MODULE -1

Environmental management standards

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines an environmental
management system as “part of the management system used to manage environmental
aspects, fulfill compliance obligations, and address risks and opportunities.” Unique
characteristics of Environmental Problems

1. Genetic Modification Of Crops

Environmental issues caused by man-made chemicals are becoming clearer. For example,
there has been a 90% reduction in the Monarch butterfly population in the United States
that can be linked to weed killers that contain glyphosate.
There is also some speculation that genetically-modified plants may leak chemical
compounds into soil through their roots, possibly affecting communities of
microorganisms.

2. Waste Production
The average person produces 4.3 pounds of waste per day, with the United States alone
accounting for 220 million tons per year. Much of this waste ends up in landfills, which
generate enormous amounts of methane.
Not only does this create explosion hazards, but methane also ranks as one of the worst of
the greenhouse gases because of its high global warming potential.

3. Population Growth
Many of the issues listed here result from the massive population growth that Earth has
experienced in the last century. The planet’s population grows by 1.13% per year, which
works out to 80 million people.
This results in a number of issues, such as a lack of fresh water, habitat loss for wild
animals, overuse of natural resources and even species extinction. The latter is particularly
damaging, as the planet is now losing 30,000 species per year.

4. Water Pollution
Fresh water is crucial to life on Earth, yet more sources are being polluted through human
activities each year. On a global scale, 2 million tons of sewage, agricultural and industrial
waste enters the world’s water every day.
Water pollution can have harmful effects outside of contamination of the water we drink.
It also disrupts marin

5. Overfishing
It is estimated that 63% of global fish stocks are now considered overfished. This has led
to many fishing fleets heading to new waters, which will only serve to deplete fish stocks
further.
Overfishing leads to a misbalance of ocean life, severely affecting natural ecosystems in
the process. Furthermore, it also has negative effects on coastal communities that rely on
fishing to support their economies.
e life, sometimes altering reproductive cycles and increasing mortality rates.

6. Deforestation
The demands of an increasing population has resulted in increasing levels of deforestation.
Current estimates state that the planet is losing 80,000 acres of tropical forests per day.
This results in loss of habitat for many species, placing many at risk and leading to large-
scale extinction. Furthermore, deforestation is estimated to produce 15% of the world’s
greenhouse gas emissions. 7. Urban Sprawl
The continued expansion of urban areas into traditionally rural regions is not without its
problems. Urban sprawl has been linked to environmental issues like air and water
pollution increases, in addition to the creation of heat-islands.
Satellite images produced by NASA have also shown how urban sprawl contributes to
forest fragmentation, which often leads to larger deforestation

8. Acid Rain
9. Ozone Layer Depletion
Ozone depletion is caused by the release of chemicals, primarily chlorine and bromide,
into the atmosphere. A single atom of either has the potential to destroy thousands of ozone
molecules before leaving the stratosphere.
Ozone depletion results in more UVB radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. UVB has
been linked to skin cancer and eye disease, plus it affects plant life and has been linked to
a reduction of plankton in marine environments.

10. Ocean Acidification

Ocean acidification is the term used to describe the continued lowering of the pH levels
of the Earth’s oceans as a result of carbon dioxide emissions. It is estimated that ocean
acidity will increase by 150% by 2100 if efforts aren’t made to halt it.
This increase in acidification can have dire effect on calcifying species, such as shellfish.
This causes issues throughout the food chain and may lead to reductions in aquatic life
that would otherwise not be affected by acidification.

11. Air Pollution

Air pollution is becoming an increasingly dangerous problem, particularly in heavily-
populated cities. The World Health Organization (WHO) has found that 80% of people
living in urban areas are exposed to air quality levels deemed unfit by the organization.
It is also directly linked to other environmental issues, such as acid rain and eutrophication.
Animals and humans are also at risk of developing a number of health problems due to air
pollution.
 12. Lowered Biodiversity
Continued human activities and expansion has led to lowered biodiversity. A lack of
biodiversity means that future generations will have to deal with increasing vulnerability
of plants to pests and fewer sources of fresh water.
Some studies have found that lowered biodiversity has as pronounced an impact as climate
change and pollution on ecosystems, particularly in areas with higher amounts of species
extinction.

