MA8452 - STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS

UNIT I TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

LARGE SAMPLE TEST (n>30) SMALL SAMPLE TEST (n<30)
1. Test of significance for single proportion 1. Student’s‘t’ test
pP  Student ‘s ‘t’ test for single mean
z When S.D directly given
PQ
x
n t
S .D
Where n-sample size
p-sample proportion n 1
P-population proportion When S.D is not directly given
x 
( x  x)
2. Test of significance for difference of proportions 1
p1  p2 n p n p t Where s 2  i
2
z , where p  1 1 2 2 and q  1  p. s n 1
 1 1  n1  n2 n
pq  
 n1 n2  Degrees of freedom= n-1
Where n1,n2  sample sizes  Student ‘s ‘t’ test for difference of means
x1  x 2 x1  x2
p1 , p2 -sample proportions z or z 
3. Test of significance for single mean 1

1  1 1 
s s 2   
x n1 n 2
z where  is the SD of the population  1
n n2
 1
Where s 2  ( n1s12  n2 s22 )
n n2  n2  2
If the population SD is not known, then
x1 is the mean of a sample size n1
x
z x 2 is the mean of a sample size n 2
s
n Degrees of freedom= n1+n2 -2
4. Test of significance for difference of means 2. F-test (To test whether if there is any significant difference between
x1  x2 two estimates of population variance.)
z
12 
 2
2 S2
F  1 where S12 
( x  x ) 2
and
n1 n2 S22 n1  1
Where x1 is the mean of a sample size n1
x 2 is the mean of a sample size n 2 S22 
( y  y ) 2

n2  1
And 12 and  22 are the population variances Note:
 If the samples have been drawn from the same population Greater Variance
F
then 12 =  22 =  2 Sm allerVariance
x1  x2
z Degrees of freedom =(n1-1),(n2-1)
2 2
n1

n2 3.  2
- test
 Goodness of fit
(O  E )2
2  where O-Observed frequency
E
E-Expected frequency
Degree of freedom= n-1
 Independence of attributes
a b a+b
c d c+d
a+c b+d N
The Expected frequencies are given by
(a  b)(a  c) (a  b)(b  d ) a+ b
E (a )  E (b) 
N N
(c  d )(a  c) (c  d )(b  d ) c+d
E ( c)  E (d ) 
N N
a+c b+d N
Degrees of freedom=(r-1)(s-1)
Where r- number of rows
s- number of columns
 UNIT II DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
3. Latin Square Design
1. One way classification or completely randomized design ANOVA table
ANOVA table Source of Sum of Degrees Mean square F-ratio
Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean square F-ratio variation squares of
squares freedom freedom
Columns SSC c-1 SSC MSC
Between samples SSC K-1 SSC MSC MSC  FC 
MSC  FC  c 1 MSE
K 1 MSE
Rows SSR r-1 SSR MSR
With in samples SSE N-K MSR  FR 
MSE  SSE r 1 MSE
N K

Where Treatments SST t-1 SST MST

MST  FT 
K=total number of samples t 1 MSE
N=Total number of items in the given data

C.F=
T 2 Error (or) SSE (r-1)(c-1) MSE  SSE
N Residual ( r 1)( c 1)
TSS=Sum of squares of all the items - C.F
T 2
 X     X
2 2
 
1 2 C.F=
SSC=    ...  C.F N
n n TSS=Sum of squares of all the items - C.F

C  C
SSE=TSS-SSC 2 2
  
Conclusion: 1 2
If FC  FT  Difference not significant SSC=     ...  C.F
N c1 N c2
If FC  FT  Difference significant
 R   R 
2 2
 
1 2
2. Two way classification or randomized block design SSR=    ...  C.F
N r1 N r2
ANOVA table

T  T 
2 2
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean square F-ratio  
1 2
SST=  
variation squares freedom
 ...  C. F
N t1 Nt2
Column SSC c-1 SSC MSC
treatment MSC  FC 
c 1 MSE SSE=TSS-(SSC+SSR+SST)
4. 22  Factorial Design
Row SSR r-1 SSR MSR
treatments MSR  FR  ANOVA table
r 1 MSE Degrees
(Blocks) Source of Sum of
of Mean square F-ratio
Error (or) SSE (r-1)(c-1) variation squares
MSE  SSE freedom
Residual ( r 1)( c 1)
S MSK
k SK 1 MSK  K FK 
1 MSE
C.F=
T 2
N S MS P
p SP 1 MS P  P FP 
TSS=Sum of squares of all the items - C.F 1 MSE

C  C 
2 2
  FKP 
MS KP
1 2 S
SSC=    ...  C.F kp SKP 1 MS KP  KP MSE
N c1 N c2 1

 R   R 
2 2
  Error (or)
1 2 SSE N-c-r+1 MSE  SSE
SSR=   d. f
 ...  C.F Residual
N r1 N r2
SSE=TSS-(SSC+SSR)
K   [kp ]  [ p]  [k ]  [1]
Conclusion: P  [kp ]  [ p]  [k ]  [1]
If FC  FT  Difference not significant KP  [kp ]  [ p]  [k ]  [1]
If FC  FT  Difference significant
S 
K 2
K
4r

SP 
P 2 S KP 
KP 2
4r 4r where r-number of rows
 UNIT III UNIT IV
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION, NUMERICAL
EIGEN VALUE PROBLEMS INTEGRATION
1. Iterative Formula For Newton-Raphson Method 1. Lagrange’s interpolation formula
f ( xn )
xn 1  ( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )...(x  x n ) ( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )...(x  x n )
f ' ( xn ) f ( x)  y0  y1  ....
The rate of convergence in Newton-Raphson
( x 0  x1 )( x0  x 2 )...(x0  x n ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x1 )...(x1  x n )
Method is of order 2 ( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )...(x  x n 1 )
 yn
Condition for convergence of Newton-Raphson ( x n  x1 )( x n  x 2 )...(x n  x n 1 )
Method is
2. Newton’s divided difference formula
2
f ( x ) f '' ( x )  f ' ( x ) f ( x )  y0  ( x  x0 )y0  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )2 y0  ...
2. Condition for convergence of Fixed point iteration 3. Newton’s forward interpolation formula
Method is n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
f ( x0  nh)  y0  ny0   y0   y0  ...
g ' ( x)  1 2! 3!
4.
Newton’s backward interpolation formula
3. Solution of system of linear equations
 n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
Direct method f ( xn  nh)  yn  nyn   yn   yn  ...
 Indirect method or Iterative method 2! 3!
4. Direct method 5. Newton’s forward interpolation formula for derivatives
 Gauss Elimination method –  dy  1 1 1 1 
Augmented matrix reduced to upper  dx   y0  2 y0  3 y0  4 y0  ...
 xx h 2 3 4 
triangular matrix. 0

