillariidae O:Lepidoptera
Slender yellow larvae mine part or whole of the leaflets of compound leaves and leaflets turns
pale brown or dark brown. In severe attack, the leaflets are twisted up to form cocoons. Adult is a small,
brownish moth
3. Bark eating caterpillar, Indarbela tetraonis; F: Metarbelidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larvae construct loose irregular webbing of silken threads and make tunnels in the main trunk
and branches
4. Shoot gall maker, Betousa stylophora. F: Thyridae; O: Lepidoptera
Young caterpillar bore into the apical portion of the shoot and make tunnel resulting in
development of gall. Apical growth is arrested and side shoots develop below the gall.
5. Aphid, Setaphis bougainvilleae, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Nymph and adults suck sap by remaining on the undersurface of leaves.
6. Whitefly, Trialeurodes rara; F:Aleyrodidae; O:Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from undersurface of leaves resultig in yellowing of leaves on
dorsal side in patches
7. Mealy Bug, Ferrisia virgata; F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
Presence of white, cottony-nymphs and adult mealy bugs on the leaves and twigs resulting in
stunted growth. Crawlers are yellowish to pale white in colour. Adult female is long, slender having a
pair of long glossy wax filaments at caudal end.
PAPAYA
1. Papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
3. Aphids Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae Aphididae Hemiptera
4. Fruit fly Bactrocera (Dacus) dorsalis Tephritidae Diptera
5. Ash weevils Myllocerus spp Curculionidae Coleoptera
6. Scale insect Aspidiotus destructor Diaspidididae Hemiptera
Aonidiella orientalis
1. Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
The mealybug infestation appears on above ground parts on leaves, stem and fruits as clusters
of cotton-like masses. The insect sucks the sap by inserting its stylets into the epidermis of the leaf, fruit
and stem,while feeding, it injects a toxic substance into the leaves, resulting in chlorosis, plant stunting,
leaf deformation or crinkling, early leaf and fruit drop, and death of plants. The honeydew excreted by
the bug results in the formation of black sooty mould which interferes in the photosynthesis process and
causes further damage to the crops. Heavy infestations are capable of rendering fruit inedible due to
the buildup of thick white waxy coating. When live specimens collected from papaya are crushed on
paper, the body color would be yellow; but when killed and preserved in 80 per cent alcohol at room
temperature, the body contents would turn completely black within 48 hours. Females have no wings
and move by crawling short distances or by being blown in air currents.
2. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; F:Aleyrodidae; O:Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from undersurface of the leaves and it transmits Papaya Leaf
Curl Virus. The infested plant shows leaf curling, crinkling , distortion of leaves, reduction of leaf lamina,
rolling of leaf margins inward and downward, thickening of veins, leathery, brittle and distorted. Plants
stunted and does not produce flowers and fruits.
3. Aphids, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae; F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
It transmits Papaya Ring Spot Virus. The affected leaves show vein clearing, puckering, distal
parts of leaves roll downward and inwards, mosaic mottling, dark green blisters, leaf distortion which
result in shoe string symptom and stunting of plants. On fruits circular concentric rings are produced.
4. Fruit fly, Bactrocera (Dacus) dorsalis, F: Tephritidae; O: Diptera
Maggots puncture into semi-ripe fruits which lead to oozing of fluid, brownish rotten patches on
fruits and dropping of fruits. Maggot is yellowish. Adult fly is light brown with transparent wings.
5. Ash weevils, Myllocerus spp.; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
Grubs feed on the roots while adult cause notching of leaf margin
Ex. No. 7. PESTS OF JACK, PINE APPLE, CUSTARD APPLE, BER AND APPLE
Date:
JACK
1. Shoot and Fruit borer Diaphania (Glyphodes) Crambidae Lepidoptera
caesalis
2. Banyan tussock moth Perina nuda Lymantriidae Lepidoptera
3. Spittle bug Cosmocarta relata Cercopidae Hemiptera
4. Mealy bug Icerya aegyptiaca Monophlebidae Hemiptera
5. Aphids Aphis odinae Aphididae Hemiptera
1. Shoot and Fruit borer, Diaphania (Glyphodes) caesalis; F:Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera

An important pest of jack. The caterpillar is reddish brown with black spots and bores into the
tender shoots and developing fruits, occasionally causing substantial damage.
2. Spittle bug, Cosmocarta relata; F: Cercopidae; O: Hemiptera
The bugs appear on the tender shoots and foliage causing the leaves to curl up and some
times they appear in swarms covering the whole area with frothy secretion
PINE APPLE
1. Mealy bug Dysmicoccus brevipes Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
2. Scales Diaspis bromeliae Diaspididae Hemiptera
3. Thrips Holopothrips ananasi Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera
4. Fruit Borer Strymon megarus Lycaenidae Lepidoptera
1. Mealy bug, Dysmicoccus brevipes, F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera

They appear as cottony, small, oval, soft -bodied sucking insects . They are in variety of forms,
of which pink coloured ones are commonly referred to as pineapple mealy bug. Bugs suck the sap from
leaves causing the plant to wilt.
2. Fruit Borer, Strymon megarus; F: Lycaenidae; O: Lepidoptera
Insect is able to attack fruits even after the dry petal stage and affect developing slips as well.
The larvae bore into the fruit causing holes and uneven fruit development. In most cases fruit borer
attack occur during flowering and formation of the fruit, though this borer can attack slips and rarely act
as a leaf miner. The reddish coloured caterpillar penetrates the inflorescence and remains in the tissue
for 15 days, tunnelling and destroying the tissue. After this phase it moves to the base of the peduncle
changing into a brown pupa 12 mm long and 5 mm wide and a few dark spots and emerges 7 to 10
days later as a reddish coloured butterfly.
CUSTARD APPLE
1. Fruit borer Heterographis bengalella Phycitidae Lepidoptera
2. Fruit fly Bactrocera (Dacus) zonata Tephritidae Diptera
Maconellicoccus hirsutus
4. Scales Aonidiella orientalis Diaspidiae Hemiptera
Parasaissetia nigra Coccidae Hemiptera
1. Fruit borer, Heterographis bengalella, F:Phycitidae; O:Lepidoptera
Black coloured larva bores into the fruit, makes tunnels and feeds on the internal content which
results in dropping of fruits.
2. Fruit fly, Bactrocera (Dacus) zonata, F: Tephritidae; O: Diptera
Maggots puncture into fruits and feeds on the fruit which results in shrivelling, malformation and
dropping of fruits. Maggot is yellowish. Adult fly is light brown with transparent wings.
3. Mealy bug, Ferrisia virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
Adults and crawlers suck the sap from leaves, young shoots and fruits. Leaves become yellowish
and the size of the fruit is reduced.
BER
1. Fruit fly Carpomyia vesuviana Tephritidae Diptera
2. Fruit borer Meridarchis scyrodes Carposinidae Lepidoptera
3. Green slug Thosea sp. Limacodidae Lepidoptera
caterpillar
4. Mite Larvacarus transitans Tenuipalpidae Acari
5. Grey hairy Thiacidas postica Noctuidae Lepidoptera
caterpillar
1. Fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana, F: Tephritidae, O: Diptera
It is the monophagous pest of ber. The ovipositional punctures of ber fruit fly on the fruits gives
them rough appearance which later turn into black sunken spots. The maggot makes galleries towards
the centre and feeds on the pulp. As a result, the fruits become rotten and emit strong disagreeable
odour and finally fruit will drop to the ground. The maggots are yellowish in colour. Adults are small fly
with black spot on thorax and dark spots on the wings.
2. Fruit borer, Meridarches scyrodes, F: Carposinidae ; O: Lepidoptera
The larva bores holes on the fruits and result in fruit dropping. The larva is reddish brown in
colour, adults are dark brown moth.
APPLE
Major pests
1. Apple woolly aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Pemphigidae Hemiptera
2. San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus Diaspididae Hemiptera
perniciosus
3. Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Margarodidae Hemiptera
4. Apple codling moth Cydia pomonella Tortricidae Lepidoptera
5. Stem borer Apriona cinerea Lamiidae Coleoptera
6. Fruit fly Bactrocera zonata Tephritidae Diptera
7. Tent caterpillar Malacosoma indica Lasiocampidae Lepidoptera
Minor pests
8. Fruit piercing moth Calpe aphideroides Noctuidae Lepidoptera
9. Leaf miner Gracillaria zachrysa Gracillariidae Lepidoptera
10. Psyllid Psylla mali Psyllidae Hemiptera
11. European red mite Panonychus ulmi Tetranychidae Acarins
1. Woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, F: Pemphigidae, O: Hemiptera

