MUSIC NOTATION Bass clef second measure two

and so on
 Symbols, used to  The bass clef, is the
make a large symbol on the
written record of bottom staff or bass
musical staff, in piano music.
BAR LINES
sounds.  The bass clef is also
called an F clef  Used to separate
STAFF
because it wraps measures.
 The staff is the basis around the highest F
of written music. It is note on the bass
what the notes are staff.
presented on. It  The bass clef governs
consists of 5 lines bass notes, which fall
with four spaces around middle c and Bold double bar line
between them. below
 Used to indicate the
conclusion of a
movement or an
entire composition.

CLEFS
Measure
 Is a sign at the
beginning of a  The vertical lines on
staff of music which the staff mark the
makes it measures.
possible for the  Measures are used
player to to divide and
work out what the organize music.
notes are.  The time signature
determines how
Treble clef many beats can be in
 Is the symbol at the a measure.
beginning of a staff  The thick double bar
that indicates the marks the beginning
pitches of the notes and ends of a piece
on the staff. of music.
 It is also called as G  Measures are
clef. sometimes marked
with numbers to
make navigating a
piece easier. The first
measure would be
Grand staff
measure one, the
  Is simply the BAR LINE
COMBINATION of
 Indicates the end of
TREBLE and BASS
Measure
CLEF.
 Used in instruments DOUBLE BARLINE
that can play in both
high and low ranges,  Indicates the end of
such as the piano, Measure
harp and organ.

Treble staff

 It represents higher
pitches, usually
REPEATED/DOTTED BARLINE
played with the right
hand on the piano.  Repeating the notes
The notes on the again.
lines from bottom to
top are E, G, B, D,
and F, while the
spaces spell FACE (F,
A, C, E). Lines in Music Notation

 The backbone of
BRACKET
each note
 How loud or soft to  A bracket is used to
play connect two or more
 Give information lines of music that
about how different sound
Bass clef instruments relate to simultaneously.
one another.
 The lower part uses BRACES
the bass clef (𝄢) and STAFF
 Used to indicate that
represents lower
 The staff is the two clefs on a
pitches, usually
fundamental musical staff are
played with the left
latticework of music connected and
hand on the piano.
notation, on which should be played
 The notes on the
symbols are placed. together.
lines from bottom to
top are G, B, D, F, LEDGER/LEGER
and A, while the
 A ledger line is a
spaces are A, C, E, G.
small line that
extends the staff
when we run out of Music Elements
room. Music
  is the arrangement indicates the
of sound to create rhythmic structure,
some combination of specifying how many
form. beats are in each
measure and which
Rhythm DURATION note value gets the
 is the regular  Duration is the beat.
repeated pattern of length of time each Meter
sound, silence and note is played for.
emphasis in a song.  You can have notes  The meter of a piece
 it refers to the that are long or short of music is the
recurrence of notes in duration. arrangement of its
and rests in time.  When you combine rhythms in a
notes of different repetitive pattern of
durations, you can strong and weak
create a rhythm. beats.

Duple Meter

Rhythmic Pattern

 Is a series of rhythms Notes

that are repeated in
 Different note values
a specific order.
indicate different Triple Meter
BEAT durations. For
example, a whole
 Is the basic unit of
note is typically held
time which
for a longer time
correspond to the
than a half note,
duration of sound
which in turn is held
and silence in music.
longer than a quarter
 A constant pulse that
note, and so-
not change. (Steady
Quadruple Meter
beat) Rest
 Beats are organized
 Rests are symbols
into sections which is
indicating periods of
called MEASURE.
silence in music.