 Gauss Jordan method- Augmented d2y  1  2 11 4 5 5 

3
matrix reduced to diagonal matrix.     y0   y0  12  y0  6  y0  ...
5. Indirect method or Iterative method  dx2  h2  
x  x0
 Gauss Jacobi method
 d 3y  1  3 3 4 
1
x  [d1  b1 y  c1z ]     y0  2  y0  ...
a1  dx3  h3  
x  x0
1 6. Newton’s backward interpolation formula for derivatives
y [d 2  a2 x  c2 z ]
b2  dy  1 1 1 1 
 dx   yn  2 yn  3 yn  4 yn  ...
1  x x h 2 3 4 
z [d 3  a3 x  b3 y ] n
c3 d2y  1  2 3 11 4 5 5 
Let us take the initial approximation as     yn   yn  12  yn  6  yn  ...
2 2
 dx  h  
x0  0,y0  0,z0  0 x  xn
 Gauss Seidel method  d 3y  1  3 3 4 
1     yn  2  yn  ...
x  [d1  b1 y  c1z ]  dx3  h3  
a1 x  xn

1
y [d 2  a2 x  c2 z ] 7. Trapezoidal method for single integral
b2
b

 f ( x) dx  2 Sum of the first and last ordinates 2(Sum of the rem ainingordinates)
1 h
z [d 3  a3 x  b3 y ]
c3
a
Let us take the initial approximation as
8. Trapezoidal method for double integral
y0  0,z0  0
( sum of values of f at the four corners)  


6. Power method for finding largest eigenvalues of a hk  
f ( x, y )dxdy  2( Sum of the values of f at the rem aining nodes on the boundary
)
matrix. 4  
AX  X  4( Sum of the values of f at the int erior nodes) 
7. Jacobi method for finding eigenvalues for
symmetric matrix

 2aij 

1
tan1  , D  PT AP where P is
 aii  a jj 
1 rd
2   9. Simpson’s rule for single integral
rotation matrix 3
b
h Sum of the first and last ordinates 2( Sum of the rem ainingeven ordinates)
 f ( x) dx  3  4(Sum of odd ordinates)
a



1 rd
10. Simpson’s rule for double integral
3
( sum of values of f at the four corners)  


hk  
f ( x, y )dxdy  4 ( Sum of the values of f at the rem aining nodes on the boundary
)
9  
 16( Sum of the values of f at the int erior nodes) 
 UNIT-V
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Taylor’s series method
h ' h 2 '' h 3 '''
yn 1  yn  yn  yn  yn  ...
1! 2! 3!
2. Euler’s method
yn 1  yn  hyn'

3. Modified Euler’s method

 h h 
yn 1  yn  h  f ( xn  , yn  f ( xn , yn )
 2 2 
4. Improved Euler’s method
y m 1  y m 
h
 f ( xm , y m )  f ( xm  h, y m  hf ( xm , y m )
2
5. Fourth order Runge-kutta method
k1  hf ( x0 , y0 )
h k
k2  hf ( x0  , y0  1 )
2 2
h k2
k3  hf ( x0  , y0  )
2 2
k 4 hf ( x0  h, y0  k3 )

y 
1
k1  2k2  2k3  k4 
6
y1  y0  y
6. Milne’s Predictor formula

yn 1, P  yn 3 
4h
3

2 yn' 2  yn' 1  2 yn' 
7. Milne’s Corrector formula
h

yn 1,C  yn 1  yn' 1  4 yn'  yn' 1
3

8. Adam’s-Bash forth Predictor formula

yn 1, P  yn 
24
h

55yn'  59 yn' 1  37 yn' 2  9 yn' 3 
9. Adam’s-Bash forth Corrector formula

yn 1,C  yn 
h
24

9 yn' 1  19 yn'  5 yn' 1  yn' 2
t Table
cum. prob t .50 t .75 t .80 t .85 t .90 t .95 t .975 t .99 t .995 t .999 t .9995
one-tail 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005
two-tails 1.00 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001
df
1 0.000 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 318.31 636.62
2 0.000 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.327 31.599
3 0.000 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.215 12.924
4 0.000 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610
5 0.000 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.869
6 0.000 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959
7 0.000 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408
8 0.000 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041
9 0.000 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781
10 0.000 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587
11 0.000 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437
12 0.000 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318
13 0.000 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221
14 0.000 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140
15 0.000 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073
16 0.000 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015
17 0.000 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965
18 0.000 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922
19 0.000 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883
20 0.000 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850
21 0.000 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819
22 0.000 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792
23 0.000 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.768
24 0.000 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745
25 0.000 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725
26 0.000 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707
27 0.000 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690
28 0.000 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674
29 0.000 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.659
30 0.000 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646
40 0.000 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 3.551
60 0.000 0.679 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 3.460
80 0.000 0.678 0.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639 3.195 3.416
100 0.000 0.677 0.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626 3.174 3.390
1000 0.000 0.675 0.842 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.330 2.581 3.098 3.300
z 0.000 0.674 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 3.291
0% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 98% 99% 99.8% 99.9%
Confidence Level