13. The Nitrogen Cycle

With most of the focus being placed on the carbon cycle, the effects of human use of
nitrogen often slips under the radar. It is estimated that agriculture may be responsible for
half of the nitrogen fixation on earth, primarily through the use and production of man-
made fertilizers.
Excess levels of nitrogen in water can cause issues in marine ecosystems, primarily
through overstimulation of plant and algae growth. This can result in blocked intakes and
less light getting to deeper waters, damaging the rest of the marine population.

14. Natural Resource Use

Recent studies have shown that humanity uses so many natural resources that we would
need almost 1.5 Earths to cover our needs. This is only set to increase as industrialization
continues in nations like China and India.
Increased resource use is linked to a number of other environmental issues, such as air
pollution and population growth. Over time, the depletion of these resources will lead to
an energy crisis, plus the chemicals emitted by many natural resources are strong
contributors to climate change.

15. Transportation
An ever-growing population needs transportation, much of which is fueled by the natural
resources that emit greenhouse gases, such as petroleum. In 2014, transportation
accounted for 26% of all greenhouse gas emissions.
Transportation also contributes to a range of other environmental issues, such as the
destruction of natural habitats and increase in air pollution.

16. Polar Ice Caps

The issue of the melting of polar ice caps is a contentious one. While NASA studies have
shown that the amount of ice in Antarctica is actually increasing, these rises only amount
to a third of what is being lost in the Arctic.
There is strong evidence to suggest that sea levels are rising, with the Arctic ice caps
melting being a major contributor. Over time, this could lead to extensive flooding,
contamination of drinking water and major changes in ecosystems.
 17. Climate Change
The majority of the issues previously listed contribute or are linked to climate change.
Statistics created by NASA state that global temperatures have risen by 1.7 degrees
Fahrenheit since 1880, which is directly linked to a reduction in Arctic ice of 13.3% per
decade.The effects of climate change are widespread, as it will cause issues with
deforestation, water supplies, oceans and ecosystems. Each of these have widespread
implications of their own, marking climate change as the major environmental issue the
planet faces today.