Nymphs and adults cause weakening and death of smaller plants, galls on the roots and white
woolly patches on the trunk. Purplish aphids are covered with white cottony mass.
2. San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, F: Diaspididae, O: Hemiptera
The infested region in bark becomes reddish pink followed by purple colouration in the fruits.
Female is round, slightly convex with a black pustule. Male is linear in shape.
3. Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi F: Margarodidae O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults cause yellowing of leaves. Female is with cottony ovisac. Nymph is pinkish
crawler with long antenna and group of hairs.
4. Codling moth, Cydia pomonella, F: Tortricidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larvae burrow into the fruit and feed on the pulp; fruits distorted, fruit drop, and fruits can’t be
marketed. Larva enters through calyx, feeds up to the central core; larval period is around one month,
then it comes out and falls on the ground. It shelters in cracks and crevices of the bark, then it spins
silken cocoon; pupa is yellowish brown; Larvae is pinkish white caterpillar with brown head; moth is
brown; forewings are dark greenish, marked with wavy lines blend with bark making inconspicuous.
5. Stem borer: Apriona cinerea; F:Lamiidae; O:Coleoptera
Grub feeding results in branches having small circular hole with mass of excreta. Chewed up
wood particles protrude out; bark gnawed and leaves defoliated; shoots with circuitous galleries; trunk
hollowed out and the infested trees remain stunted. Adult beetles feed on bark and have an unusual
habit of cutting more than they actually consume. Vitality and productivity is greatly impaired. Grub is
creamy yellow with dark brown, flat head. Adult is an ashy grey beetle with numerous black tubercles at
the base of elytra.
6. Fruit fly: Bactrocera zonata; F: Tephritidae; F: Diptera
Maggots feed on the fruits causing rotting and dropping of fruits. Maggot is dirty white,
acephalic and apodous. Adult fly is small, reddish brown with yellowish cross band on the abdomen.
7. Tent caterpillar: Malacosoma indica F: Lasiocampidae; O: Lepidoptera
Caterpillar feeds gregariously on foliage, leaving behind only the mid rib and other harder
veins. The entire plant is defoliated and they feed on soft bark of twigs. The larva has black head and
abodomen. Adult is light brown colour.
Ex. No. 8 PESTS OF POTATO, SWEET POTATO AND TAPIOCA, YAM AND COLOCASIA
Date:
POTATO
1. Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
2. Cutworms Agrotis ipsilon, A. segetum, Noctuidae Lepidoptera
Xestia C. nigrum and Peridroma
saucia
3. White grubs Holotrichia excisa Scarabaeidae Coleoptera
H. repetita, H. notaticollis
Anomala communis, A. nathani
4. Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua Arctiidae Lepidoptera
5. Hadda Beetles Epilachna dodecastigma, Coccinellidae Coleoptera
Henoesepilachna
vigintioctopunctata
6. Egg plant shoot borer Leucinodes orbonalis Crambidae Lepidoptera
7. Aphids Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae Aphididae Hemiptera
Lipaphis erysimi, Brevicoryne
brassicae
8. Leafhoppers Empoasca kerri Cicadellidae Hemiptera
9. Whiteflies Bemisia tabaci, Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
10. Thrips Selenothrips indicus Thripidae Thysanoptera
11. Green stink bug Nezara viridula Pentatomidae Hemiptera
12. Green leaf Beetle Chalaenosoma metallicum Chrysomelidae Coleoptera
13. Tussock moth Dasychira mendosa Lymantriidae Lepidoptera
1. Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella; F: Gelechiidae; O: Lepidoptera
It is a pest of field and storage. Larva tunnels into foliage, stem and tubers, which leads
to loss of leaf tissue, death of growing points and weakening or breaking of stems. In tubers, irregular
galleries are formed near tuber eyes. Larva is white to yellow or greenish turns red at pupation. Moth is
small with silvery body. Forewing is grey-brown with minute dark spots and has a narrow fringe of hairs.
Hindwings are dirty white.
2. Root grubs /White grubs, Holotrichia conferta; Holotrichia excisa, H. repetita ,
H. notaticollis, F: Scarabaeidae; O: Coleoptera
Anomala communis, A. nathani F: Scarabaeidae; O:Coleoptera
Grubs feed on roots and tubers; Adults feed on foliage during night; damage more during
autumn. Adult: Brown beetle with pale prothorax. Larva: ‘C’ shaped grub with orange head
3. Bihar hairy caterpillar: Spilosoma obliqua F:Arctiidae O: Lepidoptera
It attacks a wide range of cultivated crops including potato. Among vegetables, preferred host of S.
obliqua is sweet potato.
4. Cutworms
Common cutworm, Agrotis segetum; Black cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon; Spotted cut worm: Xestia C.
nigrum; Variegated cut worm: Peridroma saucia; F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Young larvae feed on leaves and the grown up larvae cut the stem at collar region.
Cutworm species Larval description Adult description
A. segetum Black coloured with brown Fore wing is grey with peg and spot
head. Triangular spots at like marking. Hind wing is dull white.
spiracular region Male has bipectinate antenna and
female has filiform antenna
A. ipsilon Black with pale mid-dorsal Fore wing is pale brown with dark
stripes. Head is pale-brown purplish brown along costal end.
Hind wing is white with brown tinge.
Male has bipectinate antenna and
female has filiform antenna
Xestia C. nigrum Brownish larva with series of Reddish brown forewing with
black markings on lateral area concave sunken pale area.
Hindwing is dull brown
Peridroma saucia Light brown with 4-7 yellowish Reddish brown forewing with dark
markings on mid-dorsal line brown margin. Male has bipectinate
antenna and female has filiform
antenna
SWEET POTATO
1. Sweet potato weevil Cylas formicarius Apionidae Coleoptera
2. Hairy caterpillar Creatonotus gangis Arctiidae Lepidoptera
3. Blue pansy Precis orithya Nymphalidae Lepidoptera
4. Leaf folder Brachmia convolvuli Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
5. Tortoise beetles Aspidomorpha miliaris Chrysomelidae Coleoptera
Metriona circumdata
Chirida bipunctata
6. Sphinx caterpillar Agrius convolvuli Sphingidae Lepidoptera
7. Stem borer Omphisa anastomosalis Crambidae Lepidoptera
8. Spiny beetle Oncocephala tuberculata Hispidae Coleoptera
9. Brown looper Hyposidra successaria Geometridae Lepidoptera
10. Sweet potato hopper Exitianus indicus Cicadellidae Hemiptera
11. Fig bug Riptortus linearis Coreidae Hemiptera
12. Lygaeid bug Graptosethus servus Lygaeidae Hemiptera
13. Mealy bugs Geococcus coffeae Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
1. Sweet potato weevil: Cylas formicarius F:Apionidae O: Coleoptera
Thickening and malformation of vines and often cracking of the tissue, discoloration, cracking
or wilting of damaged vines, the infested tuber is often riddled with cavities or tunnels, spongy and
brownish to blackish in appearance. Rotting of tuber start from the top and develop an unpleasant smell
and a bitter taste. Grub is whitish, apodous with brown head. Adult is ant-like, slender bodied having
elongate snout-like bluish-brown head with non-geniculate antenna, bright red thorax and legs and
brownish-red abdomen.
2. Hairy caterpillar: Creatonotus gangis F:Arctiidae O: Lepidoptera
Larva is cylindrical, slightly tapering posteriorly and dark violet to black in colour. Meso and
meta thorax are light golden-yellow. The head is black, hairy with characteristic yellow stripe dorsally.
Adult is having shiny black head. Forewings are straw coloured with pinkish tinge and a transverse
black band at the centre. Hindwings are whitish with few black dots at the margin.
3. Blue pansy: Precis orithya F:Nymphalidae O: Lepidoptera
Larva feeds on sweet potato leaves and Striga, a weed parasite on sugarcane roots. Moths are
medium-sized with only two pairs of functional legs. More than half of fore wings are velvety black. Hind
wings are blue shaped with velvety black towards the base, thus wing pattern resembles the pansy
flower.
4. Leaffolder: Brachmia convolvuli F:Gelechiidae O:Lepidoptera
The early instar larva scrapes the tender surface tissues of leaves remaining in thin webbings.
Later on leaves folded longitudinally and green tissues eaten resulting in drying of leaves. Folds are
usually single, but sometimes two folds are made, or two leaves are joined together. Full-grown larva is
slightly flattened and tapering towards both ends. Head is reddish-brown, glossy and flattened; thorax
and two abdominal segments are velvety black and other segments are yellowish-white with a velvety
black band. Adult moth is small, slender and greyish-brown in colour
5. Tortoise beetles: Aspidiomorpha miliaris, Chirida bipunctata, Cassida circumdata F: Chrysomelidae:
O:Coleoptera
The early instar larva grub scrape on the upper surface of the leaves and the late instar grub
and adults bite large round holes in the leaves. Grubs are green, oval, flat with spiny processes
covering the body and anal projection always carry debris on its back. Aspidiomorpha miliaris -Broad
oval shaped brownish red in colour with black dots Chirida bipunctata - Small metallic green in colour
with six black spots on elytra Cassida circumdata -Broad oval shaped, greenish yellow in colour with
green crescent mark in middle
TAPIOCA

2. Spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
3. Cassava mealy bug Ferrisia virgata, Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
Paracoccus marginatus
4. Cassava scale Aonidomytilus albus Diaspididae Hemiptera
5 Thrips Frankliniella spp, Corynothrips Thripidae Thyasnopters
spp, Caliothrips spp.
6 Mite Tetranychus urticae Tetranychidae Acari
Eutetranychus orientalis
1. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci F:Aleyrodidae O: Hemiptera

Nymphs and adults suck the sap which results in chlorotic spots on the leaves and irregular
yellowing of leaf tissue. Severe infestation results in premature defoliation. Sooty mould develops over
the honey dew secreted by the insects. It is a vector of Indian cassava mosaic disease virus. Nymph
is greenish yellow, oval in outline. Adult is minute insects with yellow body covered with a white waxy
bloom.
2. Spiralling whitefly: Aleurodicus dispersus, F:Aleyrodidae O:Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap which results in yellowing of leaf tissue. Sooty mould
develops over the honey dew secreted by the insects. Severe infestation results in premature
defoliation. Eggs are laid in concentric rings covered with mealy coat. Nymphs are with numerous
evenly spaced short glass like rods of wax on the sides of the body. Adult is powdery white, active
during early morning hours.
3. Cassava mealy bug: Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
Suck the sap from shoot tips, on the lower surface of leaves, and on stems. During feeding it
injects a toxin into the cassava plant causing deformation and compression of terminal leaves into
"bunchy tops". Length of internodes is reduced, and stems are distorted.
4. Cassava scale: Aonidomytilus albus F: Diaspididae:O: Hemiptera
Infest stem portion. Leaves of affected plants discoloured and dry up and the plants become
stunted. Adult is a white, elongate hard scale.
5. Thrips: Frankliniella spp, Corynothrips spp, and Caliothrips spp. F;Thripidae; O: Thyasnoptera
The leaves do not develop normally, leaflets are deformed and show irregular chlorotic yellow
spots. Brown wound tissue appears on the stems and petioles and internodes are shortened. The
growing points may die, causing growth of lateral buds which also may be attacked, giving the plants a
witches' broom-like appearance. The attack is most frequent during dry periods and plants will recover
when the rain starts. Thrips can cause 15-20% yield loss.
6. Mite: Tetranychus urticae, Eutetranychus orientalis F.Tetranychidae; O.Acari
Mites attack foliage and cause speckling, withering and drying. Severe infestations are observed
during dry period.
YAM
1. Scale insects, Aspidiella hartii, F: Diaspididae O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults cause damage. Tubers and aerial parts clustered with whitish yellow
insects from field to storage. Even though it won't affect yield sometimes foliage cause poor growth and
tubers may show delay in germination or even stopped. Stored tubers shrivel and become unfit for use
as seed material.
2. Aspidiotus destructor, F: Diaspididae O: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adult females suck the sap from leaves and shoots affecting plant growth.
Oval translucent, yelllowish brown in colour with waxy material. Adult: Female: Circular,
semitransparent and pale brown.
3. Yam beetles, Galerucida bicolour, Lema lacordairei, F: Galerucidae O: Coleoptera
Grubs skeletonise the leaves and later bore into leaf stalks and even main stem. Both gruns
and adults cause damage. G.bicolour; Grubs are white in colour. Adults are red and black coloured
beetles. L.lacordairei: Grub: Yellow with small head, narrow thorax and thick fleshy abdomen. Adults
have yellow body and blue elytra.
4. Mealybugs: Rastrococcus spp. F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
Flattened oval to round disc-like insect covered in waxy substance on tree branches; insects
attract ants which may also be present; insect colony may also be associated with growth of sooty
mould due to fungal colonization of sugary honeydew excreted by the insect.
COLOCASIA / TARO
1. Army worm, Spodoptera exigua, F:Noctuidae; O:Lepidoptera
Young larvae scrap the leaves on ventral side. Grown-up caterpillar completely defoliates.
Larvae also feed on young fruits. Larva is pale greenish brown with dark markings. Yellow and
purplish spots are seen in the submarginal areas. Adult is stout moth with wavy white markings on
the brown forewings and white hindwings with a brown patch along its margin.
2. Flea beetles, Monolepta signata; F: Chrysomelidae; O: Coleoptera
Minute eggs are laid in soil cracks around the base of the host plant. Minute worm- like
larvae live in the soil and feed on small plant roots and root hairs. The hard forewings are black with
two yellowish markings, one in front and the other behind the middle. Head, thorax and abdomen
are reddish brown in older beetles and much brighter in younger beetles. Beetles are about 3–3.8
mm long with long antennae. Adults make large holes in leaves by feeding lef tissues. Adults are
conspicuous and commonly found on leaves.
3. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci ; F:Aleyrodidae; O:Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from undersurface of the leaves and it transmits
Papaya Leaf Curl Virus. The infested plant shows leaf curling, crinkling, distortion of leaves, reduction
of leaf lamina, rolling of leaf margins inward and downward, thickening of veins, leathery, brittle and
distorted. Plants stunted and does not produce flowers and fruits.
4. Aphids, Aphis gossypii; F:Aphididae; O:Hemiptera
Nymphs vary in color from tan to grey or green. The body of adult is varied from light
green mottled with dark green, but also are whitish, yellow, pale green, and dark green forms. Cotton
aphids feed on the underside of leaves, or on growing tip of veins, sucking nutrients from the plant.
The foliage may become chlorotic and die prematurely. Their feeding also causes a great deal of
distortion and leaf curling, hindering photosynthetic capacity of the plant
5. Banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa; F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Banana aphids are the pest of taro mainly found in the lower region of the leaf along mid
rib. Damage is caused by both nymphs and adults by sucking cell sap. Black sooty mould
develops on honey dew secreted by aphids on leaves. Dry condition favours population flair up.
6. Lacewing bugs /Tingid, Stephanitis typicus, F: Tingidae; O: Hemiptera
Banana lace bug is also the pest of taro mainly feed on leaves. Lace bugs develop
through three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult and have several generations a year. Females insert
tiny, oblong eggs in leaf tissue and cover them with dark excrement. Lace bugs can overwinter as
eggs in leaves of taro. All life stages can be present throughout the year in leaves and petiole of
leaves . Adults and nymphs feed on the lower leaf surface, mostly in the region of the midrib. Feeding
causes small white spots on the upper leaf surface opposite to the feeding site; chlorotic spots and
dark excreta marks are left on the lower leaf surface. On taro leaves, the stylets are inserted through
the stomata, rupturing cell walls, and terminating in the phloem.
7. Silver striped Hawk moth, Hippotion celerio; F: Sphingidae, O: Lepidoptera
Larvae may be green, yellowish green or even brown. They have a dark broken mid- dorsal
line and a creamy dorso- lateral line from the fifth segment to the horn. The head is round, and
usually a dull green colour. The larva has a horn which is usually long and straight. There is a
large yellow and green eyespot on the third segment and a smaller one on the fourth segment. Small-
to-large holes in the leaf margin is typical damage symptom. The larvae, particularly during the later
stages, feed voraciously, leading to severe defoliation, the leaves may be consumed down to ground
level. The larvae also feed on young succulent stems and shoots and the newly sprouted shoots.
Ex. No. 9 PESTS OF COCONUT AND ARECANUT
Date:
COCONUT
1. Rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros Scarabaeidae Coleoptera
2. Red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Curculionidae Coleoptera
3. Black headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella Cryptophasidae Lepidoptera
4. White grub Leucopholis coneophora Melolonthidae Coleoptera
5. Termite Odontotermus obesus Termitidae Isoptera
6. Scale insect Aspidiotus destructor Diaspididae Hemiptera
7. Lacewing bug Stephanitis typicus Tingidae Hemiptera
8. Coconut Eriophyid mite Aceria guerreronis Eriophyidae Acari
9. Slug caterpillar Parasa lepida Cochlidiidae Lepidoptera
Contheyla rotunda
10. Mealy bug Pseudococcus longispinus Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
11. Coconut skippers Gangara thyrsis Hesperiidae Lepidoptera
Saustus gremius
12. Coconut rugose Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
spiralling white fly
1. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, F: Scarabaeidae; O: Coleoptera