t-table.xls 7/14/2007
F Table
for α =
0.10

\ df1=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
df2=1 39.86346 49.5 53.59324 55.83296 57.24008 58.20442 58.90595 59.43898 59.85759 60.19498 60.70521 61.22034 61.74029 62.00205 62.26497 62.52905 62.79428 63.06064 63.32812
2 8.52632 9 9.16179 9.24342 9.29263 9.32553 9.34908 9.36677 9.38054 9.39157 9.40813 9.42471 9.44131 9.44962 9.45793 9.46624 9.47456 9.48289 9.49122
3 5.53832 5.46238 5.39077 5.34264 5.30916 5.28473 5.26619 5.25167 5.24 5.23041 5.21562 5.20031 5.18448 5.17636 5.16811 5.15972 5.15119 5.14251 5.1337
4 4.54477 4.32456 4.19086 4.10725 4.05058 4.00975 3.97897 3.95494 3.93567 3.91988 3.89553 3.87036 3.84434 3.83099 3.81742 3.80361 3.78957 3.77527 3.76073
5 4.06042 3.77972 3.61948 3.5202 3.45298 3.40451 3.3679 3.33928 3.31628 3.2974 3.26824 3.23801 3.20665 3.19052 3.17408 3.15732 3.14023 3.12279 3.105

6 3.77595 3.4633 3.28876 3.18076 3.10751 3.05455 3.01446 2.98304 2.95774 2.93693 2.90472 2.87122 2.83634 2.81834 2.79996 2.78117 2.76195 2.74229 2.72216
7 3.58943 3.25744 3.07407 2.96053 2.88334 2.82739 2.78493 2.75158 2.72468 2.70251 2.66811 2.63223 2.59473 2.57533 2.55546 2.5351 2.51422 2.49279 2.47079
8 3.45792 3.11312 2.9238 2.80643 2.72645 2.66833 2.62413 2.58935 2.56124 2.53804 2.50196 2.46422 2.42464 2.4041 2.38302 2.36136 2.3391 2.31618 2.29257
9 3.3603 3.00645 2.81286 2.69268 2.61061 2.55086 2.50531 2.46941 2.44034 2.41632 2.37888 2.33962 2.29832 2.27683 2.25472 2.23196 2.20849 2.18427 2.15923
10 3.28502 2.92447 2.72767 2.60534 2.52164 2.46058 2.41397 2.37715 2.34731 2.3226 2.28405 2.24351 2.20074 2.17843 2.15543 2.13169 2.10716 2.08176 2.05542

11 3.2252 2.85951 2.66023 2.53619 2.45118 2.38907 2.34157 2.304 2.2735 2.24823 2.20873 2.16709 2.12305 2.10001 2.07621 2.05161 2.02612 1.99965 1.97211
12 3.17655 2.8068 2.60552 2.4801 2.39402 2.33102 2.28278 2.24457 2.21352 2.18776 2.14744 2.10485 2.05968 2.03599 2.01149 1.9861 1.95973 1.93228 1.90361
13 3.13621 2.76317 2.56027 2.43371 2.34672 2.28298 2.2341 2.19535 2.16382 2.13763 2.09659 2.05316 2.00698 1.98272 1.95757 1.93147 1.90429 1.87591 1.8462
14 3.10221 2.72647 2.52222 2.39469 2.30694 2.24256 2.19313 2.1539 2.12195 2.0954 2.05371 2.00953 1.96245 1.93766 1.91193 1.88516 1.85723 1.828 1.79728
15 3.07319 2.69517 2.48979 2.36143 2.27302 2.20808 2.15818 2.11853 2.08621 2.05932 2.01707 1.97222 1.92431 1.89904 1.87277 1.84539 1.81676 1.78672 1.75505

16 3.04811 2.66817 2.46181 2.33274 2.24376 2.17833 2.128 2.08798 2.05533 2.02815 1.98539 1.93992 1.89127 1.86556 1.83879 1.81084 1.78156 1.75075 1.71817
17 3.02623 2.64464 2.43743 2.30775 2.21825 2.15239 2.10169 2.06134 2.02839 2.00094 1.95772 1.91169 1.86236 1.83624 1.80901 1.78053 1.75063 1.71909 1.68564
18 3.00698 2.62395 2.41601 2.28577 2.19583 2.12958 2.07854 2.03789 2.00467 1.97698 1.93334 1.88681 1.83685 1.81035 1.78269 1.75371 1.72322 1.69099 1.65671
19 2.9899 2.60561 2.39702 2.2663 2.17596 2.10936 2.05802 2.0171 1.98364 1.95573 1.9117 1.86471 1.81416 1.78731 1.75924 1.72979 1.69876 1.66587 1.63077
20 2.97465 2.58925 2.38009 2.24893 2.15823 2.09132 2.0397 1.99853 1.96485 1.93674 1.89236 1.84494 1.79384 1.76667 1.73822 1.70833 1.67678 1.64326 1.60738

21 2.96096 2.57457 2.36489 2.23334 2.14231 2.07512 2.02325 1.98186 1.94797 1.91967 1.87497 1.82715 1.77555 1.74807 1.71927 1.68896 1.65691 1.62278 1.58615
22 2.94858 2.56131 2.35117 2.21927 2.12794 2.0605 2.0084 1.9668 1.93273 1.90425 1.85925 1.81106 1.75899 1.73122 1.70208 1.67138 1.63885 1.60415 1.56678
23 2.93736 2.54929 2.33873 2.20651 2.11491 2.04723 1.99492 1.95312 1.91888 1.89025 1.84497 1.79643 1.74392 1.71588 1.68643 1.65535 1.62237 1.58711 1.54903
24 2.92712 2.53833 2.32739 2.19488 2.10303 2.03513 1.98263 1.94066 1.90625 1.87748 1.83194 1.78308 1.73015 1.70185 1.6721 1.64067 1.60726 1.57146 1.5327
25 2.91774 2.52831 2.31702 2.18424 2.09216 2.02406 1.97138 1.92925 1.89469 1.86578 1.82 1.77083 1.71752 1.68898 1.65895 1.62718 1.59335 1.55703 1.5176

