+2 CHEMISTRY – SPECIAL GUIDE

UNIT 1. METALLURGY
2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are the difference between minerals and ores?

Mineral Ore
The naturally occurring substance which An ore is a mineral which contain high
contain metal in the free state or in forms percentage of metal which it can be
of its compounds easily and economically extracted.
All minerals are not ores All ores are minerals .
Ex. Clay Ex. Bauxite.

2. Which type of ores can be concentrated by froth flotation method? Give two examples?

• Sulphide ores.
• Ex. Galena, Zinc blende.

3. What are the various steps involved i extraction of pure metals from their ores?

• Concentration of the ore

• Extraction of the crude metal
• Refining of the crude metal.

4. Explain the gravity separation or hydraulic wash process?

• The ore is finely powdered and washed with a current of water.

• The lighter gangue particles are washed away by water.
• Ex. Oxide ores – Haematite.

5. Define slag?

• Flux and gangue are combined to give slag.

• CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

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6. Define gangue?

• Non metallic impurity silicon impurity and rock present in the ore is called gangue.

7. Define concentration?

• The process of removal of the gangue from the impure ore is called concentration.

8. What is the role of sodium cyanide in froth floatation method?

• Sodium cyanide act as a depressing agent which prevents other metal sulphide from
coming with the froth.

9. What is the role of cryolite in the extraction of aluminium?

• It helps to lower the melting point of the mixture.

10. What is the role of limestone in the extraction of iron from its oxide Fe 2O3?

• Limestone acts as a flux.

• It combines with silica and converted into calcium silicate as slag.
• CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

11. What is the role of Silica in the extraction of copper?

• Silica act as a flux.

• It combines with ferrous oxide and removed as ferrous silicate called as slag.
• FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3

12. Describe a method for refining Nickel by Mond’s process?

• Ni + 4 CO Ni (CO)4 (At 350K)

• Ni (CO)4 Ni + 4 CO (At 460K)

13. How titanium is refined by the Van Arkal method?

• Ti + 2 I2 Til4 (At 550K)

• Til4 Ti + 2 I2 (At 1800K)

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14. Give the limitations of elingham diagram?

• It does not explains the rate of the reaction

• It does not explain the possibility of the reactions
• When the reactants and the products are in equilibrium the value of ∆G is not true
value.

15. Give the uses of zinc?

• Zinc is used in coated on iron to prevent rusting.

• Zinc is used in electrical industries.
• Zinc oxide is used in pharmaceuticals.

16. Define Auto reduction reaction?

• HgS + O2 Hg + SO2

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Explain the froth flotation process?

• Sulphide ores - Galena

• Floating agent - Pine oil
• Collector - Sodium ethyl xanthate
• Depressing agent - Sodum cyanide.
• The ore is finely powdered and mixed with water and pine oil.
• When air is passed it produces froth.
• The ore particles rise to the surface and collected separately.
• The impurities settled at the bottom.

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2. Explain zone refining process?

• This method is based on tractional crystallization.

• The impure metal is taken in the form of a rod.
• When the metal rod is heated with a heated, the metal melts.
• The heater is slowly moved from one end to the other end.
• The impurity dissolves in the molten zone.
• This process is repeated again and again to get the pure metal.
• Ex. Silicon and Germanium.

3. Explain the magnetic separation process. (how ferromagnetic ores or concentrated?

• This method is used to concentrate ferromagnetic ores.

• Ex. Tin stone.
• The powdered ore is added on an electro magnet containing a moving belt on a
magnetic rollers.
• The magnetic ores fall near the magnet.res fall near the magnet.
• The non magnetic parts fall away from the magnet.

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4. Electro chemical extraction of aluminium by Hall-Heroult process?

• Anode – Carbon rod

• Cathode - Iron tank coated with carbon.
• Electrolyte – Calcium chloride, Alumina.
• Temperature – 1270K
• Pure Aluminium is deposited at cathode
• Al2O3 2 Al3+ + 3 O2-
• 2 O2- O2 + 4 e -
• Al3+ + 3 e- Al

UNIT 2. P - BLOCK ELEMENTS - I

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. The first element of p-block show anamolous properties. Give reason (or) write reason for
anamolous behaviour of Nitrogen.

• Small size
• High ionisation enthalpy and high electronegativity.
• Absence of d orbitals in the valence shell.

2. Give the uses of silicones.

• Making water proof clothes.

• Used as insulating material in electrical motor.

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 • Used in high temperature oil baths and in vacuum pumps.

3. Give the uses of Borax (or) Boric acid.

• Used to prepare Enamels and Glass.

• Used as preservative.

4. What are the uses of potash alum.

• Used for purification of water.

• Used in dyeing and paper industries.
• Used to arrest bleeding.