Damage is caused by adult beetles which burrow the leaf sheaths near the crown and cut
across the leaf in the folded condition. The damaged leaves show characteristic clippings or holes in
the leaflets. The infestation will result in stunting of trees and death of growing point. Adult beetle is
stout, black, about 5 cm long and has a long horn projecting dorsally from the head in male, a short
horn in female. The grubs feed on decaying vegetable matter and in manure pits at a depth of 5-30 cm.
2. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
A few small holes with protruding chewed fibrous material and oozing out of a brown liquid from
such holes indicate early infestation. In advanced stage of attack the central shoot shows sign of wilting and
on large mass of grubs, pupae and adults are seen inside the trunk. The reddish brown weevil has six dark
spots on thorax and in the male a conspicuous long snout has a tuft of hairs.
3. Black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella (=Nephantis serinopa), F:Cryptophasidae
(Xyloryctidae); O: Lepidoptera
The larvae live on the undersurface of leaflets within galleries of silk and frass material and
feed by scrapping the green matter. The caterpillar is greenish brown with dark brown head and
prothorax, and reddish mesothorax.
4. White grub, Leucopholis coneophora,F:Melolonthidae; O: Coleoptera
The grubs feed on roots and cause stunting and delayed flowering. Adult beetles emerge after
monsoon showers.
5. Termite, Odontotermes obesus, F:Termitidae; O: Isoptera
Termites damage coconut seedlings.
6. Scale insect, Aspidiotus destructor,F:Diaspididae; O: Hemiptera
The undersurface of leaflets is infested by scale in large numbers causing yellowing in patches.
7. Lace wing bug, Stephanitis typicus, F: Tingidae; O:Hemiptera
The nymphs and adults of the lacewing bug feed by sucking the sap from the undersurface of
leaflets causing white spots on the upper surface.
Department of Agricultural Entomology, AC&RI, TNAU, Coimbatore Page 31
2022
8. Perianth mite, Aceria (=Eriophyes) guerreronis,F:Eriophyidae; O: Acarina
The mite infests and develops on the meristematic tissues under the perianth. Initial symptoms
exhibits triangular pale white or yellow patches close to the perianth. Continuous feeding results in
necrosis of tissues leading to formation of brown color patches, longitudinal fissures and splits on the
outer surface of the husk; oozing of brown gummy exudation; reduced nut size and copra content and
malformation of nuts. The mite is vermiform, elongate body with 2 pairs of legs in the anterior part of
the body; head with piercing and sucking mouth parts.
9. Coconut rugose spiralling white fly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus, F: Aleyrodidae, O: Hemiptera
RSW adults are about three times larger than the commonly found whiteflies and are lethargic
by nature. RSW adults can be distinguished by their large size and the presence of a pair of irregular
light brown bands across the wings. Males have long pincer like structures at the end of their abdomen.
Females lay eggs on the lower surface of leaves in a concentric circular or spiral pattern and cover it
with white waxy matter. Eggs are elliptical and creamy white to dark yellow in color. RSW whitefly has 5
developmental stages. The nymphs are light to golden yellow in color, and will produce a dense,
cottony wax as well as long, thin waxy filaments (Stocks and Hodges 2012) which get denser over time.
The puparium of this species is used for taxonomic identification. Infestation of this pest usually does
not kill the host plant, but it may interfere with the normal growth of its host. The infestation results in
the premature drying of leaflets. Population completely cover leaflets and were even observed on the
inflorescence, pedicle and exocarp which results in reduction in fruit set and nut yield/tree. Feeding by
this pest not only causes stress to its host plant, but the excessive production of wax and honeydew
creates an enormous nuisance in infested areas. The presence of honeydew results in the growth of
fungi called sooty mold, which then turns everything in the vicinity covered with honeydew black with
mold.
ARECANUT
1. Inflorescence caterpillar Tirathaba mundella Pyralidae Lepidoptera
2. Spindle bug Carvalhoia arecae Miridae Hemiptera
3. Inflorescence aphid Cerataphis lataniae Aphididae Hemiptera
4. Scale insect Icerya aegyptica Margarodidae Hemiptera
5. Root grub Leucopholis burmeisteri Scarabaeidae Coleoptera
L. coneophora
L. lepidophora
6. Thrips Rhiphiphorathrips cruentatus Thripidae Thysanoptera
7. Black headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella Oecophoridae Lepidoptera
8. Leaf caterpillar Elymnias caudata Nymphalidae Lepidoptera
1. Inflorescence caterpillar, Tirathaba mundella F: Pyralidae O: Lepidoptera
Caterpillars feed on the inflorescences (tender female flowers) and rachillae. It webs tender
branches of the inflorescence with silken thread. Unopened spathe with bore hole at the base. Spathe
opening is delayed. Larva is dirty yellow or white with brown head. Adult is a small moth with ashy
wings.
2. Spindle bug, Carvalhoia arecae F:Miridae O:Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults inhabit the inner most leaf axils, usually below the spindle. Suck the sap
from tender leaflets and spindle. In severe infestation, blackish brown linear lesions formed on the
spindle leaf, leaves become stunted, twisted, dried and shed. Nymphs are light violet brown, with
greenish yellow with border of the body. Adult is brightly coloured with red and black.
3. Inflorescence aphid, Cerataphis lataniae F:Ahididae O:Hemiptera
Inflorescence and young nuts smeared with sooty mould and premature shedding of nuts.
4. Scale insect, Icerya aegyptiaca F:Margarodidae O:Hemiptera
Stalks and base of the ripe nuts with black necrotic patches.
5. Root grub, Leucopholis burmeisteri F: Scarabaeidae O; Coleoptera
Grubs feed on growing roots. Infested palms show a sicky appearance and yellowing of leaves.
Adult beetle is chestnut brown in colour.
Ex. No. 10 PESTS OF COFFEE AND TEA
Date:
COFFEE
1. White stem borer Xylotrechus quadripes Cerambycidae Coleoptera
2. Red borer Zeuzera coffeae Cossidae Lepidoptera
3. Shot hole borer Xylosandrus compactus Scolytidae Coleoptera
4. Berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Curculionidae Coleoptera
5. Green scale Coccus viridis Coccidae Hemiptera
6. Mealy bug Ferrisia virgata , Planococcus Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
lilacinus, P. citri
7. Root mealy bug Geococcus coffeae Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
1. White stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes F: Cerambycidae; O: Coleoptera

Presence of ridges on the stem, yellowing of leaves, wilting of branches and occasional drying of
plants are the symptoms caused by the grub. Grub is white or yellowish, anterior broader and tapering
towards tail. Adult is black, elongate beetle with grey pubescence on the head, thorax and elytra and
characteristics white markings on the elytra.
2. Red borer, Zeuzera coffeae F: Cossidae; O: Lepidoptera
The larvae cause wilting of branches or plant. Bore holes are often plugged with excreta at the
base of the plant. Larva is orange red and smooth. Adult is with dirty white bands and black or steel
blue spots on the wings.
3. Shot hole borer, Xylosandrus compactus F: Scolytidae; O: Coleoptera
Adult and grub tunnel the under surface of the green succulent branches between nodes which
leads to the death of branches. Grub is milky white and apodous. Adult is reddish brown to brown with
a short cylindrical body.
4. Berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
The coffee berry borer female attacks immature and mature coffee berries from about eight
weeks after flowering upto harvest season (>32 weeks). Females bore a hole into the coffee berry and
then construct galleries in the seeds (beans) where the eggs are deposited, followed by white colour
grub feeding on the coffee seed. The symptoms of damages are pin hole at the tip of the berries (navel
region), premature fall of young berries, increased vulnerability of infested ripe berries to fungus or
bacterial infection and reduction in both yield and quality of coffee. Adult is black in colour and the
males are wingless.
5. Green scale, Coccus viridis F: Coccidae; O: Hemiptera
Severe infestation resulting in discoloured leaves and fruits. Infested leaves are often covered with
sooty mould. Tender shoots and under surface of leaves are covered with sooty mould. Nymph is pale
and lemon yellow in colour. Adult is green coloured, flat oval, soft scale with a very distinct intestinal
loop of black spots visible through dorsum.
TEA
1 Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora Miridae Hemiptera

2 Mites
Red spider mite Oligonychus coffeae Tetranychidae Acari
Scarlet mite Brevipalpus californicus Tenuipalpidae Acari
Purple mite Calacarus carinatus Eriophyidae Acari
Pink mite or orange mite Acaphylla theae Eriophyidae Acari
Yellow mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus Tarasonemidae Acari
3. Shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicates Scolytidae Coleoptera
4 Sapling borer Sahyadrassus malabaricus Hepialidae Lepidoptera
5. Flushworm Cydia leucostoma Tortricidae Lepidoptera
6. Tea tortrix Homona coffearia Tortricidae Lepidoptera
7. Tea leaf roller Caloptilia theivora Gracillariidae Lepidoptera
8. Scales Saissetia coffeae Coccidae Hemiptera
9. Thrips Scirtothips bispinosus Thripidae Thysanoptera
10. Tea jassid Empoasca flavescens Cicadellidae Hemiptera
11. Aphid Toxoptera aurantii Aphididae Hemiptera
1. Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora F: Miridae; O: Hemiptera

