Restricted

UNDP/BGD/81/007
Technical Report
BANGLADESH
Preparation of a Master Plan for the
Conservation and the Presentation of the
Cultural Heritage - Monuments and Sites

T h e conservation and presentation of

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the ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur

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•'•-• • • - • . » - . . u l t o & P t g . II'»-,! .if » fr- - S ^ ,: ' - ' ,J"j

and the historic Mosque-City of Bagerhat

Serial N o . F M R / C L T / C H / 8 3 / 2 5 8 ( U N D P )

United Nations Educational,

United Nations
Scientific and Cultural
Development
Organization
Programme
Paris, 1983
 B A N G L A D E S H

MASTER PLAN FOR THE CONSERVATION

AND PRESENTATION OF THE RUINS
OF THE BUDDHIST VIHARA AT PAHARPUR
AND THE HISTORIC MOSQUE-CITY OF BAGERHAT

By

John Sanday (Mission Leader)

Alan Frost
John Smyth
Joan van Lohuizen de Leeuw
Roberto Antonio

Report prepared for the Government

of Bangladesh by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (Unesco)
acting as Executing Agency for the
United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)

United Nations Educational, United Nations

Scientific and Cultural Development
Organization Programme
UNDP/BGD/81/007
Technical Report
FMR/CLT/CH/83/258(UNDP)
16 September 1983

© Unesco I983
Printed in France
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United
Nations'Development Programme or the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country,
territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.
 BANGLADESH REPORT

MASTER PLAN FOR THE CONSERVATION AND PRESENTATION

OF THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND SITE AT PAHARPUR VIHARA
AND THOSE OF THE HISTORIC MOSQUE-CITY OF BAGERHAT

C O N T E N T S

PAGE
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS i
Summary of Costs }
General Recommendations i
Paharpur - Recommendations for the Repair and
Consolidation of the Monument Itself ü
Paharpur - The Protection of the Monument's
Environment }}
Paharpur - The Presentation of the Monument }}}
Paharpur - Staff Accommodation }}}
Paharpur - Archaeological Recommendations iü
i v
THE BAGERHAT MONUMENTS
The Bagerhat Monuments - General *v
The Bagerhat Monuments - Recommendations to
Protect their Environment *v
Bagerhat Monuments - Archaeological
v
Recommendations
Bagerhat Monuments - The Presentation
v
of the Monuments
v
Bagerhat Monuments - Staff Accommodation
MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT vi
v
Management - Project Offices *
Management - Technical Assistance and Staff
v
Training *
V 1
Management - Project Equipment

Part 1 INTRODUCTION 1

Part II THE EXISTING SITUATION: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS 4

2.1 THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF BANGLADESH 4

2.2 A REVIEW OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE PROGRAMME

IN BANGLADESH 1971-1982 7
(a) The Department of Archaeology
and Museums 7
(b) First Five-Year Plan 1973/74 - 1977/78,
and Two-Year Plan 1978/79 - 1979/80 8
 (c) Second Five-Year Plan 1980/81
- 1984/85 10

2.3 F U T U R E S T R A T E G Y - A NEED FOR THE PRESENTATION

AND P R O M O T I O N O F T H E C U L T U R A L HERITAGE 13
(a) General 13
(b) Presentation 13
(c) Promotion 14

2.4 THE STRUCTURE O F THE R E P O R T 17

Part III T H E BUDDHIST M O N A S T E R Y A T P A H A R P U R 19

19
3.1 HISTORICAL B A C K G R O U N D
(a) General History 19
(b) The Excavations at Paharpur - Past
and Present 21
(c) The Buddhist Monastery of Paharpur -
A Description of the Monument ?3

3.2 LOCATION, SETTING A N D ACCESS 26

2 6
(a) General
(b) The Environmental Setting of Paharpur 27
(c) Immediate Access to Paharpur 28
(i) By Road 28
2 8
(ii) By Rail
2 8
(iii) By Air
2
3.3 PRESENT CONDITION O F THE M O N U M E N T 9
2
(a) The Monument Itself - General Introduction 9
(i) The Problem of Sulphate Attack 29
(ii) Drainage above Ground Level 31
(iii) Terracotta Plaques 31
(iv) Effects due to Climatic Conditions 33
(v) Human Impact on the Monument 33
(vi) Vandalism 33
(b) The Problems of Drainage and Waterlogging of
the Monument 33
(i) The Nature of the Problem 33
(ii) Previous Activities 37
(iii) Climatic Conditions at Paharpur 37
(iv) Geological Conditions 37
(v) Hydrogeology 38
(vi) Drainage System - Past and Present 39
(c) Environmental Factors ^
(i) Industrialisation a n d Urbanisation ^1
(ii) Agrarian Development ^1
4
(iii) Roads and Utilities 3
(iv) Building Improvements **3
(v) Archaeological Spoil 43
(d) Archaeological Problems ^3
 (i) The Pradakshinapatha or Circumambulatory
Path 43
(ii) The Stone Reliefs at the Base of the
Central Shrine 45
(iii) The Water Logging 45
(iv) Lack of Explanation of the Monument
to the Public 45
(v) Archaeological Training 45
(e) Presentation of the Monument 47
(i) Background Information on Visitors 47
(ii) Inaccessibility 47
(iii) Deficiency of Facilities 47
(iv) Lack of Sufficient Staff 47

3.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 50

(a) The Monument Itself 50

(i) A General Appraisal 50
(ii) Control and Prevention of Sulphate Attack 50
(iii) Protection against Rainwater Penetration 51
(iv) Recommendation for the Protection and
Treatment of Plaques 52
(v) Effects due to Climatic Conditions 52
(vi) Protection of Monuments against Human
Impact ' 52
(vii) Recommendations for the Prevention of
Vandalism 55
(b) The Drainage of the Monument 55

A General Appraisal 55

(i) System of Pipes and Open Drains 57

(ii) Drainage from Pradakshinapatha 57
(Circumambulation Path)
(iii) The Main Drain 57
(iv) Grading of Courtyard 59
(v) The Secondary Drain 59
(vi) The Pond 59
(vii) The Pumping Station 63
(viii) The Reservoir - North-East 'Bil' 63
(c) Protection of the Monuments Environment 64
General
(i) A Rural Setting 64
(ii) New Structures 64
(iii) Access 64
(iv) Removal of Archaeological Spoil 64
(v) Aural Pollution 64
(d) Presentation of the Monument 67
(i) The Approach 67
(ii) Visitor Amenity Area 67
(iii) The New Museum and Exhibition Hall 67
(iv) Entrance to Monument 69
(v) Visitor Control 69
(vi) Staff Buildings 69
(e) Archaeological Proposals 69
(i) The Excavation of the Pradakshinapatha 69
(ii) The Exposition of the Stone Reliefs 69
(iii) Explaining the Monument to the Public 71
(iv) The Monument as a Training Ground 71
(v) Future Excavations 73
THE MUSLIM MONUMENTS AT BAGERHAT 75
7 5
HISTORICAL B A C K G R O U N D

LOCATION SETTING A N D ACCESS 81

(a) The District of Khulna - General 81
(b) Environmental Setting of Bagerhat 83
(c) Immediate Access to the Old City 83
(i) By Road 83
(ii) By Footpath 85
8
(iii) By Railway 5
8
(iv) By Air 5
8
(v) By River 5
PRESENT CONDITION O F T H E M O N U M E N T S 87

(a) General Problems Effecting the Monument 87

(i) Rising Damp - Presence of Salt in Ground 87
(ii) The Presence of Harmful Salts
in the Structures 87
(iii) The Problems of Condensation on Internal Wall
Surfaces °7
(iv) Problems of Rainwater Disposal and Lichen
Growth 89
(v) Wear and Tear caused by Visitors
and Pilgrims 89
(vi) Vandalism
(b) Environmental Problems 89
(i) The Predominance of Vegetation °9
(ii) Road Access 91
(iii) Electricity Supply 91
(iv) Building Development 91
(c) Archaeological Problems 93
(i) Pilferage and Vandalism 93
(ii) Monuments and Sites not included on the List
of Protected Monuments 93
(iii) Local Private Collections 93
(iv) Archaeological Investigations in and around
Bagerhat 93
(d) Presentation of the Monuments 94
(i) Monument Zones 94
(ii) Local Amenities 94
(iii) Tourism - Lack of Promotional Materials 97
(iv) Visitor Facilities 97
FUTURE D E V E L O P M E N T - AIMS A N D OBJECTIVES 99
 (a) For the Monuments Generally 99
(i) Transfused D a m p Proof Course for Existing
Brickwork 99
(ii) Preventing the Cause or Effect of Salt Action
by Refacing 99
(iii) The Applications of a Clay Poultice 101
(iv) Treatment of Brickwork 101
(v) Removing Salts from Decorative Brickwork
101
and Terracotta
(vi) T h e Prevention of Condensation 101
(vii) T h e Control of R a i n w a t e r 103
(viii) Prevention of W e a r a n d T e a r b y Visitors
a n d Pilgrims 103
(ix) Prevention of V a n d a l i s m 103
(b) Recommendations to Protect the Environment 105
(i) Monument Zones 105
(ii) Monument Areas 105
(c) Archaeological Recommendations 105
(i) Protection against Pilferage and Vandalism 1°5
(ii) Local Private Collections 106
(iii) Archaeological Investigations in and around
Bagerhat 1°°
(iv) Archaeological Recommendations for some of the
Monuments 109
(d) Presentation of the Monuments 113
(i) Accessibility 113
(ii) Visitor Accommodation 115
(iii) Visitor Facilities in General 115
(iv) Shait Gumbad Group - Visitor Amenity Area 115
(v) Khan Jahan's Mausoleum Group - Visitors' 118
Facilities
(vi) Infrastructure for Visitors 11°

Part V PROJECT I M P L E M E N T A T I O N A N D COSTS 119

1 1 9
5.1 G E N E R A L PROPOSALS
12
5.2 THE SITES °

(a) Conservation Work

(i) Paharpur 12°
120
(ii) Bagerhat
(b) Curtilage and Archaeological Work 120
120
(i) Paharpur
12
(ii) Bagerhat 1
2
(c) Civil Buildings and Site Development ' '
2
(i) Paharpur \ \
1 ¿ l
(ii) Bagerhat
(d) Management of the Project 122
(e) Equipment for Project 123
12
(f) Technical Assistance a n d Staff Training 3
5.3 SUMMARY OF COSTS 124

5.4 PHASING OF EXPENDITURE 125

5.5 FOREIGN EXCHANGE COMPONENT 126

 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Figure 1 Map of Bangladesh .'3

Figure 2 Map of Rajshahi, Bogra & Pabna Districts 25

Figure 3 Location of Bore Holes, Piezometers and

Observation Wells 34

Figure L, Plan of Collection of Run-off Water 35

Figure 5 Diagram of Paharpur Monastery showing

Locations of Existing Well, Pond and Drainage
Channels 36

Figure 6 Paharpur - General Setting H6

Figure 7 Plan of Paharpur Monastery iig

Figure 8 Plan of Proposed Drainage System 53

Figure 9 Typical Cross Sections of Drains 60

Figure 10 Plan and Cross Section of Pond 61

Figure 11 Paharpur - Proposals for Protecting Environment 65

Figure 12 Paharpur - Visitor Amenity Area 74

Figure 13 Map of Jessore, Khulna, Barisal &

Patuakhali Districts 80

Figure 14 Bagerhat - Layout of Old City of Khalifatabad 84

Figure 15 Bagerhat Shait Gumbad Monument Area 95

Figure 16 Bagerhat - Khan Jahan Monument Area 98

Figure 17 Bagerhat - Zinda Pir Group I07

Figure 18 Bagerhat - Khan Jahan*s Mausoleum Complex 116

Figure 19 Bagerhat Monuments - Visitor Amenity Area 117

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. FOR THE CULTURAL HERITAGE REPORT - BANGLADESH

Paharpur - Reflection of main shrine in the northern pond

Bagerhat - The Shait Gumbad Mosque from the East
Paharpur - The Monument viewed from the East
Paharpur - The main shrine from the South-East corner

Paharpur - The recently discovered bronze buddha c. early 9th Century

Paharpur - The Ghat at the South-East corner of the monastic complex

Paharpur - Terra cotta plaques of differing qualities due to firing

Paharpur - Evidence of salt action on terra cotta plaques
Paharpur - A terra cotta plaque damaged as a result of "lime blow"

Paharpur - Terra cotta plaques that have disappeared since September 198I
Paharpur - Lichen and Algae growth on the main shrine
Paharpur - Damage caused from visitors climbing the Monument

Paharpur - An industrial skyline just out of view from the Monument,<-

in Jaipurhat
Paharpur - The agrarian setting of the Monument

Paharpur - Archaeological spoil around the perimeter of the site

Paharpur - View to the South-East from the top of the main shrine

Paharpur - A defined safe route to the top of the main shrine is

recommended
Paharpur - Breach through South Wall of Monastic Cells

Paharpur - Excavation of the Pradakshinapatha; (N.B. base of enclosure wall)

Paharpur - Grading of courtyard to the last occupation level

Paharpur - Drainage to the northern pond which will serve as a sump
• p./.,. rK
Paharpur - The ^.North-East "bil" which will be converted to a reservoir

Paharpur - General view of department's rest house and museum

Paharpur - View through the north entrance towards the main shrine

Paharpur - Excavation of the Pradakshinapatha to the last occupation level

Paharpur - Exposure of the stone sculptures at the base of the main shrine
Paharpur - One deep trench should be left open

Paharpur - The area outside the northern entrance should be excavated

to reveal the stupas

Bagerhat - The Shait Gumbad Mosque - Interior

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS FOR THE CULTURAL HERITAGE REPORT - BANGLADESH (Cont'd.)

Page 78; Bagerhat - The Shait Gumbad Mosque

Bagerhat - View looking north towards Khan Jahan's Mausoleum from top
of Thakur Dighi steps

Page 82: Bagerhat - Bibi Begni's Mosque - Set amidst tropical vegetation
Bagerhat - Chunakola Mosque - An agricultural setting

Page 86: Bagerhat - Brickwork damaged by excessive salt action

Bagerhat - A stone plinth damaged by salt action

Page 88: Bagerhat - Ranvijoypur Mosque disfigured by lichen growth

Bagerhat - Ranvijoypur Mosque after cleaning

Page 90: Bagerhat - New Highway passing to the North of Singar Mosque - turn-off
point for visitor facilities

Page 92: Bagerhat - The present department resthouse is located within the curtilage
of the Shait Gumbad Mosque
Bagerhat - A modern concrete porch has been added to the front of the
Khan Jahan Mosque

Page 96: Bagerhat - Hindu potters at work in a nearby village

Page 100: Bagerhat - Brickwork damaged by salt action

Bagerhat - A brick wall after refacing and the insertion of a polythene
barrier

Page 102: Bagerhat - A gargoyle used to control rainwater on Khan Jahan's Mausoleum

Page 104: Bagerhat - The ruins of Zinda Pir Mosque^an unprotected monument
Bagerhat - Local collection of archaeological finds from the Bagerhat sites

Page 108: Bagerhat - Singar Mosque from the East

Page 110: Bagerhat - Khan Jahan's Mausoleum - view from the South-West
Bagerhat - Khan Jahan's Mausoleum - Interior

Page 112: Bagerhat - Enclosure wall to Khan Jahan's Mausoleum Group

Bagerhat - Detail of Jali in enclosure wall

Page 114: Bagerhat - General view across Ghora Dighi

 LIST OF ANNEXES

PAGE

Annex 1 Itinerary During Mission

28 February - 31 March 1982 127
Annex 2 List of Persons Consulted by the Mission 128

Annex 3 Protected Monuments and Mounds in Bangladesh,

by District, March 1982 129 -132
Annex L, Organisation Chart of the Department
of Archaeology and Museums 1982 133 -134
Annex 5 Development Expenditure of the Department
of Archaeology and Museums 1975/76
1979/80 135

Annex 6 Development Expenditure of the Department

of Archaeology and Museums 1980/81
1981/82 136
Annex 7 Current Expenditure of the Department of
Archaeology and Museums 1976/77 - 1981/82 137
Annex 8 Expenditure on Special Repairs, by Monument
1976/77 - 1980/81 138
Annex 9 Population of Thanas in the Neighbourhood of
Paharpur and Bagerhat Monuments 139
Annex 10 Geological Data at Paharpur 140 -141

Annex 11 Climatic Data at Paharpur 142 -143

Annex 12 Hydrogeological Data at Paharpur 144
Annex 13 Ground Water Level Data at Paharpur 145 -147

Annex 14 Design Data for Drainage Installation

at Paharpur 148 -151

Annex 15 Schematic Maximum Visitor Pattern for Paharpur 152 -154

Annex 16 The Incidence of Sulphate Attack and
Salt Action 155

Annex 17 Estimated Costs of Conservation Work on

Paharpur and Bagerhat Monuments 156 -157

Annex 18 Estimated Costs of Curtilage and Archaeological

Work at Paharpur and Bagerhat Monuments 158 -159

Annex 19 Areas and Units of Accommodation of New Civil

Buildings at Paharpur and Bagerhat 160
Annex 20 Estimated Costs of Civil Buildings and Site
Development at Paharpur and Bagerhat 161

Annex 21 Personnel Required for Project Implementation 162 - 164

Annex 22 Estimated Costs of Equipment needed for
Implementation of the Project 165
Annex 23 Estimated Costs of Training, Publications Expert
and Consultancy Services 166

Annex 24 Personnel to be Absorbed by the Revenue Budget

on Completion of the Project 167 -168
Annex 25 Schedule of Implementation and Phasing of
Expenditure 1983-1988 169 - 172

Annex 26 Breakdown of Costs into Government Budget

Categories in 198/+ 2nd Quarter 173
Annex 27 Bibliography 174 -176
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Costs

The estimated total base cost of the Project is 82.2 million Takka
(4.1 million dollars U . S . ) . The estimated total cost including
allowances for price inflation is Takka 122.3 million (5.6 million
dollars U . S . ) . These costs are based on detailed analyses set out
in Annexes 17 to 26.

General Recommendations

Of all the monuments in Bangladesh two sites have been selected.

These sites are constituted by the Buddhist Monastery at Paharpur
and- the Muslim monuments in Bagerhat. Both these sites . are
prominent cultural legacies which, because of their historical and
architectural importance, as well as their conservation and
environmental problems, merit an International Campaign to
safeguard them.

The prime responsibility for the Department of Archaeology and

Museums today, is to correctly preserve and present the Buddhist
Monastery site at Paharpur and the Muslim monuments and sites of
the Khan Jahan period in Bagerhat.

- Eventually the Department of Archaeology and Museums needs to be

expanded and properly equipped to be able to both restore and
afterwards maintain its Cultural Heritage.

The presentation of the Nation's Historic Monuments is not given

sufficient importance. It is therefore recommended that the
Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism and the Department of
Archaeology and Museums should agree oh a priority list of
monuments and sites to be developed. The Department should take
care of the conservation and presentation of the monuments and
sites, whilst the Ministry should take the responsibility of
co-ordinating the provision of visitor facilities, as well as access.

- Efforts should be made to arouse, in the General Public, an

interest to visit the Nation's Historic Monuments and Sites. The
need for properly trained guides and appropriate publications to
help the visitor cannot be over-emphasised.

- Problems of recruitment have hampered the extent of work that the

Department of Archaeology and Museums can undertake. It is
therefore recommended that the Department be covered by the
Bangladesh Civil Service Rules, enabling a favourable adjustment
to be made to the salary scales. This would enable the
Department to fill the technical posts with suitably trained people
and enable an expansion in the conservation work to be
undertaken in the years ahead.

Micro plans for the development of each site should be prepared in

the same way as has been done in the present report for both
Paharpur and Bagerhat. It is recommended that the Tourism Wing
of the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism should be given
resources of manpower and finance to enable it to carry out this
co-ordinating function, as this cannot easily be delegated to a

i
 body such as that of the Parjatan Corporation.

Paharpur - Recommendations for the Repair and Consolidation of the

Monument Itself

In order to prevent salt action on the buildings, all materials

used in the mortar mixes should be free of any impurities. The
bricks should be acquired only from the best brick kilns and
tested to ensure they are also free from impurities. Any lime
should be pure slaked lime made from real limestone and not a
substitute.

To protect the structures from penetration by rainwater, it is

recommended that a waterproof membrane, such as concrete, be
placed between the archaeological structure and the grass
coverings. Wherever possible, major building features such as
cornices, string courses, wall cappings etc., on the main shrine
should be reconstructed so that the water running off the main
body of the structure, is thrown clear of the brick facade.

To protect and treat the terra cotta plaques, they should firstly
be recorded and then they should be cleaned of any vegetal
growth, prior to soaking them several times in clean water to
remove any salts. Consolidation and treatment should be carried
out under the direction of the Central Conservation Laboratory.
To secure the plaques, in situ, they should be anchored to the
main fabric with stainless steel cramps.

- To protect the monument against human impact, it is recommended

that the movement of visitors should be controlled. Climbing over
the fabric of the monuments should be prevented at all times.
Archaeological proposals such as the excavation of the pradak-
shinapatha (circumambulatory path), as well as the reduction of
the spoil around the exterior of the monuments will help prevent
this.

To protect the structure and fabric against vandalism, it is

recommended that two guards should be on patrol for twenty-four
hours of the day. Their presence, together with the above
recommendations, will ensure the safety of the site.

- Both surface and ground water contributes to the annual flooding

of the monastic courtyard which is largely due to lack of
'run-off. A solution to this problem can be achieved by the
installation of sub-surface drains which will discharge to a
temporary collection sump for which the present northern pond will
be suitably adapted. Once collected in the sump, the water will
have to be pumped out and stored beyond the. monastic complex.
The existing northeast ' M l ' (low lying area) will be reformed as
a suitable reservoir to take this water.

Paharpur - The Protection of the Monument's Environment

So far as is possible, the tranquil setting of Paharpur should be

preserved. Because of the threats of industrial development, it is
recommended that:-

A parcel of land representing approximately a circular area of a

half mile radius of the farmland immediately surrounding the

11
 Monument be acquired to protect it from encroachment.

Any new structures built within the acquired area should either be
well screened or should be of a traditional character.

To present the monument properly within its setting, all the

archaeological spoil at present deposited outside the perimeter of
the site should be removed down to natural ground level and
carted well away from the site.

Some control be placed on the use of radios and loudspeakers. As

at present the serenity of the site is disturbed by the indis-
criminate over-loud amplification of music.

Paharpur - The Presentation of the Monument

Although not included in the costing of this report, a recommend-

ation is made to widen the present single lane road between
Jaipurhat and Paharpur to enable vehicles to pass one another.

- To prevent too much encroachment on the site, it is recommended

that a new Visitor Amenity Area be located to the west of the
Monument within an existing grove of trees.

- To present the history and development of Paharpur Monastery, it

is recommended that a Museum cum Exhibition Hall, having a dual
purpose, be created. Firstly, it should be designed to display
the loose terra cotta plaques and archaeological finds recovered
from the sites and surrounding area. Secondly it should contain a
carefully laid out exhibition in which the evolution and life of the
Monastery is presented.

Paharpur - Staff Accommodation

It is recommended that the existing staff buildings and accommoda-

tion be renovated, converted and expanded to accommodate a full
staff.

Paharpur - Archaeological Recommendations

One of the main features of the restoration and presentation of the

Paharpur Monastery will be the excavation of the original
pradakshinapatha (circumambulatory path), which will expose the
sixty or more important stone sculptures that are set around the
base of the main shrine.

- To show the visitor the successive occupational levels at Paharpur,

it is recommended that one deep trench be preserved in one of the
monastic cells in order to illustrate the complexity of an
archaeological site.

- To augment the staff of the building conservation and archaeology

section, it is recommended that Paharpur becomes a training
ground in all aspects of archaeological excavation. Not only will
this help provide supervisory staff, but also it will provide useful
practical training.

A priority excavation programme should be drawn up to facilitate

immediate decisions concerning the drainage. Two areas of

m
 particular concern are the northern pond which will serve as the
collection sump and the area outside the northern entrance.

THE BAGERHAT MONUMENTS

The Bagerhat Monuments - General

The presence of deleterious salts in the ground has caused

considerable damage to the brickwork and fabric of all the
mosques. To control this endemic problem it is recommended that
a damp proof barrier be. formed along the wall base by using a
transfused silicone damp proof course.

- As a result of excessive salt action, external brick facades have

become totally disfigured and even recent rebuildings have
suffered the same degradation. It is recommended that, all
replacement of external brick facades should have a heavy duty
polythene sheet barrier placed between the old and the new
brickwork to prevent the transfer of salts from the old brickwork
to the new.

Treatment of decorative brickwork and terra cotta should be

carried out by first thoroughly washing in fresh water. After all
salts have been leeched out, the brickwork or terra cotta should
be treated with a consolidant.

Degradation to the interior fabric has been caused by excessive

condensation. It is recommended that the warm moisture-laden air
entering the buildings, be controlled by closing the many openings
in the Khan Jahan Mausoleum and the large doors on the East and
West of the tomb should be kept firmly closed during the hot
weather. This will prevent the circulation of humid air.

- It is recommended that a careful study of all historical records be

made to see whether the method of rainwater disposal in use at
the Khan Jahan Mausoleum can be applied to all the domed
buildings in this group.

The Bagerhat Monuments - Recommendations to Protect their

Environment

Because of the scattered layout of the monuments it is recommended

that two Monument Areas be created - the first centred around the
Shait Gumbad Mosque and the other centred around the Khan Jahan
Mausoleum. The Monument areas should be extended to incorporate
the other important monuments nearby.

Land acquisition will be limited only to the re-establishment of

enclosure walls to the mosques and, in the case of Shait Gumbad,
the acquisition of land for a Visitor Amenity Area. In the Khan
Jahan's Monument Area, acquisition of land will be necessary for
both car-parking and picnic areas.

It is recommended that a clear space around each monument

(curtilage) be formed as an immediate environmental protection to
the monument. Often this area will follow the original line of the
enclosure wall.

Structures that impinge directly on the monuments should be

removed. It is therefore recommended that the two schools

IV
 constructed within the curtilage of both Shait Gumbad and the
Khan Jahan Mausoleum be relocated beyond the immediate confines
of these sites.

In addition to the listing of each monument, their corporate

identity as part of the city of Khalifatabad should be maintained.
To define the whole area of the city is difficult and therefore the
two Monument Areas of Shait Gumbad and Khan Jahan's Mausoleum
have been designated to include at least the most important
associated monuments. Within these Monument Areas the Department
of Archaeology and Museums should be consulted on the local
development plans.

Bagerhat Monuments - Archaeological Recommendations

- The process of pilferage and vandalism has caused considerable

damage to several of the lesser known sites. In order to
discourage such vandalism, it is recommended that the sites are
included on the List of Protected Monuments. Included on this list
should be the number of sites that are awaiting archaeological
investigation.

To extend the historical knowledge of Khan Jahan's settlement of

Khalifatabad, it is recommended that further archaeological
investigations be carried out on the site known as Khan Jahan's
Residence and the associated sites.

- It is recommended that the boundary walls of both the Singar and

Shait Gumbad mosques be restored to their original layout,
following detailed investigations.

- For the purpose of archaeological investigation it is also

recommended that the crypt in the Khan Jahan Mausoleum be
opened so that the many inscriptions, so far unpublished, can be
studied.

Bagerhat Monuments - The Presentation of the Monuments

- As the two Monument Areas are a few miles apart, separate Visitor
Amenities are recommended for each area. As the Department's
offices and staff quarters are already located at Shait Gumbad, it
is, recommended that the Museum cum Exhibition Building should
also be located there.

Due to the Shait Gumbad Mosque's location close to the main

highway, it is recommended that a parcel of land be acquired
along its southern side and that as it is a suitable picnic area,
it should extend as far as possible along the banks of the Ghora
Tank.

The visitor facilities recommended for the Khan Jahan group will
be limited to parking, a picnic area and toilet facilities.

Bagerhat Monuments - Staff Accommodation

It is recommended that the existing staff buildings be converted

and expanded to accommodate a full staff. The existing
Department Rest House should be demolished and a new one
constructed in a less prominent position.

v
Management of the Project

Management - Project Offices

Because of the size and complexity of this Project, it is

recommended that a 'Special Project' be created within the
administration of the Department of Archaeology and Museums.

A central co-ordinating Project Office should be formed in Dacca to

act as the administrative centre. Within this Unit there will be
four sections - The Conservation Section; Publication Section;
Photographic Section; Administrative Section.

At both Paharpur and Bagerhat, there will be Sub-Project Offices

which will run the day to day ccnservation activities and local
administration of each site.

Management - Technical Assistance and Staff Training

- As part of the over-all project it is recommended that, after basic

'on site' training has. been undergone, candidates be selected for
specialised training abroad in building conservation and repair.

It is recommended that an International Adviser be attached

initially to the project to assist in:-

the establishment of the Project Office and Sub-Project Offices.

- the preparation of the two conservation programmes.
- the co-ordination of the 'on site' training programme.

Management - Project Equipment

- It is recommended that basic equipment be provided to enable the

establishment of the central co-ordinating Project Office in Dacca
as well as the necessary equipment for building repair and
conservation at the two Sub-Project Offices.

vi
 1.

Part I - INTRODUCTION

1.1 At the request of the Government of Bangladesh a Unesco Mission

visited Bangladesh from 28 February to 31 March 1982 under the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) with the following terms of
reference:

(a) To prepare Masterplans for the conservation and presentation

for the two Monument Sites selected by the Government -
Paharpur and the mosque city of Bagerhat dominated by the
Shait Gumbad Masjid - with cost estimates, action programme
and recommendations for the development of these sites with
a view to launching an international appeal;

(b) To assist in the preparation of suitable and appropriate

techniques for overcoming the fundamental problems of rising
damp in the structures and sulphate attack on the
brickwork;

(c) To assist in the preparation of outline planning proposals

for the development of both the sites and their individual
environments including the development of an archaeological
park at the site;

(d) To outline proposals for a basic 'on site' training programme

for both administrative and technical staff, and craftsmen;

(e) To recommend w a y s of promoting both national and inter-

national cultural tourism in Bangladesh related to these
particular sites.

1.2 The members of the mission were as follows:

John Sanday Mission Leader

Architect Restorer
John Sanday Architects
Mylor, Falmouth, Cornwall,
U.K.

Alan Frost Architect Planner

Donald Insall & Associates
Limited, 19 West Eaton Place,
London U . K .

John Smyth Economist, Educational

Financing Division, Unesco,
Paris, France

Prof. Joan van Lohuizen de Leeuw Archaeologist

Institute of South Asian
Archaeology, University of
Amsterdam

Roberto Antonio Hydrogeologist,

Bangladesh Ground Water Survey
Project, UNDTCD, Dacca,
Bangladesh
 2.

1.3 The UNESCO mission was assisted by members of the Department of

Archaeology. Dr. Nazimuddin Ahmed, the Director of Archaeology and
Museums, worked very closely with the team and was available at all
times for consultation. He acted as the general co-ordinator for the
Department and the mission was very grateful for all his assistance and
guidance. Dr. Nizamul Haque, the Superintendent in charge of building
conservation and repair, w a s deputed to the mission for its duration
and w a s responsible for planning and accompanying the team on all
field trips. (See Annex 1 for Itinerary). Together with D r . Shamsul
Alam, Superintendent, he also assisted in the procurement of the
majority of the information and statistics that have gone into the
report. The mission's gratitude is also extended to M r . M . A . Qadir, the
Superintendent of Numismatics, seconded to Paharpur as the leader of
the archaeological excavation, as well as to his team of archaeological
supervisors. The information and advice that they made available was
especially important for the proposals that have been developed for
Paharpur. Finally, the mission wishes to thank M r . W . Holzhausen, the
Resident Representative of the UNDP in Bangladesh, who has supported
the Cultural Heritage Programme in Bangladesh over several years and
without whose encouragement this report would not have- materialised.
 3.
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LOCATION MAP fig. 1

 4.

Part II - THE EXISTING SITUATION: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS

2.1 THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF BANGLADESH

Bangladesh is heir to a rich cultural legacy. The surviving

monuments may not be as spectacular as those in other countries of the
world, but they are not lacking in importance. In two thousand years
or more, of its varied history, many illustrious dynasties of kings and
sultans have ruled and disappeared and have left their mark in the
shape of magnificent cities and monuments, the desolate ruins of which
are still visible throughout Bangladesh.

The devasting effect of the vast and complicated river patterns in

Bangladesh has been largely responsible for the destruction of many of
the noble monuments of the country. Many monuments capable of
withstanding natural annihilation were purposefully destroyed by each
new conqueror, either to satisfy iconoclastic zeal, or to secure readily
available building materials for the erection or embellishment of their
own edifices. Today the remains of their rich cultural legacy is
represented by a wide selection of sites and monuments from different
periods of history.

The early history of Bengal is, at best, legendary. Vedic

literature, beyond mentioning the names of some ethnic groups inhabiting
Bengal, gives little indication of the prevailing way of life. However,
in the 3rd century B . C . , Bangladesh formed part of the vast Mauryan
kingdom, then known as 'Pundravardhana Bhukti'. It was at about
this time that the citadel of Mahasthangarh was founded. The extensive
ruins of this city consisting of an irregular oblong fortified enclosure,
measuring about 1 mile by f mile are located on the banks of the
moribund river of Karatoya about 8 miles north of Bogra town. Its
history stretches from about the 3rd century B . C . to the early 18th
century A . D . Close by, several associated Hindu shrines, mostly in a
ruined state can also be found.

From about the 8th century A . D . , Buddhism was introduced to

Bengal through the patronage of several important ruling dynasties,
notably the great Pala rulers. The two most important sites of many
founded in Bangladesh are those of Paharpur in the northwest and
Mainamati in the southeast. Along the Mainamati - Lalmai range of
hills in the district of Comilla, the most important ruin is that of
Salban Vihara a Buddhist monastic settlement similar in layout to
Paharpur. This monastery is closely associated with several stupas and
other small monasteries in the neighbourhood.

Hindu temple architecture is well represented in Bangladesh in

several different styles. Early Hindu shrines are associated with many
of the early settlements but the later periods are illustrated by some
very fine and highly decorated temples, such as those at Puthia near
Rajshahi, and the beautiful temple at Kantanagar in the far north of
Bangladesh, both of which are of special interest. Dating from the 18th
century, these highly decorated structures typify the high quality of
terra cotta artwork that was used to adorn them and to inspire their
worshippers. The rather crude art form developed on some of the early
Buddhist shrines has reached perfection on the walls of these temples.

The most profuse examples of art and architecture in Bangladesh

are to be found in the Islamic Period, which started about the
beginning of the 12th century A . D . During the six centuries of Muslim
 5.

rule in Bengal, many new cities flourished only to later become

abandoned and turned to ruins. The remains of the early capital at
Gaur and Pandua, most of which is now in India, today stretch along
what was once the high bank of the Ganges for about 20 miles in an
unbroken line of ruins buried in thick forest. Another city that
followed the same fate was the old city of Khalifatabad - now known as
Bagerhat - in the south of Bangladesh. Today what was once a
thriving Islamic centre, has become a backwater to the bustling
commercial town of Khulna.

The Mughal period is best represented by some of the buildings in

the present capital of Dacca. The Lalbagh Fort, which has recently
been skillfully restored by the Department of Archaeology and Museums,
is a most imposing monument. Within the walls of this fort there are
several very fine buildings which are .typical of this period.

A late but interesting Buddhist incursion to the cultural legacy of

Bangladesh can be found in the far southeastern part of the country.
In and around Cox's Bazaar the local population are descendants of
refugees from neighbouring Arkan, w h o were settled in the late 18th
century by a certain Captain Cox. Cox had been sent by the British to
rehabilitate the fugitive Arkanese families fleeing from their conquerors,
the Burmese. With them they brought their own special Buddhist
culture, and today it is still apparent in this locality. The 'Khyangs'
or monasteries are delicately and highly carved timber structures very
reminiscent of Burmese architecture. The 'Pagodas' prominently visible
on the skyline, are vaulted and white plastered brick shrines, with
circular superstructures, tapering to a pinnacle.

