Isang Daan Pursyento

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Santo. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
Mechanical Engineering Department
TECHNICAL DESIGN OF A 6.2 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

FOR BRGY. BULIHAN, SILANG, CAVITE
An Engineering Report
Submitted to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course,

POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY (MEE4125/4126)
Submitted by
AGAPITO, Klariya Gwen Faye C.

ANCHETA, Carl Raymund A.
ANTONIO, John Michael G.
BEATO, Alvin Raymundo R.
BESA, Mark Rhencie S.
CABAGNAN, Christian Paul P.
FACTORIZA, John Hartly M.
ORAIS, Lowell Jay S.
SILVA, Christian Lloyd G.
DECEMBER 2023
I
APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE SHEET
This Engineering Report entitled, “Technical Design of a 6.2 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant
for Brgy. Bulihan, Silang, Cavite”, which was prepared and submitted by Klariya Gwen Faye
AGAPITO, Carl Raymund ANCHETA, John Michael ANTONIO, Alvin Raymond BEATO,
Mark Rhencie BESA, Christian Paul CABAGNAN, John Hartly FACTORIZA, Lowell Jay
ORAIS, and Christian Lloyd SILVA. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course,
“Power Plant Design with Renewable Energy (MEE4125/4126)”, has been examined and
hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.
ENGR. ROBERT A. MENDOZA, RMEE, MSME - EE

Professor/Adviser
Power Plant Design with Renewable Energy (MEE 4125/4126)
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Accepted and Approved by the Committee on Final Defense with a Grade of _____.
ENGR. JOHN DARWIN A. MONTAÑO, PME

Chairman
ENGR. JOMAR L. DICHOSO, RMEE ENGR. RUSSEL P. REYES, RMEE

Panel Member Panel Member
This Engineering Report is hereby accepted and approved as partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the course, “Power Plant Design with Renewable Energy (MEE4125/4126)”
under the degree program, Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (BSME).
ENGR. RODOLFO V. MENDOZA, MSME

Dean (OIC), College of Engineering, Aviation, and Architecture
I
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to the

following individuals whose support and guidance were invaluable in the
completion of this paper.
We are deeply thankful to Engr. Robert A. Mendoza for his unwavering

support, mentorship, and invaluable guidance throughout the entire process of
designing the power plant. He provided valuable insights, constructive
feedback, and encouragement that significantly contributed to the quality of
this work.
We extend our appreciation to the members of this technical design

committee, Engr. Darwin Montano, Engr. Jomar Dichoso, and Engr. Russel
Reyes for their thoughtful feedback and constructive criticism. Their expertise
and input have been instrumental in shaping and refining the content of this
paper.
We would like to express our gratitude to the Mechanical Engineering

Department of the University of Perpetual Help System Laguna for giving us
the opportunity to execute this kind of activity.
We would like to thank each student who exerted effort in this study,
our classmates, and colleagues, our Family, and our loved ones for
unwavering support, share of knowledge, understanding, and encouragement
throughout this academic achievement.
II
Table of Contents
Approval Sheet I
Acknowledgment II
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Section 1: Background of the Study 1
Section 2: Objectives of the Study 2
Section 3: Scope and Limitations of the Study 3
Section 4: Significance of the Study 3
CHAPTER 2 DESIGN BASES AND CONDITIONS
Section 1: Plant Location and Climate Conditions 4
Section 2: Load Estimation 9
Section 3: Plant Schematic Diagram 10
Section 4: Selection of Gas Turbine 11
Section 5: Air Intake System 11
Section 6: Exhaust Gas System 12
Section 7: Fuel System 13
Section 8: Cooling System 16
Section 9: Lubrication System 18
Section 10: Building Structure and Foundation 19
Section 11: Fire Protection System 19
Section 12: HVAC System 20
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OUTPUT SUMMARY
Section 1: Overall Plant System Specification 23
Section 2: Overall Plant Plan Layout 29
Section 3: Overall Plant 3D Model 29
Section 4: Overall Plant Operation Narrative 30
Section 5: Compliance and Environmental Regulations 31
Section 6: Conclusion and Recommendation 36
Appendices
A. Commercial Product Catalogue 38
B. Design Calculation 47
Documentation 73
Curriculum Vitae 77
III
List of tables
Table 1.1 Average Temperature and Rainfall 5
2.1 Calculated Load 9
3.1.1 Specs of Centaur 40 22
3.1.2 Fuel Tank Specification 23
3.1.3 Fuel Supply Line 23
3.1.4 Fuel Supply Fittings 23
3.1.5 Fuel Supply Pump 24
3.1.6 Cooling Tower Specs 25
3.1.7 Cooling Tower Pipeline 25
3.1.8 Pump for Cooling Tower 25
3.1.9 Air Inlet System 26
3.1.10 Exhaust Stack 26
3.1.11 Gen-set Physical Parameters 26
3.1.12 Soil Quality 26
3.1.13 Fire Suppression Dimension 27
3.1.14 Cooling Capacity 27
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Area Vicinity 4
1.2 Topographic Information 7
1.3 Wind Direction 8
1.4 Seismic Data 8
Daily Load Curve 10
Figure 3.1 Schematic Diagram of Gas Turbine 10
Figure 3.2.1 Top View of Power Plant 28
Figure 3.2.2 3D Model 28
IV
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter delves into the background of the study, the objectives, the
scope and limitations of the study, and the significance of the study.
Section 1 Background of the Study
A gas turbine power plant is a complex and crucial undertaking that requires a
deep understanding of various engineering, environmental, and economic factors.
According to Smith et al. (2019), the demand for efficient and sustainable energy
sources has led to an increased focus on gas turbine technology as a viable option
for power generation. Gas turbines offer advantages such as high efficiency, lower
emissions, and flexibility in operation, making them a key player in the transition to
cleaner and more reliable energy systems. As governments and industries strive to
meet ambitious carbon reduction targets, the design of gas turbine power plants
becomes paramount in achieving a balance between energy security and
environmental sustainability.
In the pursuit of optimal design, researchers emphasize the importance of
considering site-specific conditions and operational requirements. According to
Johnson and Thompson (2020), the geographic location, climate, and load profile
significantly influence the performance and efficiency of gas turbine power plants.
However, challenges exist in designing gas turbine power plants that meet
both environmental and economic goals. According to a report by the World Energy
Council (WEC, 2020), achieving a balance between reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and ensuring cost-effective power generation remains a key challenge.
1
The demand for reliable and sustainable energy sources has intensified in
recent years, driven by a global commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and mitigate the impacts of climate change. In response to this imperative, the
design and implementation of efficient power generation systems have become
pivotal. This thesis focuses on the conceptualization and design of a 6.2 MW gas
turbine power plant tailored for the specific needs of Bulihan, Silang, Cavite. Located
in a region marked by growing urbanization, the power plant aims to contribute
significantly to the local energy grid, fostering economic development while adhering
to contemporary environmental standards.
Bulihan, Silang, Cavite, with its burgeoning population, presents a unique set
of challenges and opportunities for sustainable energy development. The proposed
gas turbine power plant seeks to address the increasing energy demands of the
region while minimizing the environmental impact traditionally associated with
conventional power generation. The choice of gas turbine technology, as stated
initially, is driven by its low emissions, inherent efficiency, and adaptability to varying
load demands—qualities that are essential for meeting the dynamic energy
requirements of a developing urban center. This thesis will delve into the intricate
details of the design, taking into consideration factors such as site-specific conditions,
design parameters, and environmental sustainability, to provide a comprehensive
blueprint for the realization of a robust and eco-friendly power generation.
Section 2 Objectives of the Study
1. Determine the location of the power plant.
2. Calculate the total load to serve as basis for the power plant capacity.
3. Design Gas Turbine Power Plant and each system