Adults and nymphs suck the sap from buds, young leaves and tender stems by puncturing with
needle like stylets and injecting toxic saliva. These punctures appear as reddish brown water soaked
spots. Later they coalesce together to form necrosis. Due to intensive feeding, leaves curl up, become
badly deformed, remain small and shoots dry up gradually. Adult is black with red thorax, black and
white abdomen and greenish brown wings. Body is small, slender with long antennae. An erect
knobbed process on the scutellum is characteristic of the species. Nymphs are greenish yellow in
colour.
2. Mites
i. Red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae F: Tetranychidae; O: Acarina
Feeding by nymphs and adults causes the leaves to become bronzed dried and crumpled.
Nymph and adult are brick red in colour and rounded.
ii. Scarlet mite, Brevipalpus californicus; F: Tenuipalpidae; O: Acarina
The infestation results in brownish leaves. Large number of mites will be seen near the petiole
and along the midrib. Nymph and adult are orange and flattened ovate mite.
iii. Purple mite, Calacarus carinatus F: Eriophyidae; O: Acarina
This species causes brown or coppery brown or smoky discoloration of leaves. Adult mite is
dark purple to pink in colour with characteristic white sides running along the back.
iv. Pink mite or orange mite, Acaphylla theae F: Eriophyidae; O: Acarina
Continuous desapping causes the leaves turn pale and curl upward. Under severe infestation,
leaves become leathery and brown. Damages are often to top 10-15 cm tender leaves. Assam type of
tea is susceptible. Nymph and adult are microscopic, orange coloured and carrot shaped with two pairs
of legs.
v. Yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus F: Tarsonemidae; O: Acarina
The damage is restricted to top two to three leaves and the bud. Leaves become rough and
brittle. Corky line or patches appear on the lamina. Internodes shortened, stunted and deformed. Mites
are pale yellow in colour. Male is shorter than female with tapering abdomen and a sucker. Fourth pair
of leg is provided with a curved tooth and a pair of whips. They carry female on their back. Female is
bigger than male with two pairs of whip.
3. Shot hole borer, Euwallacea fornicates F: Scolytidae O: Coleoptera
Presence of round shot holes in primary branches. Mortality of buds and dieback symptoms in
branches occur. Presence of circular or longitudinal tunnels inside the stem. Female beetle is black,
small and cylindrical. Infested branches and stems show small holes from which powdery matter is
thrown out by the insect inside and gradually dry up and die.
4. Sapling borer, Sahyadrassus malabaricus F: Hepialidae O: Lepidoptera
Presence of chewed tissue at the collar region.The tunnel mouth is covered by a thick mat of
bark, wood and frass particles held together by silk (particle mat cover); sapling break off at the point of
injury. Adult moths hang vertically by the support of two pairs of legs. Third pair of legs is weak and has
scent glands in male.
5. Flushworm, Cydia leucostoma F: Tortricidae O: Lepidoptera
Brown colour caterpillar ties the margin of tender leaves and forms a case enclosing the bud.
Affected leaves become rough, crinkled and leathery. Shoot growth is arrested when buds are
damaged. Adult is a very small blackish brown moth
6. Tea tortrix, Homona coffearia F: Tortricidae O: Lepidoptera
Larva makes leaf nest by webbing the leaves. Adult is greenish with black prothorax or brown
coloured bell shaped moth. Male is smaller than male. Larva is greenish with black prothorax.
7. Tea leaf roller, Caloptilia theivora F:Gracillariidae O:Lepidoptera
Second instar larva mines the tender leaf and reaches leaf margin. Fourth instar larva rolls the
leaves from tip downwards. Larva is yellowish. Adult is small, longer antenna than the body with golden
iridescent patches in forewing and abdomen.
8. Scales, Saissetia coffeae, F:Coccidae O:Hemiptera
Hemisherical brown scales are present on the midrib and stem with sooty mould on lower
leaves. Nymph is white and adult male is winged. Female is sedentary.
9. Thrips, Scirtothrips bispinosus F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
The creamy white nymph and brown colour adult cause brown streaks near the midrib
10. Tea jassid, Empoasca flavescens F:Cicadellidae O:Hemiptera
Yellowing, marginal browning and cupping of leaves are the symptoms of damage. Nymphs
and adults are green coloured and wedge shaped.
11. Aphid, Toxoptera aurantii F:Aphididae O: Hemiptera
Colonies of aphids are seen on tender shoots of tea immediately after pruning. Leaves curl up
and shoot growth is stunted. Ants attend aphids for their honeydew. Honey dew fallen on the leaves
facilitates the growth of black sooty mould fungus. Adult is dark brown in colour. Both alate and
apterous forms exist.
Ex. No.11 PESTS OF CASHEW, COCOA AND BETELVINE
Date:
CASHEW
1. Stem and root borer Neoplocaederus ferrugineus Cerambycidae Coleoptera

2. Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Miridae Hemiptera
3. Leaf miner Acrocercops syngramma Gracillariidae Lepidoptera
4. Shoot and blossom Lamida moncousalis Pyraustidae Lepidoptera
webber
5. Apple borer Nephopteryx eugraphella Phycitidae Lepidoptera
6. Shoot and Inflorescence Hypatima haligramma Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
caterpillar
7. Thrips Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Thripidae Thysanoptera
Solenothrips rubrocinctus
8. Bark borer Indarbela tetraonis Cossidae Lepidoptera
9. Slug caterpillar Parasa lepida Cochlididae Lepdioptera
10. Leaf feeder Cricula trifenestrata Saturniidae Lepidoptera
11. Looper Oenospila flavisucata Geometridae Lepidoptera
12. Apple and nut borer Thylocoptila paurosema Phycitidae Lepidoptera
1. Stem and root borer, Plocaederus ferrugineus; F: Cerambycidae; O: Coleoptera

The symptoms of damage are presence of small bore holes and extrusion of frass (like coarse
dust powder) at the collar region, oozing of gum at the base of cashew tree trunk, the grubs that hatch
out bore into the bark and feed on the sub-epidermal and vascular tissues. Extensive tunnelling in the
stem and root region and the tissues are tunnelled in irregular fashion. As a result of damage the supply
of water and nutrients is arrested by which the leaves turn yellow and are shed and finally leads to the
death of the tree. Affected trees also tilt on one side due to loss of anchorage, if the injury is severe on
anchoring roots. The adult is a medium sized (25-40 mmlong), reddish-brown long horned beetle. The
grown up grubs are off-white in colour measuring about 7-10 cm in length.
2. Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii; F: Miridae; O: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults of this mirid bug suck sap from the tender flushes, young shoots,
inflorescence, panicles, growing young nuts and apples. Occurrence of dark brown patches on green
tender stem of young shoots and inflorescence rachis. Feeding on tender leaves causes crinkling and
curling. Affected shoots show longblack lesions. The infested immature nuts have characteristic
eruptive spots, shrivel and fall off. Heavily infested trees show scorched appearance, leading to the
death of shoots and growing tips. Severely affected branches may lead to the secondary infection by
fungus (Botrydiplodia theobromae) causing die back disease. The adult bug is reddish-brown, about 6-
8 mm long with a black head, red thorax, black and white abdomen. The nymphs are wingless and
smaller, but otherwise resemble the adults. The young nymphs are orange coloured and ant-like with
longlegs.
3. Leaf miner, Acrocercops syngramma; F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera
Mining of tender leaves in whitish blotches is the symptom of damage. Larva is reddish brown
and minute. Adult is silvery grey moth with fringes of hairs on the wing margins.
4. Shoot and blossom webber, Lamida moncusalis; F: Pyraustidae O: Lepidoptera
Presence of web on the terminal portions of new shoots and blossom is the initial symptom of
infestation. The caterpillars are remaining inside the web and feed on them. The incidence is found
severe mostly on young trees. The caterpillar is dark green in colour with yellow longitudinal bands and
pinkish dorsal lines.
5. Apple borer/ chikoo moth, Nephopteryx eugraphella; F: Phycitidae O: Lepidoptera
The larva makes bore holes on the tender cashew apple. The larva is dark pink and the adult is
medium sized moth with dark forewings and pale hindwings.
6. Shoot and Inflorescence caterpillar, Hypatima haligramma; F: Gelichiidae O: Lepidoptera
The larva causes webbing of tender leaves and inflorescence. The larva is yellowish brown and
the adult is black tiny moth.
7. Thrips, Flower thrips, Rhynchothrips raoensis; F: Thripidae O: Thysanoptera
Foliage thrips, Selenothrips rubrocinctus F: Thripidae O: Thysanoptera
Adults and nymphs are seen in colonies on the lower surface of leaves and suck the sap from
leaves, inflorescence and apples and nuts. As a result of their rasping and sucking activity, the leaves
become pale brown, scab on floral branches, apples and nuts, forms corky layers on the affected parts.
In severe cases there will be shedding of leaves and stunting of growth of trees. They are minute,
slender, fragile, soft bodied, fast moving insects and adults have fringed wings. The nymphs of red-
banded thrips S. rubrocinctus can be distinguished by their greenish yellow colour and red bands
across the first and last abdominal segments.
8. Bark borer, Indarbela tetraonis; F: Cossidae; O: Lepidoptera
The larva causes zig-zag galleries and silken webbed masses comprising of chewed material
and excreta of larva. The larva is 4.0 to 4.5 cm long, stout and dirty brown fore wings and the adult is
pale brown with brown spots on the forewings.
9. Slug caterpillar, Parasa lepida; F:Cochlididae; O: Lepdioptera
Defoliation and larva leaving only the midrib and veins. Larva has greenish body with white lines
and four rows of spiny scoli tipped red or black, which cause irritation and pain. Adult moth has green
wings with prominent dark patch at the base of each forewing.
10. Leaf feeder, Cricula trifenestrata; F: Saturniidae O: Lepidoptera
Stout, dark brown wild silk caterpillar appears in large numbers sporadically and cause
extensive defoliation of trees reducing panicle emergence.
11. Looper, Oenospila flavisucata; F: Geometridae; O:Lepidoptera
Larvae feed on tender leaves by rolling them. They pupate in rolled leaves.
12. Apple and Nut borer, Thylocoptila paurosema; F: Pyralidae; O: Lepidoptera
The caterpillars attack the fruits at all the stages and cause shrivelling and pre mature fall of
nuts. In the early stages, the young larvae move to the joints of nut and apple scrape the epidermis and
then bore into them. In later stages, they bore into tender apples and nuts and feed on them. The borer
affected nuts do not develop, become shrivelled and dried up resulting in pre mature fall of nuts and
apples. The borer tunnel near the junction of apples and nuts, and the entry holes are plugged with
excreta. The adult is a medium sized moth with dark forewings and pale dark hindwings.
COCOA
1 Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Miridae Hemiptera

2 Bark caterpillar Indarbela tetraonis Cossidae Lepidoptera
3 Cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella Gracillaridae Lepidoptera
4 Pod borer Dichocrosis (Conogethes) Crambidae Lepidoptera
punctiferalis
5 Mealy bugs Planococcus lilacinus, P. citri, Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
Paracoccus marginatus,
Rastrococcus iceryoides
6 Aphids Toxoptera aurantii Aphididae Hemiptera
Aphis gossypii
7 Flatid plant hopper Pochazia striata Ricaniidae Hemiptera
1. Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii, F: Miridae; O: Hemiptera

Both nymphs and adults pierce the surface of cocoa stems, branches and pods, killing the
penetrated host cells and producing unsightly necrotic lesions. Mirids feeding on shoots often result in
the death of terminal branches and leaves, causing dieback. Pests usually occur on trees exposed to
sunlight since such trees tend to bear more fresh shoots and pods. Although the insect is attracted to
trees exposed to sunlight, after locating their source of food they inhabit shady areas on trees.
2. Bark caterpillar, Indarbela tetraonis, F: Metarbelidae; O:Lepidoptera
The larva causes zig-zag galleries and silken webbed masses comprising of chewed material
and excreta of larva. The larva is 4.0 to 4.5 cm long, stout, and dirty brown forewings and the adult is
pale brown with brown spots on the forewings
3. Cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera
The larva attacks both young and mature cocoa pods and tunnel into the centre of the fruit, where
they feed on the seeds for about two to three weeks. The larva chew it way out of the fruit to pupate. A
common symptom of infested pods is unevenness and premature ripening. Infestation of young pods
results in heavy losses because the quantity and quality of the bean becomes seriously affected. The
moth is 7mm long and brown in colour with a white strip on the forewings.
4. Pod borer, Dichocrosis (Conogethes) punctiferalis; F: Crambidae; O:Lepidoptera
5. Mealy bugs, Planococcus lilacinus, Planococcus citri, Paracoccus marginatus and Rastrococcus
iceryoides; F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
It colonizes on the tender parts of the plant such as growing tips of the shoots, the terminal buds, the
flower cushions, the young cherelles and mature pods. Feeding of mealy bugs induces cherelle wilt.
6. Aphids, Toxoptera aurantii and Aphis gossypii; F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
They colonize on the under side of tender leaves, succulent stem, flower buds and small cherelles.
Heavy infestation may occur during hot summer and after rainy season which brings about premature
shedding of flowers and curling of leaves.
7. Flatid plant hopper, Pochazia striata F: Ricaniidae; O: Hemiptera
BETELVINE
1 Aphid Aphis gossypii Aphididae Hemiptera
2 Mussel scales Lepidosaphes cornutus Coccidae Hemiptera
3 White fly Aleurocanthus nubilans Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
Dialeurodes pallida
4 Mealy bug Geococcus citrinus Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
5 Shoot bug Pachypeltis politus Miridae Hemiptera
6 Leaf eating caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera
7 Termite Odontotermes obesus Termitidae Isoptera
8 Green looper Synegia sp. Geometridae Lepidoptera
9 Giant African snail Achatina fulica Achatinidae
1. Aphid, Aphis gossypii, F: Aphididae O: Hemiptera