26 2.90913 2.5191 2.30749 2.17447 2.08218 2.01389 1.96104 1.91876 1.88407 1.85503 1.80902 1.75957 1.70589 1.67712 1.64682 1.61472 1.5805 1.54368 1.5036
27 2.90119 2.51061 2.29871 2.16546 2.07298 2.00452 1.95151 1.90909 1.87427 1.84511 1.79889 1.74917 1.69514 1.66616 1.6356 1.6032 1.56859 1.53129 1.49057
28 2.89385 2.50276 2.2906 2.15714 2.06447 1.99585 1.9427 1.90014 1.8652 1.83593 1.78951 1.73954 1.68519 1.656 1.62519 1.5925 1.55753 1.51976 1.47841
29 2.88703 2.49548 2.28307 2.14941 2.05658 1.98781 1.93452 1.89184 1.85679 1.82741 1.78081 1.7306 1.67593 1.64655 1.61551 1.58253 1.54721 1.50899 1.46704
30 2.88069 2.48872 2.27607 2.14223 2.04925 1.98033 1.92692 1.88412 1.84896 1.81949 1.7727 1.72227 1.66731 1.63774 1.60648 1.57323 1.53757 1.49891 1.45636

40 2.83535 2.44037 2.22609 2.09095 1.99682 1.92688 1.87252 1.82886 1.7929 1.76269 1.71456 1.66241 1.60515 1.57411 1.54108 1.50562 1.46716 1.42476 1.37691
60 2.79107 2.39325 2.17741 2.04099 1.94571 1.87472 1.81939 1.77483 1.73802 1.70701 1.65743 1.60337 1.54349 1.51072 1.47554 1.43734 1.3952 1.34757 1.29146
120 2.74781 2.34734 2.12999 1.9923 1.89587 1.82381 1.76748 1.72196 1.68425 1.65238 1.6012 1.545 1.48207 1.44723 1.40938 1.3676 1.32034 1.26457 1.19256
∞ 2.70554 2.30259 2.0838 1.94486 1.84727 1.77411 1.71672 1.6702 1.63152 1.59872 1.54578 1.48714 1.4206 1.38318 1.34187 1.29513 1.23995 1.1686 1
F Table
for α =
0.05

/ df1=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
df2=1 161.4476 199.5 215.7073 224.5832 230.1619 233.986 236.7684 238.8827 240.5433 241.8817 243.906 245.9499 248.0131 249.0518 250.0951 251.1432 252.1957 253.2529 254.3144
2 18.5128 19 19.1643 19.2468 19.2964 19.3295 19.3532 19.371 19.3848 19.3959 19.4125 19.4291 19.4458 19.4541 19.4624 19.4707 19.4791 19.4874 19.4957
3 10.128 9.5521 9.2766 9.1172 9.0135 8.9406 8.8867 8.8452 8.8123 8.7855 8.7446 8.7029 8.6602 8.6385 8.6166 8.5944 8.572 8.5494 8.5264
4 7.7086 6.9443 6.5914 6.3882 6.2561 6.1631 6.0942 6.041 5.9988 5.9644 5.9117 5.8578 5.8025 5.7744 5.7459 5.717 5.6877 5.6581 5.6281
5 6.6079 5.7861 5.4095 5.1922 5.0503 4.9503 4.8759 4.8183 4.7725 4.7351 4.6777 4.6188 4.5581 4.5272 4.4957 4.4638 4.4314 4.3985 4.365

6 5.9874 5.1433 4.7571 4.5337 4.3874 4.2839 4.2067 4.1468 4.099 4.06 3.9999 3.9381 3.8742 3.8415 3.8082 3.7743 3.7398 3.7047 3.6689
7 5.5914 4.7374 4.3468 4.1203 3.9715 3.866 3.787 3.7257 3.6767 3.6365 3.5747 3.5107 3.4445 3.4105 3.3758 3.3404 3.3043 3.2674 3.2298
8 5.3177 4.459 4.0662 3.8379 3.6875 3.5806 3.5005 3.4381 3.3881 3.3472 3.2839 3.2184 3.1503 3.1152 3.0794 3.0428 3.0053 2.9669 2.9276
9 5.1174 4.2565 3.8625 3.6331 3.4817 3.3738 3.2927 3.2296 3.1789 3.1373 3.0729 3.0061 2.9365 2.9005 2.8637 2.8259 2.7872 2.7475 2.7067
10 4.9646 4.1028 3.7083 3.478 3.3258 3.2172 3.1355 3.0717 3.0204 2.9782 2.913 2.845 2.774 2.7372 2.6996 2.6609 2.6211 2.5801 2.5379

11 4.8443 3.9823 3.5874 3.3567 3.2039 3.0946 3.0123 2.948 2.8962 2.8536 2.7876 2.7186 2.6464 2.609 2.5705 2.5309 2.4901 2.448 2.4045
12 4.7472 3.8853 3.4903 3.2592 3.1059 2.9961 2.9134 2.8486 2.7964 2.7534 2.6866 2.6169 2.5436 2.5055 2.4663 2.4259 2.3842 2.341 2.2962
13 4.6672 3.8056 3.4105 3.1791 3.0254 2.9153 2.8321 2.7669 2.7144 2.671 2.6037 2.5331 2.4589 2.4202 2.3803 2.3392 2.2966 2.2524 2.2064
14 4.6001 3.7389 3.3439 3.1122 2.9582 2.8477 2.7642 2.6987 2.6458 2.6022 2.5342 2.463 2.3879 2.3487 2.3082 2.2664 2.2229 2.1778 2.1307
15 4.5431 3.6823 3.2874 3.0556 2.9013 2.7905 2.7066 2.6408 2.5876 2.5437 2.4753 2.4034 2.3275 2.2878 2.2468 2.2043 2.1601 2.1141 2.0658