Systems Approach to corporate environmental Management

A system approach is identifying, understanding, and managing integrated and
interdependent processes and their risks that contribute to the organization's
environmental management system effectiveness.
Reviewing the inputs and outputs of each process as only a section of the company as a
whole contributes to understanding the effects on other processes within the organization.
This approach helps managers avoid analyzing problems in isolation.
The most common system model used for environmental management is the ISO 14001.
There have been other models, such as the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
(EMAS) and the Responsible Care model, developed by the American Chemical Council
(ACC).
Many organizations, when implementing their environmental management system (EMS)
to ISO 14001 requirements, have used the PDCA methodology, based on Deming's “Plan-
Do-CheckAct,” implemented in post-WWII Japan.
The focus in the twenty-first century has been on the environmental revolution, and the
ISO management system's emphasis has been on continual improvement. In 1995, I
developed the Three-Step Process: Identify, Insure, Improve™ for management system
implementation. These three steps can be applied not only to quality but also to
implementation of an environmental management system (see Figure 7.1).
Environmental impact reduction efforts
Use energy more efficiently. Producing electricity and natural gas and delivering it to your
door generates greenhouse gas emissions. Installing energy-efficient building systems and
equipment can save energy and reduce your environmental footprint.
See the Commercial or Industrial energy efficiency tools for recommendations that are
tailored to your business segment.
Install renewables. Clean, renewable energy systems, such as solar and wind, can reduce
your impact on the environment significantly while lowering your energy bill. A variety
of federal, state and local incentives are available to make installing renewable energy
more affordable. See the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency
(DSIRE) for information about incentives available in your area
Conserve water. Energy is used (and emissions generated) to heat the water used in your
facility and process waste water. Reduce water heater temperatures and repair leaks. Install
low-flow showerheads and aerated faucets to reduce the amount of water used; this can
be especially effective in lodging and multi-family facilities. Facilities with high hot water
demand, such as hospitals and restaurants, should consider heat recovery to capture the
energy from waste fluids to heat or preheat water.
Reduce, reuse, recycle. Your environmental footprint goes beyond energy use and your
business. All of the materials and equipment in your facility must be produced and shipped
there, and then disposed of—all of which impacts the environment. Look for ways to use
less; it could be something as simple as printing on both sides of paper or developing a
better preventive maintenance program to make equipment last longer. Establish a
companywide recycling program.
Travel less. Employees driving to and from work produce a substantial amount of air
pollution. Encourage (or subsidize) employees to use public transportation or organize car
pools, and allow employees to work from home whenever possible. Minimize business
travel through web conferencing, email and other low-emission communications. If you
maintain a fleet of vehicles, use them only when needed and look for fuel-efficient models.
Consider near sourcing. All businesses require resources to function, whether it is office
supplies or raw materials for manufacturing. Transporting these resources to your door
uses energy and creates emissions. Near sourcing—using vendors close to your
business—is a growing trend that can reduce your environmental impact and may save
you money as well.
Ship goods more efficiently. If your business delivers products, consider ways to reduce
your shipping emissions. Ground shipments, by rail or truck, are generally more fuel-
efficient than shipping by air. Fewer, full ground shipments will use less fuel than frequent
light loads. If you do not have enough goods for full shipments, consider teaming up with
other local businesses. Business charter for sustainable production and consumption
Sustainable economic growth provides the foundation and resources for societies to
develop and prosper, and for people to meet their needs and pursue their aspirations. It
helps enable economic empowerment and poverty eradication, advance environmental
stewardship; and contribute to dealing with the trans-boundary global challenges
highlighted by the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
At the heart of economic growth are innovative, successful, and responsible businesses
operating within strong, forward-looking governance and policy frameworks.
Now more than ever, sustainable development depends on the solutions, capabilities,
contributions and engagement of business. ICC believes this entails:
 · Innovation in all dimensions of sustainable development so as to develop more
integrated strategies, policy and decision-making.
 · Leadership and collaboration to leverage the mutually-reinforcing and cross-cutting
elements of integrated policy-making.
 · Integrated governance structures fostering greater policy coherence between
economic, environmental and development objectives.
 · Efforts by all actors to reconcile short-term pressures with longer-term strategies to
deal with the multiplicity of economic, societal, and environmental challenges and
opportunities in an integrated manner.
 · Bottom up and top down actions pursued simultaneously by governments and
business in support of sustainable growth. A one-size-fits-all approach will not be
effective, nor will policies that work in silos.
 · Multilateral and cross-cutting approaches across countries and sectors, which are
indispensable in the global marketplace.
ICC and sustainable development ICC has played a long-standing role in promoting
responsible business conduct and remains committed to providing through leadership to
deliver sustainability solutions.

In 1991, only four years after the milestone Brundtland report ―Our Common Future‖,
ICC launched its first Business Charter for Sustainable Development, voicing the first
world business position on sustainable development. The Charter was subsequently
updated in 2000 and 2015, with the latest version reflecting the new approach to
sustainable development and its economic, societal, and environmental dimensions.
The 2015 Business Charter for Sustainable Development has been specifically designed
to help companies contribute to the SDGs’ implementation. Based around eight
guidelines, it sets out a strategic framework to help companies place sustainability at the
heart of their operations; it calls on the widest range of enterprises to enhance their
sustainability performance; it also calls for enhanced co-operation to support sustainable
growth. Sustainable development as a business priority
 To recognize the business contribution to sustainable development as a key priority
and an enabler for long-term business success.
 To build the necessary awareness and understanding amongst its employees,
shareholders, customers, and other stakeholders.
 To clarify and integrate sustainability into its strategies, leadership principles,
operations, activities and investments according to each business’ individually
relevant context.
 To govern its business with integrity, develop best practices in any relevant area of
work, and promote ethical conduct, including fighting corruption.