With the British assuming political powers around the turn of the
18th century building art acquired a new dimension. The strong
influence of the Neo-Classical Renaissance became apparent in the new
churches and state buildings as a total contrast to the indigenous
architecture of Asia. Many such buildings can still be found in and
around Dacca and stand as witnesses to another important period in the
historical development of Bangladesh.

Faced with the problem of recording and maintaining this Cultural

Heritage, the Department of Archaeology and Museums of the Government
of Banagladesh has found it an almost insuperable task to look after
such an extensive list of Historic Monuments and Sites.

Essentially, the Department needs to be expanded and properly

equipped to be able to both restore and afterwards maintain its cultural
heritage. This is not a task which can be accomplished in a period of
five or even ten years. It was for this reason that the idea for a
Master Plan was conceived since it would embrace the various elements
required for the setting up of an organisation within the Department
such a s : the training of specialist staff; the provision of essential
equipment; and, the development of both a short and long-term repair,
conservation and maintenance programme.

To embody the restoration of all the monuments in Bangladesh in

one report was considered an impossible task and it was therefore
decided to select the two most prominent sites representing in part the
architecture of Bangladesh and to use these as the main base for the
development of an over-all Cultural Heritage Programme. These two
sites would be used as a training ground for both craftsmen and
administrative staff and they would also become the first two centres of
 6.

cultural tourism in Bangladesh. The greater part of the international

effort would be concentrated on these sites, but this would not preclude
the Department of Archaeology continuing its own annual programme of
repair and conservation on the many other important sites in
Bangladesh. The selection of suitable sites was based on both their
national and international importance. It was for this reason that the
archaeological remains of the Buddhist Monastery at Paharpur and the
Muslim monuments of Bagerhat, formerly part of the ancient city of
Khalifatabad, were finally selected as representative of the Cultural
Heritage of Bangladesh.

Across the world for thousands of years, different civilisations

have left traces of their culture. Sometimes these traces are
considerable - the Pyramids, the Taj Mahal or, St. Peter's Cathedral in
Rome, all of which display the highest degree of craftsmanship and
intellectual refinement. Other monuments are less spectacular but,
nevertheless, survive as outstanding landmarks in the cultural evolution
of a particular continent. The extensive remains at Paharpur and at
Bagerhat are just such important monuments as they represent two great
periods in the history of South Asia. Whereas Paharpur is certainly one
of the most important medieval Buddhist monuments in Asia and perhaps
the largest ancient monastery to be discovered, in Bangladesh, the old
mosque city of Khalifatabad, better known today as Bagerhat, contains
some of the best preserved and most significant buildings of the initial
period of the development of Muslim architecture in Bengal. Between
them, Paharpur and Bagerhat represent two of the main historical
periods of the country - namely the 8th to the 12th centuries - during
which time Bengal was ruled by Buddhist monarchs, and the subsequent
Muslim period dating from the early 13th century onwards.

Throughout history, buildings of brick or stone were mainly

restricted to structures of a religious nature. At Paharpur, on a site
of more than twenty acres, monastic buildings with skillfully built brick
walls often over sixteen feet thick and with a central shrine rising over
a hundred feet high were constructed more than a thousand years ago.
This Buddhist monastery, which was established well away from
population centres, retains still the essential tranquility of its setting
today. Of its structure much still survives, but centuries of silt have
buried its past and have caused the water table to rise.

In the area now known as Bagerhat some five hundred years after
the founding of Paharpur, Ulugh Khan Jahan, a rather nebulous
warrior- saint, founded the city of Khalifatabad during the period when
some leaders from the west were introducing the Islamic faith to Bengal
part of which was later to become Bangladesh. A large number of
mosques and mausoleums is attributed to Khan Jahan together with
several ornamental fresh water tanks and a considerable road network.
Long abandoned, these buildings have been engulfed by the jungle, by
farms and encroachment from the expanding local towns and settlements.
Today only a few buildings are still standing, a few more ruins have
been located but many must have been obliterated altogether.

Both these sites are prominent cultural legacies which because of

their historical and architectural importance as well as their
conservation and environmental problems certainly merit an international
campaign to safeguard them.
 7.

2.2 A REVIEW OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE PROGRAMME IN BANGLADESH

1971-1982

In the decade since independence (1971), conservation of Bangla-

desh's cultural heritage has been carried out with skill and energy.
Many important historical monuments have been saved for posterity and
a certain number have had their beauty and glory restored for the
immediate appreciation of the present generation.

There are presently 182 protected sites and monuments (See Annex
3). About a half of these are structures (mosques, tombs, temples, forts,
bridges, pillars, etc.) and the remainder are unexcavated, or only
partly excavated mounds and remains. In the ten-year period 1971 -
1981, the Department of Archaeology and Museums managed to undertake
conservation work on about half of the structures and at the same time
were able to carry out excavations at a number of the more important
unexplored archaeological mounds and ruins. All of this work has been
financed entirely by the Government of Bangladesh. The greater part of
the work has been carried out under various development projects
supervised by the Department of Archaeology and Museums; the remainder
has been supported from the Department's ordinary non-development
budget.

(a) The Department of Archaeology and Museums

Althougii the Department of Archaeology and Museums is the

Government's scientific arm for carrying out conservation and archaeo-
logical work in Bangladesh, it does not at present have a similarly
clear role with respect to museums, mainly because the most important
museum in the country, the Dacca Museum, is a semi-autonomous body
largely outside Government control.

Up to 1976, the Department of Archaeology and Museums was a

Department under the Ministry of Education. From 1976 to 1978 it
became attached to the Sports and Cultural Affairs Division, still under
the same Ministry. In 1978, this Division became a separate Ministry,
and in 1981 it was briefly placed under the Ministry of Information,
Broadcasting, Sports and Cultural Affairs, and subsequently under the
Ministry of Education, and Religious Affairs.

The budget of the Sports and Cultural Affairs Division is one of

the smaller items in the over-all Government budget. The non-develop-
ment expenditure of this Division was estimated at Taka 58.4 million in
1981/82, which compares with a total Government non-development
expenditure of Taka 49.9 billion, i.e. a share of 0.12 per cent. Within
the Sports and Cultural Affairs Division, the non-development
expenditure of the Department of Archaeology and Museums was budgeted
at Taka A . 3 million in 1981/82, i.e. a share of 7.4 per cent. The
development budget of the Department in 1981/82 amounted to Taka 3.7
million.

The present structure of the Department (See Annex 4) is

constituted by five main sections: (i) conservation, museums and
archaeology, (ii) exploration and excavation, (iii) numismatics and
epigraphy, (iv) publications and (v) laboratory. There is also a
section for general administration. Each section is headed by a
superintendent, with the exception of the laboratory which is headed by
an archaeological chemist. The largest section is conservation, museums
 8.

and archaeology, which is responsible for conservation work and for

management and supervision of sites, monuments and museums.

There are three main categories of staff; gazetted officers

(classes I and II), non-gazetted technical and administrative staff
(class III), and service staff such as peons, chowkidars, etc.. (Class
IV). As of 31 March 1982, there were vacancies in 10 out of the 27
gazetted level posts and in 16 out of the 100 sanctioned Class III posts,
giving an over-all vacancy rate of 20 per cent for these two categories
of posts*. Such a vacancy rate is too high for any organisation or
enterprise, and it indicates that recruitment procedures may be slow or
that conditions of service are unattractive, or both.

There are signs that recruitment procedures recently have been in-
ordinately slow; certain posts have been vacant for nearly two years.
These procedures, nevertheless, are largely beyond the control of the
Department. As regards conditions of service, a specific handicap is
that the Department is not covered by the Bangladesh Civil Service
Rules, 1981. As a consequence, for example, a favourable adjustment to
the salaries of the constituted cadres of the Bangladesh Civil Service
which became effective from 1 October 1981, was not applied to the
officers of the Department of Archaeology and Museums. Assuming that
this particular situation can be resolved2, salaries for certain kinds of
posts would still not be competitive. This is particularly true of posts
in the engineering and technical areas, and it is these posts that are
especially critical if there is to be an expansion of conservation work
in the years ahead.

(b) First Five-Year Plan 1973/74 - 1977/78, and Two-Year Plan

1978/79 - 1979/80

The first development project of the Department of Archaeology and

Museums, following Independence, was an umbrella project basically
designed to facilitate the Department functioning as an effective agency
for conserving the nation's cultural heritage. The main elements of the
project included urgent conservation work on a number of threatened
monuments, basic protection (including purchase of land) of certain
other sites and monuments, repairs and extensions to certain museums,
provision of staff quarters at certain sites, the establishment of an
archaeological laboratory, and the commencement of a comprehensive
scientific survey of all the moveable and immoveable Cultural Property
in the country. The approved cost of the project was Taka 45.50 lakh*.
(See Annex 5)

1 Actually, the vacancy rate is higher if account is taken of the 10

per cent 'temporary' reduction in the number of sanctioned Class
III posts which was determined by the Ministry of Finance for all
Ministries as from 20th November, 1979.

2 Apparently it is now under active discussion with the Ministry of

Finance and the Establishments Division. Another anomaly is that
there are different conditions of service for the staff of the Dacca
Museum.

1 (Sec. (b)) Approved cost Taka 49.87 lakh; expenditure Taka 48.92
lakh (See. Annex 5 ) .
 9.

During the First Five-Year Plan, conservation work was undertaken

on the central shrine at Paharpur, on Bagha and Darasbari mosques in
Rajshahi, on Shait Gumbad Mosque at Bagerhat, on Michael
Madhusudan's House in Jessore, and on Masjidbari Mosque in
Patuakhali. Land was purchased for protection of the site and
monument at Vasu Bihar in Bogra, Ranvijoypur Mosque at Bagerhat, and
Bihrail Mound in Rajshahi. Repairs and extensions were carried out at
the museums in Chittagóng and Mahasthan. Staff quarters were built at
Paharpur and the archaeological laboratory was established in premises
at Lalbagh Fort in Dacca.

By the end of the First Five-Year Plan, the total expenditure of

the Department under the project had amounted to 80 per cent (Taka
36.20 lakh) of the cost originally approved for the project, which was a
comparatively high rate of implementation. Indeed, because the general
record of implementation of most public sector development projects in
the First Five-Year Plan had not been satisfactory, the Government
brought out a Two-Year Plan 1978/79 - 1979/80 in order to clear u p , as
much as possible, of the backlog before starting on the Second Five-Year
Plan. Accordingly, the project under the Department of Archaeology and
Museums was extended for another two years and additional funds were
provided.

During the Two-Year Plan period 1978/79 1979/80,1 (See Annex 5)

additional conservation work was undertaken on the Shait Gumbad
Mosque in Bagerhat, the Gerda Mosque at Faridpur, the Tahkhan at
Gaur, Satara Ratna Mandir in Comilla, Chhota Sona Mosque at Gaur, and
Masjidkur Mosque in Khulna District. Work was continued at the
Chittagong and Mahasthan museums, and staff quarters were constructed
at Bagerhat and at the Kuthibari (ancestral home) of the poet Tagore.
Further investments were made in the archaeological laboratory, and
progress continued on the comprehensive survey of monuments. By the
end of the Two-Year Plan, total expenditure since the start of the
project in 1975/76 amounted to Taka 70.99 lakh. If account is taken of
inflation, this expenditure in 1975/76 prices, was probably very close to
the originally approved cost of the project. In terms of work
accomplished, the project was undoubtedly a considerable success:
deterioration of 10 major monuments was slowed or halted and on some of
them restoration work was initiated; three important sites were
acquired; two fine museums were developed; a number of the
Department's field staff were housed; an archaeological laboratory was
established; and a comprehensive scientific survey of. the national
cultural heritage was started.

Perhaps the most remarkable achievement of the Department during

this period was the repair and restoration in 1979/80/81 of the Lalbagh
Fort in Dacca. This work was carried out under a separate development
project. The Fort had been in use for many decades as the police
headquarters. Shabby temporary barracks had been erected and the
open space in the centre of the Fort was used as a parade ground.
The original buildings were used as officer's mess rooms. Under the
project the police agreed to move out, the barracks were demolished, the
old buildings were cleaned and repaired, and gardens in the Mughal
style have been laid out with trees, lawns, flower-beds, fountains and
canals. The Fort is now one of the most popular places of relaxation
and sightseeing in the city.

1 See Two-Year Plan 1978-1980, p.242 and the Second Five-Year

Development Plan 1980-1985, pTlll-11 and p.XVI-5l ~~'
 10.

(c) Second Five-Year Plan 1980/81 - 1984/85

In the Second Five-Year Plan the development programme of the

Sports and Cultural Affairs Division has been given significantly greater
priority than in the First Plan, although in absolute terms the
programme is still a very modest one. The Division is allocated 0.45
per cent (Taka 99 crore) of total public sector development expenditure
(Taka 20,125 crore).

The Second Five-Year Plan recognises that cultural development

forms an inalienable part of the overall development of a country2.

Sports and Culture are both index and measure of a nation's

physical development and intellectual profundity. A nation lives
on its culture. It is the invisible life-line of a nation. It
builds up a psychological trust on the ability of the people to
build up its destiny by its own hands. Thus cultural development
forms an inalienable part of the overall development of a country.
So, the importance of cultural development in a development plan
for Bangladesh can hardly be underestimated.

To begin with, the First Five-Year Plan laid the foundation for
development of essential elements of physical education and
preservation and development of the country's cultural heritage.
The aim of the Second Plan is to bring about qualitative
improvement and suitable quantitative expansion in this field.

The objectives of the Second Five-Year Plan in the field of culture

are as follows3 :

(i) to revive and rejuvenate activities pertaining to national,

regional and group cultures in a systematic and
co-ordinated manner;

(ii) to preserve the national cultural heritage;

(iii) to encourage private and voluntary organisations to

intensify their efforts in the fields of fine and performing
arts;

(iv) to develop Bangla language and literature with special

emphasis on production and publication of Bangla textbooks
for higher education;

(v) to expand library services for the rural people.

2 The Second Five-Year Development Plan 1980 - 1985, p . XVI - 44

3 The Second Five-Year Development Plan 1980 - 1985 p . XVI - 46

 11.

The total allocation to culture in the Second Five-Year Plan

amounts to T a k a 40 crore as follows4-:

Second Five-Year
Programme P l a n ' s Allocation
in Taka-Crore

Language, Literature and Research 8.00

Library and Archives 11.00

Fine Arts and Performing Arts 9.00

Cultural Properties:

National M u s e u m (Dacca) 2.50

Folk Arts Foundation 1.50
Department of Archeology and M u s e u m s 3.00
Mausoleum of National Leaders 5.00

TOTAL -40.00

The programme of the Department of Archaeology and Museum

contains three projects:

Preservation of Archaeological M o n u m e n t s , a n d Publications

(Approved cost: T a k a 99.00 lakh)

Survey of Archaeological Monuments

(Approved cost: T a k a 1,01.00 lakh)

Establishment of Archaeology Bhaban (Approved cost: 1,00.00

lakh)

Essentially, the first two projects carry on and enlarge the work
begun under the First Five-Year Plan. The Third project - to establish
a headquarters for the Department2 has been frozen at present under a
temporary government-wide ban on new office buildings. Details of
expenditures so far under the first two projects were made available
(See Annex 6 ) . Conservation work is continuing on certain monuments

1 The Second Five-Year Development Plan 1980 - 1985, p . XVI - 53

2 The Department presently is scattered in three rented houses in Dacca

and the archaeological laboratory is located in unsuitable premises
in Lalbagh Fort.
 12.

carried over from the First Five-Year Plan and the Two-Year Plan,
notably Gerda Mosque in Faridpur, Lalbagh Fort in Dacca, Paharpur in
Rajshahi, and Shait Gumbad Mosque at Bagerhat. In addition,
conservation work is beginning on Khania Dighi Mosque and Rohanpur
Mughal Tomb in Rajshahi, and on the Kacharibari of Poet Tagore at
Pabna. Excavation is being conducted at Mangolkot and Bihar Dhap in
Bogra, and at Mainamati in Comilla. Additional land for protection of
the monuments has been purchased around the nine-domed mosque and
Shait Gumbad Mosque at Bagerhat. The extensions . to Chittagong and
Mahasthan museums are being completed, and work has started on
extensions and improvements to the museum at Mainamati. The
establishment of Sher-e-Bangla Museum is also in hand, and activities
under the survey of Archaeological Monuments have been stepped u p .

Besides the work carried out under its development budget, the
Department also carries out a certain amount of conservation work under
the heading 'special repairs' in its ordinary non-development budget.
The funds available for 'special repairs' are modest (See Annex 7 ) , but
nevertheless they allow the Department a certain amount of necessary
flexibility in dealing with emergency conservation jobs as they arise.
In the five-year period 1976/77 - 1980/81 the Department carried out
'special repairs' on 23 different monuments (See Annex 8 ) .

Taking into consideration the results that the Department of

Archaeology and Museums have achieved in the last decade under very
restricted conditions, an internationally sponsored Cultural Heritage
Programme should enable them to benefit greatly from the training of
staff as well as the equipping of units to undertake the actual
conservation and presentation of two of the most important monument
sites in Bangladesh.
 13.

2.3 FUTURE STRATEGY - A NEED FOR THE PRESENTATION AND

PROMOTION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE

(a) General

Now that the foundations have been laid for an expanded

conservation programme, the question of the presentation and promotion
of the cultural heritage assumes increasing importance. In most
countries the division of responsibilities for its presentation and
promotion lies respectively with the authorities responsible for con-
serving historical monuments and sites and those responsible for the
development of tourism, although if 'promotion' is understood in its very
broadest sense it also involves bodies responsible for public education
generally, (e.g. The Ministries of Education, Information, Broadcasting,
etc.). Presentation of a monument or site to visitors in an interesting
and informative way cannot easily be divorced from its conservation.
Indeed, one of the intrinsic purposes of conserving the monument or site
is to present it to the visitor in just such a manner and consequently
this should be the responsibility of the Department of Archaeology and
Museums. Arousing an interest in the general public to visit, and
facilitating access to the monuments and sites is properly the
responsibility of other bodies.

(b) Presentation

The presentation of both monuments and sites is probably the

weakest side of the current conservation programme. At the majority of
monuments and sites in Bangladesh, even including those at which
conservation work has been undertaken, visitors have to fend for
themselves: a visit to a monument or site in most cases is purely a
visual experience. Generally, there are no guides, guidebooks, maps,
brochures, brief histories, or postcards available. The Department of
Archaeology and Museums has produced an attractive set of 12 postcards
of various monuments but, at present, it does not have the authority or
funds to have these produced for sale to the general public even on a
self-financing non-profit basis. The same restriction applies to the
Department's three booklets: Paharpur, Bagerhat Monuments, and Mughal
Dacca and the Lalbagh Fort. In the absence of such material, even if
the monument or site 'looks' interesting, as for example the Lalbagh
Fort, a rather strict limit is placed on what the average visitor can
enjoy and appreciate, as there is no presentation material available.
At that limit, national cultural development policy comes to a full stop.
The importance, therefore, of a full presentation, in particular the
availability of guides and appropriate publications to help the visitor,
cannot be overstressed.

Another practical handicap for the Department of Archaeology and

Museums in tackling the problem of publications is a regulation which
requires the Department to process its publications through the
Government Printer. So far the printing of an Annual Report by the
Department has not been possible. Scientific manuscripts and reports of
the Department on which popular guidebooks and brochures must be
based ultimately, have been with the Government Printer for two years
or more without any sign of them being published. This procedure is not
an efficient one. The Government Printer is overburdened and the
existing regulation now is impractical. It should be modified, at least
in such a w a y , that the Government Printer may authorise the Depart-
ment to have its publication printed commercially as there are many
excellent printing establishments in the country. Some Government
 u.
Departments (e.g. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Department of Films
and Publications etc.) have by-passed the Government Printer by
establishing their own printing presses, but it is doubted if this
approach would be economic for the Department of Archaeology and
Museums.

(c) Promotion

The promotion of domestic and foreign tourism is mainly the

responsibility of Bangladesh Parjatan (Tourism) Corporation - a semi-
autonomous body under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. Up
to the present day the Corporation's promotional activities have been
directed largely at foreign visitors and have focused mainly on Cox's
Bazaar (beach resort) and the Chittagong Hill Tracts (folk cultures),
the Sunderbans (Royal Bengal Tiger), and on places to see in and
around Dacca.

Although cultural monuments and sites do not constitute a major

focus of the Corporation's promotional activities, they are given a
certain amount of attention. For example, virtually all of the 10
package tours currently offered by the Corporation include two or three
monuments and sites:

Tour Monuments and Sites Visited

1. Dacca - 2 nights (with one Lalbagh Fort

day excursion to Mainamati) Mainamati

2. Dacca-Bogra-Mahasthangarh- Lalbagh Fort

Paharpur-Dacca - A nights Mahasthangarh
Paharpur

3. Dacca-Khulna-Dacca - 3 nights Lalbagh Fort

4. Dacca-Mainamati-Chittagong- Lalbagh Fort

Rangamati-Dacca - L, nights Mainamati
Historical Mosques and
Shrines in and around
Chittagong

5. Dacca-Mainamati-Chittagong- Lalbagh Fort

Rangamati-Cox's Bazaar- Mainamati
Dacca - 5 nights Buddhist temples near
Cox's Bazaar

6. Dacca-Chittagong-Cox ' s Lalbagh Fort

Bazaar-Dacca - 4 nights Historical Mosques in
Dacca
Historical Mosques and
Shrines in and around
Chittagong

7. Dacca-Khulna-Hiron Point Lalbagh Fort

(Sundarbans) - 6 nights Historical Mosques in
Dacca
Mainamati (day trip)
 15.

8. Dacca-Sylhet-Dacca - Sonargaon ruins

4 nights Mainamati

9. Dacca-Khulna-Hiron Point Lalbagh Fort

(Sunderbans)-Chittagong Mainamati
Cox's Bazaar-Dacca - 13
days and 12 nights

10. Dacca-Khulna-Rajshahi-Bogra Lalbagh Fort

Dacca-Chittagong-Rangamati- Mahasthangarh
Chittagong-Cox's Bazaar- Paharpur
Dacca - 15 days and 14 Kuthibari of Poet Tagore
nights Mainamati
Adinath Temple

A remarkable omission from the list is the Bagerhat Monuments

near Khulna. All four of the tours which include Khulna could easily
take in the beautiful and important historical monuments around
Bagerhat. In fact, for the Sunderbans tour (No. 7 above), it would be
preferable to omit the Dacca-Mainamati day trip and substitute
Khulna-Bagerhat in its place. Other striking omissions - although they
are only accessible if a separate tour to Rajshahi is included are the
very fine historical monuments at Puthia and Gaur. Indeed, it would
be possible to conceive of a cultural heritage 'circuit' taking in
Puthia, Rajshahi, Gaur, Paharpur and Mahasthangarh, which would
actually cover monuments and sites that are representative of all the
main elements of Bangladesh's cultural heritage over two millenia.
Nevertheless, it is important that, 'presentation' should precede
'promotion'. In other words, vigorous efforts to promote the attractions
of the monuments and sites at Bagerhat, and at Puthia, Rajshahi, Gaur,
Paharpur and Mahasthangarh, presuppose that these monuments and sites
are already attractively presented to visitors when they get there.

The package tours are intended mainly for foreign visitors.

Effective presentation and promotion of the country's historical
monuments and sites are essential if the Bangladeshi themselves are to
enjoy their cultural heritage. Hand in hand with good presentation
should go the provision of an appropriate infrastructure and access for
visitors, based on the visitor potential of each site, whether the latter
are groups of tourists from Japan or Europe, or parties of school
children from local schools. This is an area where the Department of
Archaeology and Museums and the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism
could work together. The Department and the Ministry should draw up
and agree on a priority list of monuments and sites to be developed,
with the Department taking care of the conservation and presentation
aspects of the monuments and sites and the Ministry of Civil Aviation
and Tourism taking responsibility to coordinate the provision of visitor
facilities (e.g. picnic spots, toilet facilities, rest houses, youth hostels,
etc.) and access (e.g. roads and footpaths, bus and car parks, etc.).
Micro-plans for the development of each site should be prepared in much
the same way as has been done in the present report for Paharpur and
Bagerhat. For sites which are located close to a city or town, the
municipal authority should be closely involved. Puthia, for example,
could be adopted by the city of Rajshahi as a picnic and leisure spot
for its citizens. Similarly, Khulna city and Bagerhat town authorities
should be closely associated with the protection and development of the
monuments and sites of the old city of Khalifatabad. The Tourism wing
of the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism needs to be given the
 16.

resources of manpower and finance to enable it to carry out this

coordinating function, which cannot easily be delegated to a body such
as that of the Tourism Corporation.

The prime responsibility however, for the Department of Archaeo-

logy and Museums today is to correctly preserve and present the
Buddhist site at Paharpur, the Muslim monuments and sites of the Khan
Jahan period at Bagerhat. These projects will not only serve as
important examples for the many other sites in Bangladesh but will also
be a valuable contribution to the international quest of preserving and
enhancing the cultural heritage of the Universe.
 17.

2.4 THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

Earlier missions had established the need for a more comprehensive

study of the historic monuments more particuarly the site at Paharpur.
Although over several seasons .the hydrological problems have been under
study, the main assessment for both sites was carried out by the
mission during the month of March 1982.

The team selected for this undertaking was wide-ranging in its

field of expertise. An architect restorer was chosen as mission leader
because of his previous associations with the project as well as
experience in building conservation in Asia. The archaeologist was
selected because of her special knowledge in both the arts and
archaeology of Asia. An architect planner who had specific knowledge
in environmental protection as well as the presentation of historic
buildings was included in the team. The economist, from UNESCO
Headquarters, who has worked on similar Master Plans was also asked
to join the team to assist in the financial analysis and to help present
the case for restoring these two sites. A hydro-geologist specialising in
ground water, who was working with the Bangladesh Government, was
co-opted to advise on the more specific problems of draining the
Paharpur site.

After initial discussions with the Department of Archaeology a

strategy was developed and both sites were studied taking into
consideration the following factors:

a. The history and archaeological importance of each of the

sites and of each of the building periods.

b. The general locations of each site in Bangladesh, its

environment and accessibility.

c. The physical condition of all structures.

d. The presentation and protection of the monuments and sites.

e. The provision of suitable facilities for visitors.

Recommendations for the conservation and presentation of each of

the sites take into account the interrelations between these factors.
There then follows an implementation programme which is geared to the
manpower and technical resources at present available in Bangladesh,
taking into consideration the need for training specialists. This
Programme has been prepared so as to be workable within the present
administrative and legislative framework of the Government of
Bangladesh.
 18.

;fe%M¿A'J - ... _ . ... - ^ ^ ^

Paharpur - The Monument viewed from the East

-,„,,,. •.:„„„».„,.,..; j " • : : • " ^ :,..¿ _.- -«y~—i»^

~J*Í» ..„**,.!••** *"'' M V * # ^ W » « » ^ toai.»*

Paharpur - The main shrine from the South East corner

 19.

Part III - THE BUDDHIST MONASTERY AT PAHARPUR

3.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

(a) General History

The ruins of the ancient Buddhist monastery of Somapura are

located in the northeastern part of Bangladesh not far from the modern
village of Paharpur in the Rajshahi District. The village takes its
name from the high mound or 'Pahar' meaning 'hill' which once
constituted the remains of the huge monument in the centre of the
monastic enclosure. Institutions such as the Somapura Mahavihara,
(Mahavihara meaning 'large monastery') were generally founded at a
suitable distance from large towns so as to ensure peaceful surroundings
for the monks, but at the same time they were reasonably accessible.
Therefore, the location of Somapura Mahavihara, halfway along the
ancient road between Pundravardhana (present Mahasthan) which was
the capital of Varendra and the homeland of the mighty Pala emperors,
and the secondary capital at Kotivarsha (modern Bangarh), may well
have seemed ideal to the founder.

During the middle of the 8th century with the rise of the Pala
dynasty, Buddhism flourished and once more became the most important
creed in Bengal and Bihar. As their power increased the Palas
founded more and more monasteries throughout their growing empire.
Some of these viharas became great centres of learning and their
reputation spread quickly throughout the length and breadth of Asia.
Pious pilgrims, especially monks from as far as China and the islands
of Southeast Asia, flocked to these scholarly establishments located in
the homeland of Buddhism.

Somapura Mahavihara was founded around the end of the 8th

century by Dharmapala, the second Pala monarch who ruled from about
A . D . 770-810 and the hamlet, Dharmapuri, which adjoins the great
monastic complex of Paharpur, was almost certainly named after him.
Although it was not the largest of these Buddhist universities, its ruins
are certainly the grandest to be found in Bangladesh. In ancient days
its fame spread far and wide throughout the Asia and as late as the
17th century - long after it had ceased to exist - its memory still
lingered in Tibet and other Buddhist countries.

Located in Varendra, the native land of the Palas in northwest

Bengal, Somapura Mahavihara obviously enjoyed considerable royal
patronage and its close relationship with the ruling dynasty implied
that it shared the political ups and downs of its benefactors. Towards
the end of the 9th century the Palas were defeated by the mighty
Gurjara-Pratiharas but roughly a century later the country flourished
once more. It was during this period that Atisha, who was born in
Bengal in A . D . 980, stayed for many years at Somapura Mahavihara.
After completing his studies in Sumatra he left for Tibet where he
became the great reformer of Tibetan Buddhism and where he is still
worshipped as a great saint. In the course of the 11th century the
Pala empire again suffered a setback and was devastated by w a r . But,
towards the end of the century prosperity once more returned.

In the 12th century the Senas, who were followers of Hinduism,

replaced the Palas and from this time onwards Somapura Mahavihara
gradually declined and was finally abandoned. It is possible that,
contrary to general opinion, the monastery was not physically destroyed
 20.

Paharpur - The recently discovered bronze buddha c. early 9th Century

 21.

by the Muslims in the early 13th century during their conquest of

Bengal. The Somapura Mahavihara's location was more isolated than the
other great monasteries and it was therefore strange that, if it had not
been sacked, apart from a few small pieces, hardly any images or
ritual objects have been found; nor have any relics been discovered in
the funerary stupas of the last occupation layer. This stands in sharp
contrast to the considerable number of sculptures excavated in the
remains of other great viharas and might well indicate that the monks
had long left Paharpur taking with them all their belongings and
religious treasures before the Muslim armies swept Bengal.

(b) The Excavations at Paharpur - Past and Present

The ruins of the ancient Buddhist monastery of Somapura were

discovered and, with great foresight, recognized as the remains of a
Buddhist monument by Buchanan Hamilton, who visited the site between
1807 and 1812 whilst surveying this part of the country for the East
India Company. Sir Alexander Cunningham, often called 'the father of
Indian archaeology', intended to excavate the ruins in 1879 but was
denied permission to do so by the local landlord. Consequently, he
confined himself to the clearance of the jungle and a superficial
excavation on top of the central mound. Throughout the 19th and the
early 20th centuries the site remained the habitat of leopards and other
wild animals, who lived in the dense vegetation which had swiftly
reconquered the hill.

It was only in 1919 that the ruins were finally placed on the list
of protected monuments and excavation was begun in 1923, initially as a
joint venture, by the Archaeological Survey of India and the Varendra
Research Society. From 1926/7 onwards, K . N . Dikshit, one of the
senior officers of the Survey, was in charge of the operations which
continued until 1933/4. The result of this work was astounding for it
uncovered one of the largest Buddhist monasteries in the whole of the
subcontinent. When the campaign was closed down the last important
phase of occupation of the complex had almost completely been brought
to light.

After 1945 the lower levels of a few cells on the eastern side of
the complex were excavated by R . Mughal but the results were never
published. In preparation of the present campaign to rehabilitate, with
the help of UNESCO, this extremely important site, the Department of
Archaeology and Museums undertook excavation in December 1981,
primarily to establish the three major rebuilding phases in the cells
mentioned in Dikshit's report. These three occupation levels can
tentatively be attributed to the end of the 8th century» the period
between the late 10th and early 11th centuries, and the late 11th and
early 12th centuries. During the recent excavations under the direction
of M r . Qadir, three major rebuilding phases were indeed encountered on
all four sides of the quadrangle. In addition, it was found that the
size of the monastic cells belonging to the earliest occupation level was
reduced in the second rebuilding phase, resulting in a considerable
increase in the total number of cells. Finally, in a restricted area,
the remains of a structure underlying Dikshit's earliest period were
brought to light. Its alignments bore no relationship whatsoever with
those of the monastic plan above it.

Among the various interesting antiquities discovered during these

recent excavations which were closed down in the middle of March 1982,
the torso of a large and highly important bronze Buddha image deserves
 22.

^^^^^^^^h-^^^ÊÏPjÇÏ'F^

Paharpur - The Ghat at the South East corner of the monastic complex
 23.

special mention. Due to damage by fire only the upper half, down to
the thighs, has been preserved. However, it is still possible to make
out that the figure once represented the Master in a standing attitude.
The surviving part of the image measures roughly L, feet and 3 inches,
so the total height of the original must have been about 8 feet. This
bronze, which is reminiscent of classical Gupta art and bears a close
resemblance with the Gupta idiom of Sarnath, was probably enshrined on
completion of the monastery and therefore might date from the early 9th
century. The only other known bronze Buddha of the Pala Dynasty of
equal size is the famous image from Sultanganj in Bihar, now in the
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.

(c) The Buddhist Monastery of Paharpur - A Description of the

Monument

This massive brick structure now ruined and partly underground

needs careful study before its form becomes clear. The plan of the
monastery can be described as a large square quadrangle measuring
approximately 920 feet, with the main entrance, an elaborate structure,
on the northern side. The outer walls of the monastery are formed by
rows of cells that face inwards towards the main shrine in the centre of
the courtyard. In the last building phases of the Monastery these
cells, forming the outer wall, total 177 in all.

The main central shrine at Paharpur has a cruciform ground plan

and a terraced superstructure. Later this layout became more popular
in several parts of Southeast Asia, which confirms the view that the
Buddhist centres in Bengal excercised a considerable influence over some
of its neighbouring countries. The seemingly complicated plan, when
analysed, is very simple. It is based on a simple cruciform which has
been elaborated with a series of projections at the re-entrants - a form
that is copied at all levels on the main shrine. This central shrine,
which measures' about 90 feet square in plan, rises in three terraces
above ground level to a height of about 70 feet. The upper level is a
massive rectangular central block which forms the central reliquary,
above which nothing survives. The intermediate terrace is a wide
circumambulatory path, which wends its way around the structure,
passing the four main chapels or mandapas at the cardinal points.
These are accessible through a pillared antechamber. It is probable
that this pathway was roofed over in some w a y although evidence to
prove this is not very substantial. Many of the architectural features,
such as the string courses and main cornices, are still to be found and
will serve usefully as guidance for any future restoration work. At
this intermediate level there were originally two bands of terracotta
plaques running around the full perimeter of the shrine of which
probably only half are still in situ.

The present ground level today is at least 3 feet above the

original pradakshinapatha or main circumambulatory path. The present
ground level runs approximately below the base of the lowest band of
terracotta plaques. Excavations have revealed that there is a fifteen
feet pathway following the elaborated cruciform shape, and the
foundations of the outer wall enclosing this pathway still exist. Hidden
below the ground also, are over 60 stone sculptures which are set into
the base of the shrine. These depict a variety of Hindu divinities
which have, no doubt, been salvaged from earlier religious buildings.
On the northern side, the main projection of the cruciform has been
extended to form the main processional stairway to the central shrine.
 2H.

The main entrance to the monastery was through a fortified gate

literally placed on the northern access to the central temple. There is
also a small postern gate a short distance to the east. Just inside the
main entrance, there is a large water tank, which probably was the
location of an original reflecting tank. The majority of the ancilliary
buildings, such as the kitchen and the refectory, are located in the
southeast corner. There were also a few structures to be found in the
northeast corner but on the western side of the central shrine, no
evidence of any structures have come to light during excavations.