16 4.494 3.6337 3.2389 3.0069 2.8524 2.7413 2.6572 2.5911 2.5377 2.4935 2.4247 2.3522 2.2756 2.2354 2.1938 2.1507 2.1058 2.0589 2.0096
17 4.4513 3.5915 3.1968 2.9647 2.81 2.6987 2.6143 2.548 2.4943 2.4499 2.3807 2.3077 2.2304 2.1898 2.1477 2.104 2.0584 2.0107 1.9604
18 4.4139 3.5546 3.1599 2.9277 2.7729 2.6613 2.5767 2.5102 2.4563 2.4117 2.3421 2.2686 2.1906 2.1497 2.1071 2.0629 2.0166 1.9681 1.9168
19 4.3807 3.5219 3.1274 2.8951 2.7401 2.6283 2.5435 2.4768 2.4227 2.3779 2.308 2.2341 2.1555 2.1141 2.0712 2.0264 1.9795 1.9302 1.878
20 4.3512 3.4928 3.0984 2.8661 2.7109 2.599 2.514 2.4471 2.3928 2.3479 2.2776 2.2033 2.1242 2.0825 2.0391 1.9938 1.9464 1.8963 1.8432

21 4.3248 3.4668 3.0725 2.8401 2.6848 2.5727 2.4876 2.4205 2.366 2.321 2.2504 2.1757 2.096 2.054 2.0102 1.9645 1.9165 1.8657 1.8117
22 4.3009 3.4434 3.0491 2.8167 2.6613 2.5491 2.4638 2.3965 2.3419 2.2967 2.2258 2.1508 2.0707 2.0283 1.9842 1.938 1.8894 1.838 1.7831
23 4.2793 3.4221 3.028 2.7955 2.64 2.5277 2.4422 2.3748 2.3201 2.2747 2.2036 2.1282 2.0476 2.005 1.9605 1.9139 1.8648 1.8128 1.757
24 4.2597 3.4028 3.0088 2.7763 2.6207 2.5082 2.4226 2.3551 2.3002 2.2547 2.1834 2.1077 2.0267 1.9838 1.939 1.892 1.8424 1.7896 1.733
25 4.2417 3.3852 2.9912 2.7587 2.603 2.4904 2.4047 2.3371 2.2821 2.2365 2.1649 2.0889 2.0075 1.9643 1.9192 1.8718 1.8217 1.7684 1.711

26 4.2252 3.369 2.9752 2.7426 2.5868 2.4741 2.3883 2.3205 2.2655 2.2197 2.1479 2.0716 1.9898 1.9464 1.901 1.8533 1.8027 1.7488 1.6906
27 4.21 3.3541 2.9604 2.7278 2.5719 2.4591 2.3732 2.3053 2.2501 2.2043 2.1323 2.0558 1.9736 1.9299 1.8842 1.8361 1.7851 1.7306 1.6717
28 4.196 3.3404 2.9467 2.7141 2.5581 2.4453 2.3593 2.2913 2.236 2.19 2.1179 2.0411 1.9586 1.9147 1.8687 1.8203 1.7689 1.7138 1.6541
29 4.183 3.3277 2.934 2.7014 2.5454 2.4324 2.3463 2.2783 2.2229 2.1768 2.1045 2.0275 1.9446 1.9005 1.8543 1.8055 1.7537 1.6981 1.6376
30 4.1709 3.3158 2.9223 2.6896 2.5336 2.4205 2.3343 2.2662 2.2107 2.1646 2.0921 2.0148 1.9317 1.8874 1.8409 1.7918 1.7396 1.6835 1.6223

40 4.0847 3.2317 2.8387 2.606 2.4495 2.3359 2.249 2.1802 2.124 2.0772 2.0035 1.9245 1.8389 1.7929 1.7444 1.6928 1.6373 1.5766 1.5089
60 4.0012 3.1504 2.7581 2.5252 2.3683 2.2541 2.1665 2.097 2.0401 1.9926 1.9174 1.8364 1.748 1.7001 1.6491 1.5943 1.5343 1.4673 1.3893
120 3.9201 3.0718 2.6802 2.4472 2.2899 2.175 2.0868 2.0164 1.9588 1.9105 1.8337 1.7505 1.6587 1.6084 1.5543 1.4952 1.429 1.3519 1.2539
∞ 3.8415 2.9957 2.6049 2.3719 2.2141 2.0986 2.0096 1.9384 1.8799 1.8307 1.7522 1.6664 1.5705 1.5173 1.4591 1.394 1.318 1.2214 1
F Table
for α =
0.025

/ df1=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
df2=1 647.789 799.5 864.163 899.5833 921.8479 937.1111 948.2169 956.6562 963.2846 968.6274 976.7079 984.8668 993.1028 997.2492 1001.414 1005.598 1009.8 1014.02 1018.258
2 38.5063 39 39.1655 39.2484 39.2982 39.3315 39.3552 39.373 39.3869 39.398 39.4146 39.4313 39.4479 39.4562 39.465 39.473 39.481 39.49 39.498
3 17.4434 16.0441 15.4392 15.101 14.8848 14.7347 14.6244 14.5399 14.4731 14.4189 14.3366 14.2527 14.1674 14.1241 14.081 14.037 13.992 13.947 13.902
4 12.2179 10.6491 9.9792 9.6045 9.3645 9.1973 9.0741 8.9796 8.9047 8.8439 8.7512 8.6565 8.5599 8.5109 8.461 8.411 8.36 8.309 8.257
5 10.007 8.4336 7.7636 7.3879 7.1464 6.9777 6.8531 6.7572 6.6811 6.6192 6.5245 6.4277 6.3286 6.278 6.227 6.175 6.123 6.069 6.015

6 8.8131 7.2599 6.5988 6.2272 5.9876 5.8198 5.6955 5.5996 5.5234 5.4613 5.3662 5.2687 5.1684 5.1172 5.065 5.012 4.959 4.904 4.849
7 8.0727 6.5415 5.8898 5.5226 5.2852 5.1186 4.9949 4.8993 4.8232 4.7611 4.6658 4.5678 4.4667 4.415 4.362 4.309 4.254 4.199 4.142
8 7.5709 6.0595 5.416 5.0526 4.8173 4.6517 4.5286 4.4333 4.3572 4.2951 4.1997 4.1012 3.9995 3.9472 3.894 3.84 3.784 3.728 3.67
9 7.2093 5.7147 5.0781 4.7181 4.4844 4.3197 4.197 4.102 4.026 3.9639 3.8682 3.7694 3.6669 3.6142 3.56 3.505 3.449 3.392 3.333
10 6.9367 5.4564 4.8256 4.4683 4.2361 4.0721 3.9498 3.8549 3.779 3.7168 3.6209 3.5217 3.4185 3.3654 3.311 3.255 3.198 3.14 3.08