2
Section 3 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focuses on the construction of the gas turbine power plant at
Maguyam, Silang, Cavite to supply power in Barangay Bulihan, Silang, Cavite. This
covers the design parameters considering the selected gas turbine engine, specific
type of fuel, and environmental condition of the location. On the other hand, the
study is limited to mechanical design only for the specific location, engine, and fuel
established for the load calculated for Bulihan, Silang, Cavite.
Section 4 Significance of the Study
This technical feasibility study of a gas turbine power plant offers a promising
avenue for meeting the energy needs of Bulihan, Silang, Cavite of the region while
minimizing ecological footprints.
This addresses the mechanical aspects of the gas turbine power plant utilizing
the specific gas turbine engine selected, which may contribute to future research
involving the same technology and environment condition.
This research provides a unique opportunity for skill development and
practical application toward the researchers. The hands-on experience in designing
a power plant equips aspiring engineers with real-world insights into the complexities
of energy systems. This aspect is crucial for academic and professional growth.
3
CHAPTER 2
DESIGN BASES AND CONDITIONS
This chapter deals with the plant location and environmental condition, a
summary of load calculation, gas turbine unit selection, and design aspects of the
plant. This also contains the plant schematic diagram.
Section 1 Plant Location and Climate Conditions
In Selecting a location for a power plant involves careful consideration of
various factors to ensure optimal performance, efficiency, and environmental
sustainability. The following things are considered;
 Grid Connection
 Ecological consideration
 Geographical and geological factor
 Land availabity and zoning
 Climate condition
 Regulatory and permiting requirements
 Future expansion
This section contains the plant location vicinity, site accessibility, topographic
analysis, average wind direction, and climate conditions.
Section 1.1 Vicinity of Plant Location
The proposed 6.4 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant will be located in a 1,200
sqm available area within Barangay Maguyam, Silang, Cavite, as shown in Figure
1.1
4
Figure 1.1
Section 1.2 Accessibility of the Project Site
The project is accessible by land travel from Metro Manila to Carmona, Cavite
via South Luzon Expressway. From there, it takes about 8km (20-min) travel to
Barangay Bancal, Carmona, Cavite via Governor’s Drive. The Project Area is 500 m
away from Shell Gas Station via 585 Kaong, Carmona, Cavite.
Road View of Governor’s Drive
5
Road View of Kaong Road to Maguyam
Vertical Clearance along Governor’s Road
6
Grid Connection
Section 1.3 Topographic Information, Climate Condition, Wind Direction and
Seismic Data
Topographic Information
The site for the plant's establishment is set in Maguyam, situated in Silang
Cavite (with coordinates 14°16'29.8"N latitude and 121°00'14.0"E longitude). Table
1.2 displays the topographical elevation data for the Maguyam region in Silang
Cavite. Additionally, Figure 1.2 presents the topographic map indicating elevation
information sourced from the Elevation API.
Figure 1.2
Climate Condition
According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA), Silang Cavite falls under the categorization of a
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Type 1 climate, characterized by the presence of two clearly defined seasons: a dry
season and a wet season. Provided in Table 1.1 is the average temperature and
average rainfall.
Table 1.1
Wind Direction
The determination of wind direction in Silang, Cavite poses challenges in
pinpointing a precise orientation. However, through an examination of data sourced
from the GFS model on windfinder.com, it is possible to identify the predominant
trend. The analysis reveals that the prevailing wind direction in Silang, Cavite
typically falls within the Northeast to East-Northeast range.
Figure 1.3
8
Seismic Data
Based on the seismic data provided by Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology, the location selected is not susceptible of any hazardous environmental
event. Shown in figure 1.4, the Silang, Cavite Hazardous Map provided by Phivocs.
Figure 1.4
Section 2 Load Estimation
The load estimation for the designated location, specifically Barangay Bulihan,
Silang, Cavite, is determined by gathering data on monthly electricity consumption
through the collection of Meralco bills from households.
Table 2.1 Calculated Load
9
To depict the base load and peak load on a daily basis, a load curve is utilized
to estimate the duration of operation within a 24-hour period.
Brgy. Bulihan, Silang, Cavite, Daily Load Curve
The analysis of load curve leads to the inference that the peak load of 3033 MW is
sustained for 2 hours. Subsequently, the load for the remaining hours of the day can
be categorized as base load, as it consistently registers at approximately 30% below
the peak load throughout each hour.
Section 3 Plant Schematic Diagram
Presented in Figure 3.1 is the schematic diagram for the basic flow of system
of a gas turbine power plant.
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Figure 3.1
Where;
S.T - Storage Tank of Fuel A.C - Alternator
D.T - Day Tank of Fuel E.O - Electricity Output
A.F.S - Air Filter System C.S - Cooling System
A.E.S - Air Exhaust System L.S - Lubrication System
Section 4 Selection of Gas Turbine