Outside the enclosing wall, on the southern side, there is an

adjacent latrine block which must have discharged its waste into a
river which ran originally along the southern edge of the monastery.
There is further evidence of this river in the southeastern corner where
a 'ghat' or bathing place, was unearthed.

Although the temple has been restored several times in the past, it
still retains its original form without any major changes or additions.
It is likely that the extended cruciform plan prevented this, forcing any
expansion to be in an upward direction. The only other notable
alterations were to the monastic cells but these were restricted to
squeezing in extra cells within the overall perimeter.
 25.

M A P OF RAJSHAHI. BOGRA & PABNA DISTRICTS

SHOWING MONUMENTS
(BANGLADESH)
N
K A I E ! 1MCH • • »PLCS

1 RAJSHAHI
2 ÍOÍHA
1 PABNA

R E F E R E H C E S "
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY 1. K H A N I A DI6HI M O S Q U E 11. G06INDA T E M P L E
DISTRICT BOUNDARY . . . 2. DHANCHAK MOSQUE 12. GOPALA TEMPLE
SUB DIVISION BOUNDARY 3- CHOTASONA MASJID 13. JAGADDHATRI TEMPLE
METALLED ROAD ». MADRASHA U. ANHIK TEMPLE
UNMETALLED ROAD 5- TOMB AND MOSÛUE OF 22. MAHASTHAN MOSQUE
15. RATH TEMPLE
RAILWAY WITH STATION •-• SHAH NIAMATULLAH 23. GOKUL MEDH
16. BAGHA MOSQUE
RIVER 6- DARASBARI MOSQUE 24. KHERUA MOSQUE
17. KUSUMBA MOSQUE
MUSLIM MONUMENTS-. O 7. ROHANPUR TOMB 18- HALUO VIHARA
25. JA6ANNATH TEMPLE
HINDU MONUMENTS . . . ». BARA KUTHI 26. BANGLA TEMPLE
Q »• SIVA TEMPLE
19- PAHARPUR MONASTERY
BUDDHIST MONUMENTS . . . 2a VASU VIHARA 27. CHATMOHAR MOSQUE
OTHER MONUMENTS • - • A 10. DOL-MANDAP
21. MAHASTHANCARH 28- JORE BANGLA TEMPLE

Figure 2
 26.

3.2 LOCATION, SETTING AND ACCESS

(a) General

Paharpur is located in the northwest of Bangladesh in the district

of Rajshahi. It is in the thana of Badalgacchi, in the extreme northeast
of the corner of the Naogaon subdivision of the District and is close to
the point where the three districts of Rajshahi, Bogra and Dinajpur
border on to the Indian State of West Bengal. This region is one of the
less densely populated parts of Bangladesh. The total population living
within a ten mile radius of Paharpur is between 250,000 and 300,000
(see Annex 9 ) , giving a population density of around 875 persons per
square mile. The latter figure compares with an overall average for
Rajshahi district of 1,441a-. The nearest towns to Paharpur are
Jaipurhat' (7 miles) and Naogaon (15 miles) with populations in 1981 of
39,167 and 51,791 respectively; further away is Bogra town (45 miles)
with a population, in 1981, of 68,237 2 . Dinajpur is 60 miles to the
north and Rajshahi is a similar distance to the south. The three
districts of Rajshahi, Bogra and Dinajpur have a total population of
around 11.5 million.

The Division of Rajshahi is bounded by the River Ganges, or

P a d m a , on the south and by the River Jamuna on the east. The river
Atrai flows southeast across the District, passing about 15 miles west of
Paharpur. Today the western Jamuna river runs in a southerly
direction 3 miles west of Paharpur. The Atrai and Jamuna together once
took water from the river Tista into the Padma, but earth movement
with resultant floods in 1787 changed the Tista's course to flow instead
into the Brahmaputra (or main Jamuna river). The continual shifting of
water courses has left moribund stretches of river or river beds which
now flow only in the rainy season.

Agriculture is the main economic activity of the region. Rajshahi

district is one of the least intensively cropped3. The principal crops
are winter rice and wheat. Fruits and vegetables are also grown and
sugar cane is important in certain areas around Paharpur.

Minerals are likely to play an increasingly important role in the

economic development of this part of Bangladesh. Commercially
significant deposits of both limestone and coal, covering several hundred
square miles, have been found. A cement factory is under construction
in Jaipurhat and a coal mine has been proposed at Jamalganj, three
miles east of Paharpur.

1 A Preliminary Report on Population Census, 1981, Bangladesh

Bureau õf Statistics, June 1981 : p . 4 . The corresponding figures
for Bogra and Dinajpur districts are 1,811 land 1,226 respectively.

2 Ibid, Appendix D

3 1980 Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Table 4.50

 27.

Communications with other parts of Bangladesh are restricted by

the need to cross the Jamuna and Padma rivers. Within the area
bounded by these rivers - that is to say the districts of Rajshahi,
Pabna, Bogra, Dinajpur and Rangpur - it is possible, in principle, to
visit Paharpur by road and return home within a d a y 4 . Bogra is \ \
hours away by road and Rajshahi city 4 hours.

Dacca is a full day's journey (8-9 hours) by road and much of

this time is spent in ferry crossings. The rail journey takes 16-17
hours because of the need to change trains three or four times. The
nearest airports to Paharpur are at Saidpur (about 125 miles away) and
Ishurdi (also about 125 miles a w a y ) , each with daily flights to and
from Dacca. The establishment of new airports at Rajshahi and Bogra is
proposed in the Second Five Year Development Plan.

(b) The Environmental Setting of Paharpur

Paharpur monastery is surrounded by rich alluvial farmland with

small open fields that are intensively cultivated. Irrigation by
tubewells permits double cropping and paddy fields, especially on the
north side of the site, have encroached upon original ancilliary
buildings at the main entrance to the monastery. There is now a very
slight fall of land towards the east and north around the site, from
about 63 feet to about 56 feet above sea level.

The traces of old water courses, which are detectable from the
air, mostly run in a north-south direction although an east-west arm
would appear to have extended south of the monastery past the ghat and
the latrine block. At their lowest points these watercourses remain as
' M i s ' or catchment ponds which flood to lakes, over many acres, during
the monsoon period but can dry up altogether in the winter. A small
'bil' exists northeast of the Monument and a much larger one to the
southeast, but both are being reduced in size, each year, by silt and
cultivation.

The landscape is flat and fairly open in character, typical of this

part of Bangladesh. Villages and hamlets, raised a few feet above the
general level of the fields to avoid flooding, are usually hidden by
clumps of trees so that the view from the Monument is completely rural
with almost no signs of urbanisation nor of any industrialisation.

Many of the fields within sight of the monastery are used for rice
cultivation over an extended period due to the introduction of deep
tubewells and irriculture, although some jute, wheat and sugar-cane is
grown, lending seasonal variety. The nearest tubewell, barely 100
yards beyond the northwest corner of the monastery, is suitably

4 i.e. by private car or chartered bus, though not necessarily so by

ordinary public transport arrangements.

5 From Jamalganj via Santahar, Nobarpara, Tistamukh Ghat and

Bahadurabad.
 28.

disguised under a bamboo and straw thatched hut which fits well into
the landscape. A local temporary brick kiln was in operation about
half a mile west of the monument and no doubt other brick kilns are
erected from time to time. These are not obtrusive visually but they do
emit pungent fumes.

There are few visual distractions in this serene scene. Corrugated

iron roofs, where they exist, are mostly concealed except for the metal
roof over the museum store. The only modern type of buildings are the
Department's museum, rest house and staff quarters. Medium voltage
electric power lines run close by the southern edge of the site but they
are carried, quite inconspicuously, on a single row of poles.

The main village of Paharpur lies about a quarter of a mile due

south of the monastery. Just under half a mile west of the monastery
the village market of Paharpurhat stands close to the 'main'
brick-paved road from Jaipurhat and Badalcacchi to Naogaon. Towards
the village of Malancha, about half a mile east of Paharpur is a Youth
Hostel, which doubles as the local school.

Nowadays, unfortunately, the setting is not as peaceful aurally as

it is visually. Groups of students staying at the Youth Hostel not
infrequently tend to play amplified 'music' well into the night to the
considerable distraction of the neighbourhood. Likewise, in the
daytime, picnic parties also often bring battery-powered loudspeakers
onto the site which destroy the serene atmosphere for all.

(c) Immediate Access to Paharpur

(i) By Road: The best road access is along a 7 mile single

carriageway brickpaved track from Jaipurhat which continues southwest
to Badalgacchi. At Paharpurhat a 'kutcha' or mud road leads half a
mile east to the Monument, and then continues a further 3 miles
eastwards to Jamalganj. Visitors from Dacca, Rajshahi and other places
south make their way via Jaipurhat as at present there are no all
weather roads southwards from Paharpur.

Numerous cart tracks and footpaths traverse the area from one
village to the next, following a zigzag course between the paddy fields.
In fine weather these are easily negotiable by visitors but they become
deep in mud during the rainy season.

(ii) By Rail: The nearest railway station is Jamalganj on the

broad gauge line which runs northwards from Calcutta, Jessore and
Ishurdi. Travellers from Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Rangpur and Bogra can
reach Jamalganj with a single change. However, the length of the
journey and timings of the trains, together with the three mile stretch
of 'kutcha' road between Jamalganj and Paharpur make day-return trips
impracticable.

(iii) By Air: There is an old airstrip at Bogra which is no

longer in use. If this were available, travel by light aircraft from
Dacca would be possible. The nearest airport is at Ishurdi but this is
123 miles to the south, or about a five hour drive along roads needing
continual maintenance. Until one of the proposed new airports
materialises, there is little advantage at present in air travel for
visitors.
 29.

3.3 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE MONUMENT

(a) The Monument Itself

General Introduction

The main emphasis is obviously on the careful conservation and

repair of the central shrine and the surrounding monastic complex. All
other recommendations are contingent upon the restoration of the
monument which at present is in a very poor state of repair.

The Monument therefore has been analysed under five separate

headings. Firstly the condition of the Monument itself, where the
problems of the decay of fabric due to salt action (sulphate attack) as
well as the general problems of decay caused by natural agencies, such
as monsoon, old age, and the more recent threat of visitors are
described generally.

There follows a complete section dealing with the problems of

drainage and waterlogging. Relevant technical details are contained in
Annexes 10 and 14.

Stepping back from the Monument itself, the environmental factors

such as the effects of development pressures from the nearby towns and
industry and the likely change in farming techniques from the present
hand tilling to future mechanisation are then discussed. The
improvement of services such as roads, the increased use of electricity,
are analysed within the context of an historic building.

The fourth section deals with the archaeological problems, most of

which are related to the drainage and water problems already des-
cribed; however, such factors as how far such a site can be exposed,
the problems of establishing occupation levels without spoiling the
archaeological integrity of the site as well as the mere undertaking of
such a large excavation programme are discussed.

The final section deals with the actual presentation of the

Monument, a study that is becoming more and more important as the
general public begin to show a greater interest in their culture. In
this section the need for access, the lack of any tourist facilities as
well as the need for adequate staff and guards to protect the Monument
are identified. In the following section of the report (3.A Future
Development: Aims and Objectives) recommendations, following in the
same sequence, are made for each of the problems identified below.

(i) The problem of Sulphate Attack: One of the most startling

causes of visible degradation of the brickwork of the central Monument
is the rapid deterioration caused by sulphate attack (see also Annex
16). There is extensive salting or efflorescence all over the structure
following a regular if, unexpected, pattern. Many theories have been
put forward' as to the cause and source of the calcium sulphate, but
most of them so far have followed traditional assumptions. The presence
of sulphates in the soil is due to the low lying nature of the ground,
the use of contaminated back-fill, and the proximity of the sea; or the
presence of sulphates in the brickwork created during the firing
process. However, if a closer look is taken at the site, it will be
noticed that the surrounding monastic cells are constructed in the same
bricks and at about the same time. These structures which have been
subjected to the same ground conditions as the main temple, have none
 30.

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Paharpur - Terra cotta plaques of differing qualities due to firing

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Paharpur - Evidence of salt action on Paharpur - A terra cotta plaque damaged

terra cotta plaques as a result of "lime blow
 31.

of the outward signs of efflorescence. Another adjacent site, the

Satyapir Bhita, is also almost free from any sulphate attack. Nowhere
is it so prevalent as on the central shrine. An analysis of this
structure shows that the efflorescence is heaviest at its upper limits and
that the triangular pattern created has the apex of the triangle at the
base of the structure rather than at its top.

Where more recent repair and restoration work has been carried
out and where probably a poorer quality brick has been used, the
bricks are suffering a far more rapid erosion, and the defects in areas
that are subjected to dampness, such as the inner return walls and
where there is considerable evaporation off the surface of the brickwork,
particularly on the south and west elevations, have been greatly
exaggerated.

(ii) Drainage above Ground Level: The process of shedding the

water off the main shrine has to a greater extent been resolved by the
recent installation of drainage ducts and the capping off of the
circumambulatory paths around the main shrine.1 However, there are
still large absorbent areas of grass and brick that are accentuating the
cause of sulphate action to the main shrine. In the centre of the
shrine there is the central hollow brick core which although drained
under the recent scheme, still causes considerable moisture penetration
into the main structure as it represents quite a large catchment area.
At present, pooling around the base of some of the structures is causing
excessive dampness, the continual presence of water is causing lichen
and vegetal growth all of which are having an adverse effect upon the
structure and fabric.

(iii) Terracotta Plaques: The plaques have also suffered from

the continual presence of dampness which was also aggravating an
inherent defect. The terracotta plaques, which vary in size from 16" x
12" to the more standard size of 14" x 8", are generally 2 | " thick. The
majority of these plaques were formed by pressing the clay into a mould
after which they were fired. Many of the plaques now appear in very
poor condition and are suffering from the general degradation of their
fabric. On closer investigation it appears that the defects, whilst
aggravated by the present condition of the Monument, are mainly the
result of poor manufacture; the larger than normal section of the plaque
and defective materials used in their manufacture, has resulted in
inadequate firing, some shrinkage and, because of the presence of
sulphate and similar chemicals, a condition generally referred to as
'lime blow' which has spalled off, or literally exploded, certain
sections of the plaques. The presence of continual moisture on the
plaques, especially on the northern facade, has encouraged vegetal and
lichen growth, which has caused the general disfigurement and, in some
cases, total obliteration of any features. This problem is also affecting
the associated brickwork and, particularly on the northern elevations,
is causing very unsightly scarring to the main shrine, because when the
lichens dry out they shrink, often causing the surface of the plaques
and brickwork to flake off.

1 Report: Restoration of the Monastery of Paharpur by P . Pichard.

UNESCO Paris 1974
 32.

Paharpur - Terra cotta plaques that have disappeared since September 1981

Paharpur - Lichen and Algae growth on the main shrine

Paharpur - Damage caused from visitors climbing the Monument

 33.

(iv) Effects due to Climatic Conditions: The majority of the

problems associated with the heavy monsoon rain are outlined under the
section dealing with drainage. However, the two distinct climatic
conditions - the monsoon on the one hand when the fabric to the
monument becomes like a sponge absorbing both rainwater and the
moisture from the air, and the remaining eight months when, for the
most part, it is dry and warm - have a very dramatic effect especially,
on such an exposed archaeological site as Paharpur. During the damp
and humid months mosses, lichens and other vegetal growth take a firm
hold on the fabric. Many of the upper wall surfaces are capped off
with a grass covering which, in principle, is satisfactory and pleasing
to the eye. However if, as is the case, the grass is allowed to grow
long, it harbours considerable moisture. In certain areas on the shrine
itself, particularly where access is difficult, there are small shrubs or
large clumps of grass growing that will eventually cause damage to the
structure.

(v) Human Impact on the Monument: A problem that is

compounding itself as a result of the Monument becoming a popular
tourist attraction is the wear and tear on the fabric, which is distinct
from vandalism. At present a very ad hoc arrangement has been made
for visitors arriving at the southeastern corner to take the most direct
route along a formal pathway from the museum into the Monument and up
the central shrine to reach the top for a good view over the site. At
each point where this route meets a structure the visitors will scrabble
up and over it, fraying the brickwork, dislodging the structure and
often, unknowingly, damaging the decorative brickwork and terracotta
plaques.

(vi) Vandalism: There are two distinct types of vandalism:

firstly, the age old problem of re-using old materials such as the
brickwork for the construction of new dwellings or even religious
buildings, and the more recent problem caused by lucrative treasure
hunting. Paharpur has been subjected to the former for several
hundred years and until proper staffing has been achieved this
intermittent moving of brickwork will continue.

The problems of treasure hunting, however, are now on the

increase due to the greater interest shown by the public in both history
and culture. The threat to a partially guarded monument like Paharpur
for the carefully planned and organised stealing of items, such as the
terracotta plaques, has now become a very major threat because of the
resale value of such articles on the international market. Since a visit
in September 1981, a further two plaques have disappeared unaccountably
from the shrine. Further types of vandalism, such as the wilful damage
of some of the works of art - the decapitation of some of the figures -
and the extensive graffiti over the main shrine, underline the lack of
supervisory staff and guards to the monument.

(b) The Problems of Drainage and Waterlogging of the Monument

(i) The Nature of the Problem: Aside from the general problems
of restoring and presenting the monastic complex, the most pressing task
is to prevent the accumulation of water within the present courtyard
which is already two to three feet lower than the surrounding plain.
Completely enclosed by the outer wall, the entire courtyard acts as a
catchment basin for monsoon waters. The low lying areas within the
courtyard are usually inundated from June to November each year.
Hence, further excavations to restore the monastery to its original state
 34.

Main entrance

Figure 3 Location of bore holes, piezometers and observation wells

 35.
Legend Í F
Concrete laid
7» /• to fall

= > • = Drainage and drainwell

Figure k.« Plan of collection of run-off water

feet 0 32 64 96
 36.

Main entrance

1 Hot to scale

I w// / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /aw/mm¿
Pond

Low lying
area

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Figure 5 Diagram of Paharpur Monastery showing locations of existing well,

pond and drainage channels
 37.

(i.e. to the last habitation level) will undoubtedly worsen the

waterlogging unless a system is designed to effectively drain out the
accumulated water from the compound.

(ii) Previous activities: Several investigations have been carried

out to establish ways of overcoming the waterlogging problem and as a
result a number of recommendations have been proposed for both further
studies as well as solutions for solving some of the causes of decay to
the structure resulting from water percolation. In 1973, simple
recommendations were made to facilitate the drainage of surface water
from the central shrine. These remedial measures were carried out by
the Department of Archaeology and Museums 1 . In 1979 recommendations
were made for the ring well, located near the southeast corner of the
monastery to be cleaned and established as a water level observation
point for dewatering studies2. Again these recommendations were duly
carried out by the Department. Because of the uncertainty of the direct
cause of flooding, further recommendations were made for seven
piezometers at strategic points to show the existing ground water pattern
and to augment the observations made on the ring well. It was
nevertheless anticipated, in this report, that measures for effectively
draining the surface water into the existing depression area ( ' M l ' ) in
the vicinity of the Monument as well as the proper maintenance of the
existing drainage channels both inside and outside the compound under
the present condition would be successful3.

In 1980, the Department contracted the services of a local

consulting firm, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineers, to investigate
the subsoil conditions for dewatering and drainage at the monastery.
The investigation programme included test drillings, the determination of
lithology, soil sampling and laboratory analyses to determine a few
physical and hydraulic characteristics of the subsoil. (See Annex 11).

(iii) Climatic Conditions at Paharpur: As with most of the

country, Paharpur experiences a tropical climate characterised by high
temperatures and humidity, heavy rainfall and fairly marked seasonal
variations. The wet and humid southwest monsoon generally occurs from
May to October while for the period November through April, the area
experiences lower temperatures and humidity as well as minimal
rainfall. (See Annex 11).

(iv) Geological Conditions: The area is underlain by sediments

known as the Barind and usually referred to as 'old alluvium'. This
deposit is characterised by highly oxidised sediments considered to be of
Pleistocene age. Because of their age and long exposure, these deposits

1 P . Pichard, Restoration of the Monastery of Paharpur, UNESCO

Paris (1974).

2 L . W . Hyde, Observations by the Ground Water Survey Department,

Bangladesh (1979).

3 K . Gibbs, Report on Drainage of Paharpur (198D.

 38.

are characteristically more compacted and weathered and generally have

a higher content of clay and silt than the recent alluvial deposits.
According to Morgan and Mclntire (1959), the formation was deposited by
an earlier Ganges-Brahmaputra river system. (See Annex 10).

(v) Hydrogeology: The groundwater system in the monastery and

in the contiguous areas are considered to be in dynamic equilibrium in
response to recharge and discharge. Recharge occurs through
infiltration of rainfall, floodwaters, stream and canal flow, percolation
from ponds, ' M i s ' and other surface water bodies higher than the water
table, return flow from irrigated fields and underflow. Discharge
occurs in the form of évapotranspiration, extraction by wells and
effluent flow into surface water bodies. Recharge exceeds discharge
during the monsoon period causing ground water levels to rise while
ground water levels decline during the dry season when discharge
exceeds recharge.

Aside from increasing ground water levels, the poor transmitting

capacity of the uppermost horizon is a factor why waterlogging persists
even after the rainfall season.

Collection of ground water level data in the area began on 17

September 1979 with the establishment of the existing ring well located
near the southeast corner of the monastery as observation point.
Initially, measurements were conducted on a monthly basis. The
frequency was later intensified to weekly observations starting in April
1981. (For specific data see Annex 12).

An unlined dug well located about 15 feet beyond the eastern wall
of the monastery (near Cell No. 35) was dug in 1979. The well which
was originally 16 feet deep, gradually decreased in depth due to the
caving in of its walls until it finally filled u p . Monthly measurements
of water levels began on 22 September 1979 and intensified to weekly
observations in April 1981.

In January 1982, seven piezometers were installed within the

monastic courtyard to augment the water level observations. (See Fig. 3
for this location). The piezometers were drilled to depths of 40 feet
and are made up of 2-inch diameter pipes with strainers placed at the
end of the string. Weekly water level observations were started in
January 1982 and are still continuing.

Elevations of the reference points of all observations wells were

surveyed relative to Mean Sea Level. (For water level data see Annex
JL3 Tables 1 and 2 ) .

It is" evident from water level records that ground water

contributes to the waterlogging problem in the monastic courtyard.
Available data indicates that during the monsoon period, the rise in
ground water levels, caused by recharge, decreases the vertical head
differentials which influence the vertical downward movement of ground
water. This condition coupled with the poor transmitting capacity of
the overlying deposits through which percolation takes place, reduces
the quantity of vertical leakage. As a result the infiltration decreases
and further recharge is rejected, which then causes excess rainfall to
be left on the ground surface. The fact that there is no effective
surface drainage system in the compound leads to the problem of
waterlogging.
 39.

(vi) Drainage System - Past and Present: Excavations completed

in 1934 and recorded in the Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of
India revealed the presence of a drainage system for the main temple.
Masonry drains originating from the four antechambers were carefully
provided in the original construction. The drains which start from the
eastern, southern and western antechambers were intended to discharge
water into the pradakshinapatha at the first level in the northeastern,
southeastern and northwestern quadrants respectively, from where a
drain from the northern antechamber carried the water directly into the
courtyard. A stone gargoyle located at the second angle on the
northeast sector discharged the rainwater into a collector basin which
was discharged into the pradakshinapatha from the other outlets which
in turn, drained into the courtyard through twenty-two 18" wide
openings which were set into the enclosure wall.

So far no drainage structures for the conveyance of rainwater

through the compound to outside the courtyard have been traced. It is
assumed therefore that the discharged water must have been drained, by
gravity flow, to a collection point somewhere within the courtyard area.
Dikshit noted that two of the four outlets from the antechamber are
located in the northeastern quadrant of the central shrine, that there
are none in the southwest and therefore he concluded that the natural
slope of the ground on which the monastery w a s built, was from
southwest to northeast - a fact that has been proved conclusively during
test excavations conducted by the Department of Archaeology and
Museums between January-March 1982.

Taking into account the original slope of the temple grounds as

well as the fact that no provision has been made to discharge water
beyond the courtyard, Dikshit is probably correct in concluding that the
low area, located north of the central shrine, was originally laid out
as a tank to receive all the water within the grand enclosure and that
the quantity of . water must have been moderate. Because of the
compounding problems due to the varying climatic and geological
conditions, the Department has, in order to facilitate drainage from the
central shrine, implemented schemes for simple drainage measures to
prevent pooling of water around the base of the shrine by banking the
present circumambulatory path above the pradakshinapatha, as well as
the installation of drainpipes all over the central shrine. This
drainage system links up with the present drainage system for the
courtyard itself. (See Fig. 4 ) .

Water is drained out of the courtyard area by a network of

drainage channels (See Fig. 5 ) . The runoff is collected by a channel
surrounding the central shrine which eventually flows south towards an
existing canal outside the monastery, through a breach in the south
wall. The canal initially runs parallel to the south wall skirting the
Department's premises and eventually discharges its water into a
depression area 'bil' which is located northeast of the monastic
complex.

The pond which is approximately 10 feet deep and connected with

the internal drainage channels, acts as a reservoir but is not of
sufficient size to store the large volume of runoff. This condition is
further aggravated by an appreciable ground water inflow into the pond
since its bed is only a few feet above the first water-bearing formation.
This is substantiated by observed water levels in the pond which shows
an almost similar response to that of the ring well. (See Annex 13 -
Table 1 ) .
 no.

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 1\1.

The present system of drainage is not effective since waterlogging

conditions still prevail for several months during and after the monsoon
period and a number of factors contribute to its ineffectiveness. The
drains, both inside and outside the monastic complex, are not
adequately maintained preventing the free flow of the water towards the
'Ml'. During the height of the monsoon, a reversal in the hydraulic
gradient occurs because water levels in the ' M l ' are sometimes higher
than the present ground level in the courtyard. The highest flood
level, in the 'bil' reached an elevation of nearly 62 feet MSL based on
information gathered from the local residents. This level is already two
feet higher than the present low-lying areas of the courtyard.
Furthermore the flow of water towards the 'bil' is retarded where the
canal is intersected by a slightly elevated roadway. (See Fig. 5 ) .

(c) Environmental factors

The original choice of site for the monument was undoubtedly

because of its isolation along the banks of one of the many rivers
running down from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal. Drying up or
silting of these water courses has removed this isolation but fortunately
for the Monument's sake the countryside around it has so far remained
rural. It is most essential, as part of the Master Plan for the
preservation of this outstanding Monument, that this environment should
be protected. Various activities could threaten this tranquil atmosphere
surrounding Paharpur.

(i) Industrialisation and urbanisation: At first sight industrial-

isation may seem far removed from the present rural scene, but
development of the country's known resources is bound to occur sooner
or later and two deposits of mineral reserves stretch under or near the
Monument.

Firstly, stone is very scarce is Bangladesh and preparations are

already in hand for the mining of limestone at Jaipurhat. New multi
storeyed housing is already being built on the edge of the town, only
5-6 miles away just beyond the horizon of the Monument. If further
development of the mine takes place, supporting service industries could
result in considerable expansion and urbanisation towards Paharpur.
(See Fig. 6 ) .

Secondly, it has been known since 1966 that coal seams exist in an
area stretching westwards from Jamalganj which probably extend below
the Monument itself. The seams are too deep for economical extraction
at present but Jamalganj, being on the main railway line, has been
selected as a centre for coal mining in the future. Jamalganj is only
three miles east of Paharpur and industrialisation of this kind could
clearly affect the Monument adversely. Changes of ground level can
occur following extraction of coal seams, and before any mining were to
take place near the Monument a careful assessment of the effect of
changes of level would be necessary. Assurances from geological
surveyors would need to be verified by actual experience following
extractions in an area not immediately adjoining the Monument.

(ii) Agrarian development: In common with most of rural

Bangladesh the agrarian setting at present around Paharpur constitutes
a mosaic of small paddy fields, intersected by footpaths and irrigation
channels. The generally open landscape is broken only by clumps of
trees surrounding farms, villages and hamlets and seasonally by
occasional fields of sugar-cane or jute.
 42.

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 13.

The trees are particularly important, as they break up and give

depth to what would otherwise be an unrelieved view from the Monument
extending many miles. As it is, the eye is held even from the top of
the shrine, to a 'horizon' not often exceeding one mile from the
Monument. Within this view practically all signs of habitation are
screened by trees and this helps to preserve the original sense of
isolation of the monastery.

The . tendency has already been noted for 'bils' to become

encroached by fields and thus lose their capacity as reservoirs during
the monsoon season. It is therefore particularly important that the
'bils' used for draining the Monument should not become inoperable in
this w a y .

(iii) Roads and Utilities: There are no roads approaching

directly towards the Monument, except for the short stretch southwards
from Paharpur village. The 'kutcha' roads from Jamalganj and
Jaipurhat arrive obliquely at the northeast and southwest corners
respectively. The latter is quite heavily used by most visitors to the
Monument but local traffic is very light and confined to bullock carts
and pedestrians. Thus, whilst this traffic is quite acceptable near the
Monument (although evidently traditional footpaths actually through the
site must be relocated), visitors' vehicles need to be kept a w a y .

Electric power to the Department's buildings is brought to the site

in medium voltage lines, on single poles, skirting the southern boundary
of the Monument. Whilst these are not unduly obtrusive, if increasing
demand for power in the area should require a higher voltage supply on
pylons, this would certainly disrupt the view if they were located near
the site.

(iv) Building improvements: At present, in the surrounding

villages and hamlets, almost all buildings remain in traditional form
with bamboo, straw and mud being the principal building materials - a
new mud-wall building was being erected nearby but a few roofs had
been covered in corrugated iron sheets. By contrast, although the old
and decrepit museum store is so roofed, most of the Department's
buildings are of modern flat-roof design with concrete or rendered brick
walls. Modern buildings may be seen as a foil to the ancient brickwork
but their profileration could engulf the Monument, especially as the old
perimeter walls are nowhere much more than 6 feet high.

Multi storey or large-scale buildings may seem a remote possibility

but already a vast cold store is being erected only two miles away near
Jamalganj and multi storey flats are just beyond the skyline at
Jaipurhat only about six miles away as the crow flies.

(v) Archaeological Spoil: For centuries, following the abandon-

ment of the monastery, standing brickwork has become increasingly
engulfed in the debris from the superstructure. During archaeological
excavations this century, thousands of cubic yards of debris have been
deposited in spoil heaps outside the perimeter wall of the Monument and
some has even been piled up within the courtyard. These spoil heaps,
together with outward falling debris that is still lying against the
enclosure wall, now substantially conceal the Monument from outside.

(d) Archaeological Problems

(i) The Pradakshinapatha or Circumambulatory Path: In the

 44.

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 45.

Buddhist religion, the pradakshinapatha or circumambulatory path, is

used by pilgrims to walk around the shrine in a clockwise direction
which, in itself, is a common way of worshipping a relic enshrined in a
building. At Paharpur, the pradakshinapatha was screened off from the
rest of the courtyard by an enclosing wall that ran parallel to the
walls of the main temple and the path could only be entered at the
main entrance on the northern side. Having entered, the pilgrim was
forced to circumambulate the building as there were no other exits.
Because of the abandonment of the monastery, and the subsequent silting
up of the site, the pradakshinapatha was covered over and today is no
longer visible. As a result of being filled in, not only is an
architectural feature obliterated, but also the interesting stone
sculptures are hidden from view.

(ii) The Stone Reliefs at the Base of the Central Shrine: In the
course of the major excavation of the main monument, and below present
ground level, 63 stone sculptures were found to have been inserted in
the base of the central shrine. As the annual waterlogging threatened
to damage them, Dikshit decided to cover them up again. In the
following years, a few of these reliefs were annually re-excavated
during the dry season so as to enable visitors to see them. However,
more recently they have all remained underground throughout the year.

Various arguments can be brought forward to prove that many - if

not all - of these sculptures were not specially made for the central
shrine but had originally belonged to several other earlier buildings in
the neighbourhood, which were no longer in use. Moreover, the style of
many of these reliefs indicates that they belong to a period preceding
the late 8th century when the central monument of Paharpur was
constructed. As sculptures dating from the late 7th or early 8th
century are extremely rare in Bangladesh and as some of these reliefs
are quite beautiful, the Department of Archaeology and Museums is
anxious to expose the original floor of the circumambulation path so
that these important reliefs will once more be visible - if possible,
throughout the year.

(iii) The Water Logging: At present the courtyard is

waterlogged during part of the year. If the original pradakshinapatha
running around the base of the central building in which the 63
sculptures are inserted, were to be exposed, the present ground level of
this circumambulation path would have to be brought down roughly 3
feet. Without proper measures this would not only increase the water
problem considerably but also cause serious damage to the base of the
monument including the important reliefs.

(iv) Lack of Explanation of the Monument to the Public:

Arrangements for showing around visitors, whether they be casual, or
groups from universities visiting to learn more about their own history
and culture, are non-existent. On questioning some of the visitors, it
appeared that they had no idea about the site they were visiting or
even that it was a monastery. Lack of knowledge often breeds lack of
respect and, as a result, the structures are damaged and graffitti
appears on the walls.

(v) Archaeological Training: There is no organised training in

Bangladesh for archaeologists or field assistants even at University.
Any training or field experience is carried out abroad. Because of the
expense incurred in such training it means that the number of trained
staff is minimal and that during any large excavation programme casual
 H6.

to Parbatipur for Dinajpur

Rangpur

to Dinajpur
Rangpur
:
>
\ Bogra

l i m i n e %™M
5 If new
11
housing m i nïi rr g

Site
to Santahar ^ffor Bogra
Dacca
Abdulpur £ for Rajshahi
Ishurdi
Kushtia

PAHARPUR - GENERAL SETTING fig-&

 H7.

and unskilled staff has to be hired to assist in the work. The same
applies to archaeological research as archaeology is not taught at any
of the existing universities in Bangladesh.

(e) Presentation of the Monument

(i) Background Information on Visitors: At present only limited

information exists on the number of visitors to Paharpur and from where
they come. Only those who purchase tickets or who are V . I . P . ' s . , are
asked to record their visit in the Visitors' Book.

. (ii) Inaccessibility: Although Paharpur is one of the most

important monuments in Bangladesh, access is not easy and very few
visitors, excepting foreign expatriates working in Bangladesh, come
from so far away as Dacca. Nevertheless, because of the local
population density, at least 13 million people are easily within a day's
visit (50 miles radius) and the site is clearly very popular with local
visitors on picnic outings. There are also coachloads of schoolchildren
and university students (e.g. from Rajshahi), the latter often staying
one or more nights at the youth hostel. As there is no regular local
bus service visitors arrive by private transport - bicycles, cars and
coaches - mostly along the poorly maintained brick-paved road from
Jaipurhat, with a few still coming, on foot from Jamalganj station.

Even with all these restrictions on some days, especially during

the winter season, several hundred visitors tour the Monument. If
accessibility were improved by making up the roads to Jamalganj and
Jaipurhat, and eventually making an all weather road southwards
towards Naogaon and Rajshahi, the number of visitors could increase
towards a saturation level of about tenfold (i.e. 4,200 per day, (see
Annex 15).

(iii) Deficiency of facilities: The present formal public entrance

to the Monument is purely pedestrian and leads directly to the museum
from the northeast corner of the site. This is because at one time most
visitors would have arrived on foot from Jamalganj. Nowadays coaches
and cars enter the site through an unmarked entrance in the southeast
corner, past the Department staff buildings and museum store to an
undefined area bordering the Monument by the eastern range of monastic
cells. Water is available from a hand-pump, one or two shops may be
open in the hamlet nearby and a few trees afford a little shade.
Otherwise there are neither catering nor toilet facilities, nor any
suitable rest areas.