11 6.7241 5.2559 4.63 4.2751 4.044 3.8807 3.7586 3.6638 3.5879 3.5257 3.4296 3.3299 3.2261 3.1725 3.118 3.061 3.004 2.944 2.883
12 6.5538 5.0959 4.4742 4.1212 3.8911 3.7283 3.6065 3.5118 3.4358 3.3736 3.2773 3.1772 3.0728 3.0187 2.963 2.906 2.848 2.787 2.725
13 6.4143 4.9653 4.3472 3.9959 3.7667 3.6043 3.4827 3.388 3.312 3.2497 3.1532 3.0527 2.9477 2.8932 2.837 2.78 2.72 2.659 2.595
14 6.2979 4.8567 4.2417 3.8919 3.6634 3.5014 3.3799 3.2853 3.2093 3.1469 3.0502 2.9493 2.8437 2.7888 2.732 2.674 2.614 2.552 2.487
15 6.1995 4.765 4.1528 3.8043 3.5764 3.4147 3.2934 3.1987 3.1227 3.0602 2.9633 2.8621 2.7559 2.7006 2.644 2.585 2.524 2.461 2.395

16 6.1151 4.6867 4.0768 3.7294 3.5021 3.3406 3.2194 3.1248 3.0488 2.9862 2.889 2.7875 2.6808 2.6252 2.568 2.509 2.447 2.383 2.316
17 6.042 4.6189 4.0112 3.6648 3.4379 3.2767 3.1556 3.061 2.9849 2.9222 2.8249 2.723 2.6158 2.5598 2.502 2.442 2.38 2.315 2.247
18 5.9781 4.5597 3.9539 3.6083 3.382 3.2209 3.0999 3.0053 2.9291 2.8664 2.7689 2.6667 2.559 2.5027 2.445 2.384 2.321 2.256 2.187
19 5.9216 4.5075 3.9034 3.5587 3.3327 3.1718 3.0509 2.9563 2.8801 2.8172 2.7196 2.6171 2.5089 2.4523 2.394 2.333 2.27 2.203 2.133
20 5.8715 4.4613 3.8587 3.5147 3.2891 3.1283 3.0074 2.9128 2.8365 2.7737 2.6758 2.5731 2.4645 2.4076 2.349 2.287 2.223 2.156 2.085

21 5.8266 4.4199 3.8188 3.4754 3.2501 3.0895 2.9686 2.874 2.7977 2.7348 2.6368 2.5338 2.4247 2.3675 2.308 2.246 2.182 2.114 2.042
22 5.7863 4.3828 3.7829 3.4401 3.2151 3.0546 2.9338 2.8392 2.7628 2.6998 2.6017 2.4984 2.389 2.3315 2.272 2.21 2.145 2.076 2.003
23 5.7498 4.3492 3.7505 3.4083 3.1835 3.0232 2.9023 2.8077 2.7313 2.6682 2.5699 2.4665 2.3567 2.2989 2.239 2.176 2.111 2.041 1.968
24 5.7166 4.3187 3.7211 3.3794 3.1548 2.9946 2.8738 2.7791 2.7027 2.6396 2.5411 2.4374 2.3273 2.2693 2.209 2.146 2.08 2.01 1.935
25 5.6864 4.2909 3.6943 3.353 3.1287 2.9685 2.8478 2.7531 2.6766 2.6135 2.5149 2.411 2.3005 2.2422 2.182 2.118 2.052 1.981 1.906

26 5.6586 4.2655 3.6697 3.3289 3.1048 2.9447 2.824 2.7293 2.6528 2.5896 2.4908 2.3867 2.2759 2.2174 2.157 2.093 2.026 1.954 1.878
27 5.6331 4.2421 3.6472 3.3067 3.0828 2.9228 2.8021 2.7074 2.6309 2.5676 2.4688 2.3644 2.2533 2.1946 2.133 2.069 2.002 1.93 1.853
28 5.6096 4.2205 3.6264 3.2863 3.0626 2.9027 2.782 2.6872 2.6106 2.5473 2.4484 2.3438 2.2324 2.1735 2.112 2.048 1.98 1.907 1.829
29 5.5878 4.2006 3.6072 3.2674 3.0438 2.884 2.7633 2.6686 2.5919 2.5286 2.4295 2.3248 2.2131 2.154 2.092 2.028 1.959 1.886 1.807
30 5.5675 4.1821 3.5894 3.2499 3.0265 2.8667 2.746 2.6513 2.5746 2.5112 2.412 2.3072 2.1952 2.1359 2.074 2.009 1.94 1.866 1.787

40 5.4239 4.051 3.4633 3.1261 2.9037 2.7444 2.6238 2.5289 2.4519 2.3882 2.2882 2.1819 2.0677 2.0069 1.943 1.875 1.803 1.724 1.637
60 5.2856 3.9253 3.3425 3.0077 2.7863 2.6274 2.5068 2.4117 2.3344 2.2702 2.1692 2.0613 1.9445 1.8817 1.815 1.744 1.667 1.581 1.482
120 5.1523 3.8046 3.2269 2.8943 2.674 2.5154 2.3948 2.2994 2.2217 2.157 2.0548 1.945 1.8249 1.7597 1.69 1.614 1.53 1.433 1.31
∞ 5.0239 3.6889 3.1161 2.7858 2.5665 2.4082 2.2875 2.1918 2.1136 2.0483 1.9447 1.8326 1.7085 1.6402 1.566 1.484 1.388 1.268 1
F Table
for α =
0.01

