15 Questions About Child Labour

1. What is child labour?

The definition of child labour usually means work done by children

under the age of 15 that is full-time, and therefore interferes with
their education. Also, work that is exploitative, and work which
damages their physical, mental, social or psychological
development. It does not mean work done by children after school,
on weekends or during holidays to help their family. Some of the
worst child labour abuses - incredibly - involve 4 and 5 year olds
working full-time.

2. How many children work?

The International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that 250

million children work in factories, plantations and fields and down
mines. This does not include children working as domestic servants
- a type of work very difficult to count or estimate. Getting exact
figures is difficult in countries like Burma or China, where it is next
to impossible to get reliable figures even though child labour is
rampant.

3. Why do children work?

There are many reasons why children have to work. An increase in

the supply of child labour is caused by poverty. We can't look at
child labour just at the level of the individual family - we need to
look at the economic structures which create poverty for the vast
majority of people in the world, and so force children into work.

The increase in the demand for child labour is caused by the intense
pressure on many companies to become more competitive and win
a greater market share. Children are seen as a cheap source of
labour, which may be enough to give a company a slight edge over
competitors or provide an opportunity to increase profits.
Companies are now freer to maximise profits by either moving
offshore or using overseas sub-contractors, and so availing of
cheaper labor costs - and the cheapest possible wages are that of a
child.

4. Is child labour caused by poverty?

Yes, poverty is one cause of child labour, but child labour is also a
cause of poverty. "Child labour is not only a by-product of poverty,
it also generates poverty..... The argument that child labour can't
be eliminated until poverty is eliminated reverses cause and effect
and provides an excuse for tolerating child labour. Ending child
labour is a way out of poverty." (Pharis J. Harvey).

1 Hamada Abu Nijmeh

 Child labour causes poverty because when a child is employed, it
displaces an adult from that job, and also drives down adult wages
in that industry or region. When children work, they are denied an
education and so have no chance of escaping from poverty.
Illiterate child labourers usually become poverty-stricken, illiterate
adults who in turn have to send their children out to work, and so
perpetuate this cycle of poverty.

5. Won't high economic growth through globalisation solve the

problem?

Child labour has increased due to globalisation. Globalisation has

created the potential for immense economic growth. But when
combined with economic rationalist policies favouring labour
deregulation, ruthless competition, the banning of trade unions and
a disregard for the human and environmental consequences, it
becomes a potent mix for driving down workers wages, conditions
and safety standards both in developing and industrialised
countries. This laissez-faire ideology has resulted in a "race to the
bottom" which has increased the incidence of slave labour, prison
labour and especially child labour.

6. Why is this an issue for the trade union movement?

Employers use children because kids are cheap to hire. Children are
not likely to organise trade unions and have little power to demand
better health and safety conditions or fair wages.

Child labour weakens the power of all adult workers, as we are

forced to compete with children for jobs. Parents can't get work
because companies prefer to hire their children. Employers are
using the most vulnerable in society to undermine our battle for
safe, fair and democratic workplaces.

7. Won't children be worse off if they don't work?

Some claim that if children are displaced from work they will be
forced into begging or prostitution. It is better, they say, to just
leave them in work.

Trade unions, however, believe that when a total package is

implemented which includes adequately-resourced education as an
alternative for the child, and the child's job is given to an adult
relative, then both the child and their family are better off. The
local community would also benefit from the higher adult wages
being earned - and spent.

8. If children don't work, won't these families starve?

2 Hamada Abu Nijmeh

 Children rarely earn a living wage, in fact, they are hired because
they can be paid so little. The parents of child labourers are
frequently unemployed or underemployed. There is often a direct
co-relation between child labour and adult unemployment. It's true
that families will need financial support to make the transition from
child to adult employment. This should come in the form of income
generation programs for adults, job creation, access to community
micro-credit and savings, and even cash subsidies to families whose
children leave work.

9. Will child labour decrease as poor countries develop?

Not necessarily. Even when economic growth was high in the early
and mid 1990s in some countries such as Thailand, Indonesia and
the Philippines, child labour continued to increase. Real
development can only occur when adults are at work and children
are at school. Until then, a small minority of people will profit from
child labour, but whole communities will be condemned to a cycle of
poverty and underdevelopment and waste their most valuable
resource for the future - a healthy and educated workforce.