5. Write a note on fisher Tropsch synthesis.

• Carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen at 500 k and 50 atm to give hydro carbons.
• n CO + 2 nH2 → CnH2n + n H2O

6. How will you identify borate radical? (or)What is Ethyl Borate test?

• When boric acid is heated with ethyl alcohol and conc. Sulphuric acid, an ester
triethyl borate (green edged flame) is formed.
• H3BO3 + 3 C2H5OH conc.H2SO4 B (OC2H5)3 + 3 H2O

7. What is catenation? Write the condition for catenation property of Carbon.

• Catenation is ability of an element to form chain of atoms.

• Valence is greater than two.
• Element should have ability to bond with itself.
• Self bond should be a strong bond.

8. Describe allotropism in p-block elements with reference to carbon.

• Some elements have different crystalline forms but same physical state.
• Ex. Carbon exists as diamond and graphite.

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9. CO (carbon Monoxide) is a reducing agent. Explain.

• 3 CO + Fe2O3 → 2 Fe+ 3 CO2

10. How will you convert boric acid to boron nitride?

• Boric acid + ammonia 800 - 1200K Boron nitride + Water

11. Give one example for each of the following?

(i) Icosagens (ii) tetragen (iii) Pnictogen (iv) chalcogen.

(i) Boron, B
(ii) Carbon, C
(iii) Nitrogen, N
(iv) Oxygen, O

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are the difference between graphite and diamond?

S.No Graphite Diamond

1. It is soft It is hard
2. Sp2 hybridised Sp3 hybridised
3. Conduct electricity Do not conduct electricity
4. It has free electrons It has no free electrons
5. Hexagonal sheet shape Tetrahedron shape.

2. Write a note on Zeolites.

• They are three dimensional crystalline solids.

• Contain Al, Si and oxygen.
• They are Sodium alumina Silicates.
• They have porous structure where sodium ions and water molecules are loosely held.
• They have honey comb structure with tunnels and cages.

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 UNIT 3. P- BLOCK ELEMENTS - II
2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is inert pair effect?

• In p-block, the outer s-electrons become chemical inert and do not take part in
bonding. This is called inert pair effect.

2. Give the uses of Helium.

• Helium Oxygen mixture is used to prevent Bends during deep sea diving.
• Helium is used in filling balloons.
• Helium is used in low temperature science.

3. Give the uses of argon.

• Prevents oxidation of hot filament.

• Increase the life of bulbs.

4. Give the uses of phosphine.

• Used as smoke screen.

• Used as Holmes signal.

5. Give the uses of sulphuric acid.

• Used to prepare fertilizers.

• Used as drying agent.
• Used to prepare pigments.

6. Give a reason to support that Sulphuric acid is a dehydrating agent.

• HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2SO4 . H2O

7. Explain why fluorine always exhibit an oxidation state of -1?

• Small Size
• High electronegativity and high electron affinity

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 • High electron charge density.

8. What are interhalogen compounds? Give examples.

• Each halogen combines with other halogens to form interhalogen compounds.

• Ex. IF7.

9. Why fluorine is more reactive than other halogens?

• F - F bond energy is very low.

• Small size.
• High electro negativity and high electron affinity

10. What is the hybridisation of iodine in IF7 ? Give its structure.

• Hybridisation is Sp3d3.
• Shape is pentagonal bipyramidal.

11. Why HF is a weak acid but other acids are strong acids?

• H-F bond energy is very high.

• Fluorine has high electro negativity and high electron affinity

12. What happens when PCl5 is heated?

• PCl5 ∆ PCl3 + Cl2

13. How is bleaching powder prepared?

• Calcium hydroxide + Chlorine gas ------> bleaching powder + Water

• Ca (OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O

14. Write a test for sulphate or Sulphuric acid.

• BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2 HCl (White ppt)

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15. What is the hybridisation and structure of Inter halogen compounds?

Type Hybridisation Structure

AX Sp3 Linear
AX3 Sp3d T Shaped
AX5 Sp3d2 Square pyramidal
AX7 Sp3d3 Pentagonal bi pyramidal

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are the differences between white phosphorus and red phosphorus.(or) Explain
allotropic forms of phosphorus.

S.No. White Phosphorus Red Phosphorus

1. Poisonous Non – poisonous
2. Garlic Smell No smell
3. Glow in dark. No Phosphorescence.
(Phosphorescence)
4. Tetrahedral Structure Linear Polymeric Structure
5. Burn at low temperature. Not burn at low temperature.

2. What are the Properties of inter halogen Compounds.

• The central atom must be large.

• Formed only between two halogens.
• Fluorine can not act as central atom.
• Undergo auto ionization
• Strong oxidizing agents.

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 UNIT 4. TRANSITION AND INNER-TRANSITION ELEMENTS
2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are transition metals. Give examples.

• Elements from group 3-12.

• Ex. Gold, Silver, Copper

2. d-block elements show variable oxidation states. Why?