Yellow coloured aphids are responsible for crinkling and curling of the leaves, stunted plants,
blighted appearence and development of black sooty mould.
2. Mussel scales, Lepidosaphes cornutus, F: Coccidae O: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults infest the leaves, petioles and main veins. The scale infested leaves
loose their colour, exhibit warty appearance, crinkle and dry up ultimately. The affected vines wilt in due
course. Female is boat shaped, broad at thee posterior and tapering end. Male are winged.
3. White fly, Aleurocanthus nubilans, F: Aleyrodidae O: Hemiptera
Both nymph and adults infest the leaves which results in chlorotic spots on the leaves. Nymphs
are oval in outline. Adults are small insects with white waxy bloom.
4. Shoot bug, Pachypeltis politus, F: Miridae O: Hemiptera
Infested leaves exhibit dry spots, shriveling, fading and drying symptom. Adult bug is elongated
and reddish brown.
Ex. No. 12 PESTS OF TURMERIC ,GINGER AND CORIANDER
Date:
TURMERIC & GINGER
1. Shoot borer Dichocrosis (Conogethes) Crambidae Lepidoptera

punctiferalis
2. Rhizome scale Aspidiotus hartii Diaspididae Hemiptera
3. Leaf roller Udaspes folus Hesperiidae Lepidoptera
4. Rhizome maggot Formosina flavipes Chloropidae Diptera
5. Bihar Hairy Caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua Arctiidae Lepidoptera
6. Thrips Panchaetothrips indicus Thripidae Thysanoptera
7. Flea beetle Lema praeusta Chrysomelidae Coleoptera
8. Turmeric scale Aspidiotus cucumae Diaspididae Hemiptera
10. Leaf thrips Panchaetothrips indicus Thripidae Thysanoptera
Anaphothrips sudanensis
Asprothrips indicus
1. Shoot borer, Dichocrosis (Conogethes) punctiferalis, F: Crambidae O: Lepidoptera

The larvae bore into pseudostem and feed on internal tissues. The presence of a borehole on
the pseudostem with frass and the withered central shoot are the symptoms of pest infestation. The
adult is a medium sized moth with a wingspan of about 20 mm; the wings are orange yellow with minute
black spots. Fully grown larvae are light brown with sparse hairs.
2. Rhizome scale, Aspidiotus hartii, F: Diaspididae O: Hemiptera
It infests rhizomes in the field (at later stages of the crop) and in storage. Adult (female) scales
are circular and light brown to grey and appear as encrustations on the rhizomes. They feed on sap and
when the rhizomes are severely infested, they become shrivelled and desiccated affecting its
germination.
3. Leaf roller, Udaspes folus, F: Hesperiidae O: Lepidoptera
Leaves become folded or rolled longitudinally. Greenish larva feeds within leaf folds and
pupates inside the same leaffolds in a thick mass of white waxy fluff. Larvae are smooth green with
black head and constricted neck. Adults are brownish black butterfly with eight white spots on different
size on each forewing and a large white batch on each hindwing.
4. Rhizome maggot, Formosina flavipes, F: Chloropidae O: Diptera
Freshely hatched maggots bore into rhizomes, roots and pseudostem. Maggots are
responsible for causing the rhizome rot. Adults are having metallic grey colour body with transparent
wings.
5. Lacewing bug, Stephanitis typicus, F: Tingidae O: Hemiptera
Adults with transparent shiny lace like reticulate wings and black coloured nymphs suck the sap
from the lower surface of the leaves which result in grey yellow spots on leaves and stunted growth.
6. Thrips, Panchaetothrips indicus, F: Thripidae O: Thysanoptera
Infested leaves become rolled up, turn pale and gradually dry up.
CORIANDER
1. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera)
The nymphs and adults suck sap of the plants and adversely affect their growth. Nymphs are
oval and greenish yellow. Adults are minute with yellow body and hyaline wings dusted with a waxy
powder.
2. Aphid, Hyadoaphis coriandri (Aphididae: Hemiptera)
Both nymphs and adults congregate colonise on ventral surface of leaves and suck cell sap.
Due to copious production of honey dew, leaves give a glistening appearance in thebeginning, but later
covered with sooty mould fungus. Nymphs and adults are yellowish green.
3. Pentatomid bug, Agonoscelis nubilais (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Adult and nymphs suck the sap from leaves and stem. Heavily infested plants show stunting.
Adults are yellowish.
Ex. No. 13. PESTS OF CARDAMOM, PEPPER, CURRY LEAF AND TAMARIND
Date:
CARDAMOM
1. Cardamom thrips Sciothrips cardamomi Thripidae Thysanoptera

2. Cardamom whitefly Dialeurodes cardamomi Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
3. Cardamom aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Aphididae Hemiptera
4. Shoot, panicle & Dichocrosis (Conogethes) Crambidae Lepidoptera
capsule borer punctiferalis
5. Rhizome weevil Prodioctes haematicus Curculionidae Coleoptera
6. Early capsule borer Lampides elpis; Jamides sp Lycaenidae Lepidoptera
7. Hairy caterpillar Eupterote cardamomi Bombycidae Lepidoptera
8. Galerucid borer Thamnuroides cardamomi Galerucidae Coleoptera
9. Shootfly Formosina flavipes Chloropidae Diptera
10. Brown scale Saissettia coffeae Diaspididae Hemiptera
11. Root borer Hilarographa caminodes Yponomeutidae Lepidoptera
12. Skipper butterfly Plesioneura alysos Hesperiidae Lepidoptera
13. Looper Eumelia rosalia; Ansiodes Geometridae Lepidoptera
denticulatus; Thalassodes sp
14. Cutworm Arcilassia plagiata Noctuidae Lepidoptera
16. Root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp.
17 Red spider mite Dolyhotetranychus floridanus Tetranychidae Acari
1.Cardamom thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi, F: Thripidae, O: Thysanoptera

Adults and nymphs cause damage to panicle and capsules. Thrips lacerate the surface tissues
with mandibles and suck the exuding plant sap. Injury to panicles result in its stunted growth, and the
injury on tender capsules develop as scabby growth on capsules. Affected capsules appear malformed,
shrivelled and sometime with gaping slits. Yellowish nymph and greyish brown adult with two pairs of
fringed wings.
2. Shoot/ Panicle/ Capsule borer, Dichocrosis (Conogethes) punctiferalis, F: Crambidae, O:
Lepidoptera
Pseudostem with bore holes plugged with excreta. Deart heart, panicles and spikes dry up
above the point of infestation, larvae also damage the seed and cause empty capsules. Larvae are pale
greenish with pinkish tinch and fine hairs with dark head and prothoracic shield, Adult is a medium
sized moth, pale yellowish with small black spots on the wings.
3. Cardamom whitefly, Dialeurodes cardamom, F: Aleyrodidae, O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults remain in colonies on the lower leaf surface and suck sap. As a result,
chlorotic patches appear on the leaves followed by gradual yellowing and drying. Sooty mould
development occurs due to honeydew secretion. Adult is small with two pairs of white wings. Nymphs
are pale green to greenish yellow in colour.
4. Cardamom aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa, F: Aphididae, O: Hemiptera
It is a vector of Katte or marble mosaic disease in small cardamom. Adults are dark brown
winged and wingless aphids. Winged aphids have a prominent black veins on the wings and hence the
name nigronervosa.
5. Early capsule borer, Lampides elpis; Jamides sp, F: Lycaenidae, O: Lepidoptera
Larvae bore and feed on inflorescence, flower buds, flowers and capsules. Infested capsules
become empty with a big circular hole, turn yellowish brown, which decay and drop off in the rainy
season. Larvae are flat, trowl shapped covered with dense hairs covering all over the body. Wings are
bluish with metallic lusture on upper surface and borded with a white thin line and black shade.
6. Hairy caterpillar, Eupterote cardamomi, F: Bombycidae, O: Lepidoptera
Caterpillars are gregarious in habit. They feed voraciously on leaves and defoliate whole plant.
Larvae are robust, bluish black with pale brown head and have white hairs and dorsal conical tuft of
hairs. Adults are large moth, pale yellow with wavy lines and a series of spots near the outer margin of
wings.
PEPPER
1. Pollu beetle Longitarsus nigripennis Alticidae Coleoptera
2. Top shoot borer Cydia hemidoxa Eucosmidae Lepidoptera
3. Berry gall midge Cecidomyia malabarensis Cecidomyiidae Diptera
4. Marginal gall thrips Liothrips karnyi Thripidae Thysanoptera
5. Pepper mussel scale Lepidosaphes piperis Diaspididae Hemiptera
6. Soft scale Marsipococcus marsupiale Coccidae Hemiptera
7. Coconut scale Aspidiotus destructor Diaspididae Hemiptera
8. Whitefly Aleurocanthus piperis Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
9. Wild silkworm Cricula trifenestrata Saturniidae Lepidoptera
1. Pollu beetle, Longitarsus nigripennis, F: Alticidae ; O : Coleoptera
Grubs bore into the berries and feed on entire internal contents. Affected berries are with exit
holes, dry up later, turn dark and hollow and crumple when pressed. Irregular feeding holes are seen on
leaves. Young grub is with transparent body and grown up is yellow or brownish. Adult is oblong beetle
with broad body and shiny black elytra and enlarged hind femur.
2. Marginal gall thrips, Liothrips karnyi, F: Thripidae O: Thysanoptera
Leaves margins are folded beneath forming marginal galls as a result of feeding by white or
creamy white nymphs and black adults.
3. Top shoot borer, Cydia hemidoxa, F: Eucosmidae O: Lepidoptera
Caterpillar damage terminal shoots of pepper vines by boring into them resulting in drying of shoot.
Adult moth is small. Basal half wing is black and distal half is red. Hind wings are greyish in colour. Full grown
caterpillar is greyish green in colour.
CURRY LEAF
1. Psyllid bug Diaphorina citri Psyllidae Hemiptera
2. Citrus butterfly Papilio demoleus Papilionidae Lepidoptera
3. Bark borer lndarbela tetraonis Cossidae Lepidoptera
4. Citrus black fly Aleurocanthus woglumi Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
5. Leaf roller Tonica zizyphi Oecophoridae Lepidoptera
1. Psyllid bug, Diaphorina citri (Psyllidae: Hemiptera)