When choosing a gas turbine generator set, the following factors are taken into
account;
 Capacity and Output Requirements - Meets the capacity needed to meet the
demands of the specific application.
 Fuel Type and Availability - Consider the type of fuel required by the genset
and its availability in the intended location.
 Operational Flexibility - Assess Turbine's ability to operate efficiently across
varying loads and under different operation conditions.
 Cost Consideration - Analyze the initial investment cost, operational expenses,
and overall life cycle cost to determine the economic feasibility of gas turbine.
 Environmental Impact - Examine the environmental footprint of the gas
turbine, including emission levels and compliance with regulatory standards
for air quality and environmental protection.
Employing the following criteria for the selection of the gas turbine, the Centaur 40
from Solar Turbines Incorporated is chosen.
Section 5 Air Intake System
Air Inlet System
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Designing an efficient air intake system for a gas turbine power plant is crucial
to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the turbine. One key consideration is
the location of the air intake. It is essential to position the intake in an area with a
consistent and high-quality air supply. This involves evaluating prevailing wind
patterns, potential sources of contamination such as industrial emissions or dust,
and the proximity to vegetation that may release airborne particles. Additionally, the
intake should be situated at an elevation that minimizes the impact of ambient
temperature variations, as colder air is denser and can enhance turbine efficiency.
Site-specific environmental factors, such as humidity and altitude, must also be
taken into account to determine the appropriate air density and composition for
optimal combustion within the turbine.
The air intake system design is derived from the turbine manual and
recommendations provided by the engineering sector of Solar Turbines. The Centaur
40 was specifically chosen for its system's insensitivity. Our reliance is on the
ambient temperature, air quality at the chosen location, and wind direction to prevent
the absorption of emitted generator gases by the air intake system. The air intake
system of Centaur 40 of Solar Turbines provided its own ducting and filter system to
prevent the decrease of efficiency, and to ensure the robustness of internal system
of the engine.
Section 6 Exhaust Gas System
Designing an efficient exhaust system for a gas turbine power plant requires
careful consideration of various factors to ensure optimal performance and
environmental compliance. Firstly, the selection of materials and construction must
account for the high temperatures and corrosive nature of the exhaust gases
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produced during the combustion process. Heat-resistant alloys and advanced
ceramics are often employed to withstand the extreme conditions and extend the
system's operational lifespan. Additionally, the exhaust system should be designed
to minimize pressure losses, as any excessive backpressure can negatively impact
the overall efficiency of the gas turbine. Proper sizing of ducts and components,
along with the incorporation of well-designed silencers, is essential to strike a
balance between pressure drop and noise reduction.
The unit selected Centaur 40 is designed by Solar Turbines Incorporated for
eco-friendly power generation with the SoloNox design which limits the exhaust
emission of carbon. To ensure the engine’s performance, and the quality of
workplace inside the power plant site, the integration of vent stack for exhaust gas
system is calculated and proven base on the turbine manual and ambient condition
of the power plant.
Section 7 Fuel System
7.1 Fuel Selection
When choosing fuel, Diesel Fuel DF-2 is chosen based on the findings
presented in the research article "Impact of Fuel Composition on Gas Turbine
Engine Performance" authored by Dan Burnes and Alejandro Camou in July 2019,
along with considerations outlined in the document ES 9-98 from Solar Turbines
Engineering pertaining to fuel acceptability.
Examining the ES 9-98 Fuel Manual of Solar Turbines Engineering and its
stipulated distillate fuel requirements, and also the recommended fuel provided by
Centaur 40, it can be concluded that diesel fuel number 2 meets the specified criteria
outlined in ES 9-98. This alignment with the standards is evident through the
13
compliance of diesel fuel number 2 with the specifications detailed in ASTM D975-
22a. Appendices A1.2. Fuel represents the provided data by ES 9-98 regarding
distillate fuel requirements, and Appendices A1.1 represents the basic fuel
requirement of Centaur 40.
Derived from the study "Impact of Fuel Composition on Gas Turbine Engine
Performance" conducted by Dan Burnes and Alejandro Camou, it is evident that
Natural gas surpasses Diesel fuel 2 and Kerosene in efficiency by a margin of 0.03%.
However, when considering economic feasibility, cost analysis, and environmental
impact, Diesel fuel 2 emerges as the optimal choice among the three for constructing
the plant at the specified location.
7.2 Fuel Storage Sizing
The designed fuel storage tank for one (1) day and 15-day capacity. The
design of storage tanks are base on the requirements of ;
 The peak load requirement of the target location of electricity supply
 Percent run of each generator capacity
 Fuel requirements of Centaur 40
 Fuel consumption per specific need (24 hours, and fifteen (15) days of run)
 Considered the type of fuel utilized by the power plant
With the following considerations and parameters, the size of storage tanks are
determined presented in the below.
The standards used in designing the tanks are;
 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 110
 API 650 - For Aboveground Tank calculation
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 UL 142 - Material selection of fuel tank, and determining of thickness, maximium
diameter base on capacity
 EN 12285 - Fuel use allowance
7.3 Fuel Flow System - Piping
To formulate the piping configuration from the day tank to the engine, it is
imperative to determine several critical parameters. These include the discharge
nominal diameter, actual velocity at discharge, Reynolds number, friction factor,
frictional head loss at the discharge line, losses attributed to fittings, and the overall
discharge head. Simultaneously, a corresponding assessment of these parameters
at the suction line is essential to ascertain the pump's operational requirements.
The pipe size, fittings and pump sizing are based on American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards and recommendation
based on engineering principles.
The standards used in pipe material selection and sizing are;
 ANSI /ASME B36.10M
 API 5L
 ASTM A53 - Material for piping
Utilizing the following standards and calculating the parameters mentioned
above, the size of pipe is determined. The distance of the pipe is an independent
variable in which the distance was measured based on the actual distance of the
supply to receiving point.
7.4 Selection of Pump for Fuel System
15
In the design and selection of pumps for a gas turbine power plant, several
critical factors must be carefully considered to ensure optimal performance,
efficiency, and reliability. Firstly, the type of pump chosen plays a pivotal role in the
overall system functionality. Centrifugal pumps are commonly preferred in gas
turbine power plants due to their ability to handle large flow rates and relatively low
viscosity fluids. The selection should account for factors such as the required head,
flow rate, and the specific characteristics of the fluid being pumped, considering the
potential presence of contaminants or abrasive particles. Additionally, the pump's
material of construction must be compatible with the nature of the fluid to avoid
corrosion and ensure a long service life.
Section 8 Cooling System
In the design and operation of a cooling tower for a gas turbine power plant,
several critical factors must be considered to ensure optimal performance and
efficiency. Firstly, the cooling tower's capacity and design should be tailored to meet
the specific heat rejection requirements of the gas turbine system. The cooling tower
must efficiently dissipate the heat generated during the combustion process,
preventing excessive temperatures that could compromise the turbine's performance.
Adequate consideration must be given to factors such as ambient air temperature,
humidity, and the overall thermal load to determine the appropriate size and type of
cooling tower required. Additionally, the selection of materials for the cooling tower
construction is crucial to withstand the corrosive effects of water and environmental
conditions, ensuring longevity and reliability in the harsh operational environment of
a power plant.
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Moreover, the water quality and treatment processes play a pivotal role in
maintaining the cooling tower's effectiveness. Proper water treatment is essential to
prevent scaling, corrosion, and biological fouling, which can negatively impact the
efficiency of the heat exchange process. Regular monitoring and maintenance of
water quality parameters, such as pH levels and chemical concentrations, are
imperative to avoid potential issues and extend the operational life of the cooling
tower. Furthermore, the integration of advanced control and automation systems is
critical for optimizing the cooling tower's performance in real-time, adjusting fan
speed, water flow, and other parameters based on the dynamic operational
conditions of the gas turbine power plant. This ensures not only energy efficiency but
also the overall reliability of the cooling system, contributing to the long-term success
of the gas turbine power generation facility.
When assessing the cooling tower, the design parameters for the Centaur 40
gas turbine engine are obtained from Gobran, M.'s study titled 'Off Design
Performance of Solar Turbines Centaur 40 Gas Turbine Engine Using Simulink.
In the process of choosing a cooling tower, the determination of gallons per
minute (GPM), hot and cold water temperatures, and relative humidity serves as the
basis. The selection that satisfies the design condition is Marley NC Class:
NC8303FL1.
To underpin the development of the cooling tower design, the centaur 40 is
employed in an operational power plant with a cooling tower identical to the
computed and selected unit. Despite employing software for their calculations, the
cooling tower utilized aligns with the same cooling tower unit.
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Section 9 Lubrication System
In a gas turbine power plant, the lubrication system plays a crucial role in ensuring
the efficient and reliable operation of the turbine components. One key consideration
is the selection of the appropriate lubricating oil. The oil must possess high thermal
stability to withstand the elevated temperatures within the turbine, as well as
excellent oxidation resistance to prevent the formation of harmful deposits.
Additionally, the lubricant should have low volatility to minimize oil consumption and
maintain proper lubrication under varying operating conditions. Viscosity is another
critical factor, as it affects the oil's ability to form a protective film on the moving parts
and reduce friction. Proper filtration is essential to remove contaminants and
maintain oil cleanliness, preventing damage to sensitive components like bearings
and gears. Regular oil analysis is also essential for monitoring the oil's condition and
identifying any potential issues before they lead to equipment failure.
Another important consideration in the lubrication system for gas turbines is the
design and layout of the system itself. Efficient lubricant distribution is vital to ensure
that all critical components receive adequate lubrication. Properly designed
lubrication pathways, including pipes, pumps, and distribution points, should be
implemented to minimize pressure drops and ensure a consistent flow of oil to the
turbine's moving parts. Moreover, the system must be equipped with reliable sensors
and monitoring devices to provide real-time data on oil pressure, temperature, and
flow rate. This information enables operators to detect abnormalities or deviations
from optimal operating conditions, allowing for timely maintenance and preventing
potential damage. In summary, an effective lubrication system for a gas turbine
power plant requires careful consideration of oil properties, filtration, and system
18
design to guarantee the longevity and reliable performance of the turbine
components.
In lubrication system, the lubrication storage is already attached on the gas
turbine set. The lubrication oil selection is based on recommended by the
manufacturer, and the maintenance of the lubrication system will vary to operation.
Section 10 Building Structure and Foundation
In formulating the structure and foundation, the entire section was crafted by
established standards. However, it is noteworthy that the calculated value no longer
aligns with the specified scope of the study. The structural computations pertain to a
civil engineering investigation, and the requisite parameters for computation are
outlined below
Structural standards used in designing the foundation and structure of the
power plant;
 .ISO 19859 - Gas turbine application
Section 11 Fire Protection System
Fire detection and protection system of the gas turbine set is provided by the
turbomachinery set of Solar Turbine Centaur 40. The Solar Turbines engineering
department integrate a CO2 Fire suppression Cylinder Cabinet provided with fire
suppression compliance and fire cylinder cabinet dimension.
Utilizing the fire control system connected to fire and gas detection system,
the cylinders will activate once the fire and gas detection system send a signal to
overall control panel.
19
The designed fire protection outside the generator set is calculated using
standards FM 200. The selected type is dry fire suppression system is connected to
fire and gas detection system in overall control panel.
Section 12 HVAC System
Designing HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems for an office
requires careful consideration of several key factors to ensure optimal comfort,
energy efficiency, and indoor air quality. Firstly, the size and layout of the office
space play a crucial role in determining the capacity and distribution of HVAC
equipment. Accurate calculations for heating and cooling loads, taking into account
factors such as occupancy, equipment heat gain, and external climate conditions,
are essential for right-sizing the system. Additionally, zoning the office space based
on usage patterns allows for better control and energy management.
Proper ventilation is paramount for maintaining a healthy indoor environment. The
design should include adequate fresh air intake and exhaust to ensure proper air
exchange rates, preventing the buildup of pollutants and maintaining oxygen levels.
Energy recovery systems can also be incorporated to enhance efficiency by
exchanging heat between incoming and outgoing air streams. Furthermore, the
selection of energy-efficient HVAC equipment, such as high-efficiency HVAC units
and smart thermostats, contributes significantly to reducing energy consumption and
operational costs.
The HVAC system of the power plant is utilized in administrators’ office. The
design is calculated using the convention method of calculation which is provided in
Appendices B.HVAC CALCULATION. The air-conditioning system uses a VRF
system of Daikin.
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Section 13 Instrumentation and Control System
Designing and placing the instrumentation and control system for a gas
turbine power plant requires meticulous planning and adherence to industry
standards. First, it is essential to strategically locate sensors and instruments to
monitor critical parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rates, and vibration
levels. Temperature sensors should be placed at key points in the combustion
chamber, turbine, and exhaust to ensure accurate monitoring of thermal conditions.
Pressure transmitters need to be positioned at the inlet and outlet of the compressor
and turbine to gauge performance and detect anomalies. Flow meters are crucial for
measuring fuel and air flows, aiding in optimizing the combustion process.
Additionally, vibration sensors should be strategically installed on rotating
components to monitor machinery health and detect any deviations from normal
operation. Proper spacing and insulation of cables are essential to minimize
interference and ensure reliable data transmission.
Second, the control system components, such as programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) and distributed control systems (DCS), should be centrally located for
efficient communication with the various field instruments. Redundancy and fail-safe
measures should be incorporated to enhance system reliability. The control room,
equipped with human-machine interface (HMI) displays, should be designed to
provide operators with a comprehensive view of the gas turbine's performance.
Emergency shutdown systems and protective relays must be strategically placed to
facilitate quick response to critical situations. Cybersecurity measures should be
implemented to safeguard the control system against unauthorized access and
potential cyber threats. Regular maintenance access points should be considered to