• Energy difference between (n-1)d and ns orbital is very small.

3. Transition metals show high melting points. Why?

• Strong inter atomic attraction.

• Strong metallic bonds.

4. Why transition metals form alloys?

• They are similar in size.

• One metal atom can easily replace the crystal lattice of another metal atom.
• Ex. Au – Cu alloy.

5, Explain the Hume – Rothery rules for the formation of alloy.

• The difference in the atomic radius should be lesser than 15%.

• The difference in the electro negativity should be zero.
• They should have same crystalline structure and valence.

6. Why transition metals form complexes?

• Smaller size.
• High positive charge.
• Vacant (n-1)d orbitals.

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7. What are interstitial compounds?

• When atoms like hydrogen, nitrogen are trapped in the interstitial holes of the metal
lattice are called interstitial compounds.
• Ex. TiC

8. Give the characteristics of interstitial compounds?

• They are hard.

• They have good electrical and thermal conductivity
• They have high melting point.

9. Write the electronic configuration of Cr and Cu.

• 24Cr - [Ar] 4s1 3d5

• 29Cu - [Ar] 4s1 3d10

10. Why Cu2+ is coloured but Zn2+ is colourless?

• Zn2+ - [Ar] 3d10- No single electron - No d-d transition - colourless.

• Cu2+ - [Ar] 3d9 - Has single electron - d-d transition - coloured.

11. Which is a strong reducing agent. Cr2+ or Fe2+ ?

• Eo of Cr2+ = - 0.91 V
• Eo of Fe2+ = - 0.44 V
• Eo value is greater negative the metal is a powerful reducing agent. So Cr2+ is a
strong reducing agent.

12. Which is stable Fe2+ or Fe3+ ?

• Fe2+ : [Ar] 3d6

• Fe3+ : [Ar] 3d5
• Fe3+ is more stable. It is having half filled 3d5 electronic configuration.

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13. What are actinides, give examples.

• 5 f block elements.
• The 14 elements from Th to Lr.
• Ex. Th, Lr, U

14. Explain the oxidation states of Lanthanides and actinides.

oxidation states Lanthanide Actinide

Common oxidation state +3 +3
Other oxidation states +2, +4 +4, +5, +6, +7

15. Explain the chromyl chloride test.

• Potassium di chromate + chloride salt + conc. sulphuric acid -----> Chromyl Chloride
(Red orange vapour).

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Compare Lanthanides and Actinides.

S.No. Lanthanides Actinides

1. Electrons enter in the 4f orbitals. Electrons enter in the 5f orbitals.
2. Binding energy of 4f orbital is high. Binding energy of 5f orbital is low.
3. They do not form complexes They form complexes
4. They are colourless They are coloured
5. They do not form oxocation. They form oxocation.

2. Explain Lanthanide contraction.

Lanthanide contraction :

• The ionic radius of M3+ ions from La to Lu decreases.

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Reason :

• Imperfect shielding of 4f orbitals.

Causes :

• Ionic radius decreases.

• Basicity decreases
• Covalent character increases
• They have similar chemical properties
• The second and third transition series have similar properties.

UNIT 5. CO-ORDINATION CHEMISTRY

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Differentiate double salt and Co-ordination compounds.

S.No. Double Salt Co-ordination compounds

1. It dissociate into simple ions. It never dissociates into simple ions.
2. The ions loses its identify. The ions does not lose its identify.
3. It contains cation and anion. It consists of a complete ion.
4. Ex. FAS Ex. K4 [Fe(CN)6 ]

2. Classify the following ligand based on the number of donor atoms.

(a) NH3 (b) en (c) OX2- (d) Pyridine

Ligand Number of donor Type of Ligand

atoms
NH3 1 Monodentate
En 2 Bidentate
OX2- 2 Bidentate
Pyridine 1 Monodentate

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3. What are the limitations of Werner;s theory.

• It fails to explain the colour and magnetic properties.

4. What are the limitations of valence bond (VB) theory.

• It fails to explain the colour of the complete.

• It fails to explain the inner orbital and the outer orbital complexes of the same
metal.
• It considers only the spin of the magnetic moments, does not consider the other
components.

5. Define crystal field stabilisation Energy (CFSE)

• The energy difference between the electronic configuration of the ligand field and
the Bary center.

6. [Ti (H2O)6]3+ is coloured white [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is colourless. Why?

• Sc3+ - 3do- No single electron – No d -d transition – colourless

• Ti3+ - 3d1- Has single electron- d-d transition – coloured.

7. Write down the uses of Co-ordination complexes medicinal use :

• Cis - platin - To cure cancer

• Haemoglobin - Fe2+ - Porphyrin complex carrier O2 from lungs to tissues.
• Chlorophyll - Mg2+ - Porphyrin complex helps in photo synthesis.

