File and Directory Management

 ls: List files and directories in the current directory.

Example: ls -l (Displays detailed information about files and directories.)
 cd: Change the current directory.
Example: cd /home/user/Documents (Switch to the Documents directory.)
 pwd: Print the current working directory.
Example: pwd (Shows the current directory path.)
 mkdir: Create a new directory.
Example: mkdir new_folder (Creates a folder named "new_folder.")
 rmdir: Remove an empty directory.
Example: rmdir old_folder (Deletes the empty "old_folder" directory.)
 touch: Create an empty file.
Example: touch file.txt (Creates a file named "file.txt.")
 cp: Copy files or directories.
Example: cp file.txt /home/user/backup/ (Copies "file.txt" to the "backup"
folder.)
 mv: Move or rename files or directories.
Example: mv file.txt renamed_file.txt (Renames "file.txt" to "renamed_file.txt.")
 rm: Delete files or directories.
Example: rm file.txt (Deletes the file "file.txt.")
 find: Search for files or directories.
Example: find /home -name "*.txt" (Searches for all .txt files in the /home
directory.)
 tree: Display directories and files in a tree-like structure.
Example: tree /home/user (Shows the directory structure of /home/user.)

File Viewing and Editing

 cat:Display the contents of a file.

Example: cat file.txt (Shows the content of "file.txt.")
 less: View the contents of a file one screen at a time.
Example: less large_file.txt (Opens "large_file.txt" for paginated viewing.)
 more: Similar to less, but with fewer features.
Example: more file.txt (Displays "file.txt" content page by page.)
 head: Display the first few lines of a file.
Example: head -n 5 file.txt (Shows the first 5 lines of "file.txt.")
 tail: Display the last few lines of a file.
Example: tail -n 5 file.txt (Shows the last 5 lines of "file.txt.")
 nano: Simple command-line text editor.
Example: nano file.txt (Opens "file.txt" for editing in Nano editor.)
  vim:Advanced text editor.
Example: vim file.txt (Opens "file.txt" for editing in Vim editor.)
 echo: Print text to the screen or write to a file.
Example: echo "Hello World" > hello.txt (Writes "Hello World" into "hello.txt.")

File Permissions and Ownership

 chmod: Change file permissions.

Example: chmod 755 script.sh (Sets permissions to read, write, and execute for the
owner, and read/execute for others.)
 chown: Change file ownership.
Example: chown user:user file.txt (Changes the owner and group of "file.txt" to
"user.")
 chgrp: Change file group ownership.
Example: chgrp group_name file.txt (Changes the group ownership of "file.txt.")
 umask: Set default permissions for new files.
Example: umask 022 (Sets default permissions to allow others to read but not write.)

Disk and Filesystem Management

 df: Show disk space usage.

Example: df -h (Displays disk usage in human-readable format.)
 du: Show directory or file size.
Example: du -sh folder_name (Shows the size of the folder "folder_name.")
 mount: Mount a filesystem.
Example: mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb (Mounts the device "sdb1" to the /mnt/usb
directory.)
 umount: Unmount a filesystem.
Example: umount /mnt/usb (Unmounts the /mnt/usb directory.)
 fsck: Check and repair a filesystem.
Example: fsck /dev/sda1 (Checks and repairs the filesystem on "sda1.")
 mkfs: Create a new filesystem on a partition.
Example: mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (Formats the "sda1" partition as ext4.)

Process Management
  ps: List running processes.
Example: ps aux (Displays a detailed list of all processes.)
 top: Display running processes in real-time.
Example: top (Shows system resource usage in real time.)
 htop: Similar to top with a better interface (needs installation).
Example: htop (Launches an interactive process viewer.)
 kill: Terminate a process by its PID.
Example: kill 1234 (Terminates the process with PID 1234.)
 killall: Terminate processes by name.
Example: killall firefox (Closes all instances of Firefox.)
 bg: Resume a job in the background.
Example: bg %1 (Resumes job number 1 in the background.)
 fg: Resume a job in the foreground.
Example: fg %1 (Resumes job number 1 in the foreground.)
 jobs: List active jobs.
Example: jobs (Displays background jobs.)

Networking

 ping: Test connectivity to a host.

Example: ping google.com (Tests connectivity to "google.com.")
 curl: Transfer data from or to a server.
Example: curl https://example.com (Fetches the content of "example.com.")
 wget: Download files from the internet.
Example: wget https://example.com/file.zip (Downloads "file.zip.")
 ifconfig: Show or configure network interfaces (deprecated, use ip).
Example: ifconfig (Displays network interface information.)
 ip: Show/manipulate network interfaces.
Example: ip addr show (Displays IP address information.)
 netstat: Display network connections (deprecated, use ss).
Example: netstat -tuln (Lists open ports and listening services.)
 ss: Display network statistics and connections.
Example: ss -tuln (Displays listening ports and connections.)

User Management

 whoami: Display the current user.

Example: whoami (Displays your username.)
 who: Show who is logged into the system.
Example: who (Lists all logged-in users.)
  id: Display user ID and group ID.
Example: id (Displays your user and group IDs.)
 adduser: Add a new user (or useradd on some systems).
Example: adduser newuser (Adds a new user named "newuser.")
 passwd: Change a user's password.
Example: passwd (Changes the current user's password.)
 su: Switch to another user account.
Example: su root (Switches to the root user.)
 sudo: Run a command as a superuser.
Example: sudo apt update (Runs the command as root.)

Let me know if you'd like more examples or details for any specific command!