Tools for Sustainable Business Management

Specific tools for translation of general requirements of sustainable development into
manageable demands are necessary. The sustainability balanced scorecard is the central
tool for the development and implementation of sustainable business strategies. In order
to identify the position of an enterprise related to sustainable development the concept of
sustainability cube is
discussed. With this instrument the social, economical and ecological dimension of
sustainable development within an enterprise can be measured. A tool for sustainable
design of new products or services is the sustainable orientated quality function
deployment. This concept combines the needs of the market and customers with the
principles of sustainable development.
 Sustainable cube In order to determine organisation's position in the light of sustainable
development the "sustainable cube" can be applied 191. This tool contains the three
perspectives of sustainable development - the economical, the ecological and the social
one - and proposes a metric system for each of them. The position within the cube allows
one to define strategies for further sustainable management. The cube can be used for the
whole organisation, for parts of an organisation or for individual products or services. The
economic perspective can be measured with common economic concepts like economic
value added, option pricing theory, shareholder value, contribution accounting, target
costing or product profitfloss accounting. Economic value added, shareholder value,
options price theory and contribution accounting can be used to analyse the whole
organisation. Target costing is a tool for product-specific questions. Meanwhile specific
variations of shareholder value or contribution accounting were developed including
ecological requirements (spec. ecological shareholder value [lO], environmental
contribution accounting [l l]). The ecological perspective can be measured by life cycle
assessment resp. environmental performance measurement and indicators. The chosen
method should refer to principles of sustainable development, the methods suitably are
assessing not-monetary and quantitative. The methods Sustainable Process Index (SPI)
[12], Material Input per Service (MIPS) [13], Ecoindicator 99 [l41 and Eco-Points [l 51
are in discussion.

These methods allow the measurement of ecological effects of products, processes or

organisations. Application is usually complex, and the methods are debatably. If
environmental effects can be evaluated by experts, also indicators combined with ABC-
analysis can be used [16]. Social perspective can be measured by indicators. Questions of
legal compliance of social standards and laws, of human rights and of gender
mainstrearning, to give a few examples, are here in focus. For practical use, the relevant
indicators for each perspective have to be defined for a specific organisation. The next
step is measuring and collecting the needed data, due to evaluate and calculate each
indicator. The sustainable cube is an instrument used in organisational decision making
processes - therefore evaluation is of a relative characteristic. The organisation starts in
the centre of the cube and can derivate strategies for each sustainability perspective to
improve the position. The cube can be used for benchmarking purposes, too, but in this
case all partners of the benchmarking process have to use the same criteria, indicators and
methods. The lettering of the axis is characterized by "W, "S" and "EP and is measured
through specific criteria valid for the organisation. The ideal position of measurement
point within the cube would be the top of each perspective, economic realistic, social ideal,
with high environmental performance. An unalterable demand for the position of each
organisation is section with G > 0, otherwise they lose money. In this case the organisation
has no economic perspective, and there is no continuous success in the ecological and
social perspective.
These methods allow the measurement of ecological effects of products, processes or
organisations. Application is usually complex, and the methods are debatably. If
environmental effects can be evaluated by experts, also indicators combined with ABC-
analysis can be used [16]. Social perspective can be measured by indicators. Questions of
legal compliance of social standards and laws, of human rights and of gender
mainstrearning, to give a few examples, are here in focus. For practical use, the relevant
indicators for each perspective have to be defined for a specific organisation. The next
step is measuring and collecting the needed data, due to evaluate and calculate each
indicator. The sustainable cube is an instrument used in organisational decision making
processes - therefore evaluation is of a relative characteristic. The organisation starts in
the centre of the cube and can derivate strategies for each sustainability perspective to
improve the position. The cube can be used for benchmarking purposes, too, but in this
case all partners of the benchmarking process have to use the same criteria, indicators and
methods. The lettering of the axis is characterized by "W, "S" and "EP and is measured
through specific criteria valid for the organisation. The ideal position of measurement
point within the cube would be the top of each perspective, economic realistic, social ideal,
with high environmental performance. An unalterable demand for the position of each
organisation is section with G > 0, otherwise they lose money. In this case the organisation
has no economic perspective, and there is no continuous success in the ecological and
social perspective.
Sustainability requirements can be included on all steps of the Qm> process. For the House
of Quality (HOQ), the subsystem design matrix and the piece part design matrix the
relevant criteria can be derived from the principles of ecodesign as well as from criteria's
concerning social resp. health and safety issues. Eco-Efficiency Criteria and principles of
Cleaner Production can be integrated into the process design matrix, but it has to be noted,
that these principles will also have an impact to matrix 1 - 3 (see Table 2). Eco-Efficiency
means creating more value with less impact [24]. The goal of the concept of Cleaner
Production are environmental sound processes, in order to avoid harmful emissions and
waste which have to be cleaned up with so called end-of-pipe technologies. The objective
of Eco-Design is to maximize the benefit and to minimize the environmental impact of a
product or service. Additionally requirements of corporate strategy are important.
Therefore tool employment has to be seen in the light of the general objectives which are
management for example with a SBSC within a Generic Management System