/ df1=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
df2=1 4052.181 4999.5 5403.352 5624.583 5763.65 5858.986 5928.356 5981.07 6022.473 6055.847 6106.321 6157.285 6208.73 6234.631 6260.649 6286.782 6313.03 6339.391 6365.864
2 98.503 99 99.166 99.249 99.299 99.333 99.356 99.374 99.388 99.399 99.416 99.433 99.449 99.458 99.466 99.474 99.482 99.491 99.499
3 34.116 30.817 29.457 28.71 28.237 27.911 27.672 27.489 27.345 27.229 27.052 26.872 26.69 26.598 26.505 26.411 26.316 26.221 26.125
4 21.198 18 16.694 15.977 15.522 15.207 14.976 14.799 14.659 14.546 14.374 14.198 14.02 13.929 13.838 13.745 13.652 13.558 13.463
5 16.258 13.274 12.06 11.392 10.967 10.672 10.456 10.289 10.158 10.051 9.888 9.722 9.553 9.466 9.379 9.291 9.202 9.112 9.02

6 13.745 10.925 9.78 9.148 8.746 8.466 8.26 8.102 7.976 7.874 7.718 7.559 7.396 7.313 7.229 7.143 7.057 6.969 6.88
7 12.246 9.547 8.451 7.847 7.46 7.191 6.993 6.84 6.719 6.62 6.469 6.314 6.155 6.074 5.992 5.908 5.824 5.737 5.65
8 11.259 8.649 7.591 7.006 6.632 6.371 6.178 6.029 5.911 5.814 5.667 5.515 5.359 5.279 5.198 5.116 5.032 4.946 4.859
9 10.561 8.022 6.992 6.422 6.057 5.802 5.613 5.467 5.351 5.257 5.111 4.962 4.808 4.729 4.649 4.567 4.483 4.398 4.311
10 10.044 7.559 6.552 5.994 5.636 5.386 5.2 5.057 4.942 4.849 4.706 4.558 4.405 4.327 4.247 4.165 4.082 3.996 3.909

11 9.646 7.206 6.217 5.668 5.316 5.069 4.886 4.744 4.632 4.539 4.397 4.251 4.099 4.021 3.941 3.86 3.776 3.69 3.602
12 9.33 6.927 5.953 5.412 5.064 4.821 4.64 4.499 4.388 4.296 4.155 4.01 3.858 3.78 3.701 3.619 3.535 3.449 3.361
13 9.074 6.701 5.739 5.205 4.862 4.62 4.441 4.302 4.191 4.1 3.96 3.815 3.665 3.587 3.507 3.425 3.341 3.255 3.165
14 8.862 6.515 5.564 5.035 4.695 4.456 4.278 4.14 4.03 3.939 3.8 3.656 3.505 3.427 3.348 3.266 3.181 3.094 3.004
15 8.683 6.359 5.417 4.893 4.556 4.318 4.142 4.004 3.895 3.805 3.666 3.522 3.372 3.294 3.214 3.132 3.047 2.959 2.868

16 8.531 6.226 5.292 4.773 4.437 4.202 4.026 3.89 3.78 3.691 3.553 3.409 3.259 3.181 3.101 3.018 2.933 2.845 2.753
17 8.4 6.112 5.185 4.669 4.336 4.102 3.927 3.791 3.682 3.593 3.455 3.312 3.162 3.084 3.003 2.92 2.835 2.746 2.653
18 8.285 6.013 5.092 4.579 4.248 4.015 3.841 3.705 3.597 3.508 3.371 3.227 3.077 2.999 2.919 2.835 2.749 2.66 2.566
19 8.185 5.926 5.01 4.5 4.171 3.939 3.765 3.631 3.523 3.434 3.297 3.153 3.003 2.925 2.844 2.761 2.674 2.584 2.489
20 8.096 5.849 4.938 4.431 4.103 3.871 3.699 3.564 3.457 3.368 3.231 3.088 2.938 2.859 2.778 2.695 2.608 2.517 2.421

21 8.017 5.78 4.874 4.369 4.042 3.812 3.64 3.506 3.398 3.31 3.173 3.03 2.88 2.801 2.72 2.636 2.548 2.457 2.36
22 7.945 5.719 4.817 4.313 3.988 3.758 3.587 3.453 3.346 3.258 3.121 2.978 2.827 2.749 2.667 2.583 2.495 2.403 2.305
23 7.881 5.664 4.765 4.264 3.939 3.71 3.539 3.406 3.299 3.211 3.074 2.931 2.781 2.702 2.62 2.535 2.447 2.354 2.256
24 7.823 5.614 4.718 4.218 3.895 3.667 3.496 3.363 3.256 3.168 3.032 2.889 2.738 2.659 2.577 2.492 2.403 2.31 2.211
25 7.77 5.568 4.675 4.177 3.855 3.627 3.457 3.324 3.217 3.129 2.993 2.85 2.699 2.62 2.538 2.453 2.364 2.27 2.169

26 7.721 5.526 4.637 4.14 3.818 3.591 3.421 3.288 3.182 3.094 2.958 2.815 2.664 2.585 2.503 2.417 2.327 2.233 2.131
27 7.677 5.488 4.601 4.106 3.785 3.558 3.388 3.256 3.149 3.062 2.926 2.783 2.632 2.552 2.47 2.384 2.294 2.198 2.097
28 7.636 5.453 4.568 4.074 3.754 3.528 3.358 3.226 3.12 3.032 2.896 2.753 2.602 2.522 2.44 2.354 2.263 2.167 2.064
29 7.598 5.42 4.538 4.045 3.725 3.499 3.33 3.198 3.092 3.005 2.868 2.726 2.574 2.495 2.412 2.325 2.234 2.138 2.034
30 7.562 5.39 4.51 4.018 3.699 3.473 3.304 3.173 3.067 2.979 2.843 2.7 2.549 2.469 2.386 2.299 2.208 2.111 2.006