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1.Explain werners theory of co-ordination Compounds

• There are two types of Valency of metal ions.

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 Primary Valency Secondary Valency
Oxidation number of the metal atom. Co-ordination number of the metal atom.
Ionisable Non-ionisable
Non-directional Directional
Satisfied only be negative ions. Satisfied by positive, negative ions and
neutral molecules.

• The inner sphere is called Co-ordination sphere. The groups present in this
sphere are firmly attached to the metal.
• The outer sphere is called Ionisation sphere. The groups present in this sphere
are loosely attached to the metal.

2. What are the assumptions of Valance bond theory (VBT)

• The ligand –metal bond is a covalent bond .

• The central metal atom contains vacant d-orbitals.
• The hybridised vacant metal orbital overlap with the filled ligand orbitals to form
metal ligand co-ordinate covalent bonds.
• The hybridised orbitals are directional in space.
• Co-ordination No.2 - sp Hybridisation – Linear.
• Central metal atom with unpaired electrons- paramagnetic. paired electrons –
diamagnetic
• In octahedral, (n-1)d Orbital - low spin complex, nd Orbital - high spin complex.

3. Define structural isomerism and its types?

Linkage Isomerism :

• When an ambidentate ligand is bonded by two different donor atoms to the

central metal are called linkage isomerism.
• [Cr(H2O)5NO2]Br and [Cr(H2O)5 ONO]Br

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Co-ordination Isomerism :

• The interchange of one or more ligands between the cationic and the anionic
complex.
• [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN)6]

Ionisation Isomerism :

• When a simple ion acts as a ligand and exchanges with one or more ligand
present in the co-ordination sphere is called ionisation isomerism.
• [Co(H2O)5Cl] Br and [Co(H2O)5 Br] Cl

Solvate or Hydrate isomerism :

• When solvent molecules like water are exchanged by the ligands in the co-
ordination compounds is called as solvate isomerism.
• [(Cr(H2O)6] Cl3 and [Cr(H2O)5Cl] Cl2 .H2O

UNIT 6. SOLID STATE

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define Unit Cell.

• The basic repeating Structural unit of a crystal is called Unit cell.

2. What are the characteristic of ionic Crystals?

• They are hard.

• They do not conduct electricity in the solid state.
• They conduct electricity in the molten state.
• They have high melting points.

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3. What are the different types of Primitive Unit cells.

• (i) Cubic (ii) Tetragonal (iii) Orthorhombic (iv) Hexagonal (v) Mono clinic
(vi) Triclinic (vii) Rhombohedral.

4. Define coordination number of a crystal. What is the co ordination number of atoms in

BCC?

• The number of nearest neighbours that is surrounding an ion in a crystal is called

as coordination number.
• For BCC it is 8.

5. Define molecular crystals.

• The neutral molecule occupies in the lattice point of crystal.

• They have vander waals forces.
• Ex. Ice.

6. Explain the types of molecular crystals?

• Non-polar molecular crystals –Weak London forces – Ex. Naphthalene

• Polar molecular crystals –Dipole- Dipole interactions -Ex. Solid CO2
• Hydrogen bonded molecular crystals –Hydrogen bonds - Ex. Ice

7. Draw the structures of the following ;

1.SC:

• Total No of atoms in SC: 1

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2.BCC:

• Total No of atoms in BCC : 2

3.FCC:

• Total No of atoms in FCC : 4

8. What is Braggs equation?

•
• n = order of reflection
• λ = wavelength of X-rays
• 𝜃 = angle of reflection
• d = inter planar distance.

9.Differentiate Isotropy and Anisotropy.

Isotropy Anisotropy
When the physical properties are When the physical properties are not
identical in all directions. identical in all directions.
Ex. Rubber Ex. NaCl

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10. Define packing efficiency?

Total volume occupied by the spheres

• Packing efficiency = -------------------------------------------------------------- X 100
Volume of the unit cell

11. Define crystal lattice.

• The regular arrangement of the ions in a crystal is called as crystal lattice.

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Give the different between crystalline and Amorphous solids.

S.No. Crystalline solids Amorphous solids

1. Orderly arrangement of atoms Random arrangement of atoms
2. Definite shape Irregular shape.
3. Anisotropic Isotropic
4. True solids Super cooled liquids
5. Definite heat of fusion Heat of fusion is not definite
6. Ex : Nacl, Diamond Ex ; Rubber, Glass

2.Explain the schottly defect and frenkel defect ;

Schottly defect :

• It takes place due to the missing of equal number of Anion and cation from the
crystal lattice. Ex. NaCl
• The cation and Anion should be similar in size.
• Schottky defect will decrease the density of the crystal.

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Frenkel defect:

• It takes place due to the dislocation of ions from the crystal lattice. Ex. AgBr
• The cation and the Anion should be different in size.
• Frenkel defect does not decrease the density of the crystal.