What is Environmental Stewardship

 Human responsible consumption, protection of the natural environment or

corrective activities that could be achieved through conservation efforts and
sustainable practices.
 The responsible use and management of natural resources in a way that takes a full
and balanced account of the interests of society, future generations, and other
species while accepting significant answerability to society for these actions.
 Reduce the number of bags you use for shopping. Use reusable bags.
  Reduce water usage and waste by closing taps and lower the flow to the smallest
needed to do the job in reasonable time.
 Reduce the amount of fuel you use by choosing smaller, lighter vehicles. Carpool.
Live close to where you work. Use public transit if you can.
Environmental stewardship ties in with land stewardship and good agricultural
practices which farmers would not truly practice if they care about obtaining optimal
yields for an infinite period of time.
It includes things like:
 Planting trees around fields to act as wind break barriers which reduce soil erosion
due to winds blowing across cultivated ground.
 Reduced tillage or no tillage methods of growing crops. This also helps reduce soil
erosion by wind because less or nose bare soil is left open to the elements.
 Incorporation of plant waste, such as stems, back into the soil to add organic
matter. This means healthier soil and corresponding increased yields. It also can
mean soil which is more open allowing for better drainage.
 Not using equipment on soil when it is too wet resulting in compaction. This can
mean reduced yields and reduced drainage. Also using suitable equipment to
match the soil such as tracked equipment versus just plain wheels on muck type
soil.
 Applying the correct amount of fertilizer or manure at the correct time to achieve
optimal growing results without having run off issues. Allowing fertilizer or
manure to leach into waterways is harmful to the environment as well as a waste
of the resource. As part of this, incorporating the fertilizer or manure into the soil

Drivers of sustainability
The business case for sustainability has been at the forefront of much of the literature.
Some of the most commonly mentioned drivers/benefits of sustainability include:
competitive advantage, reduced costs, increased sales, improved image and reputation,
and increased employee motivation (FSC, 2010; Jenkins, 2006; KPMG, 2008; Makower,
2010; Masurel, 2007; Morsing, 2006; Simpson, Taylor, & Barker, 2004; Werbach, 2009;
Willard, 2005). In December 2010, the
American Institute of Public Accountants (AICPA), Canadian Institute of Chartered
Accountants (CICA) and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA)
released a report on drivers to sustainability. This report looked at the evolution of CR
practices in Canada, the US and the UK;
The top three drivers to sustainability for large organizations were:
(1) Compliance with legal and regulatory requirements,
(2) Managing risk to the reputation of your brand and
(3) Achieving competitive advantage and long-term profitability (see figure 6) (AICPA,
CIMA, CICA, 2010, p.5).
The survey respondents were small (under 1000 employees) and large (over 1000
employees) organizational leaders who are members of these three associations. Based on
the literature, the most important drivers for sustainability are external to 18 the company
and focus on competitive advantage, compliance with regulatory bodies and managing
risk and reputation. Jenkins (2006) concluded that external drivers are: improved image
and reputation, better market position; and internal drivers are: increased employee
motivation, cost savings and increased efficiency. Figure 6 – Sustainability drivers for
large companies

Large organizations are also more inclined to have formal sustainability departments as
well as formal reporting standards, and 79% of companies currently had a sustainability
strategy

BARRIERS
Sustainable development has been widely promoted as a holistic concept which aims or
targets to integrate social, economic and cultural policies to ensure high-quality growth.
However, there are barriers combating the implementation of sustainable development.
These barriers are, according to an UK essay and other materials, the following:

•Economic and financial barriers: Economists observed that the dominating

development model tends to focus on economic growth as precedence rather than
people's rights or welfare, and environmental processes and limits. This requires a shift
in the worldview from treating the environment as part of the economy to treating the
economy as part of the environment; strategically this means the economy should be
adapted to ensure environmental services are maintained.
Innovational Barriers: In the educational sector there is a lack of innovation-oriented
research. This means that there has to be a closer connection between research institutes
and the economy, which would also overcome problems concerning the knowledge
transfer to applications in real life.