(iv) Lack of sufficient staff: The normal site establishment at

present consists of a custodian and an assistant custodian who are
augmented by casual staff on daily wages. But this number is
evidently too few to protect and display the Monument properly. Whilst
the chowkidars may give general surveillance over the site during the
daytime, at night the protection appears to be limited to the
Department's buildings. Consequently bricks and terracotta plaques
continue to disappear from the site1. The problem at Paharpur is

1 At the similar but smaller Buddhist Salban vihara (monastery) at

Mainamati (Comilla) all the terracottae have now been removed from
the Monument by treasure hunters or for safe keeping.
 48.

urgent and considerable as the bands of over 2000 terracotta plaques

surviving are important features of the central shrine and even greater
security problems will be presented when the 63 stone sculptures are
again exposed to public view.
 49.

PLAN OF PAHARPUR MONASTERY

DIST. RAJSHAHI, BANGLADESH.

Figure 7
 •50.

3.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES .

(a) The Monument itself

(i) A General Appraisal: The repair, renovation and presentation

of a monument the size of Paharpur is a long-term and continuing
programme. Nevertheless, in order to present a viable project, for the
implementation section of this report, a programme of five years has
been proposed so that a cost analysis can be drawn up to carry out a
basic programme of conservation and presentation. These re-
commendations are set out in the following section. Even if these
recommendations are carried out, unless there is a systematic
maintenance programme drawn up and implemented, much of this effort
could be wasted.

(ii) Control and Prevention of Sulphate Attack: The strange

triangular patterns on the brickwork immediately discount the theory
that the main source of the sulphate is from salinity in the surrounding
ground.

From various water quality tests it shows that the presence of

calcium sulphate in the surrounding area is almost nil; it is also
unlikely that the fill would have been transported further than the
actual confines of the site itself, where again evidence of such
impurities at ground level is almost negligible. The presence of heavy
deposits of sulphate in the bricks themselves is certainly a possibility
but when the bricks used on the main temple are compared with those
forming the monastic enclosure they appear to be very similar and the
latter are not contaminated. The contaminated area is related very
closely to the sections which were heavily repaired during both the
early excavation periods as well as some of the more recent repairs to
the fabric. It appears that the materials used in the repairs are
suspect.

Only after comparing these conditions with other structures

suffering from the same defects and after investigating the availability
of materials, especially lime, has it been possible to derive a
satisfactory diagnosis. It appears that the bricks imported to the site,
rather than those that have been re-used, are very soft in texture and
are therefore quickly degraded by the salt crystalising on their
surfaces. The type of brick used in these repairs is not entirely
satisfactory either in texture or colour in comparison to the original.
If the bricks are a suspected source of contamination, it would appear
that the quantity of sulphate present is still in excess of that likely to
be found in the bricks alone.

From all indications on the building and from a close look at the
surrounding area, the problem appears to be that the lime is made from
an 'Evaporitè1 deposit which contains large proportions of calcium sul-
phate. The upper section of the temple structure has undergone fairly
major reconstruction during which period it is likely that a large
quantity of Evaporite Lime was used. Rainwater during the monsoon
dissolves the salts and the solution percolates through the brickwork
and evaporates on the surface of the brickwork. During further rainy
periods, the salts once again are dissolved and percolate down through
the structure to the lower levels, forming the strange triangular shape
 51.

of crystalising salts.! - On the terraces, where the salts have been

absorbed into the soil the pattern of salt laden rising damp appears.
For any future work it is vitally important that all materials used in
the mixes are free of impurities, the water must be fresh water; the
cement should be batch tested to ensure minimal sulphate content; the
surkhe should be made from well burnt bricks straight from the kiln
and not second hand bricks; the lime should be pure and slaked from
real limestone and not a substitute.
The lime should be true lime as the use of 'Evaporite' lime will
encourage further salt action. Whatever the claims of local suppliers
all lime should be rigorously tested for its sulphate content.

(iii) Protection against Rainwater Penetration: Water percolation

throughout the main shrine and, to a lesser extent, through the
monastic structures in the courtyard is the root of the majority of the
problems. In plan the central shrine presents an enormous catchment
area for the heavy monsoon rains. Some of the water manages to run
off the building but due to both the vegetation and the soil covering
the shrine a considerable amount is absorbed into the main body of the
structure. It is recommended that wherever possible, this percolation
process is prevented. It is generally agreed that the grass areas
should not be replaced by a visible concrete or similar capping and it
is therefore proposed that an impermeable barrier is placed beneath
this grass capping.

After carefully examining the central shrine it appears feasible to

reconstruct or restore many of the architectural features of the Monument
in order to create specific run off levels. For example, a considerable
amount of damage to the fabric occurs where a brick facade peters out
into the present grass capping. Where a major cornice or string course
is still extant, the brick wall beneath has been protected because the
water has been' thrown off by the projection. It is therefore recommended
that, wherever possible, major building features such as cornices,
string courses, wall cappings, etc. be reconstructed to establish the
base for the impermeable capping. It is not proposed that vast areas
of the central core, for example, be rebuilt but that critical areas such
as the re-entrant sections where evidence of a former cornice is still
visible are protected from the considerable runoff from the catchment
area above. Similarly, on" some of the lower walls, capping and
cornices can be reconstructed above the terracotta plaques to prevent
the collected rainwater from running over them.

The present capping to the monument will, in theory, be removed

and a waterproof membrane, encased in concrete, will be laid in such a
way as to control the collection of rainwater. This waterproof barrier
can then be re-capped with random brick and grass cover as it at
present exists. This waterproof barrier should be planned to accord with

1 It is interesting to note that, as a result of the drainage proposals

suggested in M r . Pichard's Report (UNESCO Paris 1973), there has
been a considerable reduction of surface efflorescence.
 52.

the earlier barriers placed over the terraced paths and the outlet points
around the shrine.

The problems of rising damp will be greatly reduced by the

excavation and drainage proposals for the pradakshinapatha as any
standing water will be drained into the open gully running around the
perimeter of this path and the general installation of 'french drains'
will help to draw excessive moisture from the main structure itself.

At present minimal maintenance seems to be all that is required to

protect the ancillary monastic remains. However, it is recommended that
some uniformity be introduced for the capping of the structures.

(iv) Recommendation for the Protection and Treatment of Plaques:

Methods of protecting the terracotta plaques can be achieved quite
simply. The plaques should firstly be recorded and their location
individually referenced. After removal they should be cleaned of any
vegetal growth and soaked several times in clean water to remove any
salts. If necessary they should be consolidated according to recommend-
ations from the Conservation Laboratory, and then treated with a
solution of silicone as a protection against further moisture absorbtion
when they are returned to their original positions. Another alternative
would be to back the plaques with a continuous strip of polythene.

To prevent pilferage, the plaques should be re-secured using neat,

but just visible, stainless steel clamps, well anchored into the main
backing material. As a last resort, if this is not a sufficient
deterrent, it may be necessary to retain the more easily accessible
plaques in the museum and fix replicas on the Monument.

Many of the plaques are very fragile; it appears that this

fragility is a result of the poor quality of material used in the first
place and poor firing. Many plaques have 'blown' meaning that a
section of their centre has turned to powder. Often the cause of this is
the lime used in the original mix. Unfortunately there is nothing that
can be done to neutralise this effect; the condition is aggravated by
the presence of moisture but it is not the direct result of impurities in
the surrounding material. These plaques can still be consolidated under
the direction of the Conservation Laboratory.

(v) Effects due to Climatic Conditions: Rising damp is the main

cause for the lichen and algae growth to these structures and it is
therefore recommended that, to control the grass and vegetation around
the structures, a small channel be formed and that it be filled with an
aggregate such as broken brick. Where large clumps of grass or small
trees or shrubs have taken a hold on the monument they should be cut
back and treated, by injecting them if necessary, with a herbicide. In
general, all grass should be kept short under a regular maintenance
programme.

(vi ) Protection of Monuments against Human Impact: In

consolidating the top of ruined brickwork a distinction needs to be made
between areas accessible to visitors and areas which will be protected
from such access.

Where practicable, by adjustment of levels, some wall-tops on the

shrine and the higher parts of the main entrance may be made
reasonably inaccessible to visitors. Lowering of the circumambulatory
path around the main shrine will help.
 —3 Pumping station To reservoir.
E

n n ' Buried pipeline

TT /
Pond -ni

.Slightly elevated
ground

Secondary drain

Secondary drain

Feet
-t
o
1
32
1
64
_^¿n
95 126 160 192

Figure 8 Plan of proposed drainage scheme

 su.

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Paharpur - A defined safe route to the top of the main shrine is recommended

Paharpur - Breach through South Wall of Monastic Cells

 55.

Visitors will naturally still want to climb to the top of the shrine
and a defined (but not over-conspicuous) safe route is recommended.

In places where the public are allowed to walk a more secure

method will be necessary to ensure that the uppermost courses of
brickwork are not disturbed by the pressure of feet. A moderately thick
(3" or 4") cement mortar weathered coping is recommended, although to
preserve a 'naturalistic' appearance it could be possible to cover this
with some turf and topsoil.

Within the compound, the verandah running around in front of the

monastic cells should be cleared so that visitors can walk around the
site without having to walk on top of the walls of the cells, as they do
at present. Furthermore the various wells in the courtyard should be
dug out slightly and their circular brick wall built up to a certain
height so that the public recognises their original purpose.

It is further recommended that the breach cut for drainage

purposes in 1925/26 by Dikshit through the monastic cells on the
southern side of the complex be closed again and that the damaged cells
be restored. In addition, the bridge which connects the monastery with
the gangway leading to what Dikshit believed to be a platform 'for the
purpose of ablutions' should be restored. The vaulted construction of
this bridge is one of the earliest and very rare examples of this type
of construction proving that vaults were known in the subcontinent
before the advent of the Muslims. It is therefore an extremely
important piece of archaeological history and should be carefully
conserved.

(vii) Recommendations for the Prevention of Vandalism: If all

significant wall tops are consolidated, casual night-time robbing of
brick walls should be halted. At the same time the boundary fences
must be .kept in order. Reduction of the spoil accumulation around the
perimeter wall will create an effective barrier by 'raising' the
perimeter wall and the two entrances on the north side should be
provided with neat but strong iron gates.

Even these measures may be insufficient to check deliberate

archaeological pilferage, for example, of the terracotta plaques, which
could even take place in broad daylight when the Monument is open to
the public. For this reason, and to provide protection to both the
Monument and staff during busy periods (for example against possibly
riotous students, which has been known to happen at monuments in
Dacca), it is essential that a full-time contingent of guards is
provided. To cover the 20-acre site, 2 guards should be on patrol for
2£ hours of the day. (A total of 8 guards permanently on site will be
required).

(b) The Drainage of the Monument

A General Appraisal: The drainage of the monastery may be

divided into two separate operations: the drainage of surface water
from the central shrine; and, the drainage of surface and ground water
within the courtyard area. Therefore the overall solution to the
dewatering problem is to design a scheme that could effectively drain
out water in the two areas. Based on existing data and information,
recommendations for a total drainage scheme for the monastic courtyard,
illustrated on Fig No. 8 can be summarised as follows:
 56.

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Paharpur - Excavation of the Pradakshinapatha;(N.B. base of

enclosure wall)
 57.

i) System of pipe a n d o p e n drains in the central shrine

ii) D r a i n a g e from the c i r c u m a m b u l a t i o n p a t h

iii) The main drain

iv) The grading of the courtyard

v) The secondary sub-surface drain

vi) The pond

vii) The pumping station

viii) The reservoir - Northeast 'Bil'

(i) System of Pipes and Open Drains: The recently constructed

system of pipes and open drains in the central shrine is considered
adequate to collect and discharge the runoff from the area. It consists
of 17 drains, 11 of which discharge directly into the pradakshinapatha.
However, the drains need to be maintained periodically as the rain
water carries a w a y fine sediments which could clog them u p .

(ii) Drainage from Pradakshinapatha (Circumambulation Path):

The pradakshinapatha w h e n excavated to the desired depth will be
approximately three feet lower than the courtyard level immediately
outside the enclosure wall. This path which will receive all the rain
water from the central shrine needs to be designed to effectively drain
out all the discharged water and this can be done b y sloping the floor
towards the enclosure wall. The pathway must not be lined with an
impermeable material as this would encourage seepage of the ground
water into the walls of the main temple causing further damage to the
brickwork and terracotta plaques and possibly adding to the sulphate
problem. A gravel blanket is recommended instead as this would also
help in discharging and thus lowering ground water level.

As recorded previously, rainwater discharged into the

pradakshinapatha w a s drained out into the main drain through a number
of openings along the enclosure wall. Calculations show that twenty-two
drains (the same number of openings discovered during Dikshit's
excavation) will be required. (See Annex 1 4 ) . Should the originals be
located and found to be serviceable"! it will not be necessary to form
new openings.

(iii) The Main Drain: It is recommended that the main drain is

installed to run parallel and adjacent to the enclosure wall to collect
the runoff from the central shrine a n d courtyard as well as ground
water inflow. The rain water will then be discharged into the pond
presently located north of the main temple.

The drain should be constructed in such a w a y that it will permit

inflow of ground water. This is achieved b y perforating the walls (or
utilizing perforated bricks) a n d enclosing the drain completely in a
gravel envelope or filter. To facilitate maintenance, the top of the
drain should be covered with concrete slabs that are easily removable
for cleaning. The slabs can be camouflaged so as not to disrupt the
architecture of the monastery. The gravel filter which extends to the
ground surface is designed not only to transmit the run-off water into
the drain but can also be used as a footpath. (See Fig. 9)
 58,

"i •> ' .

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Paharpur - Drainage to the northern pond which will serve as a sump

 59.

(iv) Grading of Courtyard: The present courtyard which has a

general tendency to slope towards the central shrine, is marked by
several low lying areas where water tends to accumulate. The proposed
level of excavation to expose the last habitation or occupation level
would require the removal of up to 3 feet of topsoil. This is based on
findings from several north-south and east-west trial trenches that« were
excavated by the Department between January and March, 1982. The
trenches have also revealed that the natural slope is generally towards
the north, with a gradient of about 0.50 per cent, while the ground
from the east and west walls dips toward the central shrine at a higher
gradient. Grading of the courtyard area following the natural slope of
the last occupation level is essential for the effective drainage of the
surface water culminating in the pond to the north of the central
shrine.

(v) The Secondary Drain: The layout of the secondary

sub-surface drain is shown on Fig. 8 . Its primary purpose is to lower
ground water levels by inducing flow towards the drain. The cross
section of this sub-surface drain, better known as a 'french drain1, is
illustrated in Fig. 9. The gravel envelope allows a part of the runoff
to infiltrate into the drain which then becomes a conveyance for both
surface and ground water. This would lessen the length of overland
flow and thus minimize the siltation in the collector basin or pond.

The design and size of the sub-surface drain was based on

Manning's equation considering the design rainfall intensity. A 6"
diameter perforated plastic pipe .is recommended. The secondary drain
is connected to the main drain through a series of feeder drains of the
same type and diameter. The recommended construction of the feeder
drain is shown in Fig. 9 . Seepage into these drains will likewise lower
ground water levels.

(vi) The Pond: One important phase in the drainage of the

monastery is the utilisation of the existing pond located north of the
central shrine. The pond which receives all the discharged water
should be improved and constructed as a temporary storage of drainage
water. Due to the large volume of runoff, even for normal storms with
a one year recurrence interval, it would be uneconomical to design the
pond to store the discharged water for long periods of time as a large
storage capacity would be required.

The design of the pond has therefore been based on a three hour
storage capacity for a rainfall intensity with a five-year frequency. In
order to maintain symmetry with the main temple, the width of the pond
is recommended to be equal to that of the main entrance to the central
shrine, or approximately 80 feet. The length of the pond is dependent
on how much storage depth is utilized. Taking into consideration the
physical restraints imposed upon the size of the new pond, it has been
accepted that it is not possible to achieve the required storage volume
without penetrating even the lowest Ground Water table level. The size
of the new pool has therefore been based on a 6 ' 0" storage depth
lowering the floor of the pool to average M . S . L . + 49:0 ft. The
recommended dimensions of the new pool will therefore be 80'-0"
(east-west) x 60'0" (north-south). As the new pool is penetrating the
Ground Water table level, it will be necessary to line the sides and
base of the pond with a waterproof reinforced concrete lining or similar
to prevent the ingress of ground water. (For details see Fig. 10 and
Annex 14).
 60,

„Enclosure wall
Courtyard
Circambulation Ground water level
path
Rcmovableconcrete slab

Gravel filter or envelope

MAIN DRAIN

Courtyard

Ground water level

Perforated plastic pipe

Gravel envelope

SECONDARY DRAIN 4

,i I .4 ¿ - » - « y Courtyard
Natural filt
Ground water level

Perforated plastic pipe

Gravel envelope

FEEDER DRAIN

Figure 9 Typical cross-sections of drains

 61

«
60 FT. gpprox.

Storage pond

Sump

Main drain
inlet Main drain
N Not to scale inlet
^

Parapet of pond (1.5 FT.above G..L) Courtyard

czi nn
M a i n drain Drain channels
inlet

Maximum level • 55.0 FT.

• 51.5 FT.
Observed lowest
ground water level

Sloping bed ( Â V . U R 0 FT.)

Sump
SECTION aa'

Figure 10 Plan and cross-section of pond

 62.

01
Paharpur - the North East "bil" which will be convei reservoii
 63.

(vii) The Pumping Station: Water temporarily stored in the

pond is discharged out of the monastery by pumping. The proposed
pumping station is located outside the monastery and east of the main
entrance. The pump is connected to a buried pipe running across the
northern wall towards the pond with the inlet located at the sump.
Water is discharged into the northeast ' M l ' which would be improved
and made as a reservoir. About 900 feet in length of pipeline will be
required.

Two alternative approaches can be considered in the design of the

pump. The first alternative is to design the station using the peak
rate of runoff, based on the rainfall intensity with a five-year
recurrence interval. This would require a 1200 USgpm pump at 50 feet
TDH with a 20 Hp motor. An eight-inch diameter pipeline is
recommended. Utilisation of this pump enables instantaneous discharge
of water and thus the probability of temporary flooding in the monastery
will occur only about twenty times in 100 years.

The second alternative is to allow temporary flooding in the

monastery by designing the pump using a storm with a recurrence
interval of one year. Using a four-inch diameter pipeline, a 400 USgpm
pump at 110 feet TDH and a 15 Hp motor would be required. Occurence
of larger intensity storms will initially flood the area and to completely
drain the compound, it will require a longer period of pumping.

Inasmuch as temporary flooding will not cause serious damage to

the monastery, it is believed that the second alternative is much more
suitable since it is more economical. Apart from this, the larger
capacity pump would be idle for most of the year. However, before
selecting the p u m p , a decision must be made as to whether temporary
flooding may be allowed. (See Annex 14).

(viii) The Reservoir - North-East 'Bil' : In the overall design

of the drainage system, water pumped from the monastic courtyard will
eventually need to be stored in a reservoir. Two depression areas or
' M i s ' were considered. The first, located northeast of the monument is
a relatively small area. The second 'bil', located southeast of the
monument, covers a larger area but is, however, much further a w a y .
These depressions, at the moment, act as catchment basins for surface
water that drains from adjacent fields.

Water levels in both ' M i s ' have been monitored and an analysis
of the available data indicate that water levels in the southeast 'bil'
are generally higher than those of the northeast. Under such
conditions, the conveyance of discharged water by gravity flow into the
southeast 'bil' would not be possible.

For this reason as well as its close proximity, the northeast 'bil'
has been selected as a suitable reservoir after its capacity has been
improved. This will require further excavations and the construction of
an embankment or 'bund' as well as the lining of the entire 'bil' with
a clay blanket to prevent seepage either in to or out of the reservoir.

The required surface area of the reservoir is dependent on the

depth of storage for the total volume of water pumped annually from the
monastery. A survey conducted in March 1982 indicated that the
existing bed of the 'bil' is about 12 feet below the surrounding
grounds. Assuming this as the depth of storage, about four acres of
land area would be required for the reservoir. It should be noted
 64.

however that any design should take into account the present regimen of
drainage from adjacent fields into the 'bil'.

Aside from storing pumped water during the monsoon period, the
reservoir could also serve other purposes such as recreation, bathing
etc. The stored water may also be used to irrigate the adjacent fields
during the dry season, thereby increasing the agricultural productivity
around Paharpur.

(c) Protection of the Monuments Environment;

General: So far as it is possible, the tranquil setting of the site

should be preserved. Future pressures have been outlined in the
preceding section.

(i) A rural Setting: In recent years the rural setting of the

similar but smaller Salban monastery at Mainamati has been completely
spoilt by large modern buildings and it is essential to ensure that this
does not happen at Paharpur. For this reason, purchase by the
Department of a belt of farmland immediately surrounding the Monument
is included in the Master Plan (see Fig. 11). Preservation of this area
as farmland could ensure that the view within the present 'tree horizon'
is maintained as rural landscape. Beyond that line, any new building
below tree-height would remain obscured. If multi-storeyed buildings
were to be constructed immediately beyond the boundary of the
purchased land, they could not, of course, be prevented but this land
would then form an even more important barrier between the Monument
and urbanization.

(ii) New Structures: If any buildings are permitted within the

purchased area (including new buildings for the Department) . they should
either be well screened from view or should be of traditional local form
and character.

(iii) Access: It is accepted that access roads to the site need to

be improved, and details of these are given in Section (d), Presentation
of the Monument, but public vehicular roads should not approach the
Monument too closely. Road access to the Department's staff buildings
will continue to be necessary, but they should be kept private and be
quite separate from the public approach. Footpaths around the
perimeter of the site should be maintained and improved, but permanent
barriers must be provided where the paths meet vehicular roads to
prevent traffic encroachment.

(iv) Removal of Archaeological Spoil: It is recommended that the

archaeological spoil, including any freshly removed from the courtyard,
should be removed down to natural ground level (corresponding
approximately to the latest occupation period of the monastery) and
taken right away from the site. It is conceivable that the brick rubble
could form good base material for road widening, especially for those to
Jaipurhat and to Jamalganj. The clearance of debris immediately
outside the perimeter wall is particularly important on the northern side
of the quadrangle as the public will in future enter the compound
through the original entrance gateway.

(v) Aural Pollution: 'Aural pollution' should be reduced if at

all possible, although it is recognised that this 'novelty noise' persists
all over the Subcontinent. Nevertheless there are some signs (e.g. in the
Bangladesh Press) that indiscriminate, overloud amplification of music
K H O OL
 66.

¿MSí^fe:

Ï--*'. •™^%;;-¿ i ¿s? ^TJ !L,;" *~ " fl4; íSwf^jfiHAfíWt*^5

Afe#@i^Í¡P^
Paharpur - General view of department's rest house and museum

Paharpur - View through the north entrance towards the main shrine
 67.

etc. is becoming regarded as a nuisance and every effort should be

made to control the noise on the Department-owned land at Paharpur.
In many countries the playing of radios in outdoor public places is
prohibited and loudspeakers are permitted only by special licence.

(d) Presentation of the Monument:

(i) The Approach: It is assumed that the principal approach to

the site will continue to be from Jaipurhat, where there is the nearest
tarmac road giving access from all parts of the country. The Monument
should be signposted at this point, and between Jaipurhat and
Paharpurhat the present single-lane track should be widened to two
lanes (thus making it possible for coaches to pass each other) and fully
tarmaced. It would be of great benefit if the continuation of this road
from Badalgacchi and the south were also improved, but this appears
unlikely within the period of the Master Plan.

(ii) Visitor Amenity Area: As noted earlier, the main approach

to the Monument should not cause cars and coaches to pass close by the
site, as at present. A new public amenity area is therefore proposed,
just off the Jaipurhat-Badalgacchi road between Paharpurhat and the
grove of trees immediately west of the Monument (see Fig. 12).

Recommendations for maximum visitor movement indicate a comfort-

able maximum of about 4,000 on a busy day, spread throughout the
opening hours of 10.00 a . m . to 5.00 p . m . but with a possible peak
period when 2,000 people could be on the 'greater site'. (See Annex 15
for Logistics). This enlarged site would include a car and coach park,
picnic areas, toilet facilities, cafe, sales kiosks and a new
Museum/Exhibition Building.

The car and coach park should be capable' of accommodating 20-30

coaches and 200-300 cars with its entrance, about 100 yards east of the
' T * junction at Paharpurhat. Nearby, to the west and north there
should be some toilet facilities and picnic areas, eventually allowing for
1000-1500 picnickers at a time. Between the picnic areas, and on the
route to the Museum/Exhibition Building and main entrance of the
Monument, a small restaurant is located, serving up to 250 persons,
with outlets for snacks, tea and soft drinks. Where people foregather
it is common for 'bazaars' to spring up, with shopkeepers taking
advantage of a relatively 'captive' trade. Such a bazaar could here be
the natural extension of the Paharpurhat market, where the hubbub of a
street market should be kept well away from the Monument. Traders'
stalls should not be allowed between the public amenity area and the
Monument itself.

(iii) The New Museum and Exhibition Hall: The new

Museum/Exhibition Building will have a dual role. Firstly, it should be
designed to securely and attractively display the loose terracotta
plaques and archaeological finds recovered from the site and
surrounding area. It would also include the small number of post-Gupta
sculptures at present in the old museum store as well as the many Pala
finds from the Buddhist monastery and surrounding districts. Secondly,
and perhaps more importantly for the general visitor, it should contain
a carefully laid out exhibition space in which as vivid a picture as
possible is presented of the evolution and life of the monastery. Its
design would take into account the most recent developments in the
presentation of archaeological sites. Central in this exhibition,
perhaps, would be a cut-away or clear acrylic model of the whole area
 68.

•" -''•'• , vi'-.' = *<¿< s r ^ » V <*---. ••^!f-*&)b * '

¿••Sí/Si

. <~..-C7+7..

V""í*SÍ ' * ' **

v.

Paharpur - Excavation of the Pradakshinapatha to the last occupation

level
 69.

showing successive building periods. One period, possibly the latest,

might be shown more fully with an imaginative reconstruction of what
the whole monastery might have looked like, based on archaeological
evidence from this and other similar Buddhist monasteries and shrines.
Here the general visitor should gain some impression of the original
splendour of this one thousand year old Royal Foundation. The
Exhibition/Museum Building would be about 180 yards west of the
northwest corner of the Monument and could be screened by an extension
of the grove of trees nearby.

(iv) Entrance to Monument: The route to the main north entrance

of the monastery would be along a footpath following approximately the
line of the present footpath from Paharpurhat. The walk from the
museum to the monastery would take only 2-3 minutes. Normally visitors
would visit the exhibition before going around the Monument, but the
tour could be varied at peak periods if the exhibition space were full.

(v) Visitor Control: Once having passed the main entrance,

visitors would see before them the central shrine beyond the reflecting
pool. They would be guided to the shrine, around the monastic cells
and to the various courtyard buildings by discreet and securely fixed
signs, but there would be no compulsion to follow a particular route.
Most visitors tend to go directly to the shrine and ascend to the top.
Following the excavation of the circumambulatory, this access would now
be restricted to one or two safe places only.

(vi) Staff Buildings: The Department's staff housing, general

offices and workshops for the conservation unit, would be located on the
present Department site immediately east of the Monument. The rest
house would remain, the museum could be converted into a conservation
workshop and a total of 13 units of staff accommodation would be
required (See Annex 19). The old museum store is in a dilapidated
condition and should be pulled down. The approach to the Monument
from this area should be de-formalised and the whole area screened from
view by a continuation of the clumps of trees about 50 yards east of
the perimeter wall. The general public would not be admitted to this
area and vehicle entry on the south side would be gated and private.

(e) Archaeological Proposals

(i) The Excavation of the Pradakshinapatha: One of the main

features of the restoration and presentation of the Paharpur monastery
will be the excavation of the pradakshinapatha. By carrying out this
excavation firstly, it will be possible to expose the stone sculptures at
the base of the shrine, secondly, it will assist the collection of
rainwater and its pumping from the site; and thirdly, it will help
protect the terracotta plaques from casual pilfering as they will be less
accessible. It is recommended that the circumambulatory path be
excavated down to the floor of the last occupation level. The old
enclosure wall should be raised around its full length and capped to a
height of 3 feet above the existing ground level. The entrance and exit
to the path will be on the northern side where new flights of steps will
be necessary to compensate for the differing levels.

(ii) The Exposition of the Stone Reliefs: Stone sculptures dating

from the late 7th and early 8th centuries are rare in Bangladesh and
for this reason as well as for their artistic importance, the Department
of Archaeology and Museums proposes to re-excavate the base of the
temple and expose them to view. Once exposed, the sculptures will need
 70.

Paharpur - Exposure-of the stone sculptures at the base of the main shrine

Paharpur - One deep trench should be left open

 71.

conservation and cleaning. It will also be necessary to protect them

from seeping moisture, when in situ, and it is recommended that, rather
than treating them with any silicone preparation, a waterproof barrier
be placed behind the reliefs. The sculptures will also need to be
securely cramped in position using stainless steel cramps in the same
way as has been recommended for the terracotta plaques.

(iii) Explaining the Monument to the Public: Many of the

measures suggested above for the rehabilitation of the ruins will at the
same time make it easier for the public to understand the original
purpose of the various architectural details of the complex. In general,
the Exhibition Hall/Museum will have to play an all important role in
supplying the public with interesting information regarding the various
aspects of the monastery and their purpose. A preliminary visit to the
Exhibition Hall/Museum where it is recommended that a three
dimensional, small-scale model of the entire monastic complex be placed
in the entrance hall, followed by a tour of the complex will then enable
visitors to have a better understanding of the Monument. It is
therefore recommended to display a model consisting of loose, piled-up
elements reproducing the various occupation levels. This can explain
the complicated matter of an archaeological excavation confronted with a
number of superimposed layers belonging to different occupation periods. t

On site it is recommended that one deep trench, showing the

successive occupation levels, be preserved in one of the recently
excavated monastic cells so as to illustrate the complexities of an
archaeological site in the field. This cell should also be enclosed, and
roofed over unobtrusively and serve as both an example of an
archaeological section as well as a method of describing the history of
the site.

(iv) The Monument as a Training Ground: • The need for intensive

and continual maintenance in order to protect the ruins of Paharpur
against further deterioration, implies a fairly large residential staff.
This, as well as the fact that the whole site holds great archaeological
promise and presents ideal opportunities for training leads to the
recommendation of arranging courses in archaeology at the site, which
will enable the Department of Archaeology and Museums to train
university students as well as other young people interested in
archaeology.

Apart from practical field training in exploration, excavation and

the preservation of monuments, to be taught by the senior members of
the Department, diploma courses could provide general information about
photography, drawing, surveying, modelling, museum techniques,
chemical preservation of buildings and objects, as well as problems
involved in publication and presentation. Furthermore, general courses
in sculpture, architecture, epigraphy, numismatics and environmental
archaeology, with reference to Bangladesh and the whole Sub-continent,
might be included. Finally, an elementary knowledge of geology,
anthropology and antiquarian laws should be imparted. The training
could be rounded off with a trip around the most important
archaeological sites of the country.

Such a course would produce well-equipped archaeologists who

would be readily available for appointment in the Department and its
museums when vacancies occur. Members of the Department could also
follow refresher courses informing them about recent archaeological
developments and discoveries. Such a training scheme would, at the
 72.

-*< ' "W*

Paharpur - The area outside the northern entrance should be excavated

to reveal the stupas
 73.

same time, greatly benefit the monuments at Paharpur as trainees could,

over a number of years, be incorporated in the teams who were
rehabilitating various elements of the monastic site.

( v) Future Excavations: Several other archaeological problems

should be investigated in the coming years. The most urgent of these
centres on the area just outside the main entrance to the compound on
the north as recommendations have been made to use this as the visitors
entrance. Part of this area was excavated by Dikshit where he
discovered two stupas standing on square bases flanking the gateway.
The one to the east is still faintly visible but the other has
disappeared as a result of cultivation. In addition, he unearthed the
remains of a building on the eastern side which he believed to be a
waiting hall. However it is more likely to be a small shrine, for two
such buildings opposite each other on either side of the main entrance
of a monastery were often part of the layout of such Buddhist
institutions. A search for possible remains of a similar shrine on the
western side of the gateway should, therefore, be made before the area
is changed into the main visitors entrance. As two stupas are often
found near the entrance of a Buddhist monastery and would in many
cases seem to have formed part of the traditional layout of a monastic
complex, it is recommended that the outlines of both stupas discovered
by Dikshit are clearly indicated in brick, adding a small explanation
board for the public.

Of almost equal urgency is the exploration of the pond area which

is to be utilised in the drainage scheme. While the area outside the
main entrance to the compound on the north seems to have been
investigated at least partly by Dikshit, he nowhere mentions excavations
in the pond area. Because the drainage proposals will need to be
carried out as a matter of urgency, it is essential for the pond area to
be investigated as one of the priorities.

Apart from these two pressing excavations, there are a number of

other problems to be dealt with in future. Firstly the dates of the
three major building phases in the monastic cells should be established
as accurately as possible. Secondly the relationship between the three
periods in the cells and the reconstruction phases of the central
building should be investigated as, in contrast to the monastic cells,
Dikshit found four building phases in the central shrine. The first and
last of these are perhaps the same as periods I and III in the cells.

Finally the identification of the structural remains discovered

recently in a confined area below the first period of the cells should be
clarified, and it is consequently recommended that future excavations
should be directed as uncovering a more extensive area to establish its
identification and date.
 74.
REST HOUSE
CONSERVATION UNIT (FORMER MUSEUMI
STAFF HOUSING (OLD STORE REMOVED)

MUSEUM and
EXHIBITION

PICNIC
AREAS

CAFE

500

/ PAHARPUR-VISITOR AMENITY AREA

 75.

Part IV - THE MUSLIM MONUMENTS AT BAGERHAT

4.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In the first half of the 15th century one Ulugh Khan Jahan
founded a city of an unknown name not far from the present town of
Bagerhat. Later it became a mint town of the independent Sultans of
Bengal, and was then called Khalifatabad. It is possible that this
area had been settled previously but, by the time Khan Jahan arrived,
the region had completely reverted to jungle. His city was founded in
the midst of the wild and inhospitable Sundarbans, a vast marshy and
inpenetrable tract along the coastline of southern Bangladesh.

Few reliable historical facts about the life of the legendary

warrior-saint and founder of Khalifatabad are available. His name
indicates that he was probably of Turkish stock, but it is uncertain
whether he was sent out officially by the Imperial Court at Delhi to
found a Muslim colony in the far off and sparsely populated delta area,
or whether he slipped out of the capital on his own account or even if
he was sent to the Sunderbans in retribution. However, having founded
the city of Khalifatabad he must have ruled a large part of the marshes
and the major part of the present districts of Khulna, Jessore,
Patuakhali and Barisal, for several buildings constructed in the same
style and material as the monuments erected by Ulugh Khan Jahan at
Khalifatabad have been discovered in these districts and were
consequently almost certainly built during his rule. In an area, 10
miles north of Jessore, all the tanks are ascribed to him and many
roads in the district are still named after him.

It appears that he owed no allegiance to the Sultans of Delhi but

he m a y have been subordinated to the independent Muslim rulers of
Bengal who had their capital at Gaur, for he did not mint any coins of
his own nor did he assume any royal titles. However, his exact political
status remains rather vague and obscure but perhaps the physical
geography of the intractable and distant Sunderbans offers a partial
explanation of his virtual independence in this area. When attacked, it
is likely that he retreated into the swamps which would explain w h y
neither town walls nor a fortress, have so far been discovered, although
there is one unexcavated ruin which is supposed to have been his
dwelling.