3.Explain the metal excess and metal deficiency defect .

Metal excess defect:

• When the metal ions present more than the anions. Ex. NaCl
• The electrical neutrality is maintained by the presence of a extra electron in the
interstitial position.

Metal deficiency defect :

• When the metal ions present lesser than the anions. Ex. FeO
• Fe2+ is missing from the crystal lattice.

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 • To maintain electrical neutrality two Fe2+ ion oxidises to Fe3+ ion.

UNIT 7. CHEMICAL KINETICS

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define Rate Law.

• It relates the rate, the rate constant and the concentration of the reactants.

2. Define Instantaneous rate.

• The rate of reaction at a particular instant during the reaction.

3. Define Average rate.

• The change in concentration of reactants at a given interval of time in a chemical

reaction.

4. Define Elementary reaction.

• Each and every single step in a reaction mechanism is called Elementary

reaction.

5. Give some examples for first order reaction.

• Decomposition of Dinitrogen pentoxide

• Decomposition of Thionyl chloride.
• Decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide.

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6. Differentiate rate of a reaction and Rate constant.

S.No. Rate of a reaction Rate constant

1. It is the speed at which the reactants It is a Proportionality constant.
are converted into products.
2. It is measured as the decrease in the It is equal to the rate of the reaction.
concentration of the reactant When the concentration of the
reactants are unity.
3. It depends on the initial concentration It does not depends on the initial
of the reactant concentration of the reactant.

7. Differentiate order of a reaction and molecularity.

S.No. Order of a reaction Molecularity :

1. It is the sum of the powers of the It is the total number of
concentration terms present in the reactants present in the
rate law. elementary step.
2. Its value can be zero, fraction or a Its value is always a whole
integer. number and cannot be zero.
3. It assigned for the overall reaction. It assigned for each elementary
step of the mechanism.

8. Define Pseudo first order reaction Give Example.

• By taking one of the reactant concentration in excess, a second order reaction

can be converted to first order reaction.
• Ex. Acid hydrolysis of Ester.

9. Give some examples for zero order reaction.

• Decomposition of Nitrous oxide in the presence of platinum.

• Photo chemical reaction between H2 and I2.
• Iodination of acetone in acid medium.

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10. Define Half life period.

• The time required to convert the initial reactant concentration by one half is called
half life period.

• t1/2 = 0.693 sec.

k

11. Define Activation energy.

• The minimum energy required by the molecules to react and form the products is
called Activation energy.

12. Write the Arrhenius equation.

• K = Ae -Ea/RT
• K = Rate constant
• Ea - Activation energy
• A = frequency factor
• R - Gas constant
• T = Temperature.

13. Define Order of a reaction.

• It is the sum of the powers of the concentration terms present in the rate law.

14. Define Molecularity.

• It is the total number of reactants present in the elementary step.

15. Define Rate of a reaction.

• The change in the concentration of the reactant in a chemical reaction per unit
time.

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16. Define Rate constant.

• It is equal to the rate of the reaction when the concentration of the reactants are
unity.

UNIT 8. IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Explain the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases?

• An acid dissociates to give hydrogen ions in water. Ex. HCl

• A base dissociates to give hydroxyl ions in water. Ex. NaOH

2. Limitations of Arrhenius concept?

• It fails to explain the behaviour of acids and bases in non aqueous solution like
acetone.
• It fails to explain the basicity of ammonia.

3. What are Lewis acids and bases? Give two examples?

• Acid – electron pair acceptors. Ex. BF3

• Base - electron pair donors. Ex. NH3

4. Discuss the lowry bronsted concept of acids and bases?

• Acid - proton donors. Ex. HCl

• Base - proton acceptor. Ex. NH3

5. Define conjugate acid – base pairs?

• Chemical species that differ only by a proton are called conjugate acid-base pairs.

6. List the difference between Lewis acid and Lewis base Lewis base?

S.No. Lewis acid Lewis base

1. Electron deficient molecules Molecules with lone pairs of electrons.
2. All metal ions All anions.

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 3. They contains polar double They contain carbon carbon double
bonds. Ex. BF3, AlCl3 bond. Ex. NH3, H2O

7. Explain common ion effect? Write examples?

• When a salt of weak acid is added to the acid, the dissociation of the weak acid
decreases.
• Ex. Sodium acetate is added to acetic acid the dissociation of acetic acid
decreases.

8. Define Ostwald dilution law?

• It relates the dissociation constant of weak acid with its degree of dissociation and
the concentration of the weak acid.
• Ka = ∝2C
1-∝
9. Define a buffer solution?

• A mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or

• A mixture of weak base and its conjugate acid.
• Ex. 1. Acetic acid + Sodium acetate
2.Ammonium hydroxide + Ammonium chloride.