•Social barriers: Population growth, paired with unsustainable consumption and

production patterns among the wealthy, are the biggest social challenges to achieving
sustainable development in the world. Absent of a significant change in human behavior,
sustainability will not be potential. There are other social barriers which are: The
marginalization of the poor and entrenched inequities Limited awareness about
sustainable development. Environmental issues among both politicians and the wider
public fragmented civil society. Inadequate interaction between civil society and
government. Insufficient incentives to for the private sector to pursue sustainable
development.

•Political barriers: Inadequate economic, social and environmental methods for

policies, plans and projects are the major barrier combating the implementation of
sustainable development.

•Poor monitoring and evaluation systems: A basic problem is lack of specific targets
(globally, nationally and at local level), measurement and data to track progress, resulting
in a lack of information available to decision-makers. It is suggested for strengthening
monitoring and evaluation of sustainable development strategies in order to establish a
dynamic improvement process, with an objective of increasing their effectiveness. It is
recommended that governments should turn up deeper and assess the socio-economic
impacts of developmental projects, rather than the outcome alone.

•Institutional barriers: Institutional barriers as a result of lack of institutional

experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system has been combating and
frustrating sustainable development in many developing countries.

•Trade barriers

Environmental Management Principles

Principles of environmental management are a set of rules and guidelines that help
attain desirable environmental outcome. Principles of environmental management, refers
to procedure, government, industries and people should follow. Environmental
management principles have been drivers, in response to economic and social problems
which may arise as a result of any economic undertaking. This includes agriculture,
mining, industries and natural disasters likely to damage the environment.

7 Key Principles Of Environmental Management

1. Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)
2. User Pays Principle (UPP)
3. Precautionary Principle (PP)
4. Principle of Responsibility
5. Principle Of Effectiveness and Efficiency
6. Principle of Proportionality
7. Principle Of Participatio

7 Key Principles Of Environmental Management

Below are the main principles of environmental management important for environmental
decision making and any undertaking, likely to damage the environment. 7 main
principles of environmental management, which play major role in economic, social
and environmental decision making, including policy formulation.

1. Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)

Most economists around the world suggested for many years that the only to ensure clean
safe environment was through this principles of environmental management. Experts
suggested that firms producing hazard chemicals and pollutants affecting the environment
must pay
After many countries embarked on measuring damage, through environmental impact
assessment (EIA). It was noted that pollution must be linked to damage and pollution
caused, therefore prices must be according to damages caused the industry.
Polluter pays principle, ensures absolute liability for any damage and harm caused by
the industry and firms. It makes the process and procedure for compensation easy in an
event where there victims affected. Another important aspect of this among principles of
environmental management is that the cost gets shared and its easy to repair or reduce
damages.

2. User Pays Principle (UPP)

This principle has been derived from the polluter pays principle which gives the
responsibility to users for them to pay for any long run cost and marginal environmental
damage or pollution.
It includes users bearing the costs for utilizing resources, services and treatment services
whenever the resources are consumed and been used.
For instance consumption of water which comes from rivers, each household is required
to pay certain fee towards the service. Farmers are required to pay land fees, which part
of the money goes towards cleaning and budgetary funding for developing EIA systems
to help predict, protect and prescribe measure s to protect the environment from economic
activities

3. Precautionary Principle (PP)

This proposes protecting the environment through precautionary measures, especially for
heavy activities that might cause more damage to the environment. Precautionary
principle has major objectives which include measuring primary and secondary activities
posing a threat to the environment.

4. Principle of Responsibility
Among principles of environmental management, this states each person and firm
needs to be held accountable and take responsibility to maintain safe, clean and sustainable
development. Ecological sustainability should be attained by ensuring the use of resources
is properly managed and not wasted, people must go about knowing that one of there
duties is to protect the environment, safe applies for firms and corporations extracting and
committing gasses polluting the environment.