The only reliable historical fact known about Ulugh Khan Jahan is
provided by the inscription on his tombstone in Bagerhat. It informs us
that he died on the 25th of October 1459 and was buried the next day
in the fine building which still stands on the banks of the beautiful
Thakur Dighi (lake). It is here that he is said to have retired in his
old age and to have led a religious life until he died. One of the
reasons why history is silent about him - apart from the date of his
death - may well be that he probably died without issue. Had he not
only founded a city but also a dynasty, then it is likely that a few
more facts might have come to light by way of a hereditary family
history. The two fakirs who were living near his tomb in 1866 and 1871
and w h o claimed to be his descendants, were unable to substantiate
their claim, as is normally the case in such instances. After Ulugh
Khan Jahan1 s death his capital reverted to jungle, only to be partially
reclaimed very much later, as it is today. Prior to 1863 Bagerhat was
still described as a piece of 'low lying jungle'. The nebulous and
intriguing personality of this staunch warrior and pious chief whose
memory is still cherished throughout the area he ruled and who became
 76.

w^mr-.'-iAi

Bagerhat - The Shait Gumbad Mosque - Interior

 77.

the most important 'pir' or saint of the Sunderbans, is still a point of

conjecture. Since 1866 at least, pilgrims are known to have flocked to
his tomb and it is almost certain that his grave became a centre of
pilgrimage long before that date.

Local tradition describes him as a wise and benevolent ruler

devoted to the cause of Islam. According to legend he erected 360
mosques throughout his domain and beautified his capital with an equal
number of fresh water tanks, so indispensable in the highly, saline area
of the Sunderbans. These artificial lakes and ponds are often called
after his generals, some of whose tombs have survived in the region.
The ancient city of Khalifatabad lay strung out over more than four
miles along the banks of the former course of the Bhairab River and
roughly covered the area between the present town of Bagerhat in the
east and the Ghora Dighi in the west.

With the exception of a few outlying remains, all the ancient

monuments and ruins are situated along or near the main road of the
former city which skirted the banks of the old and now dried up bed of
the Bhairab River and which is known as Khan Jahan's road. The
original road was 8 - 1 0 feet wide. It has now been metalled but in
1877 its brick on edge surface was still in 'fair order and much used'.
Several other old roads which are partly traceable today, lead off at
right angles from this main artery. One of these, it was said in 1865,
led to Gaur and another was believed, in 1871 to run straight to
Chittagong, though this has never been verified. Tradition reports that
Ulugh Khan Jahan went on pilgrimage regularly to this last town in
order to pay his respects to a Muslim saint whose existence is confirmed
by local sources in Chittagong. In this connection it is interesting to
note that there still exists a single-domed mosque known locally as
H a m m a d ' s Mosque at Masjidda near Kumira not far from Chittagong. It
is said to have been constructed in the Khan. Jahan style and may
consequently have been built during his time. Nevertheless its style is
sufficient to confirm the close connections between Khalifatabad and
Chittagong in the 15th century. Apart from the many roads and tanks
attributed to Ulugh Khan Jahan, he also built several brick bridges,
some of which still exist.

In addition to all these utilitarian civil works Ulugh Khan Jahan

undoubtedly erected his own mausoleum with its adjoining mosque and
almost certainly also erected the spectacular Shait Gumbad Mosque with
its fine entrance gateway.

Apart from the Shait Gumbad Mosque and the complex around Ulugh
Khan Jahan's tomb, a number of other religious buildings and ruins
dating from the same period are scattered over the area of the former
city. Their style is a blending of local Bengali elements on the one
hand, and architectural features derived from the imperial buildings of
contemporary Delhi, on the other. Together these shrines form a highly
important group of monuments representing the initial phase of Muslim
architecture in Bangladesh.

To describe each building individually would be a lengthy

process.1 The style of both Mosques and mausolea is similar in that

1 For a more detailed description of these momuments, see John Sanday

- Bangladesh - Building Conservation and Repair, Paris 1980 -
UNESCO
 78.

Bagerhat - The Shait Gumbad Mosque

Bagerhat - View looking north towards Khan Jahan's Mausoleum from top of
Thakur Dighi steps
 79.

they are built of brick and are either single or multi-domed.

Decoration is used sparingly and is limited to vegetal or geometric
patterns, usually moulded in terracotta. Characteristic of all the
extant buildings of the Khan Jahan period in and around Bagerhat is
the curve-linear cornice running between circular corner turrets. The
single domed mosques such as Ranvijoypur, which is the largest of its
kind, Singar, Bibi Begni and Chunakhola are constructed with massive
brick walls - often between 6 and 8 feet thick and solid circular turrets
in each corner, designed no doubt to counteract the thrust of the dome.
Of the multi-domed mosques, only three are still in their original form.
They are the Shait Gumbad Mosque and the Ten-Domed Mosque, the latter
being a beautifully proportioned structure, with four central stone
pillars supporting the nine brick domes. On all but the western wall,
there are three pointed arches opening into the mosque, giving it an
unusually light and open atmosphere.

Undoubtedly the most important and 'well-known' of all the

monuments in Bagerhat is the Shait Gumbad. This brick building, which
is the largest historical mosque in the whole of Bangladesh, measuring
160' 0" x 108' 0 " , was said to have been ' erected by Khan Jahan
himself. It is roofed over with seventy seven low squat domes which
are supported off sixty stone pillars. The brick walls are again
unusually thick and, externally, are slightly tapering. On all but the
western wall there are arched openings, following the pattern of bays
and pillar divisions. The western facade has one unusual small
opening, enabling easy access for the prayer leader. In two of the
four corners there are circular and tapering brick turrets two of which
on the eastern side contain circular staircases. From here the faithful
can be called to prayer. The forest of stone pillars together with the
eleven unusually ornate stone and terracotta mihrabs, makes the interior
very special. Although this building has had a chequered history -
there are reports in 1871 that the mosque was covered in jungle and in
1903 it was considered that the mosque could only be preserved as a
partial ruin - it survives in reasonable condition as a representative of
an important period of architecture.
 80.

M A P OF JESSORE.KHULNA. BARISAL & PATUAKHALI DISTRICTS

SHOWING MONUMENTS
(BANGLADESH)

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY- 1. SAILKUPA MOSQUE 15. MAGURA 29. KODLA MATH

DISTRICT BOUNDARY - 2. NALDANGA TEMPLES 1«. SATKHrRA 30. SHAIT GUMBAD MOSQUE AND
3. GORAR MOSQUE 17. MASJtOKUR MOSQUE MONUMENTS AREA
SUB-DIVISION BOUNDARY - • *. SATRAJITPUR 31- KHAN JAHANS TOMB AND
1» AMADl
THANA BOUNDARY 5. MOHAMMADPUR MONUMENTS AREA
19- DEVAHATA
METALLED ROAD 6. RAIGRAM 32. MAHESVARPASHA
20- KALIGANJ
UNMETALLED ROAD 7. LOHAGARA 33. M O L L A H AT
21. MUKUNDAPUR
B- C H A N C H R A TEMPLE 34 KASBA MOSQUE
RAILWAY WITH STATION — •• 22. OAMRELI
9. SHEIKHPARA 23- OLO FORT 35.KAMLAPUR MOSQUE
RIVER — - W. ABHAYANAGARA 24. JESORESWARI TEMPLE 36.MAHILARA
MONUMENT, MONUMENTS AREA 11. BHARAT BHAYANA 25- CHANOA-BHAISAB TEMPLE 37. MASJIDBARI
DISTRICT HEAD CHARTERS- - 12. SAGARDARI 26. ISWARIPUR HAMMAM 38-BIBICHINI
13. SIBSHA FORT 27- TENGA MOSQUE 39 SONABHARIA
DNMftN «Ti MOSltHUDOIH K SALNAGAR 2t. DHUMGHAT
OIPT1. Of A U C W I O I O H t H U U U M S

Figure 13
 81.

4.2 LOCATION SETTING AND ACCESS

(a) The District of Khulna - General

The town of Bagerhat is a sub-divisional headquarters of the

Khulna district in the southwest of Bangladesh. The Bagerhat sub-
division includes part of the Sunderbans.

This District, with a population of about L,\ million, (See Annex 9)

occupies the extreme southwest corner of Bangladesh, bordering on' India
to the west, the Bay of Bengal on the south and the Districts of Jessore
and Bakarganj to the north and east respectively. In the southern part
of the District, stretching some 60 miles inland, are the Sundarbans -
mangrove, swampy forests intersected by many tidal creeks and
estuaries.

Bagerhat, whose population within a 10 mile radius is about

350,000, is on the northern edge of this region. The District City of
Khulna, population about 1 million, is 19 miles north-west of Bagerhat
and Jessore city is a further 36 miles in the same direction. Khulna
District is one of five which form the Division of the same n a m e . 1

The mosques and mausolea remaining from the ancient city of

Khalifatabad extend over an area of approximately 4 square miles
immediately east of the town of Bagerhat and about 2-3 miles from the
town in the more populated part of the sub-division which is 30-40
miles north of the present boundaries of the Sunderbans.

Agriculture is the chief economic activity of the region, whilst

Khulna Town is an important industrial and communications centre at the
head of the Sunderbans waterways. The main crop is winter rice, but
the region is principally known for the great variety of its orchard
trees, especially betel nut, date palm, guava, plum (kul) mango and
coconut. Vegetables, notably pulses, are also widely cultivated.

The growth of the city of Khulna is likely to exert an increasing

influence on the Bagerhat area, particularly when the new bridge over
the Rupsa river is completed. Bagerhat and Fakirhat thanas already
supply considerable quantities of food produce for the city, and this
function is likely to be accentuated, giving rise to more intensive
cultivation and an upsurge of economic acitivity on the Bagerhat side of
the river.

Khulna is well connected with other river stations in Bangladesh

such as Dacca, Narayanganj, Barisal, Madaripur, Chandpur and
Chaîna. As the southern terminal of the main broad gauge railway
lines of Bangladesh, Khulna also is well connected with the northern
and central parts of the country by rail.2 There is a railway service

1 A Preliminary Report on Population Census, 1981, Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics, June 1981; Appendix D .

2 The rail journey from Dacca, though, is 23 hours (via Mymensingh,

Jamalpur, Jagannathganj, Sirajganj Ghat, Ishurdi and , Jessore),
unless part of the journey is made by road and ferry to Goalundo
from which the train takes 8\ hours to Khulna.
 82.

'JiéfbíúV--•••.--<-•>•-'•. ' -•• -'.¿Ä*

'*•*•"--•"-•'"'•*' .- • " •"._-. «.. •• • • - -•' «». -»tue

Bagerhat - Bibi Begni's Mosque - Set amidst tropical vegetation

 83.

from Rupsa East (on the other bank of the river at Khulna) to Bagerhat
(with 6 trains a day in each direction). It is a full d a y ' s journey (12
- 14 hours) by road from Dacca to Bagerhat, but from most parts of the
area bounded by the P a d m a and M e g h n a rivers, in particular from the
districts of Jessore, Faridpur, Khulna a n d Barisal, it is possible, in
principle, to visit Bagerhat b y road and return home (or to base)
within a d a y . The nearest airport is at Jessore (55 miles) with two
flights a d a y in both directions to and from D a c c a .

(b) Environmental Setting of Bagerhat

The landscape around Khalifatabad consists of lush tropical

vegetation with many clusters of coconut palm trees, betel nut trees,
bamboo and bananas. Pan leaves are grown quite extensively under
shaded cover as well as mangoes, guavas, papayas and other fruits.
Much of the land is cultivated but there are small patches where
natural 'jungle' has re-established itself. South and eastwards the
landscape opens up with moderately large paddy and wheat fields. Lack
of irrigation leaves this open land very dry by the end of the winter
and at present only single cropping is achieved.

A major feature of the area is the number of freshwater tanks or

'dighis', the largest of which covers an area of some 34 acres (i.e.
almost exactly twice the area of Paharpur monastery). Most of the
tanks are aligned and associated with adjoining mosques or mausolea,
thus dating from the 15th century A . D . Their primary purpose was to
provide reservoirs of freshwater as the soil is' inclined to become salty
with inundation from the tidal estuaries of the Bay of Bengal. Soil
thrown up from excavation of these man-made tanks remains as large
embankments. These provide interestingly elevated views, especially as
some of the monuments, e . g . , Khan Jahan's mosque and mausoleum, and
the nine domed mosque - are built on the tops of these banks.

At one time, Khalifatabad stood on the south bank of the river

Bhairab which flowed eastward at this point. Later the river took a
more northeasterly turn to rejoin its old course near the modern town of
Bagerhat. The old river bed is still discernible by the field pattern
and by a series of 'bils'. Small village settlements remain scattered
over the site of the old city. Several mosques continue to be used,
indeed, two at least have been 'fashionably' but regrettably
modernised. Some saints' mausolea, in addition to Khan Jahan's tomb,
are still venerated. Other mosques and mausolea have been encroached
upon by farm or village buildings or have been allowed to become
totally overgrown by jungle. Some are so ruinous and hidden that they
are not easily found and now remain only as archaeological ruins. (See
Fig. 14).

(c) Immediate Access to the Old City

(i) B y Road: The road from Khulna is being replaced b y a new

two-lane highway which will go on to Barisal via Bagerhat and
Patuakhali. The earthworks for this road have been in existence for 10
years, but it is not k n o w n when bridges, culverts and surfacing will be
completed. Meanwhile, the present road is in reasonable condition and
the paving on roads generally, in a n d around Bagerhat, is maintained
to a remarkably high standard. A businessman's coach runs daily
betwen Bagerhat a n d Dacca, and there are bus services between
Bagerhat a n d the ferry to Khulna.
 84.

kilometre»

mil* i
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\ present or former '»'
\ built vp areas

proposed
4 x N

£\k\NN\ I k
Monument Areas

extant ruined
multi-domed mosque
single domed mosque
mausoleum
domesuc remains
unidentified remains
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tanks and ponds

Khan Jahan's mausoleum

I Monument Area

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Shait Gumbad mosque

Monument Area

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A\T\A\B A D
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BACERHAT • LAYOUT OF OLD CITY OF KHALIFATABAD fig. 14

 85.

(ii) By Footpath: Within the old city many tracks are

brick-paved and again are kept in good condition. This is probably
because the majority of all wheeled traffic (cars, carts, rickshaws and
bicycles) here have rubber tyres as opposed to the solid wheeled bullock
carts which do so much damage to roads elsewhere. In addition to
these tracks there is a network of attractive footpaths or cycle paths
which facilitate many pleasant walks or rides between the monuments in
the winter months, although they are less negotiable in the rainy
season.

(iii) By Railway: The railway line from Khulna to Bagerhat was

converted from metre gauge to broad gauge five years ago and carries a
regular passenger service, the journey taking 2\ hours. Passengers can
alight at a halt called Shait Gumbad, about 3 miles from the Monument
or go on to the terminus at Bagerhat town some L, miles distant.

(iv) By Air: The nearest airport at Jessore, is accessible by

coach from Khulna and although the journey time from Jessore to
Bagerhat can be 2\ hours, a flight on to Dacca is only 20 minutes,
which is considerably quicker than the daylong road and ferry trip to
the capital. It is understood that a local airstrip is planned for a
site between Khulna and Mangla which would make access by air more
practicable.

(v) By River: The rivers are much used for transport and
although the Bhairab is no longer navigable by large craft between
Bagerhat and Khulna, a launch service operates and the 'Rocket' paddle
steamer service still runs daily betwen Khulna and Dacca, calling
normally at Chandpur, Barisal, Jhalokati, Hularhat and the new port of
Mangla.
 86.

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Bagerhat - Brickwork damaged by excessive salt action

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Bagerhat - A stone plinth damaged by salt action

 87.

4.3 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE MONUMENTS

(a) General Problems Effecting the Monument

(i) Rising Damp - Presence of Salt in Ground: Salts and other

injurious chemicals are transported through brick structures by
capilliary attraction, and are water borne. During the rainy period,
water from the surrounding ground, together with the dissolved salts in
the soil, are drawn up in the wall and whilst the salts are in a
dissolved state they are almost harmless to the fabric. In the dry
season very rapid evaporation takes place and the salts tend to
crystalise just behind the outer surface of the brick, causing the brick
face to disintegrate. Any moisture, such as rain on the surface of the
wall will reintroduce the salt into the fabric and the process will be
repeated. Because of the high water table, considerable pressure is
created under the floors of the mosques - usually a cement concrete
screed - accentuating the problems for the walls and also causing
dampness to the floors themselves. Often a thick salty encrustation
forms on the floor finish itself.

(ii) The Presence of Harmful Salts in the Structures: the problem

of contaminated materials having been used during earlier repairs and
also the strong possibility of the original materials also being salt
laden has lead to the severe disintegration of the brick and stone
fabric of the majority of the extant buildings in Bagerhat. These
problems have already been discussed in the chapter dealing with
Paharpur. (See section 2.3 (a) (ii) The Problem of Sulphate Attack.)
(See Annex 10 for a description of Evaporite).

(iii) The Problems of Condensation on Internal Wall Surfaces:

Condensation is caused by warm moisture laden (humid) air coming into
contact with a cooler surface which causes droplets of water to form on
the cooler surface. The warmer the atmosphere the more moisture it can
hold and therefore the more condensation can be created.

It was noted that in several of the mosques in the Bagerhat area

there were considerable damp patches and the presence of salt action
internally, in areas w a y beyond the reach of rising d a m p . After
carrying out a series of humidity tests it was found that the more
probable reason for these damp patches was condensation. Because of
the massiveness of the brick construction, the ambient temperature inside
the buildings is generally cooler than it is outside. Also there is
permanent through-ventilation in the building by which the moist warm
air from outside enters. As the hot air rises it is trapped beneath the
squint arches of the domes, which have a cool surface temperature, and
the damp atmosphere condenses onto the surface. Brickwork, being an
absorbent material, soaks up this moisture which in turn re-activates
the cycle of efflorescence.

It was particularly noticeable, in the Ranvijoypur Mosque, that

this continual convection of moisture laden air was causing damage at
the upper levels of the internal brick walls. In the Shait Gumbad
Mosque, the incidence of condensation was also very high, and a series
of readings were taken at dawn, mid-day and dusk to ascertain the
different temperatures in the building. The tendency for condensation to
take place was more apparent during the morning especially around the
southern end where the moisture laden air was drawn from.
 88.

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Bagerhat - Ranvijoypur Mosque disfigured by lichen growth

Bagerhat - Ranvijoypur Mosque after cleaning

 89.

(iv) Problems of Rainwater Disposal and Lichen Growth:

Rainwater disposal both from and around the buildings are almost
non-existent. The rain that falls onto the domes runs to the flattish
areas above the curvelinear cornice and then dribbles over the face of
the building. Where this happens, and particularly on the elevations
that receive little sunlight, there is a very heavy growth of both lichen
and moss. This growth tends to disfigure the appearance of the
building and in some cases, together with the effects of salt action,
causes considerable erosion to the brickwork. The rainwater, once it
reaches ground level, disperses usually in an uncontrolled manner
around the base of the building. Often the pathway around the
building will encourage the rainwater to seep back through the
foundations. Another contributory factor to problems at the base of the
building is the splashback caused by the water falling in an
uncontrolled manner from the roof of the building.

(v) Wear and Tear Caused by Visitors and Pilgrims: Although

the present number of visitors is outweighed by the number of pilgrims,
once the Bagerhat group of monuments is put on the tourist m a p , it is
anticipated there will be a large number of people visiting the majority
of the sites. Similar to the problems at Paharpur, a lack of knowledge
and understanding of the history and purpose of the building leads to
mis-use. This happens mostly to the ruins and non-religious buildings.
Religious piety protects the majority of the mosques from abuse. In the
much revered mausoleum of Khan Jahan, however, a trend of making
offerings in the form of rosewater and oil has developed, the former
being sprinkled liberally all over the stone sarcophagus and the latter
being poured onto a cornerstone of the tomb, and over the last few
years has caused considerable damage to the stonework. The rosewater
has caused severe disfiguration of the carved stone inscriptions as it
has encouraged sulphate attack and the oil has discoloured the stone.
Although the sarcophagus itself is protected by a six foot timber
barrier, pilgrims struggle to rub the stonework and have caused, as a
result, a remarkable amount of erosion to the fabric.

(vi) Vandalism: The problems of vandalism, the search for

brickwork and other such available building materials is very apparent.
At present the archaeological ruins are the easiest target and due to
the vast quantity of ruins, there is a never ending source of useful
brick. It was evident however that building stone, a very rare
commodity, was also being removed. In the Singar Mosque the padstones
beneath the squint arches to the dome have been removed from all
arches. Comparative evidence shows these to have been of stone. In
several other ruined archaeological sites, (e.g. the site known as Bara
Ajina Mosque where a number of stone pillars are to be found lying in
the undergrowth and at the ruins of the Reza Khoda Mosque which also
had some fine stone pillars,) the valuable stonework lies unprotected.
With the advent of large numbers of casual visitors comes the added
threat of treasure hunters.

(b) Environmental Problems:

(i) The Predominance of Vegetation: One of the main problems,

and in some ways at the same time one of the delights of the area, is
the contrast between these urban remnants of a large and well laid out
city, and the vigorous and beautiful vegetation which has grown up all
around them. In some cases, for instance around the Bibi Begni and
Ranvijoypur mosques the lush undergrowth has been kept back.
 90.

Bagerhat - New Highway passing to the North of Singar Mosque - tun* • off
point for visitor facilities
 91.

Elsewhere, at Reza Khoda and Zinda Pir Mosques, shrubs and trees have
taken root in the brickwork causing partial collapse. At the postulated
site of Khan Jahan's Residence this process is complete and little can be
detected above normal ground level, except for jungle growing on top of
mounds of building rubble.

Although some are still apparent, many of the freshwater tanks

are disappearing. Initially, they tend to become overgrown with water
hyacinth; small paddy fields are formed from the banks and these
gradually extend until the whole tank has been drained or filled in.
The important tank east of Shait Gumbad Mosque is an example of the
earlier stages of this process.

(ii) Road Access: Fortunately, road improvements have so far

had little effect on the monuments with one important exception. The
new highway from Khulna passes very close to the Singar Mosque, in
fact part of the courtyard enclosure has been cut away by the formation
of a canal at the side of the road embankment. However, by its
presence on the main road, the Singar Mosque will stand as a useful
landmark, indicating to travellers, their entry " to Khalifatabad, which
could otherwise be passed unnoticed.

(iii) Electricity Supply: High voltage electric power lines pass

through the area on tall pylons. Distant views of them are mostly
masked by trees and, again with one exception, they are not generally
visually intrusive. The exception is at the site of Khan Jahan's
Residence where power lines pass almost directly overhead. Low voltage
wires, loudspeakers and (internally) unsightly modern light fittings and
fans are quite widely found at mosques in use, especially in those that
have undergone modernisation. Such paraphernalia may almost be
regarded as status symbols but they do amount in some cases to a
considerable disfigurement of the monuments.

(iv) Building Development: Many of the more recent village

buildings in the area are constructed in the traditional style with high
mud-faced plinths, bamboo or wattle and daub walls and roofs, often in
the typical Bangla curved style thatched with Golpatta palm leaves.
Such groups found nestling among the trees often arranged in courtyard
clusters, bounded by wattle fences contribute to the visual attractive-
ness of the area. Occasionally more modern buildings, including the
Department's own staff quarters and rest house, are apparent, but
where they do not impinge closely on monuments they must be accepted
as part of the urban, or suburban landscape.

There are some cases, however, where modern building has

encroached too closely on the monuments:

(i) in the first place, the Department rest house was built
within what -is now known to be the courtyard precinct of
the Shait Gumbad Mosque.

(ii) also, close by the northeast corner of the Shait Gumbad

Mosque there is a school and assembly area which intrudes
upon the curtilage of this most important monument.

(iii) the mosque attached to Khan Jahan's Mausoleum, in

addition to having been modernised internally, has a
modern concrete porch canopy totally out of keeping in
this 15th century group.
 92.

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Bagerhat - The present department resthouse is located within the curtilage

of the Shait Gumbad Mosque

Bagerhat - A modern concrete porch has been added to the front of the
Khan Jahan Mosque
 93.

(iv) between the group and the large tank called Thakur Dighi
there is a monumental flight of steps and a potentially
well laid out embankment unfortunately marred on the west
side by a girls' school built of corrugated iron.

(v) the east front of the Nine-domed mosque has suffered from
a smallholding enclosed by a brick wall being built within
a few feet of the monument, but it is understood this is
soon to be cleared a w a y .

(vi) the substantially ruined but interesting Reza Khoda Mosque

has been superseded by a smaller and much inferior
structure with a corrugated iron roof, built within the
walls of the 15th century monument.

(c) Archaeological Problems:

(i) Pilferage and Vandalism: The area of the former city of

Khalifatabad is dotted with the remains of more than fifty historic
monuments and tanks most of which are unidentified and in a complete
state of ruin. There is, however, a small number to which tradition
attributes names. In some cases, they correspond to those of Khan
Jahan's legendary generals and it. is possible therefore that these ruins
were formerly their tombs.

The main archaeological problem with all these remains is the

pilferage, of bricks for building, by the local population. This process
must have been going on for centuries and is still followed today. In
one specific case the course of a boundary wall, surrounding a
monument, was traceable along a considerable length by following the
line of a recently excavated ditch around the structure. These bricks
have, not only been used by the local population for building houses,
but also for the construction of roads as already recorded in 1876.
Such pilferage or removal of bricks has caused considerable damage to
the archaeological remains.

(ii) Monuments and Sites not included on the List of Protected

Monuments: There are several sites and even extant monuments that are
not included on the List. A few mosques have even been removed from
the List because modernisation of an unsatisfactory nature has been
carried out on them. It is a problem that religious incumbents can
carry out the modernisation of a mosque without prior consultation with
the Department, thus causing damage to its historical intregrity and
structure.

(iii) Local Private Collections: An enthusiastic local amateur

archaeologist who is preparing a history of the area, has made an
interesting collection of artefacts which have been found during several
small excavations carried out in the vicinity of the Khan Jahan
Monuments. Whereas the Department of Archaeology and Museums is
aware of his collection, there is a great danger of other local
enthusiasts joining in the quest for treasure.

(iv) Archaeological Investigations in and around Bagerhat: As

can be seen from the historical introduction, very little is actually
known about the history of the old city of Khalifatabad. To date the
Department of Archaeology and Museums has carried . out no scientific
excavation anywhere in this area and most of the information available
is based on chance finds, local legend, supposition and a restricted
 94.

amount of research. Accepting the enormity of the undertaking and the

fact of minimal information on Khan Jahan, it is surprising that
evidence such as the mosque boundaries are in many places unidentified
or that some of the more prominent mounds associated with Khan Jahan,
have never been investigated. Certain roads in this area are named
after him but, again, no investigations as to their exact alignment has
been carried out.

(d) Presentation of the Monuments:

(i) Monument Zones: At present, visitors are drawn especially to

the two principal monuments in the area: the Shait Gumbad mosque and
Khan Jahan mausoleum complex. Other mosques and mausolea are
scattered around and are less visited, but they tend to lie in groups
around the main Visitor Centres. It is convenient, therefore, to identify
two 'Monument Areas' which together contain most of the sites which are
the subject of the Master Plan. (See Fig. 14). Road access to each
area is good and will remain so when the new highway is completed.

The Shait Gumbad 'Monument Area' comprises:- (See Fig. 15).

Site Plan N o . Monuments

B.l. Shait Gumbad Mosque
B.2. Singar Mosque
B.3. Bibi Begni's Mosque
B.4. Chunakhola Mosque
B.5. Khan Jahan's Residence site (and associated
sites of the Sona Mosque and unidentified
riverside ruin).
The Khan Jahan's Mausoleum 'Monument Area' comprises:- (See
Fig. 16).

Site Plan N o . Monuments

B.6. Khan Jahan's Mausoleum Complex (i.e. Mauso-
leum, Mosque, Pir's Tomb and unidentified
building).
B.7. Nine Domed Mosque (west side of Thakur
Dighi)
B.8. Reza Khoda Mosque
B.9. Zinda Pir Mosque and Mausoleum
B.10. Ranvijoypur Mosque
B.ll. Chilla Khana Mausoleum ruins

The Department of Archaeology and Museums has tentatively located

approximately 20 other sites, including modernised mosques which
probably date from the 15th century. All were briefly examined. Some
had been denuded of bricks so that they have virtually disappeared,
Others, such as the mausolea of Pagla Pir and Thanda Pir are
Pilgrimage Centres in private hands and have been partially or
completely rebuilt. A few might eventually be worth investigation but
none were considered equal to the sites selected for inclusion in the
Master Plan.

(ii) Local Amenities: Local amenities near the Shait Gumbad

mosque are limited to a row of stalls, selling religious items for
worship along the. eastern approach path, a small bazaar selling
vegetables, fish, etc. along the lakeside of Sundarghona Bajeapti
 95.

VISITOR AMENITY AREA

tee deuiled drawing
unidentified ruins
Khan Jahan's Residence SINGAR M O S Q U E : B2
(mins)
KHAN JAHAN'S RESIDENCE
CROUP: B5 SHAIT C U M B A D MOSQUE: B1

Sona Mosque (ruins)

SHAIT GUMBAD \

MONUMENT AREA \

BIBI BECNl'S M O S Q U E : B3

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BAGERHAT - SHAIT GUMBAD MONUMENT AREA fig. 15

 96.

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Bagerhat - Hindu potters at work in a nearby village

 97,

village just to the north, and a pleasant picnic area between the
mosque and Ghora Dighi (tank) on the west. Most visitors at present
arrive on foot or by bicycle as there is very little space for coach or
car parking.

Khan Jahan's Mausoleum which is a popular pilgrimage venue and

a well established bazaar containing several small restaurants, extends
for about 100 yards up to the northern gate of the outer courtyard. As
noted earlier, the broad tank embankment on the south side of the
Mausoleum Complex has been partially developed as an amenity area and
it is a popular spot for picnicking. The lake itself is used for ritual
bathing and is also the home of several crocodiles which are fed as
part of the duties of the pilgrims.

(iii) Tourism - Lack of Promotional Materials: As a potential

tourist resort the locality of Bagerhat would seem to have much to offer.
However, there is no information available on either the monuments or
the facilities available to visitors and as a result, very few foreigners
will make the journey to Bagerhat.

(iv) Visitor Facilities: Although the Parjatan hostel w a s closed

for repairs at the time of our visit (and it was felt that the
low-ceilinged dormitory-style accommodation would be hot and unsuitable
for most visitors) at least one recently opened modern private hotel (The
Hotel Suktara - small but clean) is known to exist in Bagerhat town.
The town itself has a reasonable bazaar and is well laid out with
several tanks and open spaces. The straight and narrow tree-lined
road from the town westwards is a delightful approach to the Monument
Areas and is busy with pedal rickshaws from dawn until long after
dark.

Bicycles may be hired and they are one of the most enjoyable
ways of • exploring the network of tracks criss-crossing the Monument
Zones, many places being inaccessible to vehicular traffic. For visitors
arriving by car or coach, however, the paths surrounding the tanks
(especially Ghora Dighi by Shait Gumbad Mosque and Thakur Dighi by
Khan Jahan's Mausoleum) offer a variety of extremely pleasantly shaded
walks.

At Thakur Dighi, tourists as well as pilgrims may be attracted by

the ceremony of crocodile feeding in the mid-day whilst at Pagla Pir
Mausoleum, pilgrims will be welcomed and encouraged to leave a crumb
of food for the cobra that resides below the tomb.

Along the lanes the visitor will find local handicrafts being made
and offered for sale, and see potters at work .

Here in the depth of rural Bangladesh there are to be found all

the ingredients for a Cultural Tourism Project - an ideal location for a
few days holiday out of Dacca. Because of the lack of publicity in
promoting this group of monuments, very few people in the foreign
community know of its existence.
 98.

RANVIJOYPUR MOSQUE BIO

KHAN JAHAN
MONUMENT AREA

VISITORS COACH
and CAR PARK
CHILLA KHANA
MAUSOLEUM ruins B11

REZA KHODA MAUSOLEUM COMPLEX

MOSQUE ruins B8

ZINDA PIR CROUP B9

NINE-DOMED MOSQUE B7

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BAGERHAT- KHAN JAHAN MONUMENT AREA » 0 metre» 59O

 99.

4.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

(a) For the Monuments Generally

(i) Transfused Damp Proof Course for Existing Brickwork: A

simple but effective method of putting a damp proof barrier into a wall
is to transfuse a silicone solution into the wall which, because of the
capilliary attraction of the brickwork, permeates throughout the
thickness of the wall forming an impenetrable barrier. Silicone is, by
nature, a water repellent and the insertion of the silicone barrier
breaks down the process of capilliary attraction. One of the great
advantages in using silicone is that it is almost indestructible and as
most of the compounds used are water soluble, the fact that the wall
may be saturated at the time of treatment will have no detrimental
effects on the transfusion.

The technique of application is simple and is not governed by the

thickness of the wall. Approximately f" holes are drilled into complete
bricks at 6" centres about 9" above ground level, around the base of
the wall. If the wall is too thick, drilling Can take place from the
inner face as well, but the inner and outer holes should be staggered.
If drilling is to take place from one side only, then the drill hole
should reach within 6" of the other face. Once the holes have been
drilled a specially perforated pipe is inserted into the hole with a one
litre reservoir (a plastic bottle) attached at the open end. The silicone
mixture is fed in by gravity and absorbtion into the wall. The
absorption rate for a 4" - 0" thick wall is about six hours. Once the
correct absorption is reached the pipes are withdrawn and the holes are
plugged.

(ii) Preventing the Cause or Effect of Salt Action by Refacing:

Where a brick wall has been so severely damaged that its face is
beyond restoration, it is recommended that a new face is rebuilt to
prevent further salt action. It is vital that any new brickwork is
isolated as otherwise it too will attract the salt laden moisture either
from the ground or by direct contact with the existing contaminated
bricks. In cases where the walls are of great thickness, a suitable
skin of brickwork (18") is removed from both the internal - if affected
seriously - as well as the external face. The new brickwork is built
off a Damp Proof Course of heavy duty polythene leaving a cavity
between the old brickwork and the n e w . A vertical layer of polythene
should be placed in the cavity. At the upper and lower levels of the
new brickwork, ventilation holes should be formed to allow air to
circulate in the cavities. The vent holes should be formed beneath the
DPC. The DPC should be laid 6" above ground level, and if possible
should coincide with the Damp Proof Membrane in the floor construction.
Although it is hard to generalise, the height of walling to be removed
should extend above the affected area. It is not necessary to remove
the entire face of the wall if it is not damaged. Before this technique
is generally adopted, it is important that a single example is tried and
carefully monitored over at least one complete season.1

1 A test section has been tried at Chunakola Mosque and at Singar

Mosque, and the results have proved very successful.
 100.

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Bagerhat - Brickwork damaged by salt action

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 101.

(iii) The Application of a Clay Poultice: A simple technique for

the removal of salts that will first need testing, is the application of a
clay poultice. The theory is that after applying a layer of clay paste
over an affected area during the drying out period any subsequent
crystalisation of the salts will take place on the outer skin of the layer
of clay. The poultice would be applied immediately after the rainy
season and would be removed a short while before the following rainy
season. As the salt crystalises on or in the clay the chemical action
will not damage the bricks themselves. Tests will be necessary to find
a suitable type or compound of clay with the same porosity as the
bricks. If the clay acts as a barrier no absorption will take place
through the clay and the salts will not be trapped.

(iv) Treatment of Brickwork: An immediate alleviation to the

problem of degradation of brickwork by sulphate attack, which can be
carried out before final conclusions, is the thorough brushing down with
a dry bristle brush of all salt affected areas. Care should be taken
that the salts are brushed into a container and not onto the ground
beneath. On no account should water be used as it will dissolve the
salts and they v/ould be reabsorbed into the wall. It is also
recommended that every six months a series of photographs are taken, of
specific areas for comparative readings. If the salt action is reduced
in the first year then this process is all that will be needed together
with the application of clay poultices over the worst areas.

(v) Removing Salts from Decorative Brickwork and Terracotta :

Where brickwork or terracotta is decorated and of intrinsic historic
value but is heavily impregnated with salt, it is possible to soak out
the salts by immersing the bricks in clean water over a period of time,
constantly changing the water. After a certain period, which can only
be arrived at after experimentation, the bricks or terracotta should be
dried and once all moisture has gone the individual bricks should be
soaked in a silicone solution to both consolidate them and to protect
them against further impregnation. If it is possible, the bricks or
terracotta should be backed by a polythene barrier, to protect them
from damage from further salt action or moisture penetration.

