as 2

Sure, let's go through each ques on:
**Q1: Explain the design of JDBC. [CO2]**
JDBC (Java Database Connec vity) is a Java API for connec ng and execu ng queries on a database. The
design of JDBC is based on the following key components:
1. **DriverManager**: It manages a list of database drivers. It is used to establish a connec on to the

database by selec ng an appropriate driver based on the connec on URL.
2. **Driver**: JDBC driver is a so ware component that enables Java applica ons to interact with the
database. There are four types of JDBC drivers: Type 1 (JDBC-ODBC bridge), Type 2 (Na ve API), Type 3
(Network Protocol), and Type 4 (Thin driver).
3. **Connec on**: The Connec on interface represents a connec on to a database. It is used to create
Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement objects for execu ng SQL queries.
4. **Statement**: The Statement interface is used to execute SQL queries against the database. It can be
a simple statement, prepared statement, or callable statement.
5. **ResultSet**: The ResultSet interface represents the result of a SQL query. It provides methods for
itera ng over the result set and retrieving data from it.
**Q2: Discuss JDBC drivers and architecture. [CO2]**
JDBC drivers are used to connect Java applica ons to different types of databases. The JDBC architecture
consists of the following layers:
1. **JDBC API**: This is the topmost layer of the JDBC architecture. It consists of interfaces and classes
that define the JDBC API. The API provides methods for connec ng to a database, execu ng queries, and
processing results.
2. **Driver API**: This layer defines the interfaces and classes that a JDBC driver must implement. It
includes interfaces such as Driver, Connec on, Statement, ResultSet, etc.
3. **Driver Manager**: The DriverManager class manages the JDBC drivers. It loads the drivers
dynamically based on the connec on URL provided by the applica on.
4. **JDBC-ODBC Bridge**: The JDBC-ODBC bridge is a special type of JDBC driver that allows Java
applica ons to interact with ODBC (Open Database Connec vity) drivers. It is used when a direct JDBC
driver is not available for a par cular database.
**Q3: Explain the concepts of query execu on. [CO2]**
Query execu on in JDBC involves the following steps:
1. **Establishing a Connec on**: Use DriverManager.getConnec on() to establish a connec on to the

database.
2. **Crea ng a Statement**: Create a Statement object using the Connec on.createStatement()

method. This object is used to execute SQL queries against the database.
3. **Execu ng a Query**: Use the Statement.executeQuery() method to execute a SELECT query or

Statement.executeUpdate() method to execute INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or DDL queries.
4. **Processing the ResultSet**: If the query returns a result set, use the ResultSet object to iterate over
the results and retrieve data.
5. **Closing Resources**: Close the ResultSet, Statement, and Connec on objects when they are no
longer needed to free up resources.
**Q4: Write the program of the following with explana on: [CO2]**
Here's an example Java program that demonstrates JDBC opera ons:

In this program:
- Replace `jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase` with your database URL.
- Replace ùsername` and `password` with your database creden als.
- The program connects to a MySQL database and performs the following opera ons:
- Displays the contents of the ùsers` table.
- Inserts a new record into the ùsers` table.
- Updates an exis ng record in the ùsers` table.
- Deletes a record from the ùsers` table.
- Finally, it closes the ResultSet, Statement, and Connec on objects to release resources.
import java.sql.*;
public class JDBCDemo {
public sta c void main(String[] args) {
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase";
String username = "username";
String password = "password";
try {
// Establish connec on
Connec on connec on = DriverManager.getConnec on(url, username, password);
// A) Displaying result sets
Statement statement = connec on.createStatement();
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM users");
while (resultSet.next()) {
System.out.println("ID: " + resultSet.getInt("id") + ", Name: " + resultSet.getString("name"));
// B) Inser on of data
statement.executeUpdate("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Alice')");
// C) Upda on of data
statement.executeUpdate("UPDATE users SET name = 'Bob' WHERE id = 1");
// D) Dele on of data
statement.executeUpdate("DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 2");
// Close resources
resultSet.close();
statement.close();
connec on.close();
} catch (SQLExcep on e) {
e.printStackTrace();
```

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Sure, let's go through each ques on:

**Q1: Explain the design of JDBC. [CO2]**

1. **DriverManager**: It manages a list of database drivers. It is used to establish a connec on to the

**Q2: Discuss JDBC drivers and architecture. [CO2]**

**Q3: Explain the concepts of query execu on. [CO2]**

Query execu on in JDBC involves the following steps:

1. **Establishing a Connec on**: Use DriverManager.getConnec on() to establish a connec on to the

2. **Crea ng a Statement**: Create a Statement object using the Connec on.createStatement()

3. **Execu ng a Query**: Use the Statement.executeQuery() method to execute a SELECT query or

Here's an example Java program that demonstrates JDBC opera ons:

- Replace `jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase` with your database URL.

- Replace `username` and `password` with your database creden als.

- Displays the contents of the `users` table.

- Inserts a new record into the `users` table.

- Updates an exis ng record in the `users` table.

- Deletes a record from the `users` table.

public class JDBCDemo {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase";

String username = "username";

String password = "password";

Connec on connec on = DriverManager.getConnec on(url, username, password);

// A) Displaying result sets

Statement statement = connec on.createStatement();

ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM users");

System.out.println("ID: " + resultSet.getInt("id") + ", Name: " + resultSet.getString("name"));

statement.executeUpdate("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Alice')");

statement.executeUpdate("UPDATE users SET name = 'Bob' WHERE id = 1");

statement.executeUpdate("DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 2");

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Q1: Explain the design of JDBC. [CO2]

1. DriverManager: It manages a list of database drivers. It is used to establish a connec on to the

Q2: Discuss JDBC drivers and architecture. [CO2]

Q3: Explain the concepts of query execu on. [CO2]

1. Establishing a Connec on: Use DriverManager.getConnec on() to establish a connec on to the

2. Crea ng a Statement: Create a Statement object using the Connec on.createStatement()

3. Execu ng a Query: Use the Statement.executeQuery() method to execute a SELECT query or