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Biocontrol pdf

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21 views

BP_Course_Lecture_2

Biocontrol pdf

Uploaded by

Gurugubelli Sesil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes – Topic: 2

BIO INTENSIVE PEST MANAGEMENT (BIPM):


DIFFERENT CATOGORIES OF BIO PESTICIDES

Dr. S. J. Rahman
Principal Scientist & University Head (Entomology)
AICRP on Biological Control of Crop Pests
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030

In the present WTO regime, quality of the agricultural produce has gained
importance apart from quantity produced. The globalization of agriculture necessitated
Indian farmer to follow Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in crop protection through
Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The globalized competition led the farmer to adopt
Sustainable agriculture approaches to improve the quality of the produce without
chemical residues. In agriculture, plant protection is vital area, which considerably
influence the yield attributes. An enormous amount of crop losses are caused due to
insect pests, diseases and weeds in several of the commonly grown commodities in India
ranging from grain crops like cereals, pulses & oilseeds to cash crops like cotton, jute and
several of the vegetables and fruits. Till the last decade, pesticidal applications were used
to be the prime measures for insect pest and disease control in many of the crops.
However, due to several of the disadvantages associated with pesticidal use such as
residues in commodities, resistance development to pesticides in insect and also most
importantly the enormous amount of environmental hazards caused by pesticides, the
farmer never got the real benefit out of the chemicals what he was using in the name of
pestcides. On the other hand, due to indiscriminate use of pesticides several of the non-
target beneficial organisms like natural enemies, honeybees and other such useful fauna
are adversely affected causing ecological imbalance resulting into unaccountable
amounts of deleterious effects on “Mother Nature”.

Bio Intensive Pest Management (BIPM) – A Suitable Need in Sustainable


agriculture

By keeping in view the above facts, in mind, it becomes imperative to concentrate


on alternate methods of pest control without the negative impact of plant protection
measures on the ecosystem. Among various approaches adopted in pest control,
Biological control based Bio Intensive Pest Management (BIPM) of crop pests is found
to be the most important and practically feasible one by considering the present scenario
of Indian agriculture. These tested eco friendly measures of pest management are of
certain importance in the era of sustainable agriculture.

Applicability of Biological Control and non-chemical methods to fit into Sustainable


agriculture situations:

Several non-insecticidal methods of pest control such as Biological Control, use


of Pheromones, Cultural Control and use of botanical insecticides started gaining
importance in IPM programmes in different important crops. Validation of these IPM
programmes with biological control as an integral component was done in important
crops to work out the economic feasibility of these eco friendly inputs. Application of
these biological pest management inputs in Sustainable agriculture is well justified as the
basic concept of sustainable agriculture highlights the fact that it envisages the alternate
production system which avoids or largely exclude the use of synthetic fertilizers,
pesticides and growth regulating hormones. In case of BIPM it proved to be two way
process wherein, BIPM acts as a potential tool in Sustainable agriculture while
Sustainable agriculture enhance the potentiality of BIPM.

Biological Control agents as Bio Pesticides and their categories

The efforts aimed at increasing the naturally occurring biotic agents against the
pest, both qualitatively and quantitatively can be termed as Biological Control and the
pest management programmes where these inputs form the core component is designated
as Bio Intensive Pest Management (BIPM). Use of micro organisms as Bio Pesticides is
one of the most effective, economical & sustainable method of pest management in the
recent years.

The micro organisms exploited in biological control of insect pests are (a) Insect
viruses (b) Bacteria (c) Entomo Pathogenic Fungi (d) Entomo Pathogenic Nematodes and
other organisms like Protozoans and rickettsia etc. while several antagonistic fungi and
bacteria are being successfully used in minimizing the plant disease incidence. Nematode
pest management by using biotic agents is also one of the most promising areas and
gaining much deserved importance in the current scenario of sustainable agriculture. The
most commonly used bio agents as Bio Pesticides are:

(a) Insect Viruses:

Nucleo Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV): Effective against only lepidopteran insects


individually in different crops. Ha NPV is used for the management of Helicoverpa
armigera while Sl NPV is meant for Spodoptera litura. Similarly, castor semi looper is
managed by Ach NPV and red hairy caterpillar by Am NPV.

Granulosis Virus (GV) and Cyto Plasmic Viruses (CPV): are being extensively used
against insect pests of sugarcane.

(b) Bacteria: Most commonly and widely used bio pesticide in insect control operations
is Bacillus thuringiensis. This bacterium is highly effective against several insect pests of
Lepidoptera. They cause disease due to which insect turns black and die. The bacteria
come in several commercial formulations such as Dipel, Delfin, Halt, Spicturin, Biolep,
BioAsp etc.

(c) Fungi: : Several fungi such as, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and
Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii are used against important pests like gram pod borer,
tobacco cater pillar and sucking pests like thrips, aphids and mealy bugs. The fungi
develop hyphae inside insect system as a result insect dies due to mechanical congestions.
This mode of action makes these organisms to perfectly suit to the needs of sustainable
agriculture. In certain cases they produce toxins to kill the insect.

(d) Entomopathogenic nematodes: These nematodes harbour certain bacteria which act
as toxins to insect systems. Mainly exploited entomo pathogenic nematodes in insect
control operations are – Heterorhabditis sp, Steinernema sp.
Other than these microorganisms protozoans such as Variomorpha sp and others
were also found to be effective against insect pests and can be effectively be incorporated
as tools in sustainable agriculture.

Antagonistic organisms for plant disease management


Biological control of plant diseases is also very important in the eco friendly
management of the biotic stresses. The most commonly and widely used organisms for
these purposes are Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis
which are used for controlling the diseases caused by different pathogens viz., Pythium,
Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium etc., These antagonistic organisms certainly give
efficient, practical and cost effective plant disease control without causing any abnormal
and adverse effect in the ecosystem. In addition to control of plant diseases, several of the
disease antagonistic bio control agents play several other important roles such as plant
growth promoting (Pseudomonas fluorescens), decomposition of crop residues in to
organic matter (Trichoderma viride) and for extracting certain enzymes and other
commercially viable metabolites.

Weed management through Biological Control


Biological control of the weeds through biotic agents is gaining momentum in the
recent years as the weed menace in cultivated lands as well as in waste lands posing
serious health problems to the mankind besides reducing the yield levels considerably in
agriculture. Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata is being used for reducing the
menace of Congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus. Water hyacinth is reported to be
attacked by Neochitina bruchi (weevil) and Orthogalumna trerbrantis (mite). Rust
fungus, Puccinia spegazzinii is exploited for suppression of Mikania micrantha.

*****

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