21
ensure ease of troubleshooting and repairs. Ultimately, the placement of
instrumentation and control systems should prioritize safety, reliability, and
operational efficiency in the gas turbine power plant.
Design of instrumentation and control system is provided by the turbine
manual. The placement of control system is integrated on the generator set. The
application of monitoring, and parameter control system can be utilized for efficient
flow of the whole power plant which is placed in overall control panel room.
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OUTPUT SUMMARY
This chapter contains the summary of the table of data for specific parts of the
power plant, selected equipment, and parameter calculations. This chapter also
includes the 3D model, the overall plant lay-out, and compliance with environmental
regulations.
Section 1: Overall Plant System Specification
Gas Turbine Generator Set
The selected gas turbine for the power plant is Solar Turbines Centaur 40.
Centaur 40 Gas Turbine Generator Set with Enclosure
Table 3.1.1 Specification of Centaur 40

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Fuel Storage and Supply
Table 3.1.2 Fuel Tank Dimension, Total Capacity, Material, and Quantity
Table 3.1.3 Fuel Supply Line Distance and Pipe Size
Table 3.1.4 Fuel Supply Line Fittings with Spare
24
The selected fuel pump is John Blue Centrifugal Pump for Industrial Engines
Table 3.1.5 Fuel Supply Pump
Cooling Tower and Line
The selected cooling tower based on calculation and based on published
studies ulitizing the same generator set, Marley NC Class: NC8303FL
Marley Cooling Tower
25
Table 3.1.6 Cooling Tower Specs
Table 3.1.7 Cooling Line Pipe Size and Velocity

For cooling water pump, the selected pump is Scot brand pump
Table 3.1.8 Pump for Cooling Line
26
Air Inlet System
Table 3.1.9 Ducting Size for Air Inlet System

Exhaust System
Table 3.1.10 Exhaust Stack Calculated Size

Structural and Foundation
Table 3.1.11 Generator Set Parameters for Foundation Calculation
Table 3.1.12 Soil Quality Parameters for Structural Calculation
27
Fire Protection System
Table 3.1.13 Fire Suppression System Dimension provided by Solar Turbines
HVAC System
The selected Air-conditioning unit is Daikin Multi-Split Airconditioner.
Table 3.1.14 Calculated Cooling Capacity and Designed AC System
28
Section 2: Overall Plant Plan Layout
Figure 3.2.1 Top View of Power Plant
Section 3:Overall Plant 3D Model
Figure 3.2.2 Isometric 3D view of Power Plant
29
Section 4 Overall Plant Operation Narrative
The operation of the power plant is meticulously structured around the use of
two powerful generator sets, each capable of single-handedly managing the entirety
of the peak load. This dual-generator approach ensures operational efficiency and
reliability. During routine operation or peak load conditions, one generator set is
engaged, while the other stands ready as a spare or backup, ready to seamlessly
take over in case of any unforeseen issues.
To sustain continuous operation, a robust fuel handling and delivery system is
in place. The storage facility is designed to stockpile a 15-day supply of fuel. This
strategic design mandates the initiation of orders for new fuel batches every 15 days,
preventing any interruption in power generation due to fuel shortages.
The health and performance of the generators are safeguarded through a
meticulous lubrication system. Regular checks using precision measuring
instruments are conducted to ensure that the engines operate at their optimal
conditions. This preventive maintenance approach not only enhances the lifespan of
the equipment but also contributes to the overall efficiency of the power plant.
The turbine manual serves as a comprehensive guide for operators, providing
detailed instructions for the maintenance of the air inlet and exhaust systems.
Operators are expected to adhere to these instructions meticulously to guarantee the
proper functioning of these critical components. This manual is a valuable resource
that equips operators with the necessary knowledge to address potential issues
promptly and maintain the long-term reliability of the power generation system. The
emphasis on preventive maintenance underscores the commitment to sustained and
efficient power generation.

30
Section 5: Compliance and Environmental Regulations
To ensure compliance with environmental regulations while building a power
plant, meticulous planning and adherence to strict guidelines are imperative. Begin
by conducting a comprehensive environmental impact assessment to identify
potential ecological concerns and address them proactively. Collaborate closely with
relevant regulatory bodies to obtain the necessary permits and approvals, ensuring
alignment with emission standards and land use regulations. Implement advanced
pollution control technologies, such as efficient scrubbers and filters, to minimize
emissions and mitigate environmental impact. Additionally, incorporate sustainable
practices, such as utilizing renewable energy sources and optimizing resource
efficiency, to align with environmental conservation goals. Regular monitoring and
reporting mechanisms should be established to track and address any deviations
from compliance, fostering transparency and accountability throughout the
construction process. This holistic approach not only ensures compliance with
environmental regulations but also promotes responsible and sustainable power
plant development.
5.1 Air Pollution Control
To achieve the construction of a power plant with effective air pollution control,
meticulous planning and adherence to stringent environmental standards are
essential. The initial phase involves site selection, considering factors such as
proximity to fuel sources, transmission infrastructure, and minimizing environmental
impact. Engineers must then design and implement advanced technologies such as
electrostatic precipitators, flue gas desulfurization systems, and selective catalytic
reduction to mitigate emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen

31
oxides. Additionally, the incorporation of renewable energy sources and energy-
efficient technologies can enhance overall sustainability. Rigorous monitoring and
compliance with environmental regulations throughout the construction process are
imperative, ensuring that the power plant not only meets energy demands but also
prioritizes environmental responsibility by minimizing air pollution.
With the utilization of Centaur 40, the emission is controlled with the
SoLoNox emission which ensures the low emission of gas turbine. The advances in
combustor liner, fuel injector, and bleed shield design, along with primary zone
temperature are some advancements allowing Solar to offer robust 9ppm Nox,
15ppm CO, and 15 ppm emissions.
In accordance to Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act 1999, the
researchers of this study selected Centaur 40 since it is integrated with advance
technologies that limits the pollution emission of the power plant.
According to Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Administrative order No. 2020-24 Establishing the Breakpoints for Particulate
Matter 2.5 PM Air Quality Index (AQI) and Amending Section 5(a) of DAO 2013-
13 “Establishing the Provisional National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Value”
With the help of the advanced combustion system of Centaur 40,
Manufactured by Solar Turbines Inc., the level of emission of the power plant
32
belongs to category of good which means that the emission of the solar turbines’
turbine is safe.
Section 5.2 Water Pollution Control
To effectively control water pollution from power plants, a multi-faceted
approach is essential. Firstly, adopting advanced technologies such as closed-loop
cooling systems or wetlands treatment can significantly reduce the discharge of
pollutants into water bodies. Additionally, stringent monitoring and enforcement of
regulatory standards are crucial to ensure compliance with emission limits and water
quality criteria. Implementing best practices in waste management, including the
proper disposal of ash and sludge, is imperative to prevent contamination of aquatic
ecosystems. Collaborative efforts between industry stakeholders, government
agencies, and environmental organizations can further enhance the development
and enforcement of policies that promote sustainable water use and minimize the
environmental impact of power plants. Integrating renewable energy sources into the
power generation mix can also contribute to mitigating pollution while addressing the
growing energy demand. Overall, a comprehensive and proactive strategy,
encompassing technological innovation, regulatory oversight, and industry
collaboration, is key to achieving effective water pollution control in the context of
power plant construction.
The power plant complied with the following codes about water pollution
control;
 Water Code of the Philippines Rule 1 Section 1: Permit/Authority from the
National Water Resources Council Must be Secured.
33
To Achieve this Code, permits should be submitted to water authority of Brgy.
Maguyam, Silang, Cavite with mentioned of the purpose of use of water for specific
application.
 Republic Act 9275 : Act providing for a Comprehensive Water Quality
Management and for other Purposes
 DENR Administrative Order 2021-19: Updated Water Quality Guidelines and
General Effluent Standards for Selected Parameters.
Section 5.3 Solid Waste Control
Solid waste control is applicable during the building process of the whole
power plant. The compliance with solid waste management of the Philippines or RA
9003 of 2001, waste should be dumped strategically. To comply with this, permits
should be passed to Baranggay of Maguyam, and also the LGU of cavite.
Section 5.4 Noise Pollution Control
To achieve effective noise control in the construction of a power plant,
meticulous planning and implementation of sound mitigation measures are essential.
Begin by conducting a comprehensive noise impact assessment to identify potential
sources and their respective magnitudes. Utilize advanced noise modeling
techniques to predict and analyze the propagation of sound during different phases
of construction. Implement engineering controls such as acoustic barriers,
enclosures, and vibration isolation systems to minimize noise generation at the
source. Additionally, scheduling construction activities strategically and utilizing
quieter equipment during sensitive periods can further reduce overall noise levels.
Regular monitoring and adjustment of noise control measures throughout the
34
construction process will ensure compliance with regulatory standards and minimize
the environmental impact on surrounding communities.
The enclosure of Centaur 40 noise control is tested and approved according
to PIL 054 by OSHA Noise Requirements. Though the manufacturer did not release
any parameters with regards to noise control, solar turbines inc. Assure that the
enclosure is tested in all aspects to ensure the safe and user-environmental and
workplace friendly use of the turbines.
35
Section 6 Conclusion and Recommendations

The overall findings from the comprehensive feasibility study indicate that the
design of a power plant is constrained by insufficiently provided parameters. A
noteworthy conclusion is that the Centaur 40 engine from solar turbines emerges as
a favorable choice for a gas turbine, owing to its environmentally friendly attributes
and resilience to specific ambient conditions. The adaptability of Centaur 40 to
various fuel types enhances its suitability for deployment across diverse global
locations. Furthermore, our investigation underscores the gas turbine's aptness for
contemporary power generation designs, given its compact nature and relatively
lower environmental impact compared to alternative combustion-based power
generation methods.
In light of the study, it is recommended to address the unspecified aspects, such as
the control system and electric system, to ensure a comprehensive understanding of
the power plant design. Additionally, there is a need for an enhanced design of the
fire protection system, requiring further detailing for future refinement. Moreover, the
incorporation of pressure-related computations in the piping design is suggested, as
it is anticipated that considering pressure parameters could potentially lead to cost
reduction in the overall pipe design.
36
APPENDICES
37
A. Commercial Product Catalogue

A.1 Gas Turbine
38
39
40
41
42
43
A.2 Cooling Tower Catalog:
44
A.3 Pump for fuel and water cooling line
45
Air-conditioning Unit
46
B. DESIGN CALCULATION
This comprises the detailed calculation of the design parameters presented in
chapter 2 of the paper
B.1 Load Calculation
The data comprises information gathered from a sample of 30 households.
N Consumption N Consumption N Consumption N Consumption
1 337 10 328 19 345 28 212
2 220 11 211 20 159 29 178
3 182 12 157 21 203 30 214
4 273 13 288 22 301
5 309 14 396 23 363
6 364 15 248 24 167
7 134 16 125 25 256
8 292 17 318 26 295
9 180 18 242 27 321
N - Household number based on collection of data
Consumption - Data provided by Meralco bill from each household in kWh
Utilizing the provided data, the calculation of the plant capacity's base load is now
feasible
1.1 Base Load and Peak Load
Calculation of average consumption:
Consumption
Average LoadMonthly Consumption =
N
47
7618 kWh
Average LoadMonthly Consumption =
30 Households
�� = ��. �� per Household
The designers approximated the value to 300 kWh Per Household, providing a buffer
for potential increases in demand due to seasonal fluctuations.
The examination of streetlight consumption within the specified area is also taken
into account
Calculation of Streetlight Consumption:
(W)(n)
Streetlights =
1000
Where;
W - Consumption of Individual light , Watts
n - No. of streetlight installed (Based on average no. of streetlights per brgy
according to Philippine Statistics Authority)
(50 watts)(750)
Streetlights =
1000
�� = ��. � ��/��
Calculation of Base Load:
Am (HHt )
Hourly Load = Base Load =
(30 days)(24 hours)
48
Where;
Am = Average Monthly Load
HHt = Total No. of Household in Bulihan, Silang, Cavite
300 kWh per household(5583 households)

Hourly Load = Base Load =
(30 days)(2 hours)
�� = �� = ��. �� /��
After calculating the base load, the designer assumes a 30 percent increase in load
per hour during peak hours in a day
Peak Load = Base Load + 30%(Base Load)
Peak Load = 2332.76 kWh/hr + 0.30 (2332.76kWh/hr)
Peak Load = 3032.588 kWh/hr = Max Load
B.3 FUEL STORAGE TANK CALCULATION

Calculation for mass required by Centaur 40:
*Note: The designer has established the operational percentage at 90% of the rated
capacity. This decision aligns with ISO guidelines for Gas Turbines, which
recommend operating at 100% rated capacity. However, a deliberate reduction of
10% has been implemented to extend the generator's lifespan.
�� (�� )
�. �. = =
��
Where;
H.R - Heat Rate Provided by Centaur 40 Manual
Wnet - 90% of Rated Capacity of Centaur 40
Qa - Heat Input by Fuel
mf - Mass of Fuel Required to Run Centaur 40 at 90% Rated Capacity
49
HHV - Higher Heating Value of Fuel, HHV of Diesel No.2
To compute the mass of fuel;

Wnet (H. R. )
mf =
HHV
kJ
3163.5 kW(12,910 )
mf = KW − hr
kJ
45,600 Kg
�� = ��. �� /��
To compute the volume flow rate;
mf
Vf =
ρ
Where;
Vf - Volume Flow Rate,
� - Density of Diesel No.2
kg
895.63125
Vf = hr
kg
846
m3
��
�� = �. ��
��
Computing the Volume Required during Peak Load;
Vpeak load = Vf ∗ No. of hour @ peak load
50
m3
Vpeak load = 1.0587 ∗ 2hr peak load
hr
��
�� = �. ��
��
Computed Parameter Value - Unit