5. Principle Of Effectiveness and Efficiency

It the responsibility of government in every country, city or state to ensure, well structured
policies and procedures are put in place for essential waste management. Failure to
properly mage waste can lead to diseases, soil problems, chemical build ups, water born
diseases. Hence its essential that through the principle of effectiveness and efficiency,
major agencies and council do everything possible to reduce waste building up and control
dump sites for garbage.

6. Principle of Proportionality
This refers to striking a balance between development and protecting the environment.
Building of basic essential infrastructure through development has been considered major
part for Human development, therefore, protecting the environment but so does
development. Without the environment which provides for land, man would not have
where to build homes.

7. Principle Of Participation
Every citizen, person, government and firms have a responsibility to participate in
environmental decision making and protection policies. Through collective collaboration
in the affairs of the environment its easy to foster a shift and wave reflecting need to
protect the environment.
Every individual should take a major step and contribute to issues relating to solid waste
management, garbage collection, construction, chemicals, gaseous omission and
demolition materials which are likely to affect the environment and how to reduce the
impact.
National Environment Policy (NEP)
The National Environment Policy (NEP) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF) aims at mainstreaming environmental concerns into all developmental activities.
It emphasises conservation of resources, and points that the best way to aid conservation
is to ensure that people dependent on resources obtain better livelihoods from
conservation, than from degradation of the resources. It argues that environmental
degradation often leads to poverty and poor health outcomes among populations.

The document goes on to highlight the principles underlying the policy that
emphasise the
 Important role of human beings in the sustainable development processes
 The non negotiability and incomparable value of environmental resources
 Right to development for all
 Equity in the use of environmental resources and
The need for the decentralised and multisectoral approach in dealing with
environmental issues.
The objectives of the policy include:
Conservation of critical environmental resources
Intra-generational equity
Livelihood security for the poor
Inter-generational equity
Integration of environmental concerns in economic and social development
Efficiency in environmental resource use
Environmental governance
Enhancement of resources for environmental conservation
Abatement of pollution and conservation of resources Pollution Abatement
Pollution abatement refers to any measure taken to reduce, control or eliminate pollution
from a given environment. Abatement measures can be technological, like catalytic
converters on vehicles to reduce air pollution, or they may be regulatory, like laws limiting
the amount of
solid waste a sewage management facility can release into a waterway. Abatement
measures may also be behavioral, like turning down a home thermostat a degree or two in
winter to reduce electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

Air
Smog, ground-level ozone pollution, acid rain and climate change influenced by
greenhouse gas emissions are all products of fossil-fuel combustion, whether for industrial
processes, electricity generation or gasoline-powered vehicles. Examples of contemporary
abatement strategies include requiring smoke-stack scrubbers on coal-fired power plants
to reduce emissions of sulfur and nitrogen dioxides and placing caps on carbon emissions
to reduce greenhouse gases.
Soil
Land pollution can come from a variety of sources. Landfills, chemical and fuel refinery
leaks or spills and industrial agricultural techniques that require heavy use of pesticides
and chemical fertilizers all contribute to soil pollution. Abatement measures include
eliminating lead from fuels to reduce lead pollution of the soil, requiring underground
liners for landfills, voluntary recycling programs, regulating fuel and chemical production
to minimize risks of spills or leaks and exploring alternative agricultural methods to
reduce the need for pesticides and herbicides.

Water
Water pollution usually comes in one of two major forms, point source pollution and
nonpoint source pollution. Point sources include specific release of pollutants into
waterways, like industrial effluents or untreated sewage. Nonpoint sources are not locally
specific and include pollution from storm water runoff in urban areas and pollutant
leaching from contaminated soils. Abatement measures include requiring treatment of
sewage waste water solids, installation of storm runoff retention systems (also called wet
ponds) in areas with a high density of impervious surfaces and educating the public about
the dangers of storm water pollutants to streams, rivers and aquifers.