The nymphs and adults suck sap of the fresh leaves and tender parts of the plants and thus
vitality of infested plants reduced, giving them a sicky appearance. Nymphs secrete drops of sweet
thick fluid on which a black fungus develops. Adult is brown with its head lighter brown and pointed. The
wings are membraneous semitransparent with a brown band in the apical half of the forewings. The
hindwings are shorter and thinner than forewings. The nymphs are flat, louse like and orange-yellow
and congregated large numbers on young leaves and buds.
2. Citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus, P. polytes (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera)
Larva defoliates tender leaves. Young larva resembles bird droppings. Grown up larva is
cylindrical stout and green with brown lateral oblique bands. Papilio demoleus adults are dark brown
with numerous pale yellow markings. P. polytes are black butterfly with white markings.
3. Leaf roller, Tonica zizyphi (Oecophoridae: Lepidoptera)
Yellowish green caterpillar with black head rolls the leaves and feed on green matter. Adults
are small brown moths.
4. Bark borer: lndarbela tetraonis (Cossidae: Lepidoptera)
The larva makes zigzag galleries in tender shoots causing wilting of the shoot. It remains in
small tunnel concealed in silken webbed masses comprising of charred material and excreta at the axils
of branches and feed on the bark by scraping. The full grown caterpillar is pale brown with a dark head.
The pale brown moth has wavy grey markings on the wings.
5. Citrus black fly: Aleurocanthus woglumi (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera)
Nymphs and adults infest tender shoot and leaves causing drying of tender shoots. Adult fly is
dark orange with smoky wings and fore wings having whitish areas.
TAMARIND
1 Hard scale Aspidiotus tamarindi Diaspididae Hemiptera
2 Soft scale Saissetia oleae Coccidae Hemiptera
3 Fruit borer Argyroploce illepida Eucosmidae Lepidoptera
4 Inflorescence webber Laspeyresia palamedes Eucosmidae Lepidoptera
1. Hard Scale, Aspidiotus tamarindi; F: Diaspididae O: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults are yellowish in colour and cover leaves, fruits, twigs and suck the
sap. Infested plant are devitalized which results in premature shedding of buds, flowers and fruits.
2. Fruit borer, Argyroploce illepida; F: Eucosmidae O: Lepidoptera
Infested fruits have holes plugged with excreta. Cream coloured larva bores into fruits and
feeds on the pulp and internal content. Hollow seeds are filled with faecal pellets and loose galleries of
silk and excreta. Adult moth has brown wings with single brown spot at the lower margin of the forwing.
3. Inflorescence webber, Laspeyresia palamedes; F: Eucosmidae O: Lepidoptera
Creamy larvae bore into tender buds and web together buds and flowers. They pupate in a
cocoon within webbing. Moths are small and dark with shiny forewings bearing white lines.
Ex. No. 14. PESTS OF ROSE, JASMINE, CROSSANDRA, CHRYSANTHEMUM,
Date: TUBEROSE AND CUT FLOWERS
ROSE
1. Rose thrips Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Thripidae Thysanoptera
2. Red scale Lindingaspis rossi Coccidae Hemiptera
3. Rose aphid/lice Macrosiphum rosaeformis, Aphididae Hemiptera
M. rosae
4. Red spider mite Tetranychus urtcae Tetranychidae Acarina
5. Hairy caterpillar Orgyia (=Notolopus) postica Lymantriidae Lepidoptera
Euproctis fraterna
6. Castor semilooper Achaea janata Noctuidae Lepidoptera
7. Flower chaffer beetle Oxycetonia versicolor Cetoniidae Coleoptera
8. Leaf folder Acleris extensana Tortricidae Lepidoptera
9. Leaf cutting bee Megachile anthracina Megachilidae Hymenoptera
1. Rose thrips, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
Nymph is red in colour. Adult is dark brown or black in colour. Nymphs and adults lacerate the tissues
from the under surface of the leaves and suck the oozed out sap. Silvering or white streaks appear on the
infested leaves. Leaves show brown patches and get distorted, finally wither and drop down. Infested flowers
do not open; flowers fade and fall down prematurely.
2. Rose scale, Lindingaspis rossi, F: Diaspididae; O: Hemiptera
Adults are red in colour. Reddish brown waxy scale found on the lower portion of the old stem.
Female - wingless comparatively large. Scales completely cover the stem. Affected portion of the plant
dries up. In server infestation, the whole plant may die.
3. Rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosaeformis, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Aphids are small, pear shaped and soft bodied. They are light blackish green in colour.
Clusters of aphids are seen on tender shoots, buds and flowers. Both nymphs and adults are found in
clusters on the tender shoots, flowers and buds and suck the sap. Withering of tender shoots, buds fall
off prematurely and the flowers show fading.
4. Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, F: Tetranychidae; O: Acarina
Nymphs and adults are red in colour. They feed on the undersurface of leaves and are found
covered with silken webs. Yellow spots appear on the upper surface and leaves turn reddish due to
feeding. Affected leaves finally wither. Growth and flower production are adversely affected.
5. Castor semilooper, Achaea janata, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Moth is stout, greyish brown with black blotches on hindwings. Full grown caterpillar is smooth,
dull greyish brown with white or brown stripes along the body. Caterpillars feed voraciously on the
foliage.
6. Flower chaffer beetle, Oxycetonia versicolor, F: Cetoniidae; O: Coleoptera
Adult beetles are red in colour with black markings. The beetles feed on buds and flower that
result in irregular feeding marks.
7. Leaf cutter bee, Megachile anthracina, F: Megachilidae; O: Hymenoptera
Adult are hairy, medium sized dark insects and the base of the abdomen is tinged with reddish brown
colour. They build cells in crevices and cavities in hedges, dead wood etc. Leaf cutter bee cuts the leaf margin
in a semicircular fashion and use the leaf bits for the construction nest cells.
JASMINE
1. Budworm Hendecasis duplifascialis Crambidae Lepidoptera
2. Gallery worm Elasmopalpus jasminophagus Pyralidae Lepidoptera
3. Leaf webworm Nausinoe geometralis Crambidae Lepidoptera
4. Jasmine eriophyid mite Aceria jasmini Eriophyidae Acarina
5. Leaf roller Glyphodes unionalis Crambidae Lepidoptera
6. Redspider mite Tetranychus urticae Tetranychidae Acarina
7. Jasmine bug Antestia cruciata Pentatomidae Hemiptera
8. Green plant hopper Flata ocellata Flatidae Hemiptera
1. Bud worm, Hendecasis duplifascialis, F: Crambidae; O:Lepidoptera

Larva is greenish with pale body hairs and black head. Adult is small white moth with black wavy
lines on hindwings and abdomen. Caterpillar makes hole on the flower bud and feeds on the inner content.
Larva attacks 2 -3 buds. Petals are eaten by the larvae. Damaged buds are with boreholes and often
webbed with silken threads. Webbings are soiled with excreta.
2. Gallery worm, Elasmopalpus jasminophagus, F: Pyralidae; O:Lepidoptera
Caterpillar is green with a red colour head and lateral brown streaks on the body. Adult is small
and dark grey. Caterpillars make tunnels of silk and excreta outside the buds and seen feed on the
buds.
3. Leaf webber, Nausinoe geometralis, F: Crambidae; O:Lepidoptera
. Larva is green with dark warts. Adult is with light brownish wings having white spots. Leaves
are webbed with loose silken threads and then skeletonised.
4. Jasmine eriophyid mite, Aceria jasmini, F: Eriophyidae; O: Acarina
Female is cylindrical vermiform with two pairs of legs. Measures about 150- 160 µ long and 44µ
thick. This is mainly seen in mullai jasmine. Severe infestation results in felt like hairy outgrowth (white
velvety erinium) on the surface of the leaves, tender stem and flower buds.
5. Leaf roller, Glyphodes unionalis, F: Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera
Caterpillar is green in colour. Adult is a white moth with brown lines along the costal margin of
forewings. Caterpillar rolls the leaves and feeds on them.
6. Redspider mite, Tetranychus urticae, F: Tetranychidae; O: Acarina
Nymphs and adults are red in colour. Eggs are laid on the ventral surface of the leaves, whitish
and spherical shape. Feed on the undersurface of leaves and covered with silken webs. Yellow spots
appear on the upper surface and turn reddish as a result of feeding. Affected leaves finally wither away.
Growth and flower production are adversely affected.
7. Jasmine bug, Antestia cruciata, F: Pentatomidae; O: Hemiptera
Nymph is dark brownish black and round. Adult is shield shaped and dark brown in colour with
orange and white marking on wings. Nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender shoots and buds
which prevent flower formation.
CROSSANDRA
1 Aphids Aphis sp Aphididae Hemiptera
2 Crossandra bug Cynenica affinis Pentatomidae Hemiptera
1. Aphids, Aphis sp, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Both nymph and adult suck the sap from tender leaves and inflorescence. The infested
inflorescence fail to open and the leaves dry off.
2. Crossandra bug, Cynenica affinis, F: Pentatomidae; O: Hemiptera
These are small bugs with greenish, brownish marking on the body. Both the nymphs and
adults suck the sap from tender leaves, spikes, as a result brown lesions seen on the infested parts
followed by drying and dropping of the affected parts.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
1 Black aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni Aphididae Hemiptera
2 Leaf folder Hedylepta (Lamprosema) indicata Pyraustidae Lepidoptera
3 Thrips Microcephalothrips abdominalis Thripidae Thysanoptera
Haplothrips ramakrishnae
Frankliniella sp, Thrips sp
4 Bud borer Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera
5 Leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae Diptera
6 Papaya mealy bug Paracoccus marginatus Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
1. Aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera

Dark brown colour aphids cause yellowing, premature leaf fall, withering, stunted growth, leaf
curling, decrease in flower size and unopened flowers.
2. Leaffolder, Hedylepta (Lamprosema) indicata, O: Pyraustidae; F: Lepidoptera
The larva is green with white stripes and the adult is orange moth with dark lines. The larvae
fold the leaves.
3. Thrips, Microcephalothrips abdominalis, Frankliniella sp, Thrips sp, F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
The nymphs and adults infest the flower heads by lacerating the sepals and feeds on the
oozing sap. This leads to withering, silvering, mottling, distortion of leaves and damaged flowers
4. Bud borer, Helicoverpa armigera , F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva feeds on the buds and flowers.
TUBEROSE
1. Bud Borer Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera

2. Stripped mealybug Ferrisis virgata Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
3. Thrips Thrips flavus, T. tabaci Thripidae Thysanoptera
4. Aphids Aphis craccivora Aphididae Hemiptera
5. Ash weevils Myllocerus sp Curculionidae Coleoptera
6. Red spider mites Tetranychus urticae, T. telarius Tetranychidae Acarina
7. Bulb mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus Tenuipalpidae Acari
1. Bud Borer, Helicoverpa armigera, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva bore into buds and flowers and feeds on the internal content.
2. Stripped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata ; F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the base of the plants and this leads to yellowing, drying
of leaves, sooty mould over the leaves and reduction of flower yield.
3. Thrips, Thrips flavus; T. tabaci, F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
Thrips suck the sap from leaves, flower stalk and flowers. Sometimes, these are associated
with a contagious disease known as 'bunchy top', where the inflorescence is malformed.
4. Aphids, Aphis craccivora, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
These are tiny insects, soft bodied, green, deep purple or black in colour. These usually occur
in clusters and feed on flower buds and young leaves.
5. Ash weevils, Myllocerus sp; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
The weevils feed on the edge of the leaves, producing a characteristic notched effect. Larvae
feed on roots and tunnel into the bulbs.
6. Red spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, T. telarius F:Tetranychidae ; O:Acari
Mites are red or brown in colour. They thrive well under hot and dry conditions, usually on the
undersides of the leaves, where these make webs, if allowed to continue. Mites suck sap, which results
in the formation of yellow speckles and streaks on the foliage. In due course of time, leaves become
yellow, silvery or bronze and distorted.
7. Bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus echinopus, F: Tenuipalpidae; O: Acarina
Mites are yellowish white in colour with a pink tinge. Shines like bead and slow moving. Both
nymphs and adults feed on the bulbs. The outer crust of the bulb scales become hardened and turn
light chocolate brown in colour. Scale of the bulb gets dried and broken into fine filaments.
CUT FLOWERS
CARNATION
1. Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults cause yellowing and drying of tender shoots. Clusters of aphids are seen
on tender shoots, buds and flowers. Aphids are small, pear shaped and soft bodied. They are light
blackish green in colour.
2. Carnation tortrix moth, Tortix pronubata, F: Torticidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva fasten the leaves together with silken threads and feeds on the leaves. Larva is yellow or
green in colour. Adult is a small moth with greyish brown wings.
3. Grass mite, Siteroptes framinum, F: Siteroptidae; O: Acari
Feeding by nymphs and adults causes the leaves to become bronzed dried and crumpled.
Nymph and adult are brick red in colour and rounded.
4. Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
It feeds on leaves, flowers, or stems. The undersides of leaves are spotted with small black
specks. The lacerated leaves are with yellow patches and black spots of excreta. Flowers become
flecked, spotted, and deformed and many buds fail to open. Nymph is red in colour. Adult is dark brown
or black in colour.
5. Cyclamen mite, Steneotarsonemus pallidus, F: Tarsonemidae; O: Acari
The damage by this mite includes irregular deformities of growth pattern, rosette type growth,
irregular fruit or leaf growth, and even the total destruction of the growing tips. The immature stage is
opaque white, almost transparent. A triangular enlargement is seen at the posterior end of the body.
Adults vary from milky-white to yellowish brown and are elliptical in shape.
6. Variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larva cut the young plants at the base or near the ground level. The worms generally are
brownish grey, mottled, with a darker brownish dorsal line and five or less brownish gray pyramidal
marks on the rear dorsal sides of the larvae. There is usually a dark "W" mark on the top of the eighth
abdominal segment.
GERBERA
1. Aphids, Myzus persicae, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults cause yellowing and drying of tender shoots. Clusters of aphids are seen
on tender shoots, buds and flowers. Aphids are small, pear shaped and soft bodied. They are light
blackish green in colour.
2. Army worm, Spodoptera exigua, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Young larvae scrape the leaves on ventral side. Grown-up caterpillar completely defoliates.
Larvae also feed on young fruits. Larva is pale greenish brown with dark markings. Yellow and purplish
spots are seen in the submarginal areas. Adult is stout moth with wavy white markings on the brown
forewings and white hindwings with a brown patch along its margin.
3. Spider mite, Oligonychus spp, F: Tetranychidae; O: Acari
Feeding by nymphs and adults cause the leaves to become bronzed dried and crumpled. Nymph
and adult are brick red in colour.
4. Mites, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Steneotarsonemus pallidus; F: Tarsonimidae; O: Acari
Leaves and flower buds are adversely affected. Flowers become malformed and unsaleable. Male
mites are small and white to pale yellow in colour. Females are yellowish and bigger than the males.
5. Flower thrips, Thrips orientalis; F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
The lacerated leaves are with yellow patches and black spots of excreta. Nymphs are red in colour.
Adult is dark brown or black in colour.
6. Whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Bemisia tabaci, F: Aleyrodidae, O: Hemiptera
White chlorotic spots appear on leaves, which later coalesce to form reddish yellow area that
extends from veins to the outer edges. Leaves fall prematurely. Number and quality of flowers, squares
and bolls gets reduced. Nymphs and adults secrete honeydew, which lead to sooty mould formation.
Nymphs are oval and greenish yellow. Adults are minute with yellow body and hyaline wings dusted
with a waxy powder.
Ex. No. 15 PESTS OF GLORIOSA, COLEUS, PHYLLANTHUS ASWAGANTHA, SENNA AND
Date: PERIWINKLE
GLORIOSA
1. Lily caterpillar, Polytela gloriosae, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Early instars feed on chlorophyll of the leaves. Later instars feed voraciously leaving only the
hard stem of the plant. The larva is black with red and white spots on the body and the adult is brown
with yellow and red markings.
2. Semilooper, Plusia signata, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Caterpillar feed on the leaves. Larva is green colour with brown spots on the body surface.
Adult is medium sized, brown coloured moth with white streaks on the forewing.
3. Leaf eating caterpillar, Spodoptera litura, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
On hatching, clusters of young larvae feed gregariously by initially scraping the surface of the
leaf. Later instars disburse and move to other leaves and feed voraciously, producing large irregular
holes and may leave only the veins. High infestation causes severe defoliation. The newly hatched
larvae are greenish with a dark longitudinal band on each side. The larvae are pale greenish brown with
dark markings and the body have rows of dark spots or transverse and longitudinal grey and yellow
bands. They gradually turn brownish black as they mature. The fully grown larva is stout and cylindrical
measuring 30-50 mm in length.
4. Thrips, Thrips tabaci, F. Thripidae; O. Thysanoptera
Immature and adult thrips feed with a punch-and-suck behavior that removes leaf chlorophyll
causing white to silver patches and streaks. Nymph is white to pale yellow in color. Adult is elongate,
yellow and brown body with two pairs of fringed wings. This pest is vector of Gloriosa Necrosis Virus.
COLEUS
1. Tingid bug, Monantha globulifera, F: Tingidae ; O: Hemiptera
Black spiny nymphs and lace winged adults suck the sap from leaves. Attacked leaves develop
yellow patches, become brown, shrivel and dry up in severe cases.
2. Spike borer, Helicoverpa armigera, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Larvae initially feed on foliage and later damage developing spikes.
PHYLLANTHUS
1. Aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae Aphididae Hemiptera
3. Thrips, Thrips tabaci Thripidae Thysanoptera
4. Red spider mite Tetranychus urticae Tetranychidae Acari
1. Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves, weakening and early wilting of the plant, infested
leaves show leaf chlorosis, withering and premature dropping of leaves, finally death of the plant.
Aphids are elongated pear shaped body with large red eyes, black cornicles and pinkish in colour.
2. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, F: Aleyrodidae; O: Hemiptera
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves, weakening and early wilting of the plant, leaf
chlorosis, leaf withering, premature dropping of leaves and death of the plant
3. Thrips, Thrips tabaci, F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera
Nymphs and adults lacerate the leaves, leaf curling, withering and death of the plant. nymphs
and adults are pale yellowish in colour.
4. Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, F: Tetranychidae; O: Acari
White spots developed on the feeding sites, in severe case, the whole leaf became white and
drying. Nymphs and adults are red in colour. Eggs are laid on the ventral surface of the leaves and are
whitish, spherical in shape.
PERIWINKLE
1. Sphingid larvae Deilephila nerii Sphingidae Lepidoptera
2. Leaf eating caterpiller Anomis flava Noctuidae Lepidoptera
3. Leafhopper Macrosteles fascifrons Cicadellidae Hemiptera
4. Grass hopper Acrida exaltata Acrididae Orthoptera
1. Sphingid, Dilephila nerii; Sphingidae; Lepidoptera
Larvae cause severe damage to plants by feeding extensively on leaves, buds and flowers.
Adult has a greenish head, with rufous in front and a grey band on vertex. The thorax is green, and the
collar outlined in grey. There is a triangular grey patch on the vertex. Adult lays pale glossy green eggs.
The larvae are not typical of hawk moth caterpillars, with the horn on the terminal segment being less
pronounced than usual, and absent in some species. The head and thoracic segments can be retracted
into the first and second segments of the abdomen, which then appear enlarged and display eye-spots.
2. Leaf eating caterpillar - Anomis flava; Noctuidae; Lepidoptera
Anomis flava has an uninterrupted succession of generations. The caterpillars are notable for
their feeding traces. They usually sit on the underside of leaves. Larva Green with five longitudinal
white stripes and red prolegs. Pupates inside leaffold. Adults have reddish brown wings with wavy
markings. It shows a clear sexual dichroism. Males are darker and the females more yellowish.
3. Leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons, F: Cicadellidae; O: Hemiptera
Small, greenish, wedge shaped sucking insects that cause leaf-flecking and yellowing. This
pest transmits aster yellow disease, which causes yellowing, distortion and stunting of plants.
Ex. No. 16 PESTS OF LAWN AND STORED PRODUCTS
Date:
LAWN
1. Armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda and Peridroma saucia, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera

Caterpillars first skeletonize the grass blades and later create bare spots. The caterpillar is greenish
when small, dark brown when mature.
2. Cutworms, Agrotis spp., F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera
Several species of cutworms (e.g., black or granulate cutworms) occur, but seldom are serious
pests in turfgrass. Larvae usually dig a burrow in the ground or thatch (or use an aeration hole) and
emerge at night to chew off grass blades and shoots. Damage may appear as circular spots of dead
grass or depressed spots that look like ball marks on golf greens.
3. Fire Ants, Solenopsis invicta, F: Formicidae; O: Hymenoptera
The red imported fire ant is an introduced pest that creates large mounds in turfgrass and inflicts
painful bites and stings to people, pets, livestock and wildlife. Mounds can also damage mowing,
harvesting, or electrical equipment.
4. Hunting Billbug, Sphenophorus venatus verstitus, F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
These are white, legless grubs with brown head capsules. Adults are black weevils. Adults have a
raised Y-shaped area surrounded by curved lines on the prothorax and rows of large and small pits on
the wing covers.
5. Mole Crickets, Scapteriscus spp., F: Gryllotalpidae; O: Orthoptera
Three mole cricket species (tawny, southern, and short-winged; Scapteriscus spp.) are significant
pests in turf. Damage is caused by mole cricket tunneling in the soil, which exposes and dries out roots.
Nymphs and adults of the tawny and short-winged mole crickets feed on roots and grass blades at
night.
6. Rhodesgrass Mealybug, Antonina graminis, F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera
It prefers Rhodesgrass, Johnsongrass, bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass. Infested grass
plants gradually turn brown and die. St. Augustinegrass may become discolored and develop spots.
7. Spittle bugs, Propsapia bicincta, F: Cercopidae; O: Hemiptera
The two-lined spittlebug, Propsapia bicincta damage turfgrasses, especially bermuda, St.
Augustine, centipede, bahia, crab, Johnson and orchard grasses. It also feeds on many crops,
ornamentals and weeds. Nymphs and adults both suck plant juices. In centipede grass a reddish-purple
and/or white stripe may run lengthwise down on damaged grass blades. Heavy infestations may kill,
wither or reduce the growth of turfgrasses.
8. White Grubs, Cyclocephala spp and Phyllophaga spp, F: Melolonthidae; O: Coleoptera
Larvae are C-shaped grubs. They are whitish in color with dark areas at the rear and a brownish
head. The adults are scarab beetles. Grubs become most damaging in August and may continue
feeding until January.
STORED PRODUCTS
I. Primary storage pests: Insects that damages whole grains are primary storage pests
A. Internal Feeders
1. Rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae, Dryophthoridae Coleoptera
S. zeamais, S. granarius
2. Lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica Bostrychidae Coleoptera
3. Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
4. Pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis, Bruchidae Coleoptera
C. maculatus
5. Cigarette beetle Lasioderma sericorne Anobiidae Coleoptera
6. Drug store beetle Stegobium paniceum Anobiidae Coleoptera
7. Tamarind Beetle Pachymeres gonagra Bruchidae Coleoptera
8. Sweet Potato weevil Cylas formicarius Apionidae Coleoptera
9. Potato tuber moth Phthorimoea operculella Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
10. Arecanut beetle Araecerus fasciculatus Anthribidae Coleoptera
B. External Feeders
1. Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, Tenebrionidae Coleoptera
Tribolium confusum
2. Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Phycitidae Lepidoptera
3. Fig moth or almond moth Ephestia cautella Phycitidae Lepidoptera
4. Rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Galleriidae Lepidoptera
5. Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Dermestidae Coleoptera
II. Secondary storage pests: Insects that damage broken or already damaged grains secondary
storage pests.
1. Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephillis surinamensis Silvanidae: Coleoptera

2. Long headed flour beetle Latheticus oryzae Tenebrionidae Coleoptera
3. Flat grain beetle Cryptolestus minutas, Cucujidae Coleoptera
4. Grain lice Liposcelis divinitorius Liposcelidae Psocoptera
5. Grain mite Acarus siro Acaridae Acari
I. PRIMARY STORAGE PESTS

