maths 6 2

Grade 6
Whole Numbers
 The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 … are known as Natural numbers.
 The natural numbers, along with zero, form the collection of whole numbers. So,
the whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3 …
 The smallest whole number is zero and there is no largest whole number.
 All the natural numbers are whole numbers. But all whole numbers are not natural
numbers (since the whole number 0 is not a natural number).
 If we subtract 1 from a whole number, then we will get its predecessor and if we
add 1 to a whole number, then we will find its successor. For example, the
predecessor of 15 is 15 – 1 = 14 and its successor is 15 + 1 = 16.
 Each whole number has a successor. All whole numbers, except zero, has a
predecessor.
 Basic operations of whole numbers like multiplication, division, addition and

subtraction can be performed in the same way as for natural numbers.
For example: 2 + 9 = 11, 139 – 65 = 74, 17 × 12 = 204 and 45 5 = 9
 Number line:
To draw a number line, we take a line and mark a point on it, labelling it 0. Then,
we mark the points to the right of zero at equal intervals and label them as 1, 2, 3
…, as follows:
On the number line, we can say that out of any two whole numbers, the number on
the right of the other number is greater.
Example: Place predecessor of 6 on the number line.

Solution:
The predecessor of 6 is 5. On, the number line, we can show 5 as follows:
 Addition of whole numbers on the number line

If we want to perform the addition of 7 and 2, first of all we need to mark point 7
on the number line. From there we move 2 places to the right of 7, i.e., up to 9.
7+2=9
Therefore, addition corresponds to moving to the right on the number line.
 Subtraction of whole numbers on the number line

Like addition, subtraction corresponds to moving to the left on the number line. For
example, if we subtract 3 from 5, then first of all we have to mark 5 on the number
line. From there, we jump 3 places to the left of 5, i.e., up to 2.
5–3=2
 Multiplication on the number line

Multiplication corresponds to moving equal distances, starting from zero. For
example, if we have to find 2 × 5, then we move 2 equal units to the right of zero
for 5 times.
2 × 5 = 10
 Closure Property of whole numbers:

(i) Whole numbers are closed under addition. For example, the sum of whole
numbers 3 and 8 is 11 (3 + 8 = 11), which is again a whole number.
(ii) Whole numbers are closed under multiplication. For example, the
multiplication of whole numbers 4 and 7 is 28 (4 × 7 = 28), which is again a
whole number.
(iii) Whole numbers are not closed under subtraction. For example: 5 – 2 = 3 is
a whole number, but we cannot perform the operation 1 – 2. So, 1 – 2 is
not a whole number.
(iv) Whole numbers are not closed under division. For example: 98 4 = 2 is a
whole number, but we cannot perform the operation 2 5.
(v) Division of a whole number by zero is not defined.
 Addition of any whole number to zero gives the same whole number. Therefore,
zero is the additive identity of whole numbers. For example 5 + 0 = 5, 9 + 0 = 9.
 Multiplication of any whole number and 1 gives the same whole number. Therefore,
1 is the multiplicative identity of whole numbers. Example: 9 × 1 = 9.
 Commutative Property of whole numbers:
We can add or multiply two whole numbers in any order, that is, 12 +5 = 5 + 12
= 17 and 9 × 8 = 8 × 9 = 72.
This property of addition and multiplication of whole numbers is known as
commutative.
 Addition and multiplication of whole numbers are associative. For example: (17 +
19) + 25 = 17 + (19 + 25) = 61.
Similarly, (6 × 13) × 19 = 6 × (13 × 19)
Example: Find the value of 4 × 17 × 25

Solution:
4 × 17 × 25 = 4 × 25 × 17 (commutative over multiplication)
= (4 × 25) × 17
= 100 × 17
= 1700
 Whole numbers show distributivity of multiplication over addition. For example:

8 12 3 8 12 8 3 = 96 + 24 = 120
8 12 3 8 15 120
Example: Simplify 38 68 32 38
Solution:
38 68 32 38 38 68 38 32 commutative
38 68 32 distributive
38 100
3800
 Patterns with numbers are useful for verbal calculations. It takes lesser time as
compared to actual calculations.
For example, we can calculate 11 × 991 as:
11 991 11 1000 9
11 1000 11 9 distributive
11000 99
10901
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Grade 6

 The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 … are known as Natural numbers.

 Basic operations of whole numbers like multiplication, division, addition and

Example: Place predecessor of 6 on the number line.

 Addition of whole numbers on the number line

 Subtraction of whole numbers on the number line

 Multiplication on the number line

 Closure Property of whole numbers:

Example: Find the value of 4 × 17 × 25

 Whole numbers show distributivity of multiplication over addition. For example:

Contribute to this Revision Note:

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