Per Gen-set
@90% Rated Capacity
mf 895.63125 Kg/hr
Vf 1.0587 m3/hr
Base load Volume Required;

In the context of base load operations, the gas turbine is constrained to operate at
70% of its rated capacity, as this level remains sufficient to meet the necessary
power supply requirements
To compute the mass of fuel @70% Rated Capacity;
Wnet (H. R. )
mf =
HHV
kJ
2460.5 kW(12,910 )
mf = KW − hr
kJ
45,600
Kg
�� = ��. �� /��
To compute the volume flow rate @70%;
��
�� =
�
51
Where;
Vf - Volume Flow Rate,
� - Density of Diesel No.2
kg
696.6021
Vf = hr
kg
846
m3
��
�� = �. ��
��
Computed Parameter
Per 1 Gen-set Value - Unit
@70% Rated Capacity
mf 696.6021 Kg/hr
Vf 0.8234 m3/hr
Computing the Volume Required during Base Load;
Vbase load = Vf ∗ No. of hour @ base load
m3
Vbase load = 0.8234 ∗ 22hr base load
hr
��
�� = ��. ��
��
Total Volume Required Per Day;

Vbase load + Vpeak load = VTotal
m3 m3
18.1148 + 2.1174 = VTotal
22hr base load 2hr peak load
��
�� = ��. ��
��
52
Day Tank Design Calculation;

*Note: Add 20% of the total volume per day to anticipate the increase of
consumption during weekends.
*set diameter to 1.93 m based on standard max diameter for specific capacity of fuel
��+��% = π��
��
��. �� = π(�. ��/�)� �
��
� = �. ��
Day tank thickness calculation:
The basis for day tank thickness is based on API 650 and UL 142 Steel
Aboveground Diesel Fuel Tank since the fuel which is utilized in this design is Diesel
No. 2
Storage Tank for 15-Day Runtime Design Calculation;

*Note: Add 20% of the total volume per day to anticipate the increase of
consumption during weekends.
*set radius to 3.66 m based on standard max diameter for specific capacity of fuel
VTotal+20%weekend increase = πr2 h
m3
319.6686 /2 = π(3.66/2)2 h
15 days
� = ��. ��
53
B.4 FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM DESIGN CALCULATION

Day Tank to Engine;
��
�� =
��
Where;
Vd - Velocity at Discharge
Q - Volume Flow Rate
d - Internal Diameter
*Note: set 1 m/s as max velocity to reduce friction loss and ensure erosion control
Calculation of Internal Diameter of Pipe at Discharge Line;
4Q
� =
πV�
m3 1 day 1 hr
4(24.2786 )( )( )
day 24 hrs 3600 s
� = m
π(1 )
s
� = �� = �. �� = �� = �. ��
By referencing the engineeringtoolbox.com chart and adhering to ANSI

schedule 80 specifications for pipes made from ASTM A53, it is determined that
with a calculated internal diameter of 19mm or 0.75 inches, the chosen pipe for our
application will be a stainless steel pipe with a size of 1 inch.
54
Calculation of Actual Velocity Inside Discharge Pipe;

��
�� =
��
Where;
m3 1 day 1 hr
4(24.2786 )( )( )
day 24 hrs 3600 s
V� =
π(0.024384�)2
�
�� = �. ��
�
The current velocity at the discharge line has been determined, allowing for
the calculation of the Reynolds Number, which will subsequently be utilized in the
computation of the friction factor.
ρμ�
Reynold's Number =
�
Where;
� - Density of Diesel Fuel No. 2
� - Actual Velocity Inside the Pipe
L - Diameter
V - Kinematic Viscosity of Diesel Fuel No.2
kg m
(846 3 )(0.6020 s )(0.0243834�)
Reynold's Number = m
0.00624 Pa ∗ s
��'� �� = ��. ��
55
Through the resolution of the Reynolds number, it was determined that the
fluid flow within the tube exhibits laminar characteristics, as the Reynolds number
falls below 4000. Consequently, the friction factor can be determined by applying
Moody's equation.
Solving Friction Factor

��
� =
��'� ��
Where;
f -Friction Factor
64
� =
1990.1075
� = �. ��
Calculating for friction head loss at discharge pipe using Darcy-Weisbach

formula
� ��
�� = �( )( )
� ��
Where;
�� - Friction Head Loss
� - Friction Factor
� - Length of Discharge Line
� - Diameter of Discharge Line
�� - Velocity
� - Gravitational Acceleration
56
� 2
11.2010 m (0. 6020
)
ℎ� = 0.0322( )( � )
0.0243834 � 2(9.80665 m )
2
s
�� = �. ��
Calculating for head loss due to fittings losses at discharge pipe

��
�� = �( )
��
In accordance with the design specifications, the discharge line exclusively

incorporates a swing check valve of nominal pipe size three (3). By consulting the
manual provided by metropumps.com for the coefficient of friction losses in pipe
fittings, the value of k for the swing check valve can be ascertained.
Fittings Size Qty. K. factor
Swing Check 1” 3 2.30
Valve
In the discharge line, three 1-inch swing valves will be employed, necessitating the
multiplication of the K factor by a factor of three
� 2
(0. 6020 )
ℎm = (3)(2.3)( �
m )
2(9.80665 2 )
s
�� = �. ��
The determination of the total head at the discharge line is accomplished by

summing up all the relevant heads, including the elevation head specified in the
drawing, which is approximately 3 meters.
ℎT = ℎf + ℎm + ℎz
ℎT = 0.2733m + 0.1275m + 3m
�� = �. ��
57
Calculation for Suction Pipe
Given by turbine manual
Minimum flow rate = 1475 kg/hr
Minimum Volume flow rate = 0.000484 m3/s
*set 1 m/s as max velocity to reduce friction loss and ensure erosion control
��
�� =
��
Where;
4Q
� =
πV�
m3
4(0.000484 s )
� = m
π(1 )
s
� = �. �� = ��. � �� = �. ��
Pipe Size of suction line is 1 1/4” according to ANSI Schedule 80 Steel Pipes
��
�� =
��
Where;
58
m3
4(000484 )
V� = s
π(0.032512�)2
�
�� = �. ��
�
Solving Reynold’s Number for Suction Pipe

��
��'� �� =
�
Where;
L - Diameter
kg m
(846 3 )(0.583 s )(0.032512�)
0.00624 Pa ∗ s
��'� �� = ��. ��
Reynold’s Number R is greater than 2300 but greatly less than to 3500, still, the flow
is laminar.
��
� =
��'� ��
Where;
f -Friction Factor
64
� =
2569.79
� = �. ��
59

formula
� ��
�� = �( )( )
� ��
Where;
�� - Velocity
�
12.303 m (0. 583 )2
ℎ� = 0.02490( )( � )
0.32512 � 2(9.80665 m )
s2
�� = �. ��
��
�� = �( )
��
Fittings Size Qty. L. factor

Gate Valve 1 1/4” 1 2.30
� �
(�. ��
)
�� = (�)(�. ��)( �
� )
�(�. �� )
�
�� = �. ��
60
Calculation of Total Head for Suction Line
ℎT = ℎf + ℎm
ℎT = 0.01634 + 0.00333m
�� = �. ��
Total Head in Day tank to Engine

ℎT Day Tank to Engine = ℎT Discharge + ℎT Suction
ℎT Day Tank to Engine = 0.97 m + 0.00333 m
�� = �. ��
Work of Pump
�� = ��
Where;
�� - Pump Work
p - Density
�� - Total Head Day Tank to Engine
�3 ��
�P = (0.843 )(846 3 )(9.80665 2 )(0.97333 �)
ℎ� � �
�� = �. �� = �. ��
Storage Tank to Day Tank;
Calculation of Internal Diameter of Pipe at Discharge Line;
��
� =
��
61
m3 1min
4(0.1686 min )( 60s )
� = m
π(1.2 )
s
� = �� = �. �� = ��. � �� = �. ��
The computed nominal diameter is 2.3547 inches, therefore the pipe size
selected for discharge pipe line for storage tank to day tank is pipe size 2 1/2” base
on ANSI schedule 80 steel pipe.
��
�� =
��
Where;
��
�(�. �� )( �� )
�� =
�(�. ��)�
�
�� = �. ��
�
The current velocity at the discharge line has been determined, allowing for
the calculation of the Reynolds Number, which will subsequently be utilized in the
computation of the friction factor.
��
��'� �� =
�
Where;
62
L - Diameter
kg m
(846 3 )(1.03032 s )(0.058928�)
0.00624 Pa ∗ s
��'� �� = ��. ��
Through the resolution of the Reynolds number, it was determined that the
fluid flow within the tube exhibits turbulent characteristics, as the Reynolds number
falls above 4000. Consequently, the friction factor can be determined by applying
Moody's equation.