10. What is ionic product of water of water and give its value at room temperature?

• The products of molar concentration of hydronium and hydroxyl ions in pure water.
• At 250 C
• Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]
• Kw = 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6

11. Define pH?

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 • The negative logarithm of base 10 of the molar concentration of the hydronium
ions present in the solution.
• pH= -log [H3O+]

12. What is the relation between pH and pOH?

• pH= -log10 [H3O+]

• pOH = - log10 [OH-]
• pH + pOH = - log10 [H3O+] - log10 [OH-]
• pH + pOH = 14

13. Define solubility product?

• Solubility product is the product of the molar concentration of the ions raised to the
power of its stoichiometric co efficient in a balanced equilibrium equation.

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Drive and expression for Ostwald dilution law?

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2. Derive the Handerson Hasselbalc equation?

UNIT 9. ELECTRO CHEMISTRY

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define Specific Conductance.

• The conductance of a 1meter cube of an electrolytic solution.

2. Define molar Conductance.

• The conductance of one mole of an electrolytic solution. Sm2.mol-1

• ∆m = k x 10-3 Sm2 mol-1
M

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 28

3. Define Equivalent conductance.

• The conductance of one gram equivalent of an electrolytic solution.

• ∆ = K x 10-3 Sm2 g.eq-1
N
4. State Kohlraush law.

• At infinite dilution the limiting Molar conductivity of an electrolyte is equal to the

sum of the limiting molar conductance of its constituent ions.

5. What are the applications of Kohlraush law.

• To Calculate the molar conductance of a weak electrolyte at infinite dilution.

• To calculate the degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte
• To calculate the solubility of sparingly soluble salts.

6.State Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.

First law:-

• The mass of the substance liberated at electrode is directly proportional to the

quantity of charge passed.
• M∝ Z

Second law:

• When the same amount of current is passed through the different electrolytes,
the mass of substance liberated at electrode are directly proportional to their
electrochemical equivalence.

7. Define electrochemical equivalent

• The mass of substance deposited by a charge of 1 coulomb.

8. Write a note on sacrificial protection.

• Sacrificial anode : Zinc

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 29

 • Cathode : Iron
• Zinc is corroded and Iron is protected.

9. Explain the factors affecting electrolytic conductance .

• Temperature increases, conductance will increases.

• Dilution increases, the molar conductance also increases.
• Viscosity decreases, conductance will increases.

10. Define anode and cathode.

S.No. Anode Cathode

1. Oxidation takes place Reduction takes place
2. Donates electrons Accepts electrons
3. Negative end Positive end

11. Why does conductivity of a solution decrease on dilution of the solution?

• On dilution the number of ions per cm3 decreases.

12. Why is AC current used instead of DC in measuring the electrolytic conductance?

• AC Current is used to prevent Electrolysis of the solution.

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Explain the Galvanic cell notation.

• Single vertical bar represents a phase boundary and double vertical bar
represents the salt bridge.
• The anode half cell is written on the left and the cathode half cell is written on the
right side of the salt bridge.
• The anode written on the extreme left and cathode written on the extreme right.
• The emf of the cell is written on the right side after cell diagram.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 30

2. Derive an expression for nernst equation.

3. Explain the function of H2 - O2 fuel cell.

• Fuel / Electrode / Electrolyte / Electrode / Oxidant

• Fuel : Hydrogen
• Oxidant : Oxygen
• Electrolyte : aqueous KOH
• Inert electrode : Graphite with Ni and NiO
• Anode : 2 H2 + 4 OH- 4 H2O + 4 e-
• Cathode : O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e- 4 OH-
• Overall reaction : 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O.

UNIT 10. SURFACE CHEMISTRY

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is Positive Catalyst? Give an example.

• A Catalyst which increases the. rate of reaction.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 31
• Ex. In Haber process of the manufacture of NH3 ,Fe act as a positive catalyst.

2. What is Negative Catalyst ? give an example.

• A Catalyst which decreases the rate of reaction.

• Ex. In the decomposition of H2O2, glycerol act as a negative catalysts.

3. What are Auto Catalyst? Give an example.

• When the product formed acts as a catalyst.

• Ex. In the decomposition of AsH3, As act as a auto catalyst.

4. What are promoters? Give an example.

• The substance which increases the activity of a catalyst.

• Ex. In Haber process of the manufacture pf NH3, Mo acts as a promoter.

5. What are catalytic poisons? Give an examples.

• The substance which decreases the activity of a catalyst.

• Ex. In Haber process of the manufacture of NH3, H2S acts as catalytic poison.

6. What are lyophilic colloids? Give an examples.

• Definite attractive force exists between dispersed phase and dispersion Medium.
• Ex. Sol of starch.

7. Where are lyophobic colloids? Give an example.

• No attractive force exists between dispersed phase and dispersion Medium.

• Ex. Sol of Gold.