Energy Conservation
Another basic but important pollution abatement strategy includes what many call
reducing your carbon footprint. More people using fewer resources and less energy
reduces pollution impacts on a larger scale. Examples of conservation include: using
cleaner-burning fuels and renewable sources of energy like solar or wind power, using
public transportation or carpooling, recycling and reusing paper, plastics and metals,
insulating your home to make it more energy-efficient, installing energy-efficient
appliances, and buying locally produced goods to reduce the need for shipping of products
over long distances.
The focus in the twenty-first century has been on the environmental revolution, and the
ISO management system's emphasis has been on continual improvement. In 1995, I
developed the Three-Step Process: Identify, Insure, Improve™ for management system
implementation. These three steps can be applied not only to quality but also to
implementation of an environmental management system

CHARTER ON CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (CREP)
Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) launched the Charter on "Corporate
Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP)" in March 2003 with the purpose to
go beyond the compliance of regulatory norms for prevention & control of pollution
through various measures including waste minimization, in-plant process control &
adoption of clean technologies. The Charter set targets concerning conservation of water,
energy, recovery of chemicals, reduction in pollution, elimination of toxic pollutants,
process & management of residues that are required to be disposed off in an
environmentally sound manner. The Charter enlists the action points for pollution control
for various categories of highly polluting industries. The Task Forces were constituted for
monitoring the progress of implementation of CREP recommendations/ action points.
Action Points under CREP for Tannery Sector
1. Chrome Recovery
i) All the chrome-tanning units in the country will have the Chrome Recovery Plant
either on individual basis or on collective basis in the form of Common Chrome Recovery
Plant and use the recovered chrome in the tanning process. By December 2004
ii) Common Chrome Recovery Plant is to be installed and commissioned at Kanpur,
for which the Feasibility Report has already been prepared. All the chrome tanning units
will make their financial contribution to the extent of 10% By June 2003
ii) Recovered Chromium is to be utilized in tanning process By December 2005
2. Waste Minimization Measures
i) Waste minimization circles will be formed in all the clusters of tanneries in the
country to implement waste minimization measures and for adoption of clean
technologies March 2004
ii) Waste minimization measures as identified by the Task Force to be implemented
in all the tanneries By December 2005
3. Reduction of Water Consumption in Tannery Units
i) All the tanneries will install water meters and flow meters to measure actual
consumption and waste water discharge. By December 2003
ii) Water consumption rates will be brought down to 28 m 3 /tonne of hides by taking
water conservation measures. By December 2003
4. Compliance of standards All CETPs and ETPs will take the following measures:
i) Deployment of qualified and well trained staff for O & M of the ETPs/CETPs. By
December 2003
ii) Installation of automatic monitoring instruments by CETPs/large tanneries. By
December 2003 iii) Separate Energy meters for ETPs/CETPs By December 2003
iv) Replacement of open anaerobic lagoons with cleaner technology options will be
implemented
By December 2005
v) Implementation of guidelines developed by CPCB for Health & Safety of worker
employed in the industry / ETP/ CETP.
vi) All large tannery units (processing more than 5 tonne/day of hides/skins) will
undertake Environmental Auditing on annual basis. By June 2004
vii) Modification/up-gradation of the CETPs/ETPs wherever necessary will be taken
up by tannery units and CETP management By December 2005
5. Management of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) For TDS management the following
methods will be adopted:
i) Manual/mechanical desalting By December 2003
ii) Use of cleaner technology for less use of salt By December 2005
iii) High Rate Transpiration System for effluent treatment will be adopted wherever
feasible By December 2004
iv)Treated wastewater will be mixed with the sewage wherever feasible and further treated
and the treated combined effluent will be used on land for irrigation. By December
2005
6. Solid Waste Management For solid waste management the following methods will be
adopted: : i) Utilization of process sludge for by-product recovery. By December 2004
ii) Resource recovery from process sludge and ETP sludge in the form of Biogas By
December 2004 iii) Safe disposal of hazardous sludge and non-hazardous solid wastes By
December 2005
7. Salts from Solar Evaporation The following methods will be adopted depending on the
site specific conditions:
i) Reuse of recovered salt. By December
2005 ii) Safe land disposal or Sea
disposal
8. Use of Boron bearing compounds will be dispensed with. By December 2003
9. Ground water quality monitoring to be strengthened wherever the treated effluents are
applied on land for irrigation. By December 2004
10. Implementation of recommendations of the Task Force constituted by the MOEF,
Govt.of India will be commenced by June 2003. By June 2003
Note: Non-complying units not meeting notified standards under Environment
(Protection), 1986 will submit action plan with PERT chart along with Bank Guarantee to
SPCB By June 30, 2003