�
� �. ��
� = �. ��(��( + )−� )
�. � ��'� ��.�
Where;
f -Friction Factor
� - Steel Pipe Schedule 80 vs. Friction Loss
�
� �. ��
� = �. ��(��( + )−� )
�. � ��'� ��.�
For the Value provided by ANSI Schedule 80 friction loss due to piping texture and
velocity, the value of � is 0.197.
63
�. ��
�. ��
� = �. ��(��( �� +
�. −�
�.� ) )
�. � ��. ��
� = 1.3825

formula
� �2
ℎ� = �( )( )
� 2�
Where;
�� - Velocity
� 2
3m (1.03032
)
ℎ� = 1.3825( )( � )
0.058928 � 2(9.80665 m )
s2
�� = �. ��

��
�� = �( )
��
In accordance with the design specifications, the discharge line exclusively
incorporates a swing check valve of nominal pipe size three (3). By consulting the
manual provided by metropumps.com for the coefficient of friction losses in pipe
fittings, the value of k for the swing check valve can be ascertained.
64
Valves & Fittings Size Qty. k.factor

Tee 2 1/2 inch 1 1.08
Check Valve 2 1/2 inch 1 1.8
Elbow 2 1/2 inch 2 0.84
Gate Valve 2 1/2 inch 2 0.14
In the discharge line, three 1-inch swing valves will be employed, necessitating the
multiplication of the K factor by a factor of three
� 2
)(1.0327
ℎm = 1.08 + 2(0.84) + 2(0.14) + 1(1.8) ( �
m )
2(9.80665 2 )
s
�� = �. ��
The determination of the total head at the discharge line is accomplished by

summing up all the relevant heads, including the elevation head specified in the
drawing, which is approximately 4 meters.
ℎT = ℎf + ℎm + ℎz
ℎT = 3.80941m + 0.230349m + 5m
�� = �. ��
Calculation for Suction Pipe

In Calculation for suction pipe, the design will vary to discharge line since the
value need to achieve in discharge line is the same to suction line. The difference
between the discharge line and suction line is the head loss in which is calculated
below.
Calculating for friction head loss at suction pipe using Darcy-Weisbach
formula
65
� ��
�� = �( )( )
� ��
Where;
�� - Velocity
� 2
10 m (1.0327 )
ℎ� = 1.3825( )( � )
0.0243834 � 2(9.80665 m )
s2
ℎ� = 11.83829 m
�2
ℎ� = k( )
2�
Valves & Fittings Size Qty. K.factor
Check Valve 2 1/2 1 1.8
Elbow 2 1/2 3 0.54
� 2
(1.0327)
ℎ� = (3(0.54) + 1.8)( �
m )
2(9.80665 2 )
s
ℎ� = 1.71787 m
66
ℎT = 11.83829 + 1.71787 m + 1.5m

ℎT = 15.05609 m
Total Head in Storage Tank to Day Tank

ℎT Storage Tank to Day tank = ℎT Discharge + ℎT Suction
ℎT Storage Tank to Day tank = 4.839959 m + 13.05609 m
ℎT Storage Tank to Day Tank = 19.896 m
Pump for Storage Tank to Day Tank

�P = Q��ℎT Day Tank to Engine
Where;
�� - Pump Work
p - Density
�� - Total Head Day Tank to Engine
�3 ��
�P = (010.116 )(846 3 )(9.80665 2 )(4.39335 �)
ℎ� � �
�P = 0.46266 kW = 0.62045 Hp
B.5 Cooling System Calculation
Calculating the rated BHP
��
Rated BHP =
��
3515 ��
Rated BHP =
0.998
Rated BHP = 3507.014028 �� = 4702.98247��
67
Calculating the Q of water

Rated BHP
Q = 674.58 ×
T1 − T2
4702.98247HP
Q = 674.58 ×
37℃ − 15℃
L
Q = 144253.2987 = 635.128 GPM
hr
B.9 EXHAUST GAS SYSTEM

Exhaust System
Air - fuel Ratio provided by ES 9-98 of Solar Turbines Engineering = 71.58
Total System Pressure Loss = 152 mmH2O = 1490.6108 Pa = 1490.6108 N/m2
�� = AF (mf )
�� + �� = ��
Calculating density of air at NTP
Temperature = 273K
R = 287 J/kg K = 287 N-mm/kg K
Pressure = 103215 Pa
�� = ��
mRT
Specific Volume =
P
m(287J/kg K)(273 K)
Specific Volume =
103215 Pa
��
�� @ �� = �. ��
��
68
Ideal gas equation solving gas outside the chimney

By Charles’ Law
Vambient Tambient
=
VNTP TNTP
Tambient
Vambient = (VNTP )
TNTP
ma m3 Tambient
Vambient = 0. 7733
kg of fuel 273K
Calculation of Outside Air Density
mambient ma
ρ = =
Vambient ma m3 Tambient
0. 7733
kg of fuel 273K
353.0324
ρ =
Tambient
Calculation of gas inside the chimney

Vfg Tfg
=
VNTP TNTP
ma m3
0.7733
kg of fuel
Vfg = Tfg ( )
273 K
Calculation of Flue Gas Density
mfg
ρ =
Vfg
For the ratio of:
mfg = ma + 1
69
mfg ma + 1
ρfg = =
Vfg Vfg
ma + 1
ρfg =
ma m3
0.7733
kg of fuel
Tfg ( )
273 K
ma + 1 353.0324
ρfg = ( )( )
ma Tfg
Ambient Temperature: 25 ℃
Exhaust Temperature: 538 ℃
Allowable Pressure Loss = hw = 1490.6108 N/m2
Stack Height Formula:
hw = (ρa − ρg )gH
353.0324 ma + 1 353.0324
hw = ( −( )( ))gH
Tambient ma Tfg
1 ma + 1 1
hw = 353.0324gH ( −( )( ))
Tambient ma Tfg
1 71.58 + 1 1
1490.6108 = 353.0324(9.80665)H ( −( )( ))
25 71.58 538
�� = ��. ��
70
Calculation of Hot Gas Column
ma Tfg
hg = H (( )( ) − 1)
ma+1 Tambient
71.68 538
hg = 11.296m (( )( ) − 1)
71.58 + 1 25
�� = ��. ��
Calculation of Velocity of Hot Gas

Vg = 2�hg
Vg = 2(9.80665)(228.4493m)
�
�� = ��. ��
�
Calculation of Volume of Hot Gas

�
�. �� =
�
ma + 1
V. Fg =
m + 1 353.0324
( am )( )
a Tfg
71.68 + 1
V. Fg =
71.68 + 1 353.0324
( 71.68 )( )
538
�. �� = ��. ��
71
Calculation for Chimney Diameter
πd2
Q = ( )V
4
πd2
109.236 = ( )66.9376
4
� = �. ��
HVAC Calculation using Excel based on ASHRAE 2021
72
Documentation
73
Actual photos from the start to end of designing
Plant Location Selection
Data Gathering for Load Calculation
74
Estimation for Household Consumption
Power Plant Construction Planning Stage