A. Internal Feeders
1. Rice weevil: Sitophilus oryzae F: Dryophthoridae O: Coleoptera
Both the adults and the grubs cause damage to rice, sorghum, wheat, barley, maize. The developing larva
lives and feeds inside the grain causing irregular holes of 1.5 mm diameter on grains of rice, sorghum,
wheat, barley, maize before harvest and in storage. The weevils destroy more than what they eat. Grub is
white and apodous with yellowish brown head. Adult is small reddish brown weevil with four yellow spots.
2. Lesser grain borer: Rhyzopertha dominica F: Bostrychidae O: Coleoptera
Both the adults and the grubs cause damage to wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, barley, lentils, army
biscuits, ship biscuits, stored, dried potatoes, corn flour, beans, pumpkin seeds, tamarind seeds and millets.
The adults and grubs bore into the grains feed and reduce them to mere shells with many irregular holes.
The adults are powerful fliers and migrate from one godown to another, causing fresh infestation. Adults
produce a considerable amount of frass, spoiling more than what they eat. The larva is about 3mm long,
dirty white, with light-brown head and a constricted elongated body. The adult is a small cylindrical beetle
measuring about 3 mm in length and less than 1 mm in width. It is shining dark brown with a deflexed head,
covered by a crenulated hood-shaped pronotum.
3. Angoumois grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella F: Gelechiidae O: Lepidoptera
The damage is at its maximum during the monsoon. Only the larvae cause damage by feeding on
the paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, barley, oats grain kernels before harvest and also in storage. The larva
bores into grain and feeds on its contents. Exit holes of 1 mm diameter with or without a trap door, are seen
on the affected cereal grains. As it grows, it extends the hole which partly gets filled with pellets of excreta. It
imparts unhealthy appearance and smell. In a heap of grain, the upper layers are most severely affected. A
full grown larva is about 5 mm long, with a white body and yellow brown head. The adult is a buff, grey
yellow, brown or straw coloured moth, measuring about 10-12 mm in wing expanse. The characteristic
feature is the presence of the narrow pointed wings fringed with long hair.
4. Pulse beetle: Callosobruchus maculatus (chinensis) F: Bruchidae O: Coleoptera
The adult and grub feed on gram, mung (Phaseolus aureus), mothbean (Phaseolus aconitifolius),
peas, cow peas, lentil and arhar (Cajanus cajan), cotton seed, sorghum and maize grain by making a small
hole. Infested stored seed can be recognized by the white eggs on the seed surface and the round exit holes
with the 'flap' of seed coat. Kabuli types are particularly susceptible. Larva is whitish with a light-brown head.
The mature larva is 6-7 mm long. The adult beetle measuring 3-4 mm in length, is oval, chocolate or reddish
brown and has long serrated antennae, truncate elytra, not covering the pygidium.
5. Cigarette beetle: Lasioderma serricorne F: Anobiidae O: Coleoptera
Both grubs and adults bore into tobacco products viz., cigarettes, cheroots and chewing tobacco.
Presence of circular pin head sized bore holes on processed tobacco is the typical symptom of attack. It also
attacks the grain of wheat, peanut, cocoa, bean, cotton seed etc.Adult light brown round beetle with its
thorax and head bent downwards and this presents a strongly humped appearance to the insect. The elytra
have minute hairs on them. Antenna is of uniform thickness. Grub is whitish and hairy.
6. Drug store beetle: Stegobium paniceum F: Anobiidae O: Coleoptera
Circular pin-head sized bore hole on turmeric, coriander, ginger, dry vegetable and animal matter.
Adult reddish brown small beetle has striated elytra and measured 3 mm long. Antenna is clubbed. It lays
the eggs in batches of 10 – 40. Grub is not hairy but is pale white, fleshy with the abdomen terminating in
two dark horny points.
7. Tamarind beetle: Pachymeres gonagra F: Bruchidae O: Coleoptera
Small grey coloured adult. It makes circular holes on fruits of tamarind both in tree and storage.
8. Sweet potato weevil: Cylas formicarius F: Apionidae O: Coleoptera
Whitish apodous with brown head. Adult is slender ant like with a long snout and shiny black with
reddish brown thorax and legs. Grubs and adults bore into the tubers and make them unfit for consumption.
Damage occurs both in field and storage
9. Potato tuber moth: Phthorimoea operculella F:Gelechiidae O:Lepidoptera
Larva is pale greenish. Adult is small with narrow fringed wings; forewings grey brown with dark
spots and hindwings dirty white. Damage occurs both in field and storage. Tubers bored by caterpillars
associated with fungal or bacterial infection.
10. Arecanut beetle: Araecerus fasciculatus F: Anthribidae O: Coleoptera
Internal content is eaten leaving outer coat intact. Causes more contamination than the actual
damage. Coffee, cocoa, spices, maize, groundnut, brazilnut, dried cassava roots and processed foods. Adult
is greyish brown.
B. External Feeders
1. Red flour beetle: Tribolium castaneum F: Tenebrionidae O: Coleoptera
Both the larvae and adults cause damage in wheat-flour, dry fruits, pulses and prepared cereal
foods, such as cornflakes. The greatest damage is during the hot and humid monsoon season. The larvae
are always found hidden in the food. The adults, however, are active creatures, but mostly found concealed
in flour. Adult construct tunnels as they move through flour and other granular food products. In severe
infestation, the flour turns greyish and mouldy, and has a pungent, disagreeable odour making it unfit for
human consumption. The young larva is yellowish white and measures 1 mm in length. As it matures, it
turns reddish yellow, becomes hairy and measures over 6 mm in length. The adult is a small reddish-brown
beetle, measuring about 3.5 mm in length and 1.2 mm in width. The last antennal segment is transversely
rounded.
2. Indian meal moth: Plodia interpunctella F: Phycitidae O: Lepidoptera
It infests grains, meals, breakfast foods, soybean, dried fruits, nuts, dried roots, herbs, dead
insects, etc. Only the larva causes damage. Crawling caterpillars completely web over the surface of a heap
of grains with silken threads. The adults fly from one bin to another and spread the infestation. Larva is
white, often tinged with green or pink, a light-brown head, On reaching maturity, the larva is 8-13 mm in
length. The adult moth is about 13-20 mm in wing expanse with a coppery lustre.
3. Almond Moth / Fig moth: Ephestia cautella F: Pyralidae O: Lepidoptera
It is a serious pest of dried fruits such as currants, raisons, dried apples, dates, berries, figs,
almonds, walnuts, tamarind seeds, etc. It has also been recorded on lac, malted milk, dried mango, pulp,
garlic bulbs, various cereal grains and grain products. The caterpillars make tunnels in the food materials.
The number of silken tube is sometimes extremely high and these clog the mill machinery where the infested
grains have been sent for milling. The adult moth has greyish wings with transverse stripes on the outer
region and the wing expanse is about 12 mm. The full-grown larva is white with pinkish tinge.
4. Rice moth: Corcyra cephalonica F: Pyralidae O: Lepidoptera
It infests rice, sorghum, maize, gram, groundnut, cotton-seed, milled products, cocoa beans and
raisins. The larvae alone damage the grains of rice and maize by feeding under silken webs. When
infestation is high, the entire stock of grains may be converted into a webbed mass. Ultimately, a
characteristic foul odour develops and the grains are rendered unfit for human consumption.
5. Khapra beetle: Trogoderma granarium F: Dermestidae O: Coleoptera
The Khapra beetle will attack any dried plant or animal matter. It prefers grain and cereal products,
mainly wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, rice, flour, malt, and noodles. It can also feed on animal products
such as dead mice, dried blood, and dried insects. Fresh yellowish-white larva grows 4mm long and turns
brown. The adult is a small dark-brown beetle, 2-3 mm long, with a retractile head and clubbed antennae.
The entire body is clothed with fine hairs.
II. SECONDARY STORAGE PEST
1. Saw toothed grain beetle: Oryzaephilus surinamensis F: Cucujidae O: Coleoptera
It feeds on grains, dried fruits etc by scarving of grain surface or burrowing holes in them. It attacks
rice, wheat, maize, cereal products, oil seeds and dry fruits. It is slender, dark, narrow, flattened beetle
having a row of saw like sharp teeth on each side of the prothorax. The antenna is clubbed and elytra cover
abdomen completely. The larva is slender, pale cream in colour with slightly darken patches on each
segment.
2. Long headed flour beetle: Latheticus oryzae F: Tenebrionidae O: Coloeptera
Both grubs and adult beetles feed on the milled products. It occurs as secondary infestation in
stored grain. It attacks cereal flour, packaged food, rice and rice products. Occurs as secondary infestation in
stored sorghum, wheat, etc. The beetle is light brown in colour with elongated body, measuring 2 -3 mm in
length and resembles Tribolium castaneum. The grub is small, white active which feeds voraciously. Head is
longer in proportion to the body than that of Tribolium, paler and brighter than Tribolium.
3. Flat grain beetle: Cryptolestes minutus F:Cucujidae O:Coleoptera
Both grubs and adults feed on broken grains or on milled products. In case of heavy infestation it
cause heating in grain and flour. It attacks rice, maize, wheat with excessive broken, different flours, ground
nut particularly with high moistures and mouldy grains. It is smallest among the stored grain insect pests. It is
light to dark reddish brown beetle measuring 1.5 mm to 2.0 mm. The larva is cigar like yellowish white with
two reddish brown spots at anal segment.
4. Grain lice: Liposcelis divinitorius, O: Psocoptera :
They are scavengers affecting only germ portion in heavy infestation. It thrives on insect fragments
and broken grains. It attacks all starchy material. It is pale grey or yellowish white coloured, small, pin head
sized louse with filiform antenna.
5. Grain mite: Acarus siro, F:Acaridae; O: Acari :
It feeds on the surface of the grains. It attacks cereal grains, flour and other eatables. It is pale straw
to dark reddish brown mite. It lays about 100 eggs. The eggs are hatched into 6 legged larvae which moult
into nymphs having 8 legs. There are 1-3 instars. The life cycle is completed in 9-12 days at 23 0 C and 70 %
relative humidity.

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AEN 302

PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS

PRACTICAL MANUAL CUM RECORD

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

COURSE TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Name : __________________________ I.D. No. ________________

2. Pests of Chillies, Onion, Garlic, Moringa and

3. Pests of Crucifers and Cucurbits

4. Pests of Mango, Citrus and Sapota

5. Pests of Banana, Grapevine and Guava

6. Pests of Pomegranate, Aonla and Papaya

7. Pests of Jack, Pine apple, Custard apple, Ber

8. Pests of Potato, Sweet potato, Tapioca, Yam

9. Pests of Coconut and Arecanut

10. Pests of Coffee and Tea

11. Pests of Cashew, Cocoa and Betelvine

12. Pests of Turmeric, Ginger and Coriander

13. Pests of Cardamom, Pepper, Curry leaf and

14. Pests of Rose, Jasmine, Crossandra,

15. Pests of Gloriosa, Coleus, Phyllanthus,

16. Pests of Lawn and stored products

1. Chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae Thysanoptera

1. Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis; F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera

1. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, F: Thripidae; O: Thysanoptera

1. Pod fly Gitona distigma Drosophilidae Diptera

1. Amaranthus stem weevil, Hypolixus truncatulus; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera

1. Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella; F: Plutellidae; O: Lepidoptera

PESTS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE

1. Rhizome weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus; F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera

1. Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii; F: Miridae; O: Hemiptera

1. Fruit borer, Deudorix (Virachola) isocrates, F: Lycaenidae; O: Lepidoptera

1. Shoot and Fruit borer, Diaphania (Glyphodes) caesalis; F:Crambidae; O: Lepidoptera

1. Mealy bug, Dysmicoccus brevipes, F: Pseudococcidae; O: Hemiptera

1. Woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, F: Pemphigidae, O: Hemiptera

1. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyrodidae Hemiptera

1. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci F:Aleyrodidae O: Hemiptera

1. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, F: Scarabaeidae; O: Coleoptera

1. White stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes F: Cerambycidae; O: Coleoptera

1 Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora Miridae Hemiptera

1. Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora F: Miridae; O: Hemiptera

1. Stem and root borer Neoplocaederus ferrugineus Cerambycidae Coleoptera

1. Stem and root borer, Plocaederus ferrugineus; F: Cerambycidae; O: Coleoptera

1 Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Miridae Hemiptera

1. Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii, F: Miridae; O: Hemiptera

1. Aphid, Aphis gossypii, F: Aphididae O: Hemiptera

1. Shoot borer Dichocrosis (Conogethes) Crambidae Lepidoptera

1. Shoot borer, Dichocrosis (Conogethes) punctiferalis, F: Crambidae O: Lepidoptera

1. Cardamom thrips Sciothrips cardamomi Thripidae Thysanoptera

1.Cardamom thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi, F: Thripidae, O: Thysanoptera

1. Psyllid bug, Diaphorina citri (Psyllidae: Hemiptera)

1. Bud worm, Hendecasis duplifascialis, F: Crambidae; O:Lepidoptera

1. Aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, F: Aphididae; O: Hemiptera

1. Bud Borer Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera

1. Armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda and Peridroma saucia, F: Noctuidae; O: Lepidoptera

1. Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephillis surinamensis Silvanidae: Coleoptera

I. PRIMARY STORAGE PESTS

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