10. Why is child labour getting worse in some countries?

Poverty, the race to the bottom, structural adjustment programs,

contracting out, technology, free trade zones and a growing
informal economy - all these fundamentals of the new "global
economy" have caused the increase in child labour. Anything that
causes or sustains poverty encourages child labour.

When a country has financial problems, the International Monetary

Fund (IMF) moves in and usually demands the economy becomes
"export oriented". This means enticing foreign investment through
cheap labour, no unions and weak labour laws. It also requires cuts
to government social spending such as health and education. But
adequately resourced primary education is one of the most effective
solutions to the problem of child labour The poorest and most
vulnerable children have paid the debt of the Third World at the
expense of their normal development, their health and their
opportunity for education.

Contracting out is also increasing child labour as local firms

compete fiercely for contracts and look for the cheapest labour in
order to win them.

New manufacturing techniques also increase the demand for child

labour. Young people, women and children conform best to the
profile of the flexible worker.

3 Hamada Abu Nijmeh

 Free trade zones have also led to an increase in demand for child
workers. Between 80-90% of employees in free trade zones are
young women and girls.

The informal economy has grown in recent decades as more and

more work has gone underground. The growth in small workshops,
temporary work, and home- based work has made it easier for
employers to use children.

11. Does child labour really affect me?

It does. Products made by child labour are sold in your corner store
- matches, fireworks, toys, clothes, sporting goods, plastic gadgets
... you name it. Oranges picked by Brazilian children makes its way
into your breakfast juice. Surgical instruments used in our hospitals
are made by children. We benefit from their cheap wages. And
since child labourers are usually paid about half the adult wage,
that drives down the value of adult labour, both overseas and here.
It makes it tougher for adults to hang on to wages, to jobs.... and
to unions.

12. Shouldn't we boycott?

If only it were that easy. Child labour is so widespread it's difficult

to promote one company's record over another. There are lots of
reasons to boycott Nike, but Reebok isn't much of an alternative.
Unions generally support company boycotts where the workers
themselves have called for one.

Consumer boycotts or government sanctions are most effective

when they are part of a wider package which includes adequate
education as an alternative for the child and the child's job being
given to an adult relative.

However, boycotts and sanctions are only successful if each

individual country takes a similar stand. It is much more effective
to have a global solution where all countries have to observe as
agreed standard, such as Core Labour Standards, which could be
included in the rules of world trade.

13. Is there child labour in Australia?

Yes. In most industrialised countries, including Australia, child

labour has become a relatively marginal phenomenon, but it has
never disappeared entirely. We are now witnessing an increase with
the growth of outwork production in some industries such as the
clothing industry where many workers are irregularly employed,
work from home and are paid per piece sewn rather than receive a
fixed wage.

4 Hamada Abu Nijmeh

 Organisers from the Textile, Clothing & Footwear Union have found
children working on industrial sewing machines after school, until
late at night and during school holidays. "One disturbing fact about
outwork in Australia is the incidence of children working. While it is
rare to find children directly employed by contractors, we have
found children working long hours alongside their parents or other
siblings. We have witnessed one child about 8 years old, sewing
because his mother was suffering severe stress and overuse
syndrome from working 18 hours".
(The Hidden Cost of Fashion - Report on the National Outwork
Information Campaign - TCFUA, March 1995)

14. When we oppose child labour, aren't we trying to protect

our own jobs?

We join a union to win justice for each other. Unions seek a world
where children have access to decent education, health care, and
are free from exploitation. Yet there is something wrong with a
global economy which has 250 million children working and 800
million adults unemployed. Unions want a world which has safe, fair
employment for all adults, but we can't help improve standards for
workers around the world if we're caught in the same downward
spiral.

15. What should I tell my kids about child labour?

Be frank with your children about child labour. Show them this
pamphlet. If kids their age or younger are making their toys and
their clothes, they should hear about it. The environmental
movement has shown that children and young people can be agents
for great social change.

5 Hamada Abu Nijmeh