75
Design Calculation
Start of Autocad drawing
76
CIRICULUM VITAE
77
Project Leader
Name: Mark Rhencie S. Besa

Address: Blk 7 Lot 25 Ph1B Olivarez South, Biñan City,
Laguna
Phone: 09559581056
Email: rhenzbesa24@gmail.com
Educational Background
Elementary School: Sto. Tomas Elementary School
Junior High School: Biñan Integrated National High School
Senior High School: La Consolacion College - Biñan,
Biñan Integrated National High School
College: Technological University of the Philippines - Manila, University of Perpetual
Help System Laguna
Skills: Computer related skills (Microsoft and CAD), Independence, Public Speaking,
Mathematical Skill, Task Management, and Technical Report Writing and
Documentation skills.
Professional Experience/OJT: Construction related to plumbing (Self-employed) ,
ME-JEC Mechanical Builders, Inc.
Duties and Responsibility: Plumbing - Estimation of material, Actual performing of
fundamental in water plumbing. ME-JEC - Estimation for MEP,HVAC and Fire
Protection System, Design of large scale ducting, Supervision in Parqal Mall Air-
conditioning Installation.
Design Leader
Name: Klariya Gwen Faye C. Agapito
Address: Paliparan I, Dasmarinas City, Cavite
Email: c17-1330-193@uphsl.edu.ph
Junior High School: University of Perpetual Help System
Laguna
Senior High School: University of Perpetual Help System
Laguna
College: University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
Skills: Mathematical Skill, Basic AutoCAD skills, Microsoft
Office skills, Technical Writing and Documentation skills, Attention to Details,
Analytic Skills, and Interpersonal skills.
Professional Experience/OJT: ME-JEC Mechanical Builders, Inc.
Duties and Responsibility: HVAC, Plumbing System, and Fire Protection System
Estimation, Site Inspection, and Engineering Management Duties.
78
CAD Leader
Name: Christian Paul P. Cabagnan

Address: Blk 18 Lot 52, Phase 1, SFHC, Brgy. Landayan,
San Pedro, Laguna
Phone: 09611049712
Elementary School: Creative Star Montesorrian School
Junior High School: Creative Star Montesorrian School
Senior High School: University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
Skills: Mechanic, Basic AutoCAD 2D and 3D
Professional Experience/OJT: Vontrex Engineering Services
Duties and Responsibility: CAD, Maintenance and Installation
Cooling Tower and Piping Designer
Name: Carl Raymund A. Ancheta

Address: Blk 20 Lot 11 Southern Heights 2
Brgy.United Better Living, San Pedro Laguna
Phone: 09687238172
Email: ancheta2522@gmail.com
Elementary School: Langgam Elementary School
Junior High School: Sampaguita National High School
Senior High School: University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
Skills: Attention to Details, Computer Literate, Problem Solving, and Active Listener.
Professional Experience/OJT: Honda Philippines Inc.
Duties and Responsibility:Machine Maintenance
79
3D Model Designer
Name: Beato, Alvin Raymundo R.

Address: 533 Purok 1 Brgy. Sinalhan, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna
Phone: 09603887804
Email: arbeato04@gmail.com
Elementary School: Santa Rosa Elementary School
Junior High School: Sta. Rosa Educational Institution
Senior High School: Sta. Rosa Educational Institution
Skills: CAD Operator, Welder, Driver, Computer Literate, and Quick Learner
Professional Experience/OJT: Cavtech Multi-Resources Technology Inc.
Duties and Responsibility: Diesel Tank Design of Manila Water
Equipment and Technical Consultant Member
Name: Christian Lloyd G. Silva

Address: 175 Purok 3 Brgy. Ganado, Binan City, Laguna
Elementary School: Ganado Elementary School
Junior High School: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna
Laguna
Skills: Fast Learner, Machine Operator (Lathe and
Milling Machine) , Welder, Fabricator, and Mechanic.
Professional Experience/OJT: Creotec Philippines Inc, and Mechanic Infra-
machineries Heavy Equipment Corporation
Duties and Responsibility: Machine Maintenance, Dye Fabricator Panasonic
Manufacturing Philippines Corporation.
80
CAD Support
Name: Lowell Jay S. Orais

Address: B19 L66 Asana St. Southern Heights 2 Brgy. UBL San
Pedro City, Laguna
Phone: 09083248396
Email: c20-1763-828@gmail.com
Junior High School: San Pedro Relocation Center National
High School
Senior High School: San Pedro Relocation Center National
High School
Skills: .Machining, Welding NC Certified, CNC Machine Operator
Safety and Standards
Name: John Hartly M. Factoriza

Address: #36 Purok 1, Brgy. Butong, Cabuyao City, Laguna
Phone: 09084381342
Elementary School: St. Benedict School of Cabuyao Laguna
Junior High School: Liceo De Cabuyao
Laguna
Skills: Computer Literate
Professional Experience/OJT: Surtec Philippines Inc.
Duties and Responsibility: Equipment Maintenance
Technical Support
Name: John Michael G. Antonio

Address: #28 oro st. Brgy Langgam San Pedro Laguna
Phone: 09093915785
Elementary School: Langgam Elementary School
Junior High School: San Pedro Relocation Center National
High School
Senior High School: San Pedro Relocation Center National
High School
Skills: Machinist (Vertical and Horizontal Milling Machine, Lathe Machine, Surface
Grinder Machine, and Shaper) CNC Machine Operator, SolidWorks 2D and 3D.
81

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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA

Santo. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna

TECHNICAL DESIGN OF A 6.2 MW GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course,

AGAPITO, Klariya Gwen Faye C.

ANTONIO, John Michael G.

BEATO, Alvin Raymundo R.

BESA, Mark Rhencie S.

CABAGNAN, Christian Paul P.

FACTORIZA, John Hartly M.

ORAIS, Lowell Jay S.

SILVA, Christian Lloyd G.

APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE SHEET

ENGR. ROBERT A. MENDOZA, RMEE, MSME - EE

ENGR. JOHN DARWIN A. MONTAÑO, PME

ENGR. JOMAR L. DICHOSO, RMEE ENGR. RUSSEL P. REYES, RMEE

ENGR. RODOLFO V. MENDOZA, MSME

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to the

We are deeply thankful to Engr. Robert A. Mendoza for his unwavering

We extend our appreciation to the members of this technical design

We would like to express our gratitude to the Mechanical Engineering

Section 1 Background of the Study

deep understanding of various engineering, environmental, and economic factors.

becomes paramount in achieving a balance between energy security and

In the pursuit of optimal design, researchers emphasize the importance of

considering site-specific conditions and operational requirements. According to

Council (WEC, 2020), achieving a balance between reducing greenhouse gas

emissions and ensuring cost-effective power generation remains a key challenge.

recent years, driven by a global commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

design and implementation of efficient power generation systems have become

in a region marked by growing urbanization, the power plant aims to contribute

to contemporary environmental standards.

of challenges and opportunities for sustainable energy development. The proposed

region while minimizing the environmental impact traditionally associated with

conventional power generation. The choice of gas turbine technology, as stated

design parameters, and environmental sustainability, to provide a comprehensive

blueprint for the realization of a robust and eco-friendly power generation.

Section 2 Objectives of the Study

1. Determine the location of the power plant.

3. Design Gas Turbine Power Plant and each system

Section 3 Scope and Limitations of the Study

established for the load calculated for Bulihan, Silang, Cavite.

Section 4 Significance of the Study

minimizing ecological footprints.

involving the same technology and environment condition.

This research provides a unique opportunity for skill development and

practical application toward the researchers. The hands-on experience in designing

DESIGN BASES AND CONDITIONS

plant. This also contains the plant schematic diagram.

Section 1 Plant Location and Climate Conditions

In Selecting a location for a power plant involves careful consideration of

various factors to ensure optimal performance, efficiency, and environmental

sustainability. The following things are considered;

 Geographical and geological factor

 Land availabity and zoning

 Regulatory and permiting requirements

analysis, average wind direction, and climate conditions.

Section 1.1 Vicinity of Plant Location

Section 1.2 Accessibility of the Project Site

Road View of Governor’s Drive