8. What is Peptization? Give an example.

• By addition of suitable electrolytes, precipitated particles can be brought into

colloidal state.
• Ex. AgCl (Precipitate ) HCl AgCl (Colloid)

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 32

9. What is Tyndall effect?

• The scattering of light by the sol particle is called Tyndall effect.

10. What is Brownian Moment?

• The colloidal particles move in a zig zag, random, ceaseless motion is called
brownian moment.

11. What is electrophoresis?

• The movement of sol particles under the influence of electric field is called
electrophoresis.

12. What is electro Osmosis?

• The movement of dispersed medium under the influence of electric field is

called electro osmosis.

13. What is coagulation?

• The flocculation and setting down of the sol particles in called Coagulation.

14. What are Emulsions? Give an examples.

• Emulsions are colloidal solution in which a liquid is dispersed in an another liquid.

• Ex. Milk

15. Write the Medicinal uses of Colloids.

• Colloidal Gold and Calcium - tonics

• Milk of Magnesia - stomach troubles
• Silver sol (Argyrol) - Eye lotion

16. What happens when a colloidal sol of Fe(OH)3 and As2S3 are mixed?

• On mixing positive sol Fe(OH)3 and a negative sol As2S3 mutual coagulation
occurs and cause precipitation

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 33

17. What is the difference between a sol and a gel?

S.No Sol Gel

1. Phase – solid Phase – liquid
2. Medium – liquid Medium – solid
3 Ex. Ink Ex. Butter

18. Addition of Alum purifies water. Why?

• The Al3+ ions present in the alum forms coagulation of suspended impurities.

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Differentiate Physisorption and Chemisorption.

S.No Physical adsorption Chemical adsorption.

1. It is instantaneous It is very slow
2. It is non-specific It is very specific
3. Multilayer adsorbate is formed. Monolayer adsorbate is formed.
4. Heat of adsorption is low Heat of adsorption is high
5. No transfer of electrons. transfer of electrons.

2. Describe Characteristics of Catalysts.

• Catalyst is needed in small quantity.

• Catalyst cannot start a reaction.
• Specific in nature.
• Highly effective at the optimum temperature.
• More effective in a finely divided from.

3. Explain intermediate compound formation theory of each Catalysis?

• Reactant + catalyst intermediate compound.

• Intermediate compound + Reactant Product + Catalyst.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 34

 NO
• 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
• 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2
• NO2 + SO2 → SO3 + NO

4. Explain adsorption theory of catalysis/

• Reactant molecules diffuse from bulk to the Catalyst surface.

• The reactants are adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst.
• The adsorbed reactants form activated complex Which is decomposed to form the
products.
• The product molecules are desorbed.
• The products diffuse away from the surface of the Catalyst.

5. Explain the Preparation of colloids by condensation method (Chemical method)?

Oxidation :

• 2 H2Se + O2 2 H2O + 2Se

Reduction :

• 2 Aucl3 + 3 HCHO + 3 H2O 2 Au + 6 HCl + 3 HCOOH

Hydrolysis :

• FeCl3 + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3 HCl

Double decomposition:

• AS2O3 + 3 H2S AS2 S3 + 3 H2O

Decomposition:

• S2O32- + 2 H+ S + H2O + SO2

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 35

6. Define Homogeneous and Heterogeneous catalysis.

Homogeneous catalysis:

• when the catalyst, reactant and products are in the same phase.

Heterogeneous catalysis:

• when the catalyst, reactant and products are in the different phase

UNIT 14. BIO MOLECULES

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Draw the zwitter ion structure of alanine.

(+) (-)
NH3 − CH − COO

CH3

2. How are vitamins Classified ?

• Water soluble vitamins. Ex. Vitamins B & C.

• Fat soluble vitamins Ex. Vitamins A, D, E & K.

3. Define enzymes.

• Enzymes are special proteins called as Bio-catalyst.

• Ex. Invertase.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 36

4. What are Hormones?

• Hormones are organic substance secreted in our tissues.

• Ex. Insulin

5. What one the different types of RNA?

• (i) m-RNA (ii) t-RNA (iii) r-RNA

6. Why Carbohydrates are optically active?

• Due to the presence of chiral carbons.

7. What is isoelectric points?

• At a specific pH the net charge of the amino acid is neutral is called iso electric
point.

8. Name the vitamins which caused rickets and scuvy.

• Vitamin - D -- rickets
• Vitamin - C -- Scurvy.

9. Give the difference between primary and Secondary structure of proteins.

Primary structure of proteins. Secondary structure of proteins.

It explains the arrangement of Amino It explains the ∝ - helix and the 𝛽-
acids in the polypeptide chain. strand structure of the protein.

