4 Here are some statements about the compound ethene.

H H
● ethene has the displayed formula C C
H H

● ethene is a gas at room temperature

● ethene burns with a smoky flame
● ethene is unsaturated
● ethene is insoluble in water
● ethene can be prepared from ethanol
● ethene is used to make the polymer poly(ethene)

(a) (i) State why ethene is described as unsaturated.

(1)

(ii) Describe a chemical test to show that ethene is an alkene.

(2)
Test

Result
(b) (i) Complete the following equation that represents the preparation of ethene from
ethanol.
(1)
C2H5OH → C2H4 +
(ii) What is the name given to this type of reaction?
(1)

(c) Complete the equation to show the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene.
(2)
H H
n C C
H H

(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

5 The diagram shows some important conversion processes used in the oil industry.

process 1 process 2
crude oil kerosene ethene

process 3

process 4
poly(chloroethene) chloroethene

(a) Process 1 is called

(1)
A catalytic cracking
B condensation polymerisation
C fractional distillation
D thermal decomposition

(b) Describe the differences between crude oil and kerosene. In your answer you should
refer to
Ɣ the average size of the molecules in the two liquids
Ɣ the covalent bonding in the molecules
Ɣ the viscosities of the two liquids
(3)

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 (c) The equation for one reaction that could occur in process 2 is

CxHy o C5H12 + 2C2H4

(i) Deduce the formula of CxHy

(1)

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(ii) Give the name of the compound C5H12

(1)

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(iii) Draw the displayed formula of C2H4

(1)

(d) The structural formula of chloroethene formed in process 3 is CH2 CHCl

The polymer formed in process 4 is poly(chloroethene).
Draw the displayed formula for the repeat unit of poly(chloroethene).
(2)
 (e) Poly(chloroethene) is formed by addition polymerisation.
Nylon is formed by condensation polymerisation.
(i) How does condensation polymerisation differ from addition polymerisation?
(1)

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(ii) Poly(chloroethene) and nylon do not biodegrade easily.

What is meant by the term biodegrade?
(2)

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(iii) What feature of addition polymers makes it difficult for them to biodegrade?
(1)

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(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

 (b) The glucose is then converted into ethanol by the yeast

C6H12O6(aq) o 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

(i) How would you know when the reaction has stopped?
(1)

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(ii) How could the solid yeast be removed from the mixture?
(1)

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(c) Ethanol can be converted into chloroethene, CH2 CHCl, in three stages.
Stage 1 Ethanol is dehydrated to form ethene, CH2 CH2
Stage 2 Ethene is converted into 1,2-dichloroethane, CH2ClCH2Cl
Stage 3 1,2-dichloroethane is converted into chloroethene and
hydrogen chloride

(i) Why is the reaction in Stage 1 described as dehydration?

(1)

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(ii) Identify the catalyst used in the reaction in Stage 1.

(1)

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(iii) Suggest the name or formula of the substance used to react with ethene in
Stage 2.
(1)

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(iv) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in Stage 3.

(1)

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 (d) Chloroethene can be used to make the polymer poly(chloroethene), also known as PVC.
The displayed formula for part of the PVC molecule is

Cl H Cl H Cl H

C C C C C C

H H H H H H

(i) Draw a displayed formula for a chloroethene molecule.

(1)

(ii) Describe, in terms of structure and bonding, what happens when

chloroethene molecules are converted into poly(chloroethene).
(3)

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(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)