Time Signature
Tempo
 The time signature of
a piece of music
  Tempo is the Italian  Italian for “quickly.” The overall shape as the
word for the speed melody turns upward,
SYNCOPATION
of a song or piece of downward, or remains static.
music  Deliberate shifting of
The contour can be
 Tempo derives from accents or stresses in
visualized as a line graph.
the Latin word a rhythmic pattern,
Tempus meaning often emphasizing  Ascending
Time. beats or parts of  Descending
beats that are  Arch
Largo
normally weak or off-  Wave
 Is an Italian musical beats.
INTERVAL
term that translates
to "slow and broad" Melody (Pitch, The distance between any
Andante Theme, Conjunct, two pitches. (Conjunct and
Disjunct)
 is an Italian musical Disjunct)
Joy to the World
term that translates
to "walking" or "at a
MELODY
➤ Range: medium 8 notes
moderate pace" Is technically a series of
➤ Contour: descending
Moderato pitches organized
rhythmically. ➤ Interval: conjunct
 It is a tempo marking
used to indicate that Defines the song form and Pitch
the music should be harmonic possibilities.
The quality of a sound
performed at a It is the part that most governed by the rate of
moderate pace, people remember and sing. If vibrations producing it
neither too fast nor it is a good melody it can be
too slow. sung acapella and still have  The degree of
impact. highness or lowness
Allegro
of a tone
 A tempo marking Ingredients of Melody  Melody: a coherent
indicate to play fast, sequence of pitches
RANGE
quickly and bright.
*Melody and pitch is
The distance between the
Vivace important because it brings
lowest and highest notes.
most of the tunefulness to a
 a tempo marking song and is usually the first
 Narrow (as in a
indicate to play fast, thing that draws our
children's song that
quickly and bright. attention to a song
is easy to sing)
Presto  Medium
 Is measured in a unit
 Wide (as in some
 O play something called Hertz and is
melodies played on
presto is to play it at determined by the
an instrument)
a very fast tempo. sound's frequency of
Presto comes from CONTOUR vibration.
*The greater the frequency notes that move in a Loudness is indicated by
the higher pitched the sound connected, step-by-step terms like forte (f) and
will be. manner. fortissimo (ff), representing
different levels of intensity.
Theme Commonly found in folk
music, lullabies, and many 2. SOFTNESS
Is typically the melody. classical compositions.
Softness is indicated by
A small group of phrases that terms like piano (p) and
make up a complete musical
2. Disjunct
pianissimo (pp), representing
idea. a disjunction melody is a saying degrees of quietness.
Variation melody that leaps between
3. Dynamic range
notes and the intervals
Repeats the theme over and between notes are far apart The difference between the
over again and it sounds a on the stave. loudest and softest parts of a
little different because of the piece, known as the dynamic
following changes: range, significantly influences
 Melody the overall impact of the
 Key music.
 Time Signature 4. Dynamic contrast
 Rhythm
 Chords The skillful interplay between
 Texture DYNAMICS loud and soft passages,
known as dynamic contrast,
Melodic Motion Dynamics is the word adds depth and drama to the
musicians use to describe music.
Refers to the movement of
volume, or how loud or soft
individual notes within a Dynamics and Musical
music should be play.
musical composition Expression
Dynamics are an important
Another set of useful terms Soft Dynamics - Can express
way of conveying the mood
describe how quickly a sadness, intimacy, or
of a piece and you’re use of
melody goes up and down. mystery.
dynamics is a marked
The distance from one pitch element of your Loud Dynamics - Can express
to the next pitch of a melody performance. excitement, anger, or
terms of how “far” or “near” triumph.
Defining Dynamics: Loud
Two Fundamental Forms of and Soft Dynamic Changes - Create
Melodic Motion contrast and movement,
 The Italian words
adding depth and interest to
1. Conjunct "piano" and "forte"
music.
are used for soft and
Also known as stepwise or loud, respectively. Dynamics and Instrument
smooth melody Techniques
1. LOUDNESS
Is characterized by a 1. Wind Instruments
sequence of consecutive
  Controlling airflow The Basic, Gradual and
for varying volume. Sudden Dynamic Changes

BASIC DYNAMICS - Indicate

the overall loudness or
softness of the music.

GRADUAL DYNAMICS - Show

a slow change in volume,
either getting louder
2. String Instruments
(crescendo) or softer
 Using bow pressure (decrescendo).
and finger pressure
SUDDEN DYNAMICS -
for dynamics.
Indicate an immediate
change in volume, like a
quick accent (sforzando) or a
sudden shift to soft or loud
(subito).

Basic Dynamics Symbols

Gradual Dynamic Changes
Crescendo (cresc) - Gradually
3. Percussion Instruments getting louder.
 Varying the force of Decrescendo (decresc.) or
strikes for loudness Diminuendo (dim.) -
or softness. Gradually getting softer.

Sudden Dynamic
Changes

Dynamics in Different
Musical Genres
  Applying more
pressure to the bow
creates a louder
sound.

Finger Pressure

 Varying finger
Dynamics in Ensemble pressure on strings
Performance affects volume and
tone.
BALANCE - Loud instruments
Amplification
like drums should not
overwhelm softer  Microphones and
instruments. speakers amplify
sound, allowing for
BLENDING - Each section
greater dynamic
must play together to create
range.
a unified sound.
PEDALS
DYNAMIC RANGE - The
entire ensemble must be  Instruments like
able to play softly and loudly piano and organ
in unison. sustain notes and
modify sound.
Dynamics and Musical
Performance
Interpretation - Performers
bring their own artistic
interpretation to dynamic
markings.

Nuance - Subtle shifts in

volume add depth and
expressiveness.

CONNECTION - Dynamics
create a connection between
performer and audience.

Techniques for
Controlling Dynamics
BOW PRESSURE