(vi) The Prevention of Condensation: To control the atmosphere

inside the mosques or tombs is almost impossible. However, by
restricting the amount of warm moisture laden air entering the building,
it should be possible to drastically reduce the effects of condensation.
For example, it appears that in the Shait Gumbad Mosque, the
prevailing breeze is through the south facing arches which are open to
the elements but closed for access. Ideally, if these openings could be
closed it should, in theory, be possible to reduce the excessive amount
of condensation taking place. The exact method of closing these
openings needs further consideration but any method, from a glazed
panel to a wind - proof curtain would be suitable. In Ranvijoypur
Mosque, if the circulation of air was limited the quantity of warm moist
air causing condensation in the squint arches would be restricted. In
the Khan Jahan Mausoleum, it was proved during a day's visit, that by

2 An experiment along these lines was set up in the Shait Gumbad

Mosque in Bagerhat and it is hoped that some records and
observations will be kept by the resident Conservation Officer.
 102.

t.i
.•'.V>í.<«:r>;r¡:'<!.í:' 'i.V.** -

Bagerhat - A gargoyle used to control rainwater on Khan Jahan's

Mausoleum
 103.

Controlling the incoming atmosphere there was a significant change in

the humidity inside the building. It is therefore recommended that the
large doors east and west of the tomb are kept closed during the hot
weather as this will reduce the circulation of humid air.

(vii) The Control of Rainwater: It was noticed on Khan Jahan's

Mausoleum, supposedly the best maintained and preserved of all the
Bagerhat monuments, that there are large stone gargoyles, projecting
from the roof, to discharge the rainwater. It is recommended that
careful study of records be made to see whether this method of
rainwater dispersal can be applied to all the domed buildings of this
group. By forming a simple upstand above the cornice, it would be
possible to channel the rainwater to two outlets and in this way prevent
the majority of the rainwater running down the monuments' facades.
Once their source of water has been cut off, the majority of the lichens
and mosses, will, after their removal, be less likely to grow again. At
ground level brick paved paths should be laid around the monuments,
properly tabled to ensure the water falls away from the buildings to
dispersal points which should be soakaway pits of broken bricks with
an overflow some way beyond the buildings.

(viii) Prevention of Wear and Tear by Visitors and Pilgrims:

Once the infrastructure for visitors is set up the majority of the causes
of wear and tear will be overcome. However, it will be necessary to
control both visitors and pilgrims during their visits to the two main
sites - the Shait Gumbad Mosque and the Khan Jahan Mausoleum. It is
essential that the sprinkling of water and the offerings of oil inside the
mausoleum are repressed. This practice does not follow Muslim tradition
and can be easily controlled by the caretakers to the tombs. 3

(ix) Prevention of Vandalism: With the introduction of a larger

number of staff and the protection of listing of some of the monuments,
vandalism should ' be reduced to a minimum. However, on some of the
more remote sites it is recommended that a Department notice is
exhibited in both English and Bangla explaining that any damage to the
buildings will incur a fine. It will be equally essential that all these
buildings are regularly patrolled. (See proposals already set out in
recommendations for Paharpur 2.4 (a) (viii))

During an earlier mission it was recommended to the Department of

Archaeology and Museums that they stopped the sprinkling of water
on the sarcophagus. This recommendation has been strictly enforced
by the local caretakers and there has been a marked improvement
in the condition of the stonework.
 ion.

Bagerhat - The ruins of Zinda Pir Mosque, an unprotected monument

Bagerhat - Local collection of archaeological finds from the Bagerhat sites

 105.

(b) Recommendations to Protect the Environment

(i) Monument Zones: The area around each monument would

originally have been defined by one or more perimeter walls. In a few
cases (Shait Gumbad Mosque and Zinda Pir group) these walls remain at
least in part, or evidence exists of the boundaries (Shait Gumbad outer
wall, Singar Mosque) or an equivalent space is already protected (Bibi
Begni, Chillakhana, Ranvijoypur mosques). Where serious encroachment
exists (next to the 9-domed Mosque), where the site is completely
overgrown (Khan Jahan's residence) or where additional curtilage is
required, sufficient land must be acquired to give access and protect
the immediate surroundings of each monument. Within these protected
areas, modern intrusions should be avoided and modern necessities -
e.g. electric wiring - should be concealed wherever possible.

Because of the importance of the two principal monuments (Shait

Gumbad mosque and Khan Jahan's Mausoleum complex), it is strongly
recommended that the two schools referred to earlier should be re-sited.

(ii) Monument Areas: In addition to the listing of each monument

it is desirable that their corporate identity as part of the city of
Khalifatabad should be maintained. It is thought impracticable to
define the whole area of the city as its limits are so imprecise, but the
two 'Monument Areas' of Shait Gumbad and Khan Jahan Mausoleum could
be so designated to include at least the monuments shown on drawings
Figs. 15 and 16. Within these areas the Department of Archaeology and
Museums should" be consulted on the local Development Plan, Statutory
Undertakings and other relevant Local and Central Government Develop-
ment Departments. The purpose of such liaison should be to ensure that
proper consideration is given to the effect on the environment of the
Monuments of any development or alteration of the existing landscape.
For instance, this should not preclude new development within the
Areas, but it should be of a scale compatible with the Historic
Monuments (i.e. NOT multi-storey flats, factories or giant cold stores)
and be visually attractive or well screened.

In agrarian terms it is expected that the existing pattern of

cultivation would generally be maintained and that, for instance, the
present belts of trees would not be replaced by wide open fields. All
existing tanks within these two Areas should be maintained and
encroachment into them should not be permitted.

(c) Archaeological Recommendations

(i) Protection against Pilferage and Vandalism: The continuing

process of pilferage and vandalism has done considerable harm in the
past and should therefore be stopped as soon as possible. One w a y of
discouraging wilful damage is to include a number of unprotected sites
in the List of Protected Monuments. Once this has been done sign
boards should be erected at each site giving its name and if possible
some interesting information. In addition, the fine imposed on damaging
the site should be mentioned. The following sites should be placed on
the List:-

The Khan Jahan Mosque as well as Pir Ali's tomb (Site No.B.6)
both located close to Khan Jahan's Mausoleum which is
already protected.

Zinda Pir's Mausoleum and Mosque (Site N o : - B.9) which form

 106.

an important group and although the boundary wall has been

rebuilt in a rather fanciful manner and the graveyard has
been extended, the area shown on Fig. 17 at least, should be
protected.

- Chilla Khana Mazar (Site B.ll) represents interesting remains

of a tomb which should be protected so that they can be
salvaged.

- The Sabek Danga Mosque (Site B.12). This important building

dating from a later period than the other monuments at
Bagerhat, should be protected whether it remains in situ or
whether it is transferred to the new museum.

A number of sites awaiting archaeological investigation should

also be included on the List of Protected Monuments. Most
belong to Group B . 5

Khan Jahan's Residence.

An unidentified ruin nearby.

The remains of the Sona Mosque, also close to Khan Jahan's

Residence.

The mound known as Bara Ajina Mosque near Bagerhat town

should also be included on the List.

(ii) Local Private Collections: A minor but at the same time an

urgent matter is the proper recording and housing of local private
collections of antiquities. It is recommended that a local collection be
registered and that it should be recorded in the correct manner in
preparation for housing in the proposed new site museum at Shait
Gumbad Monument Area.

(iii) Archaeological Investigations in and Around Bagerhat:

Throughout the old city of Khalifatabad there is considerable scope for
archaeological investigation. The mission identified several important
sites that have, so far, had little or no investigation carried out on
them. Listed below are some of the areas that are considered of
importance in expanding the limited knowledge of this period of history.

The Original Road Network of Khalifatabad: As already mentioned

in the Historical Background, there existed a network of roads both
inside the town and leading out of it. Some of which can still be
traced. This unusual aspect of the archaeology of Bagerhat should be
investigated, not only because it is an interesting detail, but also
because it might lead to further discoveries.

Khan Jahan's Residence: With regard to archaeological excavations

in the area of ancient Khalifatabad several more or less promising sites
can be suggested. The most important of the possible sites for
archaeological excavations is Khan Jahan's Residence (Site B . 5 ) . It is
a moderately high and fairly extensive mound strewn with a large
amount of pottery sherds and it obviously was a former habitation site
as opposed to a religious building. Its situation in the bend of the
former Bhairab River implies that the location was carefully selected.
Moreover, there are a few indications that the site may even have been
inhabited prior to the days of Ulugh Khan Jahan, but this is a point
 107.

3C
i i
i i
i i
i i
I i
i ! later tombs
i

£0 ŒT

MOSQUE •T-Enclosure wall

(ruined)

^-Protection Zone

«pxratj
MAUSOLEUM
(ruined)

3 £

t a n k
0 10 feet 20 30
1
1.0

BAGERHAT- ZINDA PIR GROUP fig-17

ref. no. B 9
 108.

'J

Bagerhat - Singar Mosque from the East

 109.

which needs further careful investigation. Its excavation will almost

certainly produce interesting information adding to our knowledge about
the settlement of this area as well as the material culture of Ulugh
Khan Jahan's time, and perhaps even throw some light on his life.

Sona Mosque: While work is underway on Khan Jahan's Residence

(Site B . 5 ) , some trial trenches could at the same time be laid at the
nearby unidentified ruined site, and the ruin locally known as Sona
Masjid or the Golden Mosque. Both are situated quite close to Khan
Jahan's Residence and the three sites might be related to each other.

Bara Ajina Mosque: The site locally known as the Bara Ajina
Mosque, is a mound strewn with brickbats in the same w a y as most of
the other sites. However, in this case a number of stone pillars are
also in evidence. As the columns are very similar to those of the Shait
Gumbad Mosque, it is likely that the mound covers the remains of a
mosque dating from Khan Jahan's time.

Chilla Khana Mausoleum: The site known as Chilla Khana Mazaar,

(Site B.ll) represents the remains of a tomb. The lower part of the
entrance, with some interesting decorative brickwork, has been preserved
to some extent. As this ruin is situated close to the Khan Jahan Group,
it would be worth-while investigating how much of this structure could
be salvaged and consolidated so that it could then be included in the
group.

(iv) Archaeological Recommendations for some of the Monuments:

Singar Mosque: At the Singar Mosque, (Site N o . B2) which is now

undergoing restoration, remains of the former boundary wall are
traceable. Moreover, a wedge-shaped brick was found embedded exactly
at the south-east corner of this enclosure wall. This indicates that
small turrets similar to those on the corners of the inner and outer
boundary walls of Khan Jahan's Tomb were probably part of the wall
around the Singar Mosque, suggesting that these slightly tapering corner
turrets were an architectural feature of Khan Jahan's time, repeating,
as it were, the four large turrets on the corners of the main building.
It is therefore recommended that the boundary wall of the Singar Mosque
including its corner turrets is restored in order to reconstruct the
original lay-out and architectural style of the monument as far as
possible. While doing so, a careful search should be made for
fragments of carved brick resembling the balusters of the jalis or
pierced windows evident in the inner enclosure wall of Khan Jahan's
tomb. These jalis - like the corner turrets - may well have been a
common feature during this and earlier periods and if evidence is
forthcoming they should be included in the boundary wall of the Singar
Mosque.

Shait Gumbad Mosque: At the Shait Gumbad Mosque (Site N o . Bl),

which lies on the east bank of the Ghora Dighi, remains of a boundary
wall on the eastern side containing of the fine entrance gateway, have
been found in the past. Its course can now also be identified on the
southern side, by following a recently dug ditch. The adjacent
landowner confirmed that during excavations for the ditch he had
removed bricks which had obviously belonged to the former wall
surrounding the mosque. On the western side there are some indications
of the former enclosure wall but on the northern side the wall has been
buried under the made-up ground. It is recommended that the boundary
wall of the Shait Gumbad Mosque is also reconstructed as soon as the
 110.

>*»J:;;^^~*.''»^'^«^-V^^Í^IW'^

,..«. -—•-.

Bagerhat - Khan Jahan's Mausoleum - view from the South West

Bagerhat - Khan Jahan's Mausoleum - Interior

 111.

necessary land has been acquired. During reconstruction, investigations

would be made to see whether here too, there were corner turrets to the
enclosure wall. As in the case of the Singar Mosque a careful search
for carved bricks in the shape of balusters should be made as it is
possible that the architectural decoration of the boundary walls, known
from Khan Jahan's Mausoleum, was also similar.

As for the building itself, it should be pointed out that it is not

only the largest mosque in the whole of Bangladesh but also the earliest
known example of a structure with a bangla or hut-shaped roof-line in
this part of the subcontinent. As such, it anticipates the style
well-known from such famous monuments as the Chhota Sona Masjid at
Gaur. In the past, the two corner turrets on the front or eastern side
have obviously been restored for their walls are vertical and no longer
taper slightly as the western turrets do. These tapering walls are
typical of the Tughluq style of Muslim architecture at Delhi and are not
found in any other building in Bengal. As such they are therefore an
interesting feature here in Khalifatabad as they are a further pointer to
Khan Jahan's place of origin.

Ulugh Khan Jahan's Mausoleum: The three buildings overlooking

Thakur Dighi, form a group of which the tomb of Ulugh Khan Jahan is
historically the most important. All three buildings stand on the very
high embankment made from the excavation material of the Dighi. This
square artificial lake with a broad and steep flight of steps leading
down from the embankment was almost certainly constructed by Khan
Jahan himself. An unpublished manuscript recently discovered in a
private collection and written in 1866, is the earliest source known so
far about Bagerhat. Apart from a description of Khan Jahan's
Mausoleum, the manuscript contains watercolours by the author who
records that while the adjacent buildings 'have fallen into ruins', the
main monument - Ulugh Khan Jahan's Mausoleum - was said to be 'in a
fine state of preservation'. The same manuscript gives a description of
the interior of the tomb which is quoted below as it contains some
interesting details hitherto unknown from other publications.

"The floor was covered with hexagonal encaustic tiles, of many

patterns and colors the cheif (sic) being blue white and yellow. The
moulding round the doorways and praying niches and around the cornice
are mostly of the same patterns and workmanship as those at Issuripoor,
being carved in brick."

"The tomb itself is of black stone, raised on three steps of the

same material, the whole being covered with beautifully carved verses
from the Koran in Arabic and Persian, those on the upper part being
inlaid in scarlet and gold. The stone is said to have been brought
from Gaur and it is exactly the same as that found in the ruins at
Gaur and those at Rajmahal, which were brought from the former place".

Today, the encaustic tiles on the floor no longer exist but a

number of them have been set into the three steps around the tomb
itself. The scarlet and gold of the inscriptions on the upper part of
the tomb have also disappeared. As in many other Muslim mausolea,
there is a crypt under the building containing the actual grave. In
the early seventies its entrance was opened up and a flight of steps
was found to lead down to the crypt, the walls of which were covered
with inscriptions. At that time there was no opportunity to study these
inscriptions. It is therefore, recommended that the Department of
Archaeology and Museums should make copies of them as they m a y well
 112.

Bagerhat - Enclosure wall to Khan Jahan's Mausoleum Group

[^.^CSw. 1 ^?^ ' ''P-\'^L¿~^¿?^~* \J>lJ^^^'Z: V S

Bagerhat - Detail of Jali in enclosure wall

 113.

contain highly important historical information regarding Ulugh Khan

Jahan's life.

Apart from the fact that the former entrance to the building on the
north should be opened up again, the turrets of the outer enclosure wall
as well as the turrets and baluster-jalis of the inner compound wall
should also be restored where necessary. In the unpublished manuscript
quoted above the outer enclosure wall is described as "loop-holed" -
which implies that in former days it probably also had jalis - similar
to those of the inner compound wall. This should be investigated.

To the east of the mausoleum, the outer enclosure wall contains

the remains of a small building which seems to be incorporated in this
wall. There are indications that it had a strongly curved bangla roof,
which would imply that it was constructed at a later date than the tomb
itself. However, the location of this structure exactly in the axis of
the mausoleum and opposite one of the two entrance gateways of the
inner compound wall (the other gateway opens up towards the lake)
could imply that this small building was the original entrance of the
complex, for the present gateway, on the north; has no axial relation
whatsoever with the main monument. The two turrets on the western or
inner side of this small building incorporated in the outer compound
wall to the east of the mausoleum could support this suggestion. Its
bangla style roof would then be a later restoration. (See Fig. 18).

Sabek Panga Mosque: Sabek Danga (Site N o . B.12), differs from

all the monuments and ruins previously discussed as it belongs to a
different period and clearly dates long after that of Ulugh Khan Jahan.
It is a small monument with a strongly curved bangla roof and can
probably be attributed to the 18th or early 19th century. Although the
structure is dilapidated, its interior is beautifully decorated with
terracotta ornamentation showing all sorts of floral designs as well as
pomegranate branches. The building is not included in the List of
Protected Monuments and is at present used as ' a mosque. It will have
to be decided whether it should be restored in situ or rather be
dismantled, transferred and re-assembled in the future museum.

(d) Presentation of the Monuments

(i) Accessibility: Access to the monuments at Bagerhat is

already easier than access to Paharpur and several methods of transport
could be combined to enable a visit to Khalifatabad to be included,
say, on a round trip from Dacca.

Such an excursion could consist of:

A flight from Dacca to Jessore airport, 20 minutes

- A coach from Jessore to Khulna, 1 hour

A ferry across river at Khulna, then coach to Bagerhat, li

hours, visiting each monument Area and with overnight stay at
Bagerhat (see sub-section ii below).

A return to Khulna by coach, the 'Rocket' steamship (First

Class) through the Sundarbans to Dacca (24 hours)

When the new bridge is constructed at Khulna and the highway is

completed, the journey will be reduced by about 1 hour. If, or when,
 114.

1
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Bagerhat - General view across Ghora Dighi

 115.

a new airstrip comes into operation at Mangla this will considerably

increase accessibility.

Very few visitors arrive by private cars at present, but this

number could be slowly increased, by tourists with hired cars.

Bicycles should continue to be available for hire to visitors.

(ii) Visitor Accommodation: Because much of the visual attraction

of Khalifatabad is that there is no large-scale modern development in
the area, it is recommended that any new hotel accommodation should be
in Bagerhat town where some reasonable hotel rooms already exist.
Initially, at least, it is probable that private hotels will be able to
cope with the demand. However, tourist bed nights should be monitored.

(iii) Visitor Facilities in General: Because of the distance

between the two Monument Area centres (just over 1 mile), separate
visitor amentities are recommended for each Area. It is is anticipated
that the majority of visitors will want to see monuments in both Areas
and spend at least a whole day doing so. However some may visit only
one Area or pilgrims may visit, say, just Khan Jahan's Mausoleum and
the Shait Gumbad Mosque.

Basic amenities must therefore be provided for each Area but as

the Department's offices and staff quarters are already at Shait
Gumbad, it is proposed that the Museum/Exhibition Building should also
be located here.

(iv) Shait Gumbad Group - Visitor Amenity Area: (See Fig. 19)
shows recommendations for the development of the Shait Gumbad site. It
is recommended that vehicular traffic enters the car/coach park from
the short link road between the old road to Bagerhat and the new
highway.- This park, initially of 1 or 2 acres, could be expanded
westwards, according to need, (retaining as many trees as possible) and
the westward continuation of this site along the south bank of Ghora
Dighi would form a picnic area.

It is recommended that the Museum/Exhibition Building is built

just north of the car/coach park, keeping clear of the formal space
between Shait Gumbad Mosque and the tank opposite its eastern gateway,
the tank should be cleared of encroachments and a garden created
between it and the mosque. Immediately north of this garden, it is
recommended that the existing staff quarters are developed to include a
new rest house and conservation workshop. The total land required
would amount to about 30 acres.

As at Paharpur, it is envisaged that the Museum/Exhibition

Building will have a dual role. Here, its primary function is to
provide easily assimilated information by models, maps, photographs and
drawings so that visitors may absorb a broad outline of the geography
and history of the City of Khalifatabad. The museum will also contain
any archaeological artefacts found during excavations including the
present private collection. Toilet facilities and a sales kiosk should be
attached to the museum. Guide books to the monuments, as well as
postcards, colour transparencies, etc. should be available together with
a simple specially drawn map showing paths, the location of each
monument and other attractions in the Areas.
 116.

Entrance from Bazaar

O -o
i
¿
MOSQUE MAUSOLEUM • .earlier
I I gateway ?
H
J-._A-

G ixrc
Second Enclosure wall-
R
First Enclosure wall

G Dit D:
present'^"" Entrance
OH _ j

BACERHAT-
KHAN JAHAN'S MAUSOLEUM COMPLEX fig. 18
 117.

CONSERVATION
:UNIT

MUSEUM

EXISTINC
¡REST
HOUSE

T-COACHES

r-PICNIC
AREA

BAGERHAT MONUMENTS - VISITOR AMENITY AREA fig. 19

 118.

(v) Khan Jahan's Mausoleum Group - Visitors' Facilities: In

Khan Jahan's Mausoleum Area a car and coach park is recommended.
(See Fig. 16). It should be located a short distance south of the new
highway, immediately north of the bridge at the entrance to the bazaar
leading up to the Mausoleum. It is important this bridge should be
kept narrow, for pedestrians and delivery carts only, with entry
prohibited to cars and coaches. Toilet facilities and a sales kiosk
should be duplicated here. An extension of the coach park might form
one picnic spot but the main picnic place in this Area will undoubtedly
be the embankment of Thakur Dighi just south of the Mausoleum. The
total land required will amount to 10 acres.

(vi) Infrastructure for Visitors: Throughout each Area, and

linking between the two, neat but clear signposts should be set u p .
These should be designed to be read by pedestrians and slow-moving
traffic (i.e. they should not be large vehicular-type signs) and could
incorporate one or more 'trails'. Trails, or recommended routes to link
various groups of monuments, could be indicated on the hand-out type
maps referred to above. Each monument should be provided with a
securely and discreetly fixed plate giving, very briefly, its history and
name. At strategic points in each Area (e.g. at the pedestrian exit
from each car park or near the sales kiosks) clearly painted maps of
the City, with "you are here" marked, would greatly assist visitors to
orientate themselves. It is recommended that all important inscriptions
should be written in Bangla and in English.
 119-

Part V - PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND COSTS

5.1 GENERAL PROPOSALS

The conservation and presentation of the Paharpur and Bagerhat

historic monuments will be a major undertaking. The first step in
planning a programme of conservation work is to define a time period
during which the work is to be implemented. This period should not be
so short as to create insuperable problems of management and adminis-
tration, nor should it be so long as to render the outcome of the work,
uncertain. In the proposals which follow, the conservation work is
consolidated into a development project with an implementation period of
five years starting in the financial year 1983/84.

Thé second step is to arrange the work conceptually into practical

components. Essentially, the proposed project has four main components.

(i) Conservation work on the monuments themselves.

(ii) Curtilage and archaeological work in and around the

monuments.

(iii) Site development and construction of civil buildings.

(iv) Management of the project.

For each component, estimates are made below of the manpower,

materials, equipment and finance required. In addition, a schedule is
proposed, showing the phasing of the work and the annual expenditures
which need to be budgeted for over the period of the project.
 120.

5.2 THE SITES

(a) Conservation Work

(i) Paharpur: As has already been described, the conservation

work at Paharpur involves the repair and conservation of the fabric and
structure, including the protection and consolidation of the terracotta
plaques, the protection against both natural and human elements, and
the prevention of water percolation into the fabric - especially the
central shrine.

In order to estimate the costs of conservation work at Paharpur, it

is proposed that the various monuments be grouped into 'jobs' - that is
to say individual structures or groups of structures which for reasons of
location and features may conveniently be worked on by a single
conservation 'team'. The latter is a standardised task force of
craftsmen and labourers' under the day-to-day control of a conservation
supervisor. For each job an estimate is made as to how long it would
take one such team to complete the necessary conservation work, except
that in the case of the central shrine and enclosure at Paharpur it is
estimated that four teams would be needed continously for a period of
AS years. Full details of the estimated volume of conservation work
which is necessary and the associated costs, are shown in Annex 17.

(ii) Bagerhat: As has already been described, the conservation

work at Bagerhat involves repair and conservation of each of the
selected monuments which includes the prevention of rising damp by the
installation of a transfused damp proof course, the refacing and
consolidation of the brick facades to prevent sulphate attack, the
installation of a damp proof membrane in the floors. Major works will
be carried out on the Shait Gumbad Mosque and on Khan Jahan's
Mausoleum.

In order to estimate the costs of conservation work at Bagerhat,

the same methodology, which was used for Paharpur above, is adopted.
Full details are given in Annex 17. In the case of two of the
monuments - Kahn Jahan's residence and Chilla Khana - there is no
requirement for conservation work as such. Rather, the need is for
archaeological excavation and careful clearance of the site. This
activity is taken into account under Curtilage and Archaeological Work
below.

(b) Curtilage and Archaeological Work

(i) Paharpur: The curtilage and archaeological work at

Paharpur chiefly involves the removal of spoil from earlier excavations
which has been dumped mainly just outside the monastery walls; the
installation of a drainage system; including excavation of the pond
area; the area just outside the main northern entrance and the
excavation within the courtyard to the last occupation level. The spoil
from this excavation will also have to be removed.

The total volume of spoil to be removed is considerable - up to

60,000 cubic yards. It is estimated that six teams of labourers and
six lorries will be needed continuously throughout the period of the
project in order to carry out this work. The six lorries are included
among the equipment required by the project (See Annex 22). Full
details of the volume of curtilage and archaeological work which is
necessary, and the associated costs (excluding the lorries), are shown
in Annex 18.
 121.

(ii) Bagerhat: The curtilage and archaeological work at

Bagerhat chiefly involves acquisition of land and the excavation of new
sites that will reveal further information on the life and times of Khan
Jahan; the erection of boundaries to all sites and the re-establishment
of the former boundary walls around some of the mosques.

For certain monuments at Bagerhat, the present curtilage area is

insufficient and it will be necessary to acquire additional land to
provide basic protection for these monuments. This land is distinct from
that required for site development (see below).

Full details of the volume of curtilage and archaeological work

which is necessary, and the associated costs (including acquisition of
'curtilage' land) are shown in Annex 18. One lorry also will be
needed, and this is included among the equipment required by the
project (See Annex 22).

(c) Civil Buildings and Site Development

(i) Paharpur: The civil buildings needed at Paharpur are a

museum, a snack bar, offices and workshop for the conservation unit
whose job is to carry out maintenance work on the monument, and staff
housing. The present museum at Paharpur is too small, and is badly
located. It is recommended that it should be converted into, for
example, a workshop and offices for the resident conservation unit. It
is also recommended that the existing museum store should be demolished
and a new museum with additional storage space constructed. Staff
housing is essential because of the rural location of Paharpur being a
long w a y from rentable accommodation; the nearest town with suitable
accommodation is Jaipurhat which is 7-8 miles away. Dormitory
accommodation and a messroom are also needed for the small police
detachment which is recommended to provide security at the site.

The land which needs to be acquired both for site development,

including civil buildings, road and environmental protection, has
already been described (see Section 2.4 b(i) and accompanying m a p ) .
The total amounts to around 473 acres. (i.e. a circular area of
half-mile radius less the 30 acres already owned by the Department of
Archaeology and Museums).

Full details of the areas and units of accommodation of new civil

buildings are shown in Annex 19. The costs of construction and site
development and purchase of land are shown in Annex 2 0 .

(ii) Bagerhat: The civil buildings needed at Bagerhat are a

museum, offices and workshop for the conservation unit whose job it is
to carry out maintenance work on the monuments, a new rest house for
the Department of Archaeology and Museums, and staff housing. In
contrast to Paharpur, only a small amount of staff housing is needed
because of the proximity (2-3 miles) of Bagerhat town. Accordingly,
provision is.made to house only the custodian, assistant custodian and
an accountant.

The land which needs to be acquired both for site development,

including civil buildings, roads and environmental protection, has
already been described (Section 3.4 e(iv) and (v) and accompanying
maps). The total amounts to around 40 acres.

For the visitors, two Amenity Areas are proposed - the main area
 122.

at Shait Gumbad and a secondary one at Khan Jahan's Mausoleum. As

they are closely linked the museum should be located amongst the more
important monuments, but general facilities, such as parking, picnic
areas, needs tp be provided at both sites.

Full details of the areas and units of accommodation of the new

civil buildings are shown in Annex 19» The costs of construction and
site development and purchase of land are shown in Annex 20.

(d) Management of the Project

Because of the size and complexity of the project, it will be

necessary to establish a management body for the project, separate from
the Department of Archaeology and Museums. This does not, of course,
preclude that the two are linked in some w a y , indeed, a link is
essential.

The personnel required for project implementation are shown in

Annex 21. A total of 110 posts is required, which is more than half as
large as the present establishment of the Department of Archaeology and
Museums. It is clearly impossible for the Department to carry out its
regular work with respect to other monuments and museums in
Bangladesh and at the same time implement a large project at Paharpur
and Bagerhat. Therefore it will be necessary to form a Special Project,
under the Department of Archaeology and Museums.

The following management structure is proposed:

Coordinating Unit - Dacca

Conservation Publications Photographic Administrative

Section Section Section Section

1
Paharpur Bagerhat
Project Unit Project Unit

The coordinating unit in Dacca would be headed by the Project

Executive Director, and there would need to be two Deputy Executive
Directors in charge of the project units at Paharpur and Bagerhat
respectively. Full details of the personnel required and their salaries
and allowances are shown in Annex 21.

A specific job of the Publications and Photographic Sections of the

Co-ordinating Unit in Dacca would be the publication of annual reports,
guidebooks, brochures and posters of the monuments. For these
specialized printing services it will be necessary to contract with
appropriate commercial printers in Bangladesh, and provision for this
needs to be included in the costs of the project. (See Annex 23).

Finally, in anticipation of UNESCO/UNDP cooperation with the

Government in implementing the project, provision needs to be made for
annual review meetings of the senior officials concerned to study the
work being undertaken, to monitor progress and to make recommendations
 123.

as regards the plan of action for the following y e a r ' s p r o g r a m m e . (See

Annex 2 3 ) .

(e) Equipment for Project

For a project of this size a n d nature to operate smoothly, it is

essential that it be furnished with the necessary basic equipment. T h e
equipment list has therefore been planned to serve the three units - the
Central Project Office in Dacca and the two sub-units at the selected
sites. (See Annex 2 2 ) . The equipment list also includes the necessary
plant for the actual work at the two sites with recommendations for
lorries scaffolding as well as special equipment for the transfusion of
d a m p proof courses. The Central Project Office will be supplied with
proper dark room facilities as well as d r a u g h t s m a n ' s equipment a n d
suitable storage facilities for archival material, such as drawings,
photographs etc.

(f) Technical Assistance a n d Staff Training

An important element of the overall management of the project

should be staff development a n d training. For example, the prospective
custodians of the two m u s e u m s need to be trained in museology;
similiarly, the archaeological engineers and field officers need training
in techniques of conservation of historic buildings. Such training is
not available in Bangladesh, and it will be necessary to rotate staff on
short fellowships abroad during the course of the project. In addition,
provision needs to be m a d e for expert a n d specialized consultancy
services (e.g. conservation techniques, hydrology etc.) according to the
particular problems that arise during the course of the project. Full
details of the training fellowship a n d expert consultancy services
required are shown in Annex 2 3 .

At the end of the project, a certain n u m b e r of personnel employed

on the project would need to be admitted to the regular (Revenue
Budget) establishment of the Department of Archaeology and M u s e u m s .
(See Annex 2 4 ) .
 124.

5.3 SUMMARY OF COSTS

The estimated total base cost of the project i.e. without allowances
for price inflation - is Taka 82.2 million (US$ 4 . 1 million). The
estimated total cost of the project including allowances for price
inflation is Taka 112.3 million (US$ 5.6 million).

Table 1: Summary of Project Costs by Activity

(Taka '000's

Paharpur Bagerhat Coordinating

Activity Total
Project Unit Project Unit Unit - Dacca

Conservation Work U.197 5.459 19.656

Curtilage and Archaeological 4,221 1,759 5,980
Work
Civil Buildings and Site 28,998 4,925 33.923
Development
Project Implementation Unit 1,700 1.540 2.360 5.600
Equipment 3,586 1.510 1.050 6,146
Training, Publications and 10.917 10,917
Consultancy Services

Sub-Total - Base Cost 52,702 15.193 14.327 82,222 •

Price Contingencies 30,118

Total 112,340

Source: Annex 25
 125.

5.4 PHASING OF EXPENDITURE

The projected total expenditure on the project by financial year

(July 1 - June 30) is shown in Table 2 . The main reason for the larger
expenditures in the first two years is because of the need to purchase
equipment and land, and to begin work on the civil buildings at the
earliest practicable opportunity in each case.' Actually, because of
price inflation there is an advantage in having the project's heavy
expenditures bunched early rather than later.

Table 2 : Total Expenditure by Financial Year

I
Year Taka 'OOO's
1982 prices current prices

1983/84 34,051 41.415

1984/85 21.913 28.102
1985/86 9,252 13.549
1986/87 8,712 14.228
1987/88 15.046
8.294

Total 82,222 112,340

Source: Annex 25

It is a relatively straightforward matter to break down the project

expenditure into the standard Government budget categories in any
financial year. An example of such a breakdown for 1984 2nd Quarter
is shown in Annex 26.
 126.

5.5 FOREIGN EXCHANGE COMPONENT

The main items requiring direct expenditure of foreign exchange

are as follows:

Taka 'OOO's US $ 'OOO's

I Equipment 6.U6 307.3

I Training, Publications and
I Consultancy Services 10,917 545.9

I Total 17,063 853.2

Source: Annexes 22 and 23

There is also a certain amount of foreign exchange indirectly

involved in the civil buildings and conservation work (e.g. cement, iron
rods, etc.).
 127.

ANNEX 1.

ITINERARY DURING MISSION - 28 February - 31 MARCH 1982

Itinerary

28th February - 2nd March Team assembles in Dacca.

3rd March - 15th March Team visits Paharpur, with side trips
to Mahasthan, Rajshahi, Puthia and
Tagore's residence in Shahzadpur.

12th March - 15th March Team resident in Dacca for meetings

with Government Ministries and
Departments.

U t h March Team visits monuments in Lalmai,

Comilla.

16th March - 21st March Team visits monuments in Bagerhat

and environs.

22nd March - 28th March Team resident in Dacca for final

meetings with Government Ministries
and Departments.

27th March Television recording by Bangladesh

Television on Group discussion con-
cerning future aims and objectives of
the Cultural Heritage Mission.

28th March - 31st March Team members leave Dacca.

 128.

