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Power Quality - Lecture 4

The document discusses power quality standards developed by organizations such as IEEE and ANSI, aimed at protecting equipment from voltage, current, or frequency deviations. It outlines the importance of reliability in power systems, emphasizing metrics like SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI to assess performance and customer impact. Additionally, it provides examples and calculations for these reliability metrics based on outage data.

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2 views

Power Quality - Lecture 4

The document discusses power quality standards developed by organizations such as IEEE and ANSI, aimed at protecting equipment from voltage, current, or frequency deviations. It outlines the importance of reliability in power systems, emphasizing metrics like SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI to assess performance and customer impact. Additionally, it provides examples and calculations for these reliability metrics based on outage data.

Uploaded by

rithlolo1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Power Quality

Lecture 4
1. Standard for power quality
Organizations responsible for developing power quality standards:

➢ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

➢ American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

➢ National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

➢ Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

➢ International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) etc.

Purpose of Power Quality Standards

➢ Protect utility and end user equipment from failing or mis-operating


when the voltage, current, or frequency deviates from normal.

➢ Provides protection by setting measurable limits as to how far the


voltage, current, or frequency can deviate from normal.
1. Standard for power quality

➢ By setting limits, PQ standards help utilities and their customers gain


agreement as to what are acceptable and unacceptable levels of service.

➢ To help the power quality industry to compare the results of power


quality measurements from different instruments.
Factors Influencing the Development of Standards

➢ Description and characterization of the phenomenon.

➢ Major sources of harmonic problems.

➢ Impact on other equipment and on the power system.

➢ Mathematical description of the phenomenon using indices or statistical


analysis to provide a quantitative assessment of its significance.

➢ Measurement techniques and guidelines.

➢ Emission limits for different types and classes of equipment.


1. Standard for power quality
➢ Immunity or tolerance level of different types of equipment.

➢ Testing methods and procedures for compliance with the limits.

➢ Mitigation guidelines.

International standard codes for power quality are defined by various


organizations that ensure electrical systems maintain a stable and reliable
supply. These standards cover topics like voltage quality, harmonics, flicker,
and other disturbances that can affect power systems.
1. IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Standards
• IEC 61000-2 Series: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Environment
• IEC 61000-2-2: Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted
disturbances and signaling in public low-voltage power supply
systems.
1. Standard for power quality

• IEC 61000-2-4: Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted


disturbances and signaling in public medium-voltage power supply
systems.
• IEC 61000-4 Series: Testing and measurement techniques.

• IEC 61000-4-15: Flicker meter — Functional and design specifications


• IEC 61000-4-30: Power quality measurement methods
• IEC 61000-6 Series: EMC immunity and emission for industrial
environments, residential environments, etc.
1. Standard for power quality
1. Standard for power quality

5
2. Reliability
• Definition: Reliability is the ability of a power system to deliver
electricity to all connected loads without interruption and within
acceptable limits.
• Importance of Reliability:
➢ Essential for economic growth, public safety, and modern society.
➢ Unreliable power systems lead to:
• Economic losses (e.g., industrial downtime).
• Safety risks (e.g., failure of critical systems like hospitals).
• Customer dissatisfaction.
• Reliability Metrics
➢ SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index)
➢ SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index)
➢ CAIFI (Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index)
2. Reliability

• SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index): SAIFI represents the


average interruption frequency experienced by customers served in the system
over a given period of time.
∑(𝑁𝑜. 𝐶𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) ∑ 𝑁𝑖
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐹𝐼 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑇
• SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index): SAIDI represents the
average interruption duration experienced by customers in the system over a
given period of time.
∑ 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ∑(𝑟𝑖 𝑁𝑖 )
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑇

𝑟𝑖 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑁𝑖 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑
2. Reliability
• CAIDI (Customer Average Interruption Duration Index): CAIDI represents the
average interruption duration for customers experiencing interruptions. In other
words, this is the average restoration time for affected customers.
∑(𝐶𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) ∑(𝑟𝑖 𝑁𝑖 ) 𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼
𝐶𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 ∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐹𝐼

Example 1
The following data is collected over one year for 10 households:
• Number of outages: 3 outages occurred in the year.
1. Outage 1: Affected 6 households for 2 hours.
2. Outage 2: Affected 8 households for 3 hours.
3. Outage 3: Affected 5 households for 1 hour.
• Total customers (households): 10
Calculate SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI?
Example 2
Let's assume the following for a power system supplying five different villages:
Calculate SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI?

Number of Failure Rate Average duration of affected


Villages
Customers (%) customers (hours)

Village A 500 3% 4

Village B 800 2% 2

Village C 600 5% 3

Village D 1000 1% 1

Village E 300 4% 5
Example 3
Let's assume the following for a power system supplying a village:
Calculate SAIFI, SAIDI? Let’s assume Average Duration of Affected customers is 5h.

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