10. Differentiate Hormones and Vitamins.

Hormones Vitamine
Harmones are organic substance Vitamins are organic substance not
secreted in our tissues. secreted in our body.
They are essential to maintain the They are essential for certain
blood pressure, digestion. functions and its deficiency caused
Ex. Insulin disease. Ex : Vitamins A, B, C & D

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 37

11. What is denaturation of Proteins?

• The loss of three dimensional structure without losing its primary structure.

12. Explain the peptide bond.

• The COOH group of one amino acid reacts with NH2 group of the second amino
acid to form an amide bond called as peptide bond.
H2N - CH2 -COOH + H2N -CH-COOH ------> H2N - CH2 -CO –NH-CH -COOH

CH3 CH3
12. Define Anomers.

• The conversion of achiral aldehyde carbon into chiral carbon leads to form two
isomers.
• Ex. α and β glucose

13. Define Epimers.

• Sugars differ in the configuration of an asymmetric carbon.

• Ex. Galactose and glucose.

14. Explain the functions of Lipids in living organisms?

• Used to transport the fat soluble vitamins

• Act as emulsifier for fat metabolism
• Lipids are the component of cell membrane.

5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Explain the types of RNA.

Ribosomal RNA (r- RNA):

• It is found in cytoplasm and in ribosomes. It contains 60% RNA & 40% Proteins.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 38

Transfer RNA (t-RNA):

• Its function is to carry the amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Messenger RNA (m-RNA):

• It carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein
synthesis. This is called as transcription.

2. Explain the structure of Glucose.

• Molecular formula C6H12O6

• Glucose + P/HI at 373K n-hexane. 6 carbon atoms are bonded linearly.
• Glucose + HCN cyanohydrins. presence of carbonyl group.
• Glucose + acetic anhydride + pyridine penta acetate. It contains 5 OH
groups.
• Glucose + Tollens reagent Reduction to metallic silver. Presence of
Aldehyde group.

3. Explain the structure of Fructose.

• Molecular formula C6H12O6.

• Fructose + P/HI at 373K n-hexane. 6 carbon atoms are bonded linearly.
• Fructose + HCN cyanohydrins. presence of carbonyl group.
• Fructose + acetic anhydride +pyridine penta acetate. It contains 5 OH
groups.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 39

 • Fructose + cone.HNO3 Glycollic acid + Tartaric acid. Presence of keto
group in the C-2 Position.

4. Differentiate DNA and RNA.

S.No DNA RNA

1. It contains deoxyribose sugar. It contains ribose sugar.
2. Double Stranded. Single Stranded.
3. Life time is high. Life time is short.
4. It can replicate itself. It cannot replicate itself.
5. It is present in nucleus. It is present in ribosomes.

UNIT 15. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

2,3 MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are antibiotics?

• The medicines that have the ability to kill the pathogenic bacteria.
• Ex. Amoxicillin.

2. Name the substance which can act as both analgesic and antipyretic.

• Aspirin, Paracetamol.

3. What are food preservatives?

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 40

 • Preservatives are used to reduce growth of microorganisms and reduce
fermentation, and the decomposition of the food.
• Ex. Acetic Acid.

4. Write the structural formula of aspirin:

Acetyl Salicylic acid

5. What are Bio degradable polymers? Give examples.

• The polymers which are decomposed by micro organisms in the environment.

• Ex. PHB, PHBV

6. What are Antifertility drugs? Give examples.

• Synthetic Hormones that suppresses Ovulation (or) fertilization.

• Ex. Menstranol.

7.What are narcotic and non-narcotic drugs? Give examples.

Narcotic drugs:

• Relieve pain and produce sleep. These drugs are addictive.

• Ex. Morphine.

Non-narcotic drugs:

• Analgesics reduce the pain without causing impairments of consciousness.

• Ex. Paracetamol.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 41

8. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?

S.No. Antiseptics Disinfectants

1. Stop the growth of microorganisms Stop the growth of microorganisms
2. Applied on a living tissue. It is used on inanimate objects.
3. Ex. Hydrogen peroxide. Ex. Hydrogen peroxide.

9. What is Antacids? Give examples.

• These are used to relieve the burning sensation in the stomach.

• Ex. Milk of Magnesia.

10. What is Antioxidants?

• Antioxidants are substances which prevents the oxidative deteriorations of food.

• Ex. BHA, BHT.

11. What are Artificial sweeting agents?

• Synthetic compounds which gives sweet sensation and have no nutritional value.
• Ex. Saccharin.

12. What are sugar substituents? Give examples.

• Compounds that are used like sugars for sweetening. But metabolised without the
influence of insulin.
• Ex. Sorbitol.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 42

 5 MARK QUESTIONS

1.What are Anaesthetics ? Explain its types.

• The drugs which produce loss of sensation.

General Anaesthetics:
• It Cause reversible loss of consciousness by affecting central nervous system.
• Ex. propofol.

Local anaesthetics:

• It causes loss of sensation, in the area in which it is applied without losing

consciousness.
• Ex. procaine.

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P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 43