ANNEX 2

List of Persons Consulted by the Mission

Mr. Amirul Islam Kalam State Minister for Sport and Culture

Mr. A.V.S. Safdar Secretary - Ministry of Sports and

Culture

Mr. Muhammad Siddiq-ur-Rahman Secretary - Ministry of Sports and

Culture

Mr. Hedayat Ahmed Secretary - Ministry of Sports and

Culture

Mr. Munzur Murshed Additional Secretary - Sports and

Culture Division Ministry of
Education & Religious Affairs

Mr. Mohammad Ali Secretary - Ministry of Aviation and

Tourism

Mr. Syed Ahmed Joint Secretary - Ministry of Sports

and Culture. Presently Director
General of Bangladesh Television

Dr. Farashuddin Ahmed Deputy Chief - External Rescources

Division

Mr. Mahbub Kabir Deputy Secretary External

Resources Division

M r . Hafizuddin Surveyor General Survey of

Bangladesh

Mr. Muhammad Reza Hussein Chairman - Bangladesh Parjatan

Corporation

Mr. Hasan Imam Director of Planning-Bangladesh

Parjatan Corporation

Mr. Mesbah-uddin Ahmed Director General-Geological Survey of

Bangladesh

Mr. M . Abu Bakr Deputy Director - Geological Survey

of Bangladesh

Dr. Enamul Haque Director - National Museum Dacca

Dr. M . H . Rashid Superintendent - Exploration &

Excavation Branch. Department of
Archeology & Museums

Dr. Moklesur Rahman Director - Varendra Research Museum

Rajshahi

Note: Extensive meetings were had with members of the Department of

Archaeology on various aspects of this Report as well as with the
Bureau of Statistics.
 129.
ANNEX 3

Protected Monuments and Mounds in Bangladesh, by District, March 1982

Name of District Name of Monument Locality

Bakerganj 1. Qasba Mosque Q a s b a , P . S . Gaurnadi

2. Sarkar's Math Uttar-Paschim, Chandrahar
N r . Mahilara, P . S . Gaurnadi
3. Kamalapur Mosque Kamalpur, P . S . Gaurnadi,
Berisal

1. Govinda Dhap Temples Outside the citadel of

Mahasthan on north on
river Karatoya
2. Kherua Mosque Sherpur, 16 miles south of
Bogra town
3. Lakhindarer Medh Gokul
4. Mahasthan Mosque Mahasthan, P . O . Gokul,
• P . S . Shibganj
5. Mahasthangarh city ruins 8 miles north of Bogra town
P . S . Shibganj-
6. Khodaipather Mound Mahasthangarh
ti
7. Mankhali
ii
8. P a r a s u r a m ' s Palace
ii
9. Bairagir Bhita
10. Nitai Dhopanir Ghat Gokul
11. Raja Gopinath's Dhap Baghapara
ii
12. Skanda's Dap
13. Khamar Ramshahar
14. Dhanabhandar Rajakpur
H
15. Sadaker's Bhita
II
16. Kacherangina
17. Shashtitala n
18. Rashmancha H
H
19. Dulumajhir Bhita
20. Ojha Dhannantarir Bhit a Haripur
Bog ra 21. Sanyas D h a p Saralpur
22. Sanyas D h a p Tangra
II
23. Sanyas D h a p
II
24. Narapatir D h a p
25. Dakinir D h a p Sikandrabad
•ï
26. Surdighir Dhap
27. Kanjirhari Dhap Daulapur
28. Dhanapati or Dhaniker Dhap Shamur
29. Malinir D h a p ti

ti
30. Khullanar D h a p
H
31. Lahanar Dhap
32. Madarir Darga Chingaspur
•ï
33. Padmarbari
II
34. Bismardan
•35. Narapatir Dhap Vasu Bihar
II
36. Sanyas D h a p
37. Totaram Panditir Dhap Bihar
38. Mangolkot Chingaspur
39. Shalibahan Rajbadi (Mound) Arola, P . S . Kahalu
40. Godaibari D h a p Mathura, P . O . G a k u l , P . S .
Bogra
41. Mathartala Nishan Ghati D h a p Panaratika
42. Dolmancha Dhap Daulatpur, P . S . Sibganj

1. Bakshi H a m i d ' s Mosque llsha, P . S . Banskhali

Chittagong
2. Inscription at Fatepur Mosque Fatehpur
 130.

Name of District Name of Monument Locality

1. Ananda Raja's Palace Lalmai, 2 miles south of

the Trunkroad
2. Bairagi Mura Site No.3 Lalmai Hills
3. Balagazir Mura Site No.17 Baradharampur
4. Bara Sharifpur Mosque Barasharifpur, P . O . Chitoshi
P . S . Laksham
5. Barkamta Mound 12 miles west of Comilla town
6. Bhoj Raja's Palace Lalmai, Comilla
7. Chandi Mura Site No.18 Baradharampur
8. Charpatra Mura Lalmai, 1 | miles north-west
of Kotilamura inside Cantonment
9. Chila Mura Site No.15 Lalmai Hills, Comilla
it
10. Hatigara Site No.12
11. Itakhola Mound Site No.8 Lalmai, Comilla
12. Kotbari Mound Site No.9 Lalmai Hills, Comilla
13. Kutila Mura Site No.4 Lalmai P . S . Comilla
14. Mainamati Mound Site No.l Lalmai Hills, Comilla
ii
Comilla 15. Maihamati Mound Bite No.lA
ii
16. Mainamati Mound Site No.IB
M
17. Mainamati Mound Site No.2
II
18. Mainamati Mound Site No.2A
19. Palace and Temple of Queen Maharajar Bungalow Mound,
Mainamati Lalmai, Comilla
20. Pucca Mura Site No.14 Lalmai Hills, Comilla
21. Rupban Kanya's Mound Lalmai, Comilla
H
22. Rupban Mura
23. Rupbani Mura Site No.16 Lalmai Hills, Comilla
24. Salban Vihara Site No.11 Lalmai, Comilla
25. Satara Ratna Temple Jagannathpur, eastern
outskirt of town
26. Ujirpur Mounds Site No.13 Lalmai Hills, Comilla
27. Sattyaram Majundar Math Noyra, P . S . Hajiganj
II
28. Jatramonir Dhap
29. Ulchapara Pucca Mosque Ulchapara, P . S . Bramanbaria

1. Baba Adam's Mosque Rampai

2. Goaldi Mosque Goaldi in Sonargoan
3. Hajiganj Fort Hajiganj on Lakhya
Narayanganj (western bank)
4. Harish Chandra Raja's Savar
Palace and Rajasan Mounds
5. Idrakpur Fort Munshiganj, Dacca
6. Khan Muhammad Mirdha's Mosque Atish Khana, Lalbagh
7. Khondaker's Mosque Bandar opposite to Narayanganj
across the Lakhya
8. Lalbagh Fort Lalbagh
9. Sat Gumbad Mosque Satmasjid Road, Dacca
Dacca 10. Sonakanda Fort Eastern bank of Sitalakhya
at Bandar, opposite
Narayanganj
11. Sonarang Temples Sonarang, P . O . Tangibari
12. Tank of Harish Chandra Rampai
13. Tomb and Mosque of Raji Near High Court
Knwaj'a Shahbaz
14. Tomb of Bibi Maryam Hajiganj, near Narayanganj
15. Tomb of Ghiyas Uddin Azam Shah Mograpara, Sonargoan
16. Tomb of Haji Baba Salih Bandar opposite Narayanganj
across the Lakhya
17. Panam Bridge Panam, P . S . Baddir Bazaar
Dacca
18. Ancient Eidagh, Road No.13 Mouja - Sibpur, P.S.Tejgaon,
Dhanmondi Residential area Dacca
19. Mir Kadim Bridge Mir Kadim, Munsiganj, Dacca

1. Baigram Temple Baigram

2. Kantanagar Temple Kantanagar
Dinajpur 3. Sura Mosque Sura, P . S . Ghoraghat
4. Sitakot Vihara Patepur Marash, P . S .
Nawabanj
5. Nayabad Mosque Nayabad, P . S . Karharol
 131.
I
Name of District Name of Monument Locality

I
•

6. Ghoraghat Fort Sahebganj, P . S . Ghoraghat

7. Aurun Dhap Chakjunaid, P . S . Nawabganj
Dinajpur 8. Chor Chakravarty Mound Charkai, P . S . N a w a b g a n j
9. Kanjirhari Mound Chakjunaid, P . S . Nawabganj
10. Barapaikergarh Barapaikergarh, P . S . Goraghata

1. Majlis Awlia Mosque Pathrail, Faridpur Sadar

Faridpur 2. Mathurapur Deul Mathurapur
3- Rajaram Temple Khalia, Madaripur Sub-Division

1. Bharat Bhayana Stupa Mound Bharat Bhayana

2. Michael M a d h u s u d a n ' s House Sagardari
Jes sore 3. Dignagar Mound Dignagar, P . S . Harinakunda .
L,. Gorar Mosque Belayet Daulatpur, P . S .
Jenida
5. Mirzanagar H a m m a m k h a n a Mirzanagar, P . S . Keshabpur

1. Bibi Begni's Mosque Mograhat, P . S . Bagerhat,

1 mile west of Shait G u m b a d
2. Hamman Iswaripur
3. Khan Jahan's T o m b Bagerhat
4. Kodla Math Bagerhat near Jatrpur
Railway Station
5. Masjidkur Mosque Masjidkur on Kobadak River,
6 miles south of C h a n d
Khulna Khali
6. Nine-domed Mosque
On the west bank of Thakur
Dighi near Khan Jahan's
7. Pir Ali's T o m b Tomb
8. Ranvijoypur Mosque Bagerhat
Ranvijoypur, P . O . Khan
9. Shait G u m b a d Mosque Jahan Ali Dargah
10. Singar Mosque Bagerhat
11. Chunakhola Mosque Sundarghona, P . S . Bagerhat
12. Reza Khoda Mosque Chunakhola, P . S . Bagerhat
Sundarghona, P . S . Bagerhat

Kushtia 1. Jhaudia Shahi Mosque Jhaudia

2. Kuthibari Silaidah

1. Aurangzeb's Mosque Masjidpara, 4 miles north-west

of Egara-Sindur
Mymensingh 2. Qutb Mosque Ashtogram
3. Sadi Mosque Egara-Sindur
it
4. Shah M o h a m m a d Mosque

Noakhali 1. Silua M o u n d and Image Silua

1. Bangla Temple Handial, near Jaganrath

Temple
2. Chatmohar Mosque Chatmohar
Pabna 3. Jagannath Temple Handial, 12 miles north-east
of Chatmohar Railway Station
4. Jore Bangla Temple Dakshin Raghapur In Town
5. Kuthibari of Poet R . N . Tagore Shahzadpur, Pabna
6. Potajia Temple Potajia, 2 miles north-east
of Shazadpur
 132.

Name of District N a m e of M o n u m e n t Locality

1. Masjidbari M o s q u e Masjidbari, P . S . Amtali

2. Sreerampur M o s q u e Sreerampur, P . S . Patuakhali
ii
Patuakhali 3. Ancient brick bridge M

it
4. Samaghi Saudha II

1. Agradigun Mound Near Balurghat

2. Badal Pillar of Garuda Pillar ' Rodal, Mangalbari
3. Bagha Mosque Bagha
4. Bihrail Mound Near Madaripur on bank
of old bed of Barahi river
5. Chhota Sona Mosque Firozpur, Gaur
II
6. Darasbari Mosque
M
7. Dhanchack Mosque
8. Dhanora Mound 1/2 mile west of Madaripur
9. Deopara tank and embankment 10 miles north-west of
Rajshahi town
10. Dhibar Pillar of Kaivarta Sapahar
Pillar
11. Jagaddal Mound Jagaddal
12. Khania Dighi Mosque Chapara, P . S . Shibganj
13. Kumarpur Mound Kumapur, 12 miles west of
Rajshahi town
14. Kusumba Mosque Kusumba, Naogoan Sub-Division
Rajshahi 15. Paharpur Vihara Paharpur, 3 miles west of
Jamalganj Railway Station
16. Tomb and Mosque of Sh ah
Niamatullah Wali and Tahkhana Firozpur, Gaur
17. Siva Temple Puthia
ti
18. Dol - M a n d a p
II
19. Gobinda Temple
II
20. Gopala Temple
t*
21. Jagadhatri Temple
22. Halud Vihara Mound Halud V i h a r a , P . S . Bagaldacchi
23. Nawdaburunj N a w d a b u r u n j , P . S . Gornastapur
24. Rohanpur old Mazar Rohanpur, P . S . Gornastapur
25. Ahnick Temple Puthia
H
26. Ahnick Temple
II
27. Gopal Temple
M
. 28. Ratha Temple
29. Darasbari Mound Gomahpur, P . S . Sibganj

1. Bagduar Mound B a g d u a r , west of Devipur

2. Batasan Mound South west of R a n g p u r
town between P a r g a n a s
of Kundi a n d Batasan
3. Birat Mound Birat
4. Dargah K a n t a d u a r , 7 miles north-west
of Palashbari
Rangpur 5. Dargah of Shah Ismail Ghazi Ismailpur, 4 miles north
of Pirganj
6. Daryaon Fort K a n t a d u a r , near C h a t r a h a t ,
G a i b a n d h a Sub-Division
7. Mithapukur Mosque 1/2 mile north-west of
V
P . S . Mithapukur
8. Chapra Kot Lohanipara, P . S . Badarganj

1. Bhatera Tilla Mound Bhatera B a z a r , b e t w e e n

Maijgaon a n d B a r a m c h a l
Railway Station in M a u l v i
Sylhet Bazar Sub-Division
2. Magalithic Stone Monuments Jaintiapur n e a r old Rajbari

Tangail 1. Atiya Mosque Atiya

Source: Department of Archaeology a n d M u s e u m s Total N u m b e r of M o n u m e n t s 182

 133.
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 135.
ANNEX 5

Development Expenditure of the Department of Archaeology and Museums

1975/76 - 1979/80

(Taka in Lakh)

1 1
First F ive-Year Plan Two-Year Pia n
1973/74 - 1977/76 ii 1978/79 - 1979/80
Name of Project

1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 Sub-total 1978/79 1979/80 Sub-total TOTAL

1. Development of Archaeology and

Museums
(Approved Cost: Taka 45.50 Lakh)

(a) Conservation

Paharpur Central Shrine 1.10 1.10 1.10

Bagna Mosque, Rajshahi 2.02 2.02 2.02
Shait G u m b a d Mosque, Bagerhat 0.48 0.50 0.98 0.50 0.50 1.48
Michael M a d h u s u d a n ' s House,
Jessore 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
Darasbari Mosque, Rajshahi 1.00 1.07 2.07 2.07 •
Bashu Bihar (land), Bogra 1.00 1.00 1.87 1.87 2.87
Mashidbari Mosque, Patuakhali 0.90 0.90 0.90
Ranvijoypur Mosque (land)
Bagerhat and Bihrail Mound
(land), Rajshahi 0.97 0.97 0.97
Gerda Mosque, Paridpur 3.00 3.00 3.00
T a k n a n a , G a u r , Rajshahi 2.25 2.25 2.25
Satera Ratna Mandir, Comllla 2.09 2.09 2.09
Chota Sona Mosque, G a u r ,
Rajshahi 1.00 1.00 1.00
Masjidkur Mosque, Khulna 1.00 1.00 1.00

Sub-Total 4.10 3.00 10.04 9.84 1.87 11.71 21.75

(b) Civil Buildings

Chittagong, Office and Library

Bhaban 2.50 2.50 2.32 2.32 4.82
Chittagong, Extension
of Museum 2.07 1.74 3.81 3.00 3.00 6.81
Chittagong, Showcases, etc. 1.09 ,1.09 3.00 3.00 4.09
Mahasthan, Office and Reserve
Collection 0.25 2.25 2.50 2.50
Mahasthan, Extension of Museum 2.37 2.37 0.58 0.58 2.95
Paharpur, staff quarters 1.25 0.90 2.05 2.15
Bagerhat, staff quarters 4.00 4.00 4.00
Kuthibari, staff quarters 3.00 3.00 3.00

Sub-Total 2.75 5.57 6.10 14.42 2.90 13.00 15.90 30.32

(c) Other

Archaeological Laboratory 1.40 3.01 3.04 7.45 1.84 2.31 4.15 11.60
Comprehensive Survey of
Monuments 2.87 1.42 4.29 1.13 1.90 3.03 7.32

Sub-Total 1.40 5.88 4.46 11.74 2.97 4.21 7.18 18.92

Total (1) (a+b+c) 8.25 14.45 13.50 36.20 15.71 19.08 34.79 70.99

2. Preservation of Historical
Monuments of Dacca City
(Approved Cost: Taka ¿9.87 Lakh) 48.92 48.92 48.92

Grand Total (1+2) 8.25 14.45 13.50 36.20 15.71 68.00 83.71 119.91

Source: Department of Archaeology and Museums

Note: 1. The Department of Archaeology and Museums did not have any development projects in 1973/74 and
1974/75
 136. ANNEX 6

Development Expenditure of the Department of Archaeology and Museums

1980/81 - 1981/82

(Taka in Lakh)

2nd Five-Y ear Plan 198CV81-1984/85

Budget
1980/81 Total
1981/82

1. Preservation of Archaeological Monuments and Publications

(Approved Cost: Taka 99.00 Lakh)

(a) Conservation

Gerda Mosque, Paridpur 1.30 1.30

Lalbagh Fort, Dacca 5.29 5.29
Paharpur, Rajshahi 1.65 0.50 2.15 •
Khania Dighi Mosque, Rajshahi 2.00 1.00 3.00
Rohanpur Mazar, Rajshahi 1.07 1.07
9-Domcd Mosque (Land), Bagerhat 1.70 1.70
Manqolkot (excavation), Bogra 0.50 0.50
Kutcherybari of Poet R . N . Tagore, Pabna 2.00 2.00
Mainamati, Comilla 1.94 1.94
Bihar Dhap (excavation), Bogra 0.50 0.50
Shait Gumbad Mosque (Land), Bogra 2.00 2.00

Sub-Total 13.51 7.94 21.45

(b) Civil Buildings

Chittagong, Extension of Museum 2.48 2.48

Mainamati, Walls and Site Development 1.00 1.00
Mahasthan, Walls and Museum Additions 1.00 1.00
Mahasthan, Showcases' 0.95 0.95
Sher-e-Bangla Museum, Establishment of 4.50 4.50

Sub-Total 2.48 7.45 9.93

(c) Other

Furniture, Equipment, Miscellaneous 1.93 1.38 3.31

Development Budget Staff Pay and Allowances 0.06 2.23 2.29

Sub-Total 1.99 3.61 5.60

Total (1) (a+b+cj 17.98 19.00 36.98

2. Survey of Archaeological Monuments

(Apr¡roved Cost: Taka 1,01.00 Lakh) 4.23 18.35 22.58

3« Esta blishment of Archaeology Bhaban

(App roved Cost: Taka 1,00.0 Lakh) FROZEN

Grand Total (1+2+3) 22.21 37.35 59.56

Source: Department of Archaeology and Museums

 137.
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 138.
ANNEX 8

Expenditure on Special Repairs, by Monument

1976/77 - 1980/81

(Taka ' O O O ' s )

Name of Monument 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81

1. Siva Temple, Puthia, Rajshahi 16.8 15.5 21.5'

2. Bara Sharifpur Mosque, Comilla 12.9

3. Kuthibar.i of Poet R . N . Tagore, Pabna 60.0 70.8

4. Chunakhola Mosque, Bagerhat, Khulna 15.0 30.0 97.3 25.0

5. Singar Mosque, Bagerhat, Khulna 15.3 114.7 50.0

6. Tomb of Ghiyas Uddin Azam Shah,

Sonargoan, Dacca 2.5 8.5

7. Mathurapur Deul, Faridpur 9.0 29.8

8. Iswaripur Hamman, Khulna 30.0 28.9

9. Kodla Math, Bagerhat, Khulna 15.6

10. Chhota Sona Mosque, Gaur, Rajshahi 15.0

11. Panam Bridge, Dacca 63.3 25*0

12. Mir Kadim Bridge, Dacca 172.4 57.6

13. Kuthibari, Silaidah, Khushtia 15.2

14. Mahasthangarh (boundary wall), Bogra 10.1

15. Mosque of Shah Niamatullah Wali, Gaur

Rajshahi 5.0
16. Sat Masjid, Dacca 14.5

17. Jhaudia Shahi Mosque, Khushtia 44.0

18. Salban Vihara, Mainamati, Comilla 6.8 14.9

19. Bhasu Vihara, Bogra 37.8

20. Makilara Temple, Barisal, Bakerganj 8.1

21. Jore Bangla Temple, Pabna 48.0

22. Qutb Mosque, Ashtogram, Mymensingh 30.0

23. Tomb and Mosque of Haji Khwajá

Shahbaz, Dacca 20.0

TOTAL 120.0 449.4 233.1 212.0 242.3

Source: Department of Archaeology and Museums

 139.

ANNEX 9

Population of Thanas in the Neighbourhood of Paharpur Monument

(a) Population of Thanas, 1981 Census

Thana Number of Population • % Increase

Households of Population
1974-1981

Rajshahi District

Badalgacchi 30,684 162,669 20,53

Dhamairhat 22,379 124,384 19,48
Patnitola 26,758 152,987 22,15
Mohadebpur 44,806 196,788 19,36
Naogaon 46,250 257,879 20,79

Bogra District

Akkelpur 18,394 99,436 17,51

Kheltal 32,164 169,108 22,60
Jaipurhat 35,850 194,410 21,38

Source: A Preliminary Report on Population Census 1981

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, June 1981

Populations of Thanas in the Neighbourhood of Bagerhat Monuments

(b) Population of Thanas, 1981 Census

Thana Number of Population % Increase

Households of Population
1974-1981

Bagerhat 40,502 232,351 20,68

Fakirhat 17,769 100,526 15,84
Rampal 41,566 241,080 18,79
Morrelganj 47,590 273,360 17,50
Kachua 20,327 111,499 17,98
Mollahat 31,083 173,636 18,46
Nazirpur 28,137 154,407 18,24

Source: A Preliminary Report on Population Census 1981

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, June 1981
 no.
ANNEX 10

Geological Data at Paharpur

In 1980, five test borings to a depth of 66 feet each were carried

out inside the compound in connection with the investigation of the
sub-soil for dewatering and drainage of water. The locations of these
test holes are shown on Fig. 3 . Based on these borings, the formations
encountered up to the total drilling depth can be classified into four
distinct units, as follows:-

Unit A - Filling soil composed of silt and clay with brick

chips, etc. from the present ground surface to an
average depth of approximately 12.5 feet.

Unit B - Light grey to grey, loose to medium dense sandy silt

with traces of mica from 12.5 feet to an average
depth of 25 feet.

Unit C - Grey to light grey and yellowish brown stiff plastic

clay with silt from 25 to 37 feet.

Unit D - Grey to light grey, dense to very dense silty fine to

medium sand from 37 feet up to the depth of
penetration.

The geological cross-section of the area based on the test holes is

illustrated in Table 1 of this Annex.
 141.
Annex 10 (cont)
Table 1
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Annex 10 - Geological cross-section oi monastery - table 1 o o
• co a.
 1^42.

ANNEX 11

Climatic Data at Paharpur

The major climatic parameters for the area are listed in Table 1
below. The table gives the maximum and minimum temperatures, the
mean relative humidity, as well as evaporation and rainfall. Except
for the mean monthly rainfall distribution, the climatic parameters were
based on records of the Bogra hydrometeorological station, the closest to
Paharpur. Rainfall records were taken from the Bangladesh Water
Development Board Station, R-152 located in Badalgacchi, Rajshahi about
7 miles south-west of the monument.

Table 1. Climatic Data at Paharpur

Mon. Mean Mean Evaporation Rainfall

Temp.(F) Rel.Humidity(%) (inches) (inches)
M a x . Min. 9am 6pm

Jan 77 53 78 59 2.76 0.40

Feb 82 56 72 48 3.34 0.26
Mar 92 64 63 37 5.18 0.36
Apr 96 72 67 42 6.50 1.98
May 93 76 78 67 6.00 6.29
J un 90 78 86 82 4.24 11.35
Jul 89 79 86 81 4.31 15.47
Aug 88 79 87 82 3.87 12.95
Sep 89 79 85 82 4.14 11.62
Oct 88 74 87 76 3.94 4.97
Nov 85 63 78 69 3.55 0.31
Dec 79 56 79 75 2.94 0.25

Total Annual 50.77 66.21

The western part of the country and in particular, the district of

Rajshahi experiences the lowest rainfall. The mean annual rainfall
observed at station R-152 for the 20-year period of record (1962 - 1981)
is 66.21 (see Table for the monthly distribution). Of this amount, about
94 percent occurs during the May-October period with the highest
rainfall observed in the month of July. For the rest of the year,
rainfall is low, with monthly totals of less than an inch from November
to March.

The Peak Rates of Run-off

The peak rates of run-off, Q in cubic feet per second were

estimated, based on the rational formula expressed by the following
relationship : -

Q = CIA

Where C is a run-off coefficient whose value depends on the

characteristics of the basin; 1 is the rainfall intensity in inches per
hour at a specified frequency; A is the drainage area in acres.
 143.

Rainfall intensity was calculated based on rainfall records at

station R-152 using the annual series method of frequency analysis. For
the 20-year period of record, maximum daily rainfall data for each year
was selected. Using a recurrence interval of five years, the design
rainfall for the determination of peak rates of runoff was estimated to
be 7.75 inches per day.

The monument can be grouped into two types of drainage area; the
area covered by the central shrine and the courtyard area. The central
shrine mostly consists of relatively impervious material and has a steep
slope. Thus, a run-off coefficient of 0.80 was assumed. A runoff
coefficient of 0.40 was taken for the courtyard area which will
eventually be graded to facilitate surface drainage.

The peak rates of run-off for both areas are estimated as follows : -

(a) Central Shrine

n _ (0.80)(7.75)(88,OOQ)
y
l " (24)(43560)

= 0.53 cubic feet per second

(b) Courtyard
n (0.40)(7.75)(760,000)
Q =
2 (24) (43560)

2.25 cubic feet per second

 1M.

ANNEX 12

Hydrogeological Data at Paharpur

Two water-bearing horizons are encountered within the test boring

depth, carried out for the Department by a local consulting firm in its
investigation of the sub-soil. The first horizon is composed of sandy
silts and earlier referred to as Unit B . It has an average thickness of
12.5 feet. Water for the domestic requirement of the rural populace is
generally derived from this formation through the use of lined dug wells
or ring wells. Permeability tests on samples collected from this horizon
by the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineers resulted in an average
permeability coefficient of 0.70 feet per day. The formation is overlain
by a relatively impermeable horizon (Unit A) composed predominantly of
silts and clays having an average thickness of 12.5 feet. The
overlying formation acts as a semi- confining layer. Nevertheless, it is
able to hold and transmit water. However, its transmitting capacity is
poor, as substantiated by laboratory tests, resulting in a very low
average coefficient of permeability of 0.00027 feet per day.

The second water-bearing horizons encountered consists of silty

fine to medium sands (Unit D) with an average permeability coefficient
of 0.95 feet per day. The top of the formation occurs at an average
depth of 37 feet below the present ground surface within the monastery
and extends throughout the drilling depth. Based on data collected on
irrigation tubwells in the vicinity which were drilled to depths of
approximately 200 feet, the horizon is underlain by a sandy sequence
which generally becomes coarser with depth. The sandy sequence in-
cluding Unit D, acts as a single hydraulic unit and is termed herein as
the main aquifer. The main aquifer is currently the primary source of
water of irrigation tubwells.

The two water-bearing horizons are separated by a relatively

impermeable silty clay formation having an average thickness of about
12 feet. Laboratory analyses of soil samples collected from this
formation resulted in an average permeability coefficient of 0.000029 feet
per day. The unit is encountered throughout the monastic quadrangle.
However, no other detailed information is available to determine how far
the formation extends beyond the area in order to ascertain whether a
direct hydraulic continuity exists between the two water-bearing
formations.
 145.

ANNEX 13

Ground Water Level Data at Paharpur

The well, which was partially cleaned, has a present depth of

about 17 feet. The original depth of the well is not known but it is
highly probable that it has not penetrated the main aquifer. Thus,
observed water levels are responses to the potential of the first water-
bearing formation (Unit B ) .

Water level hydrographs of the ring well as well as the average

water levels for the seven piezometric wells are shown in Table 1 of
this annex along with the monthly rainfall distribution recorded in
station R-152. The figure also illustrates the hydrograph of an
observation well monitored by the Ground Water Circle of the Bangladesh
Water Development Board. The observation well, RAJ-60 is about two
miles south-west of the monument and has a depth of 13 feet. It is
evident from the figure that water levels observed in the ring well and
RAJ-60 are correlated. Both wells, having penetrated the first
water-bearing formation only, clearly indicate the hydraulic response of
the horizon to recharge and discharge. However, a discrepancy could
be noted in the year 1980. The ring well showed the rising water
levels from June till January 1981 which do not conform to the normal
rise and recession of ground water levels as exhibited by observations
in the succeeding year.

Based on the short period of record of the peizometric wells, it is

evident that the main aquifer ilnto which the piezometers were drilled
show similar response as that of the overlying water-bearing formation
in terms of recharge and discharge. However, piezometric levels are
lower than those of the ring well. Thus, during the late recession and
early rising periods, a small quantity of water flows from Unit B to the
main aquifer. The difference in pressure head between the two
formations may be attributed to a number of factors, one of which is
ground water extractions from the main aquifer through a number of
irrigation wells operating in the area during this period.

Due to the short period of record, the cyclic response and more
importantly, the maximum grQund water elevations of the piezometers are
not known. However, it is believed that a state of equilibrium will
eventually exist between the two formations and the piezometric levels
will equal or be in proximity to those of the ring well.

Ground water contribution can be estimated on the assumption that

it is derived wholly on the vertical flow of water from the water-
bearing horizons using Darcy's equation expressed as follows:-

Q KA dh
8 dl
where Q • = ground water flow in cubic feet per second
K^ = coefficient of permeability in feet per second
A = area in square feet
dh = difference in pressure heads
dl = length of flow path

Available data shows that the highest water level in the ring well
occured in September 1981 at an elevation of about 64 feet M S L . Rainfall
 1K6.

for that year was nearly normal at 65.53 inches. However, water levels
observed in the Bangladesh Water Development Board observation well
RAJ-60 showed that the highest water level since 1966 occured in October
1969. Rainfall for that particular year was 102.14 inches or 1.5 times
greater than the normal annual rainfall. Correlation studies indicate
that maximum water level for the ring well would have occured at an
elevation of 67 feet M S L . It should be noted that this level is higher
than the elevation of the parapet of the ring well. However, this value
was used for the purpose of estimating the maximum head differential of
16 feet. The length of flow path is assumed as equal to the average
thickness of Unit A . Using the above equation, the maximum rate of
ground water flow is estimated to be 0.0034 cubic feet per second.
Hence, ground water contribution is minimal when compared to surface
runoff.
 147.
A n n e x 13 (cont)
Table 1
Monthly rainfall in inches
Ground water level in feét above M S I
Annex 13 - Ground water level hydrographs and rainfall distribution
 148.

ANNEX U

Design Data for Drainage Installation at Paharpur

(a) Drainage from Pradakshinapatha

From the design discharge of 0.53 cfs a n d assuming a flow

velocity of 0.1 feet per second, about twenty two 12" x 3 " openings are
required to cope with the discharge from the pradakshinapatha.

(b) Design Data for the Main Drain

The design of the main drain is based on Manning's equation

described by the following relationship:

i A R °- 6 7 S°- 5 0
Qx = n

where Q= design discharge

n = roughness coefficient
A = area of drain
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of drain

The design discharge used for the drain has been assumed as
equal to half of the total inflow of surface and ground water a n d
estimated to be 1.39 •• cubic feet per second. Assuming a roughness
coefficient of 0.017 and a slope of hydraulic gradient of 0.001, the
required depth of flow for a two feet wide drain is 0 . 5 0 feet.

(c) Design Data for Pond

The depth of storage is controlled b y the designed m a x i m u m water

level in the pond a n d partly, b y subsoil a n d ground water conditions.
The bed elevation of the main drain at the inlet to the pond is designed
at 55.5 feet M S L . Allowing for a freeboard height of six inches, the
designed m a x i m u m water level in the pond is at 5 5 . 0 feet M S L . To
facilitate construction of the p o n d , the floor should be higher than the
lowest ground water levels which is observed to be at elevation 5 1 . 5
M S L based on the short period of record. This level coincides with the
average elevation of the top of the first water-bearing formation.
However, this would only allow a storage depth of 3 . 5 feet a n d hence
would require a pond length of 105 feet which could n o longer be
accommodated. A storage depth of six feet is recommended that would
m a k e the floor approximately 11 feet below the excavated courtyard level
thereby decreasing the length of the pond to about 60 feet. Under
normal storms with a frequency of one year, the pond would be capable
of storing water for about 10 hours.

The cross-section of the pond along with the design elevations are
shown in Fig. 1 0 . Since the depth of the pond extends, into the
water-bearing sandy silt deposits the flooring and walls should be m a d e
water-tight to prevent seepage of ground water. A sump should also be
constructed at the northeast corner where the p u m p intake will be
placed. Channels at the same level with the ground surface should be
provided to permit inflow of runoff.
 149.

(d) Design Data for Pump

Computation of the period of pumping is estimated on the basis of

the average annual regimen of water in the area. A simple
hydrological balance for the area was prepared, utilizing the climatic
parameters listed in Table 1. Evapotranspiration and soil moisture
requirements were deducted from rainfall to yield surplus water. Surplus
water includes runoff and ground water recharge which is assumed as
the total volume of water to be pumped out of the monastery. The water
balance analysis which was prepared on a monthly basis resulted in a
surplus water equivalent to 29 inches per year. This is equivalent to a
volume of 2.05 million cubic feet. Utilizing a 400 USgpm p u m p , this
volume can be drained out in 640 hours. On the other hand, the period
of pumping would be decreased to about 220 hours when the larger
capacity pump is used.
 150.
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 152-.

ANNEX 15

Schematic Maximum Visitor Pattern for Paharpur

1. Assumptions

most visitors will arrive by coach, car or bicycle.

most visitors (but not all) will want to see exhibition and
museum (say 75%).
all visitors will want to walk around the Monument.
- all visitors will need some form of refreshment:
picnics brought to the site (water needs to be provided);
food bought at a cafe or snack bar on the site,
provision should be made for toilet facilities at peak periods.

2. Limiting Factors:

capacity of exhibition/museum building (say 150 for 20 min.

periods).
- capacity of Monument at peak periods (825 at assumed flow).

3. Notional Preferences:

ideally, visitors should first see the exhibition before walking

around the Monument, but at peak periods during a busy day
this may not be possible. Notional sequences for the 3
activities are thus:

exhibition/Monument/picnic
exhibition/picnic/Monument
Monument/exhibition/picnic
Monument/picnic/exhibition
picnic/exhibition/Monument
picnic/Monument/exhibition

4. Time Scale:

it has been assumed that the minimum time needed for the 3
activities will be:

Exhibition and museum 20 minutes)

Walk around the Monument 40 minutes ) total 2 hours
Refreshment 60 minutes)

these figures can, of course, be adjusted as desired.

if at peak periods, visitors stay much longer the entrance
would have to be temporarily closed or congestion would occur.
Overcrowding would reduce visitor enjoyment of the Monument.
Both of these alternatives can be witnessed at popular
monuments in other countries.
the minimum times shown result in the maximum number of
visitors that could be admitted, overall totals depending on the
 153.

opening hours. For instance, if the Monument is open from

10.00 am until 5.00 p m , a total of 4,200 visitors could be
accommodated, with a peak of 2,200 visitors at any one time.
if the duration of stay is increased (e.g. in off-peak periods)
then maximum numbers would be correspondly decreased.

Coach/Car Park:

The parking space should be capable of accepting vehicles during

peak periods when, according to the above assumptions, 2,200
visitors could be on site.

If all arrived by coach, this would need, say, 40 vehicles needing

1 acre of land.

If all arrived by car, there would be, say, 500 cars needing 3
acres of land.

On the assumption that 75% would arrive by coach, this would

result in 30 coaches and 125 cars at peak periods, needing a total
of 2 acres of land.

Refreshment Facilities:

At peak periods there could be 1,225 visitors needing refreshment

simultaneously. Assuming 75% bring their own picnic, a picnic
area for about 1,000 visitors is needed. 2 - 3 acres of land,
including some shaded areas, will be required in addition to
vehicle parking place. At this time on. this basis, about 300
visitors would require cafe facilities. Assume that, of the minimum
60 minutes allocated for this activity, 40 minutes is spent eating
and up to 20 minutes waiting, then a cafe to serve 200 people is
needed in a building of about 3,000 sq. ft.

Toilet Accommodation:

For 2,000 visitors allow: 3 - 6 female closets

2 - 3 male closets, and
10 - 20 male urinal stalls
 15^.

