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Number System and Base Conversions

Last Updated : 05 Aug, 2024

Electronic and Digital systems may use a variety of different number systems, (e.g. Decimal, Hexadecimal, Octal, Binary), or even Duodecimal or less well
known but better named Uncial. All the other bases other than Decimal result from computer usage. Uncial (named from Latin for 1/12 “uncia” the base
twelve analogue of Decimal from the Latin word for 1/10 “decima”).

Table of Content
What is Number System ?
Number System Conversion Methods
1. Decimal to Binary Number System
2. Binary to Decimal Number System
3. Decimal to Octal Number System
4. Octal to Decimal Number System
5. Hexadecimal to Binary Number System
6. Binary to Hexadecimal Number System
7. Binary to Octal Number System

What is Number System ?

A number system is a method to represent numbers mathematically. It can use arithmetic operations to represent every number uniquely. To represent a
number, it requires a base or radix.

Types of Number System

There are four common types of number systems based on the radix or base of the number :

1. Decimal number system or Base 10 number system

2. Binary number system or Base 2 number system
3. Octal number system or Base 8 number system
4. Hexadecimal number system or Base 16 number system

Number System Conversion Methods

A number N in base or radix b can be written as:

(N)b = dn-1 dn-2 -- -- -- -- d1 d0 . d-1 d-2 -- -- -- -- d-m

In the above, dn-1 to d0 is the integer part, then follows a radix point, and then d-1 to d-m is the fractional part.

dn-1 = Most significant bit (MSB)

d-m = Least significant bit (LSB)

1. Decimal to Binary Number System

To convert from decimal to binary, start dividing decimal number by 2, and whatever the reminder getting, writing down from bottom to top, and that will be
the binary number representation of the decimal number. And the number contains fractional part, then multiply 2 in the fractional part.

Example

(10.25)10

Note: Keep multiplying the fractional part with 2 until decimal part 0.00 is obtained.
(0.25)10 = (0.01)2

Answer: (10.25)10 = (1010.01)2

2. Binary to Decimal Number System

To convert from binary to decimal, start multiplying the exponent of 2 with each digit of the number in decreasing order. If the number contains fractional
part then will divide it by the exponent of 2.

Example

(1010.01)2
1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21+ 0x20 + 0x2 -1
+ 1x2 -2
= 8+0+2+0+0+0.25 = 10.25
(1010.01)2 = (10.25)10

3. Decimal to Octal Number System

To convert from decimal to octal, start dividing decimal number by 8, and whatever the reminder getting, writing down from bottom to top, and that will be
the octal number representation of the decimal number. And the number contains fractional part, then multiply 8 in the fractional part.

Example

(10.25)10
(10)10 = (12)8
Fractional part:
0.25 x 8 = 2.00

Note: Keep multiplying the fractional part with 8 until decimal part .00 is obtained.
(.25)10 = (.2)8

Answer: (10.25)10 = (12.2)8

4. Octal to Decimal Number System

To convert from octal to decimal, start multiplying the exponent of 8 with each digit of the number in decreasing order. If the number contains fractional part
then will divide it by the exponent of 8.

Example

(12.2)8
1 x 81 + 2 x 80 +2 x 8-1 = 8+2+0.25 = 10.25
(12.2)8 = (10.25)10

5. Hexadecimal to Binary Number System

To convert from Hexadecimal to Binary, write the 4-bit binary equivalent of hexadecimal.

Example

(3A)16 = (00111010)2

6. Binary to Hexadecimal Number System

To convert from Binary to Hexadecimal, start grouping the bits in groups of 4 from the right-end and write the equivalent hexadecimal for the 4-bit binary.
Add extra 0’s on the left to adjust the groups.

Example

1111011011
0011 1101 1011
(001111011011 )2 = (3DB)16

7. Binary to Octal Number System

To convert from binary to octal, start grouping the bits in groups of 3 from the right end and write the equivalent octal for the 3-bit binary. Add 0’s on the
left to adjust the groups.

Example

111101101

111 101 101

(111101101)2 = (755)8

Conclusion
In the conclusion, number system provides a representation of a number with respect to the given base or radix. Basically, we have common types of number
system named as binary number system, decimal number system, octal number system and hexadecimal number system.

Number System and Base Conversions – FAQs

What is number system and its conversion?

A number system is a method to represent numbers mathematically. It can use arithmetic operations to represent every number uniquely. To represent
a number, we convert it requires a base or radix.

How to do base conversions?

For this, first take the number and then divide it by the given base. Then note down the remainder obtained after the division. Then, divide the quotient
of the division obtained by the given base.

How to calculate number system?

There are 3 required steps to calculate the number system.

STEP 1 – Divide the number with the given base of another number.

STEP 2 – Note down the resulting remainder

STEP 3 – Divide the quotient

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