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2025 ICT Ref E

The document outlines the SQL commands and spreadsheet functions that will be provided for the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination in Information and Communication Technology starting from 2025. It details the SQL commands for Paper 1 and Paper 2A, including constants, operators, and various SQL functions. Additionally, it includes symbols used in entity-relationship diagrams to represent different relationships and attributes.

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10C10 Pok Man HUANG
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23 views2 pages

2025 ICT Ref E

The document outlines the SQL commands and spreadsheet functions that will be provided for the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination in Information and Communication Technology starting from 2025. It details the SQL commands for Paper 1 and Paper 2A, including constants, operators, and various SQL functions. Additionally, it includes symbols used in entity-relationship diagrams to represent different relationships and attributes.

Uploaded by

10C10 Pok Man HUANG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination

Information and Communication Technology


(From 2025 Exam onwards)

The following SQL commands and spreadsheet functions will be provided in Paper 1 (Section B) for candidates’
reference:

Database (SQL commands)

Constants TRUE, FALSE


Operators +, −, *, /, >, <, =, >=, <=, <>, %, _ , ' , AND, NOT, OR
SQL AVG, MAX, MIN, SUM, AS, BETWEEN, BY, ASC, DESC, DISTINCT, FROM, GROUP,
HAVING, LIKE, NULL, ORDER, SELECT, WHERE

Spreadsheet

Constants TRUE, FALSE

Operators +, −, *, /, <, >, =, <>, <=, >=, &

Functions INT, RAND, SQRT, ROUND, AND, NOT, OR, LEFT, LEN, MID, RIGHT, AVERAGE,
COUNT, COUNTIF, MAX, MIN, RANK, SUM, SUMIF, FIND, XLOOKUP, IF
The following SQL commands and symbols used in entity-relationship diagrams will be provided in Paper 2A
for candidates’ reference:

Database (SQL commands - based on SQL-92 Standard)

Constants FALSE, TRUE


Operators +, −, *, /, >, <, =, >=, <=, <>, %, _ , ' , AND, NOT, OR
SQL ABSOLUTE (ABS), AVG, INT, MAX, MIN, SUM, COUNT
ASC, AT, CHAR (CHR), CHAR_LENGTH (LEN), LOWER, TRIM, SPACE, SUBSTRING
(SUBSTR/MID), UPPER, VALUE (VAL)
DATE, DAY, MONTH, YEAR
ADD, ALL, ALTER, ANY, AS, ASC, BETWEEN, BY, CREATE, DELETE, DESC, DISTINCT,
DROP, EXISTS, FROM, GROUP, HAVING, IN, INDEX, INNER JOIN, INSERT, INTEGER,
INTERSECT, INTO, LEFT [OUTER] JOIN, LIKE, MINUS, NULL, RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN,
FULL [OUTER] JOIN, ON, ORDER, SELECT, SET, TABLE, TO, UNION, UNIQUE,
UPDATE, VALUES, VIEW, WHERE

Symbols Used in Entity-Relationship Diagrams

Meaning Symbol Meaning Symbol

1 1
Entity Entity One-to-one Relationship Relationship

1 M
Attribute Attribute One-to-Many Relationship Relationship

Many-to-Many M N
Key Attribute Attribute Relationship
Relationship

Participation constraints:
Relationship Relationship Use on Mandatory side Relationship
Use on Optional side

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