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC VISITOR FLOW DIAGRAM

Total
LOam 11 12nopn lpm Visitors
exHon picnic 100
expicnic Mon 200
ex Mon picnic 300
ex picnic Mon 400
ex Mon picnic etc
ex picnic Mon
ex Mon picnic 'A' noraul i lov
ex picnic Mon 6(0 peí hcur
ex Mon picnic
ex picnic Mon
ex Mon picnic
ex picnic Mon
<
'A' Totals on site ex Mon picnic
* exhibition 150 ex picnic Mon
Monument 400 picnic ex Mon
picnic 600 picnic Mon ex
Mon picnic ex
Normal flow total 1,200 Mon ex II picnic
ex Mon picnic
ex picnic Mon
'B' pc ak flew
picnic
picnic
ex Mon
Mon ex
16(0 ier hot r y
Mon picnic ex
Mon ex picnic
ex Mon picnic
picnic Mon ex
Mon ex picnic
Mon picnic ex
Mon picnic ex
picnic Mon ex Ne rmg1 fio*
Mon Í S A'
picnic ex
picnic Mon ex re veisec
Mon picnic ex
picnic Mon ex
Mon picnic ex
'Bf Totals on site picnic
Mon
Mon ex y
* exhibition 150 picnic ex
Monument 800 + 25 picnic Mon ex
picnic 1,200 + 25 Mon picnic ex
Peak flow total 2,200 picnic Mon ex
Mon picnic ex A, 100
picnic Mon ex 4,200

* Assume:
for every 100 visitors
75% visit exhibition Total attendance 7 hour day
25% join other activities including peak load: 4,200
 155.

ANNEX 16

The Incidence of Sulphate Attack and Salt Action

During several detailed surveys of buildings all over Bangladesh

it was noticed that there was a very high incidence of Calcium Sulphate
to be found on all parts of the building. Obviously in some areas,
notably in the Khulna district the majority of sulphates seen on the
buildings appeared as a result of rising damp bringing the impurities
from the earth below. However, in many places, the presence of
Calcium Sulphate could not be. related entirely to rising damp as it
either appeared well above the estimated maximum height of the rising
damp or was directly related to repair or restoration work which
suggested that the impurities were introduced in the materials used for
the repairs.

During initial investigations it was the mortar mix that seemed the
most likely cause for heavy and unlikely deposits of calcium sulphate.
The presence of limestone in Bangladesh is almost non-existent and what
there is, on the north eastern border is very difficult to mine. There
are apparently no isolated outcrops of true limestone in the country, as
one would expect, to produce these local supplies of building lime. It
was finally deduced that this local supply of lime was not lime at all
but something very similar made from a geological deposit known as
'Evaporite'. Large areas of Bangladesh were, at one time, flooded by
the sea, which, when it withdrew, left large pockets of trapped sea
water. The water evaporated and left these deposits of 'Evaporite*
which consist mostly of Calcium Sulphate. Its outward appearance is
that of lime, but its geological constructions are totally different having
a high concentration of calcium sulphate which is very harmful to
buildings that are exposed to rainfall or moisture. Rainfall will
dissolve the salts, and in the same process as happens with rising
d a m p , the solution will be drawn in the surface of the brickwork where
the water will evaporate causing the salts to crystalise on the surface.
 156.
ANNEX 17

ESTIMATED COSTS OF CONSERVATION WORK ON PAHARPUR AND BASERHAT MONUMENTS

Taka 'OOO's
Job Volume
Code Site and Name of Monument of Work,, /
No. in Months-' Labour and . Speoial, Specialistj, / Total
Materials— Fittings^' Sub-Contracts—
Paharpur
PI Central Shrine and Enclosure Wall 219 i 9,110.4 30.0 9,140.4
P2 Monastic Cells 60 2,496.0 5.0 2,501.0
P3 Other Structures within Courtyard 30 1,248.0 5.0 1,253-0
P4 Structures Outside the Walls 30 1,248.0 5.0 I.253.O

Sub-Total 339 14,102.4 45.O 50.O 14,197-4

Bagerhat
Bl Shalt Gumbad Mosque 33 1.372.8 72.0 1,444.8
B2 Singar Mosque 9 374.4 25.5 \ *' / 399-9
B3 Blbl Begnl's Mosque 6 249.6 34.5 \ 'J " / 284.1
B4 Chunakola Mosque 6 249.6 12.0 261.6
B5 Khan Jahan Residence Croup
(ruins )£/
B6 Khan Jahan Mausoleum Complex 12 499-2 25.5 524.7
B7 9 - Domed Mosque 9 374.4 49-5 423-9
B8 Reza Khoda Mosque 6 249.6 28.5 278.I
B9 Zlnda Plr Group 12 499.2 I3.5 512.7
BIO Ranvijoypur Mosque 15 624.0 49-5 673-5
Bll Bara Ajina Mosque and Chilla Khana
Mazaar (ruins)6/
B12 Sabek Danga 12 499.2 6.0 505.2

Sub-Total 120 4,992.0 316.5 150.0 5.458.5

Total 459 19,094.4 361.5 200.0 19.655.9

Notes: 1/ All the monuments have been grouped into "Jobs", that is to say, individual structures or groups of structures
which for reasons of location and features are conveniently treated and/or restored by a single "conservation
team". The latter is a standardized task force of 23 craftsmen and labourers:

Post Daily Wage (Taka) Number

Conservation Supervisor 50 1
Senior Mason/Brick Craftsman 45 2
Mason/Brick Craftsman 40 8
Carpenter 40 1
Labourers (mixers, carriers, 12
etc.) 25

On the basis of a 6-day week and 13 weeks per quarter (3 months), the quarterly wage W.11 for this team would
be Tk. 62,400.
For each Job an estimate has been made as to how long it would take one such team to complete
the necessary conservation work, except that in the case of the Central Shrine and Enclosure at Paharpur it
is estimated that four teams would be needed continuously for a period of 4-5 years.

2 / It is estimated that the ratio of Labour to materials (including transport) costs for the ordinary conservation
—
work on most of the monuments is around 50:50. This is a higher proportion for labour than is the case for
standard construction of new civil buildings: for example, the index of building construction costs of the
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (Monthly Statistical Bulletin of Bangladesh, Vol. X, No. 12, December I98I,
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning! Table 6.6)hasa weighting of 28.78
per cent for labour costs, 68.10 per cent for materials and 3-12 per cent for transport charges. The higher
weighting for labour costs in the present project is necessitated by the nature of the conservation work, which
Includes careful removal and/or demolition of elements of existing structures.
Estimated labour and materials costs fer each Job, therefore, are equal to twice the quarterly
labour costs times the estimated quarterly duration of work for the Job.

2/ Besides the ordinary building materials (bricks, cement, etc.) which are included in footnote 2/above, allowance
needs to be made for special fittings, notably Jails (iron work) for the buildings at Bagerhat and P.V.C. sheets
for damp-proofing at both Bagerhat and Paharpur. The cost of a Jail to fit one of the openings in Shait Oumbad
Mosque is Tk. 1,500. This figure is adopted as ,a basis for estimating the costs of Jails at all the aonuments
at Bagerhat. For P.V.C. sheets, the present cost is around Tk. 30 per square yard. The numbers of Jalis and
square yards of P.V.C. sheeting needed at Paharpur and Bagerhat are as shown en page 2.
4/ As an alternative to using P.V.C. sheets for dany-proofing, there may be technical and cost-saving advantaget
~ in using injected resin instead. A triel experiment needs- to be carried out usine this alternative. Potential
applicability is mainly on the buildings at Bagerhat. Cost of the experiment (US$10,000) is allocated
arbitrarily in the ratio Bagerhat 75 per cent: Paharpur 25 per cent.
¿ / No significant structures to conserve. Bjt see Annex l8.
6/ Same as ¿ / above.
 157.

ANNEX 17 (Cont'd.)

Requirements for Jails and P.V.C. Sheeting

Square Yards of P . V . C .
Job No_. of Jail's
Floor Wallai/ Total

PI - - 1,000 1,000

P2-P4 - - 500 500

Bl - 800 1.600 2,400

B2 5 200 400 600

B3 5 300 600 900
B4 J/ 200 2oo2/ 400
B6 7 loo*/ 400 500

B7 9 4oo 800 1,200

B8 7 200 400 600

B9 3 100 200 300

BIO 9 400 800 1,200

B12 3 15 35 50
Total 48 2.715 6.935 9.650

Notes: 1/ Except where noted, the wall areas to be covered are counted as twice the
floor areas.
2/ New Jails were fitted In I98I.
¿/ Inside walls only. Outside walls already done.
_4/ Around the tomb only.
 ANNEX 18 158.

ESTIMATED COSTS OF CUKTILftGE AND ARCHAEOUOCICAL WORK AT PAHARPUR AND BAGERHAT MONUMENTS

Job Site and Name of Monument Volume Taka 'OOO's

Code of Work, /
Labour and/ Special,/ Specialist Acquisition
No. in Months-' Total
Materials- Fittings'2' Sub-Contracts of LancK'

Paharpur
PI Central Shrine and Enclosure
Wall
P2 Monastic Cells
Other Structures within Court-
P3 yard
P4 Structures Outside the Walls

Sub-Total 270 4,014.9 206.0 - - 4,220.9

Fjagerhat
Bl Shalt Gumbad Mosque 30 525.2 3.0 25.0 553.2
B2 Singar Mosque 6 105.0 3.0 108.0
B3 Bibl Bagni's Mosque if 26.3 3.0 29.3
Chunakola Mosque If 3.0 29-3
B4 26.3
Khan Jahan Residence Group
18 315.1 3.0 125.0 443.1
B5 (ruins) 5 /
B6 Khan Jahan Mausoleum Complex 3 52.5 3.0 105-5
B7 9 - Domed Mosque 6 105.0 3.0 50.0 108.0
B8 Reza Khoda Mosque 26.3 3.0 66.8
B9 Zlnda Pir Group
if 26.3 3-0 37.5 129.3
BIO Ranvljoypur Mosque if 26.3 3.0 100.0 29>3
*^ 118.0
Bll Bara Ajina Mosque and Chilla li 105.0 3.0
B12 Khana Mazaar (ruins)6/ 6 10.0
26.3 3.0 39.3
Sabek Danga7/ ~
li 10.0
Sub-Total 78 1.365.6 36.0 - 357.5 1.71,9.1
Total 348 5.380.5 242.0 - 357.5 5.980.0

Notes: 1/ The same methodology as in Annex 17is adopted in order to estimate the duration of work, except that the
make.-up of the curtilage/archaeology teams is different from that of the conservation teams.
At Paharpur, as is indicated in the text of the report, the main objective of the curtilage
work is to remove the spoil from earlier excavations which has been dumped Just outside the monastery
walls. The volume of spoil to be removed is estimated at around 20,000 cubic yards. Within the monastery
walls (i.e. in the courtyard itself), the objective is to excavate down to the last occupation level. The
spoil from this excavation is estimated at around 40,000 cubic yards. This spoil will have to be taken
outside the monastery walls and removed along with the other 20,000 cubic yards already there.
For the purposes of calculating the volume of work required in order to remove the total 60,000
cubic yards of spoil, it is assumed that the entire exercise should be completed within the life of the
project (i.e. five years).
For the 20,000 cubic yards of spoil which is already outside the monastery walls, teams of
labourers will be needed to load the soil on the lorries. It is estimated that a team of 12 labourers
under a supervisor can fill three lorry-loads of 3 cubic yards (i.e. 9 cubic yards total) per day.
Assuming that loading can be carried out during three quarters each year, there will be a need, therefore,
for the equivalent of two teams full-time (nine months per year) for five years (90 team-months).
For the 40,000 cubic yards of spoil which has to be excavated and removed from the courtyard,
larger teams will be needed because of the distances involved in carrying the spoil to the lorries which
cannot enter the courtyard. Assuming that each team consists of 24 labourers and a supervisor under the
overall control of a Department of Archaeology Field Officer, and again that each team fills three lorry-
loads per day and that excavatton/loading can be carried out during three quarters each year, then there
will be a need for the equivalent of four teams full-time (nine months per year) for five years (I80 team-
months). It is also assumed that these teams will undertake curtilage/archaeology work at certain nearby
area such as that around the pond and that Just outside the northern entrance.
There will be a need for two lorries (one for each team) continuously for five years to remove
the 20,000 cubic yards of spoil outside the monastery walls and four lorries (one for each team) for the
spoil excavated from the courtyard.
AtBagernat, there is not the same problem of spoil removal. On the other hand, an important
element of the curtilage work will be to erect boundary walls around the various monuments and ruins.
The make-up of the Bagerhat curtilage/archaeology teams, therefore, should include bricklayers. Estimates
of the volume of work required at each site are based on a curtilage/archaeology team of one senicr masen,
four bricklayers and twelve labourers.
 159.

ANNEX 18 (Cont'd.)

2/ The wage rates of the spoil removal team at Paharpur working outide the monastery walls are estimated
as follows:

Post Daily Wage (Taka) Number

Supervisor 40 1

Labourers 25 12

On the basis of a 6-day week and 13 weeks per quarter (3 months) the quarterly wage bill for this team
would be Tk. 26,520.
The wage rates of the curtilage/archaeology team at Paharpur working in the courtyard
are estimated as follows:

Post Daily Wage (Taka) Number

Supervisor 45 1

Labourers 25 24

The quarterly wage bill for this team would be Tk. 50,310. It is estimated that the ratio of labour
to materials costs (excluding purchase and operation of lorries) for the Bpoil removal and curtilage/
archaeology teams at Paharpur is around 95î5> The materials costs essentially are for occasional
replacement of hand tools, purchase of marking string, and other small items.
The wage rates of the curtilage/archaeology team at Bagerhat are estimated as follows:

Post Daily Wage (Taka) Number

Senior Kason 45 1
Mason/Bri ck 4
Craftsman
40

Labourers 25 12

The quarterly wage bill for this team would be Tk. 39»390. It is estimated that the ratio of labour
to materials costs (excluding purchase and operation of lorries) for the Bagerhat curtilage/archaeology
teams at Bagerhat is around 75:25. The main item in the materials costs is bricks, cement, etc. for
boundary walls.

3_/ It will be necessary to have iron gates made for the entrances to the monuments: Tk. 6,000 at Paharpur
and Tk. 3,000 at each of the Bagerhat monuments. In addition, provision should be made for pipes and
pumping equipment needed for the drainage system at Paharpur: four pumps and associated equipment
(pipes, etc.) x Tk. 50,000 each.

4/ For certain monuments at Bagerhat the present curtilage area is insufficient, and it will be necessary
"" to acquire additional land to provide basic protection for these monuments. At both Paharpur and Bagerhat
the present cost of land is around Tk. 50,000 per acre.

jj/ The work here is mainly archaeological excavation.

6/ Same as footnote ¿ / above.

7/ This monument is not yet on the Department of Archaeology's List of Protected Monuments.
 160.
ANNEX 19

AREAS AND UNITS OF ACCOMMODATION OF NSW CIVIL

BUILDINGS AT PAHARFJR AND BAGERHAT

Total Net Area

Net Area Number of Units
of Unit in in Square Feet
Accommodation Unit
Square Feet
Paharpur 3agerhat Paharpur Bagerhat

1. Museum
Display Area 1,800 1 1 l,Soo l,8oo
Reserve Store 300 1 1 300 300
Ticket/Postcard Counter 100 1 2 100 200
Custodian's Office 200 1 2 200 400
Assistant Custodian's Office 120 1 1 120 120
Accountant's Office 120 1 1 120 120
Administration - General Office 250 1 1 250 250
Cloakroom for Museum 300 1 1 300 300
Attendents and Booking Clerks
ToiletsAJashrooms 150 1 2 150 300
Sub-Total 3,240 •3,790
2. Conservation Unit
Asst. Archaeological Engineer's
200 1 1 200 200
Office
Conservation Assistant's Office 120 1 1 120 120
Workshop/Store 750 1 1 750 750
ToiletAíashroom 75 1 1 ' 75 75
Sub-Total 1,145 1,145

3. Department Rest House- 900 - 1 - 900

Sub-Total Site Museums and Offices (1+2+3) 4,485 5,385
2/
4. Staff Housings'
Custodian 858 1 1 858 858
Assistant Custodian 700 1 1 700 700
Accountant 550 1 1 550 550
Steno-typist 550 1 550
Cashier 550 1 550
Lower Division Clerk 550 1 550
550 1 550
Store Clerk
550 2 1,100
Booking Clerk 1
858 858
Assistant Archaeological Engineer 1
700 700
Conservation Assistant 550 1 550
Conservation Foreman 550 1 550
Pumo Mechanic
Sub-Total Staff Housing 8,066 2,108
5. "Sécurrry-Driit
Dormitory and Mess Room 1,000 1 - 1,000 -

Total (1+2+3+4+5) 13,551 8,093

Notes; 1/ The existing rest house at Bagerhat is located right up against Shait Gumbad
~" Mosque and has to be demolished.
2/ Areas shown are FWD standards. Rental accommodation is available in Bagerhat
"~ town, which is only 2-3 miles from Shait Gumbad Mosque. The nearest town to
Paharpur is Jaypurhat which is 7-8 miles away; it is therefore necessary to
provide more staff housing at Paharpur than at Bagerhat.
 161.
ANNEX 20

ESTIMATED COSTS OF CIVIL KJILDINC5 AND SITE

DEVELOPMENT AT FAHARPU?. AND BAC-E?.KAT

Paharpur Bagerhat

Sq. Feet Taka'OOC's Sq. Feet Taka'OOC's

A . Civil Buildings
(i) Site Museums and Offices
1. Net Area^ 3,340 3,790
2. Circulation & Walls 30£ cf I 1,002 1,137
3- Gross Area (1+2) 4,342 4,927
4. Construction Costs at Tk 200 S68.4 985.4
per sq. foot gross area
5. Fees 1C£ of 4 85.8 95.5
6. Site Preparation 15£ 'of 4 133.3 147.6
7. Sub-Total (4+5+6) 1,085.5 1,231.7
8. Contingencies (Physical) 5f- of 7 5^.3 61.6
9. Total Building Costs (7+6) 1,139.8 1,293.3
10. Furniture & Equipment JOZ of 9 341.9 388.O
11. Total Costs (9+10) l,4b'1.7 l,o81.3
(ii) Staff Housing
1. Net A r e a ^ 9,066 2,108
2. Circulation & Walls 3C# of 1 2,720 632
3. Cross Area (1+2) 11,786 2,740
4. Construction Costs-at Tk. 200 2.357.2 54B.0
per sq. foot gross area
5 . Fees SÈ of 4 ^ 117.9 27.4
6 . Site Preparation lg? of 4 353.6 32.2
7. Sub-Total (4+5+6) 2,823.7 657.6
8 . Contingencies (Physical) 5£ of 7 141.4 32.9
9 . Total Building Costs (7+8) 2,970.1 690.5
10. Furniture and Eouipment lg? of 9 445.5 103.6
11. Total Costs (9+10) 3.415.6 794.1
4/ 2,000
23,650
B . Acquisition of Land-
5/ 100 100
C . Site Roads^ 350 350
D . Utilities^
Total (A+B+C+D) 28,997 4,925.4

Notes: 1/ Fron: Annex 19.

2/ From Annex 19- Also includes accommodation for the Security Unit.
3/ Public Works Department standard plans.
V The amounts of land to be acquired for site development are 473 acres at
Paharour and 40 acres at 3agerhat.
The present cost of land at bozh Paharpur ana 3agerhat is around Taka 50,000 per
acre.
5/ Half eile each of Katcha road at both Paharpur and 3agerhat.
6/ Electricity is available at both Paharpur and 3agerhat for easy connection to
~ civil buildings. Cost of installation is accounted for in construction costs.
The costs indicated for utilities in this Table are for water installations ax
each site: a deep tube well, 6,CGC gallon tank, pump and pipes.
 •162.
ANNEX 21
FEPJ50KKSI REQUIRED FOR PROJECT I^IEMENTATION
(Monthly Faie Staff)

Salary Scale Mid-Point No. of Posts

Name of Post (2) x (3)
(G = Gazetted-Level Post) (Tk. per month' "of Scale
* Required
(1) (2) (?) (Tk. per month;
Coordinating Unit-Dacca
Project Executive Director (G) 2,350-2,750 2,550 1 2,550
Asst. Superintendent of Archa-
eology (G) 900-1,610 1,255 1 1,255
Administrative Officer (G) 750-1,470 1,110 1 1,110
Accounts Officer (G) 750-1,470 1,110 1 1,110
Stenographer . 425-1,035 730 1 730
Accounts Clerk 370- 745 1
Cashier 370- 745 560 1 560
Steno-Typist 370- 745 560 1 560
Upper Division Clerk 370- 745 560 1 560
Store Clerk 325- 610 560 1 560
Lower Division Clerk 300- 450 470 3 470
Daftari 240- 345 470 1
295 1,410
Feon 225- 315 4
270 295
Chowkidar 225- 315 4
Sweeper 225- 315 270 1,080
270 1
Cameraman (G) 750-1,470 1 1,080
300- 540 1,110 270
Photo-Printer 470 1
Photo-Lab Attendant 240- 345 295 1 1,110
Publications Officer (G) 750-1,470 1,110 1 470
Display-cum-Design Officer (G) 750-1,470 1,110 1
1 295
Modeler 470-1,135 805
Assistant Modeler 370- 745 1 1,110
560 1 1,110
Publications Assistant 370- 745 560
Asst. Archaeological Engineer(G) 750-1,470 1 805
1,110 2 560
Estimator 470-1,135 805
Senior Draftsman 470-1,135 1 550
805 1 1,110
Traoerer 370- 745 560
Driver 325- 610 2 1,610
470 805
Sub-Total • . . ' • • .
38 560
24,645
940
Project Unit-Paharpur
Deputy Executive Director (G) 1,400-2,225 1,815 1 1,815
Asst. Archaeological Engineer(G) 750-1,470 1,110 1 1,110
Archaeological Field Officer (G) 750-1,470 1,110 1 1,110
470-1,135 805 2 1,610
Conservation Assistant 1 560
370- 745 560
Surveyor 370- 745 550 1 550
Draftsman 370- 745 550 1 550
Pnotographer 370- 745 550 1 560
Electrician 370- 745 550 1 560
Pump Mechanic 370- 745 550 1 560
370- 745 550 1 550
Accounts Clerk 560 560
370- 745 1
Cashier 325- 610 470 1 470
Steno-Typist
Store Clerk
 163.

ANNEX 21 (Cont'd.)

Salary Scale Mid-Point No. of Posts

Kane of Post (2) x (3)
(G = Gazetted-Level Post) (Tk. per month) of Scale Required
(1) (2) (3) (Tk. per month)

Driver (6 lorries, 1 pick-up,

325- 610 470 8 3,760
1 Jœp)
Lower Division Clerk 300- 540 470 2 940
Site Attendant 225- 315 270 6 1,620
Peon 225- 315 270 3 810
Chowkidar 225- 315 270 3 810
Sweeper 225- 315 27O 1 270

Sub-Total 37 18,805

Project Unit - Bagerhat

Deputy Executive Director (G) 1,400-2,225 1,815 1 1,815
Asst. Archaeological Engineer(G) 750-1,470 1,110 1 1,110
Archaeological Field Officer (G) 750-1,470 1,110 l 1,110
Conservation Assistant 470-1,135 805 2 1,610
Surveyor 370- 745 560 1
1 560
Draftsman 370- 745 560 '
370- 745 1 560
560
Photographer 370- 745 1 560
560
Electrician 370- 745 560 1 560
Accounts Clerk 370- 745 560 1 560
Cashier 370- 745 550 1 560.
Steno-Typist 325- 610 470 1 550
Store Clerk 470
325- 610 470 3
Driver (l lorry, 1 pick-up, 1,310
1 Jeep) 300- 540 470 2 940
Lower Division Clerk 225- 315 270 10 2,700
Site Attendant 225- 315 270 3 810
Peon 225- 315 270 3 810
Chowkidar 225- 315 270 l 270
Sweeper
Sub-Total / 35 16,875

Total 110 60,325

 164.

ANNEX 21 (Cont'd.)

Summary of Monthly Expenditure

Taka
Category
Coordinating Project Unit Project Unit
Total
Unit Dacca Paharpur Bagerhat

1. Pay of Officers^ 10,465 . 4,035 4,035 18,535

*/ 14,180 12,840
14,770 41.790
2. Pay of Establishment—
3- Sub-Total (1+2) 24,645 18,805 16,875 60,325

Allowances
4. Medical-^ 2,280 2,220 2,100 6,600
4/
8,626 4,701 4,219 17,546
5. House-rent—
5/ 200 200
6. Conveyance-
7. Sub-Total (4+5+6) • 11,106 6,921 6,319 24,346

Total (3+7) 35,751 25,726 23,194 84,671

Notes; 1/ Gazetted-level posts.

2/ Other posts.
J3/ Taka 60 per month per post.
4/ 35 per cent of basic pay for Dacca posts and 25 per cent of basic pay
for posts in Paharpur and Bagerhat.
jj/ Taka 20 per month per post in Dacca if the minimum of the pay scale
is Taka 400 per month or less.
 A N N ü X -¿'¿
5¿T1YATSS COSTS 0? SQl'IBSr ron rwnygrrATiow op ' PPOJTCT 165.
No. of Items Cost per Item Total
•it-y Required (ÜSS)
1. Coerdlnatlrut Unit - Dacca
(1) Draftirjt and Surrey Section
Drawing T»bl« 2 500 1.000
Drawing Instruments (set) 2 250 500
Theodolite 1 1,000 l.OCO
(11) Photographie Seution
Dark 3oom Equipment (art) 1 10,000 10.000
Air Conditioner 1 1,000 1.000
35 cm. Camera, and Accessoires 1 1,000 1,000
120 m . Cimera and Accessoires 1 2.000 2,000
(ill) Oraphles Section
Drawing Tables 3 500 1.500
Drawing Instrumenta (set) 3 250 750
Oullotlna 1 2CO 200
Paper, Cardboard (2 years supply) 500
(IT) Administration Section
Typewriter 2 500 1,000
DeaJc Printing Calculator 1 300 300
Plain Paper Copier 1 3.000 3.000
Pick-up (vehicle)* 1 10,000 10,000
Jeep (vehicle)" 1 10.COO 10,000
3ub-Total (1) »37750
2 . - Project Cnlt - Paharpur
(1) Drafting and Surrey Seetlon
Drawing Table 2 *00 Soo
Drawing Instrument« (set) 2 250 500
«ulei-«rc Optloal Level and Tripod 1 l.COO 1.000
(11) Photoirephia Section
Tn\ arger 1 1,000 1,000
Developing Tank 1 3.000 3,000
Drier i 1,000 1,000
Sulle-tis« 1 200 200
{Líí'i Conservation 3eetion
Lorry (3 cubic 7ards)* 5 20.000 120,000
?i:k-up (vehicle-)" 10,OCO 10,000
Jeep (vehicle)" 1
e>' 10.000 10,000
Motorcycle (90 ee.) 2 300 500
20-foot Aluminium extending Ladder 2 250 500
(IT) Administration Section
Typewriter 1 500 500
Desk Printing Calculator 1 •s» 300
Sub-Total (2) 149,400

3. Project unit - Sa^erhat

(l) Drafting and Survey Section
Drawing Table 2 500 1,000
Drawing Instruments (set) 2 250 500
Quick-set Optical Level and Tripod 1 1.000 1,000
(11) Photographic Section
35 mm. Camera and Accessoires *
1
1.000 1,000
120 mm. Camera and Accessoires 1 2,000 2,000
Polaroid Camera 1 400 400
¿alargar 1 l.OCO i.aoo
Developing Tank 1 3.0C0 3,000
Drier 1 1,000 1,000 •
Gullotine 1 200 200
(ill) Conservation Section
Lorry (3 cubic yards) 1 20,000 20.000
Pick-up (vehicle)" 1 10,000 10,000
Jeep (vehicle)" 1 10,000 10,000
>totoreysle (=0 ec.) 2 330 £00
AC30-Jaek (extendable Jack) 12 200 2,400
50-foot portable Aluminium 3eaffoldlng Tower 1 2,000 2,000
Portable * kw. ¿lectrie Generator ,. 1 ¿•WWW • 2.0CO
ï
Heavy Duty pjstary Percussion Drill (electric 110 v.) 3.000
with 100 Expendable 3its and 2 4-foot extensions 3.000
Transformer (110/240 v.) 500
20-foot Aluminium attending ladder 2 500 500
250
(Iv) Administration Section
Typewriter 1 500 500
Desk Printing Calculator 500 300
5UO-?3t3i .3) -ï.'-CS

Total (1) + (2) • (3) 25Ó.05O j

CI.". Dacca (• 20<; 51.21C

307.250
3rand Total

N'o«es: 1/ Detailed specifications need to be supplied, «specially for items arked

 ANNEX 25 166.

ESTIMATED COSTS OF TRAINING, FJ5LICATI0N5,

EXPERT AND CONSULTANCY SERVICES

Duration Number of Estimated

Type of Training/Consultancy Persons
(Man-Months) Cost in US$

1. Training^
Conservation of Historic Buildings (inter-
18 2 35,800
national fellowship)

Conservation of Historic Buildings 4

35 49,200
(Regional fellowship)

Museology (International fellowship) 18 2 35,800

Photography (Regional fellowship) 18 3 26,100

Draftsmanship (measured drawing) of

18 2 24,600
Historic Buildings (Regional fellowship)

2. Publications
Guidebooks, Brochures, Posters • • • •• • 50,000

3. Expert Services
International 24 157,350

National 60 72,000

4. Consultancy Services—'
Miscellaneous Fields (2 man-months per annum 10 70,000
•• »
for the life of the proJect-5 years)

5.. Annual Review of Project^'

Review Meetings (2 weeks per annum for the
life of the proJect-5 years) - Unesco/ & 25,000
UNDP/Government

Total 545,850

Notes: 1/ International fellowships are costed at US$1,700 per month

per fellowship, plus US$2,600 for travel expenses. Regional
fellowships (Asia Region) are costed at US$1,200 per month per
fellowship plus US$1,500 for travel expenses.
2/ Costed at US$7,000 per man-month all inclusive.
3/ Travel and per diem.
 ANNEX 24 167.

PERSONNEL TO BE ABSORBED BY THE REVENUE HJD:

ON COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT

Salary Scale Mid-Point No. of Posts

.Name of'Post (2) x (3)
(G = Gazetted-Level Post) (Tk* per month) of Scale Required
(Tk. per month)
(2) (3)
(D
Department of Archaeology and
Museums - Dacca
Publications Officer (G) 750-1,470 1,100 1 1,110
Display-cum-Design Officer(G) 750-1,470 1,110 1 1,110
Modeler 470,1,135 805 1 805
Assistant Modeler 370- 745 550 1 560
Publications Assistant 370- 745 560 1 560
Cameraman (G) 750-1,470 1,110 1 1,110
Photoprinter 300- 540 l 470
470
Sub-Total Dacca 7 5,725
Paharpur
Asst. Archaeological
750-1,470 1,110 , 1 1,110
Engineer (G)
Conservation Assistant 470-1,135 805 1 805
Conservation Foreman 370- 745 550 1 560"
Pump Mechanic 370- 745 560 1 550
Custodian (G) 750-1,470 1,110 1. 1,110
Assistant Custodian 470-1,135 805 1 805
Accountant 370- 745 560 1 560
Cashier 370- 745 560 1 560
Steno-Typist 370- 745 560 1 560
Store Clerk 325- 610 470 470
1
Lower Division Clerk 300- 540 470 470
Booking Clerk' . 470 1 940
300- 540
Museum Attendant 240- 345 295 2 885
Peon 225- 315' 270 3 540
Toilet Attendant 225- 315 270 2 540
Cook-cum-Attendant 240- 345 295 c 295
Garden Coolie 225-. 315 270 1 1,620
6
Sub-Total Paharpur 27 12,390

Baçerhat
rt n
Same as Paharpur above

Sub-Total Bagerhat 27 12,390

Total 61 30,505
 ANNEX 24 (Contti.) 168.

Summary of Monthly Expenditure

Taka
Category
Dacca Paharpur Bagerhat Total
w
3,330 . 2,220 2,220 7,770
1. Pay of Officers^'
2/ 2,395 10,170 10,170 22,735
2. Pay of • Establishment-
3. Sub-Total (1+2) 5.725 12,390 ' 12,390 30,505
Allowances

4. Medical^ 420 1,620 1,620 3,660

4//
5- House-rent— 2,004 970 2,479 5,453
5/
6. Conveyance- 60 60

7. Sub-Total (4+5+6) 2,484 2,590 4,099 9,173

Total (3+7) 8,209 14,980 16,489 39,678

Notes: 1/ Gazetted-level posts*

2/ Other posts.
_3_/ Taka 60 per month per post.
4/ 35 per cent of basic pay in Dacca and 25 per cent outside Dacca, if not
provided with house. For housing, see Annex 20.
5/ Taka 20 per month per post in Dacca if the minimum of the pay scale is
~~ Taka 400 per month or less.
 AT.7TX25
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 172.

ANNEX 25 (Cont'd.)

Explanatory Notes
General
Total estimated costs are taken from the appropriate Annex for each activity (e.g. costs of Conservation Work from
Annex 17). For each activity, the costs are allocated to the calendar quarter or quarters when the activity is to
be implemented. All costs are in 1982 prices. Expenditures (lines 19 and 20) are in current prices.
Paharpur
1. Conservation Work Costs from Annex 17. Conservation Work on P2 and P3 to be carried out after
a certain amount of curtilage work has been completed.
2. Curtilage and Archaeological Work Costs from Annex 18. Work not undertaken during rainy season.
3. Civil Buildings and Site Development Costs from Annex 20. Allocations by quarter are as follows:
Acquisition of Land 1984 Ql 8,000, 1984 02' 8,000 1984 03 7,650
Staff Housing 1984 Q2 1,716 ' 1984 Q3 1,700
Utilities 1984 Q4 350
Si 19Bk
0ffices U m and Q4 A94
' 1985 ftl 49¡l 1985
^ *94
Site Roads I985 03 100
4. Project Implementation Unit Costs of personnel from Annex 21(Taka 25,726 per month). An additional
10 per cent is provided for office and administrative contingencies.
5. Equipment Costs from Annex 22. Exchange rate US$1 = Taka 20. Add 20$ for CIF Dacca.

Bagerhat
7. Conservation Work Costs from Annex 17.
8. Curtilage and Archaeological Work Costs from Annex 18.
9. Civil Buildings and Site Development Costs from Annex 20. Allocations by quarter are as follows:
Acquisition of Land 1934 Ql 1,000, 1984 02 1,000 •
Staff Housing 1984 Q2 397, 1984 03 397
Utilities 1984 04 350
19Bk S6
^Offices 1 ™ a n d ft4
561' 1985 W
°- 1985
^ 560
'
Site Roads I985 03 100
10. Project Implementation Unit Costs of personnel from Annex 2l(Taka 23,194 per month). An additional
10 per cent is provided for office and administrative contingencies.
11. Equipment Costs from Annex 22. Exchange rate US$1 - Taka 20. Add 205? for CIF Dacca.

Project Coordinating Unit - Dacca

13. Administration Costs of personnel from Annex 2l(Taka 35,751per month). An additional
10 per cent is provided for office and administrative contingencies.
14. Equipment Costs from Annex 22. Exchange rate US$1 - Taka 20. Add 20£ for CIF Dacca.
15. Training and Consultancy Services Costs from Annex 23 . Exchange rate US$ = Taka 20.

Price inflation over the life of the project is assumed to be equal to

the average annual compound rate of increase (11.4 per cent) of the
General Index of Building Materials Prices, Transport Charges and Wage
18. Price Index Rates of Construction Labour (Monthly Statistical Bulletin of Bangladesh,
December I98I, Vol. X, No. 12, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics
Division, Ministry of Planning; Table 6.6) in the period 1976/77 - I98I/82.
 173.
ANNEX 26
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 174.

ANNEX 27

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