40 7.314 5.179 4.313 3.828 3.514 3.291 3.124 2.993 2.888 2.801 2.665 2.522 2.369 2.288 2.203 2.114 2.019 1.917 1.805
60 7.077 4.977 4.126 3.649 3.339 3.119 2.953 2.823 2.718 2.632 2.496 2.352 2.198 2.115 2.028 1.936 1.836 1.726 1.601
120 6.851 4.787 3.949 3.48 3.174 2.956 2.792 2.663 2.559 2.472 2.336 2.192 2.035 1.95 1.86 1.763 1.656 1.533 1.381
∞ 6.635 4.605 3.782 3.319 3.017 2.802 2.639 2.511 2.407 2.321 2.185 2.039 1.878 1.791 1.696 1.592 1.473 1.325 1
F Table
for α =
0.001

DFs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
1 405284.1 499999.5 540379.2 562499.6 576404.6 585937.1 592873.3 598144.2 602284 605621 610667.8 615763.7 620907.7 623497.5 626099 628712 631336.6 633972.4 636619.4
2 998.5003 999 999.1666 999.2499 999.2999 999.3333 999.3571 999.3749 999.3888 999.3999 999.4166 999.4333 999.4499 999.4583 999.4666 999.4749 999.4833 999.4916 999.4999
3 167.0292 148.5 141.1085 137.1004 134.58 132.8475 131.5829 130.619 129.86 129.2467 128.3165 127.3736 126.4178 125.9349 125.4486 124.959 124.4658 123.9692 123.4691
4 74.13729 61.24555 56.17719 53.43583 51.71157 50.52502 49.65789 48.99619 48.47451 48.05259 47.4118 46.76117 46.10026 45.7658 45.42859 45.08856 44.74565 44.39979 44.05091

5 47.18078 37.12233 33.20246 31.08501 29.7524 28.83436 28.16265 27.64948 27.24446 26.91657 26.41797 25.91083 25.39462 25.13294 24.86877 24.60203 24.33263 24.06046 23.78544
6 35.50749 27 23.70331 21.92354 20.80266 20.02965 19.46341 19.03033 18.68818 18.41092 17.98881 17.55874 17.12011 16.89737 16.67222 16.44455 16.21425 15.9812 15.74527
7 29.24519 21.689 18.77227 17.19799 16.2058 15.52084 15.01856 14.63401 14.3299 14.08326 13.70732 13.32367 12.93163 12.7322 12.53036 12.32596 12.11888 11.90896 11.69603
8 25.41476 18.49365 15.82949 14.39158 13.48469 12.85803 12.39804 12.04554 11.76653 11.54006 11.19449 10.84129 10.47968 10.29543 10.10871 9.919359 9.727212 9.53208 9.333747

9 22.85713 16.38715 13.9018 12.56032 11.71367 11.12813 10.69795 10.368 10.10663 9.894305 9.570005 9.238068 8.897613 8.723862 8.547556 8.368517 8.186543 8.001406 7.812842
10 21.0396 14.90536 12.55275 11.28275 10.48072 9.925613 9.517454 9.20415 8.955774 8.753866 8.445185 8.128803 7.803747 7.637597 7.468798 7.297143 7.122398 6.944288 6.762498
11 19.68679 13.81155 11.56113 10.34612 9.578375 9.046622 8.655348 8.354786 8.116347 7.922391 7.625607 7.321029 7.007593 6.847144 6.683942 6.517754 6.348307 6.175282 5.998301
12 18.64332 12.97367 10.8042 9.632726 8.892109 8.378814 8.000868 7.710352 7.479736 7.292029 7.004575 6.70922 6.404806 6.248752 6.08984 5.927804 5.762335 5.593062 5.419542

13 17.81542 12.31273 10.20894 9.072738 8.354088 7.855728 7.488555 7.206147 6.981836 6.79916 6.519199 6.231219 5.933974 5.781387 5.625833 5.467017 5.304587 5.138122 4.967106
14 17.14336 11.77887 9.729366 8.62232 7.921807 7.435768 7.077472 6.80174 6.582612 6.404065 6.130239 5.848274 5.556836 5.407036 5.254159 5.09788 4.937805 4.773457 4.604245
15 16.58742 11.33915 9.335254 8.252684 7.567392 7.091684 6.740825 6.470677 6.25588 6.080778 5.812061 5.535082 5.248425 5.100898 4.950187 4.795933 4.637702 4.474956 4.307022
16 16.1202 10.97099 9.005937 7.944202 7.271859 6.804935 6.460391 6.194982 5.983855 5.811668 5.547263 5.274476 4.991809 4.846163 4.697226 4.544608 4.387829 4.226292 4.059237

17 15.72223 10.65844 8.726852 7.683062 7.021866 6.562497 6.223383 5.962041 5.754062 5.584371 5.323651 5.054431 4.775135 4.631062 4.483593 4.332306 4.176676 4.016044 3.849557
18 15.37931 10.38991 8.487455 7.459278 6.807776 6.354973 6.020574 5.762761 5.557509 5.389979 5.132441 4.866289 4.589868 4.447125 4.300883 4.150687 3.995969 3.836002 3.669838
19 15.08084 10.15681 8.279932 7.265461 6.622465 6.175422 5.845153 5.59043 5.387563 5.22192 4.967155 4.703665 4.429722 4.288111 4.142902 3.993607 3.83961 3.680119 3.514083
20 14.81878 9.952623 8.09838 7.096034 6.460562 6.018608 5.691989 5.439993 5.239228 5.075246 4.822918 4.561758 4.289966 4.149328 4.004995 3.856444 3.703016 3.543848 3.377785

21 14.58688 9.772326 7.938255 6.946712 6.31794 5.880518 5.557145 5.307573 5.108674 4.946166 4.695994 4.436888 4.166978 4.027181 3.883594 3.735662 3.582678 3.423711 3.257492
22 14.38026 9.611992 7.796009 6.814151 6.191383 5.75802 5.437553 5.190148 4.992918 4.831725 4.583474 4.32619 4.057937 3.918872 3.775925 3.628508 3.475867 3.316999 3.150523
23 14.19501 9.468502 7.668829 6.695702 6.078346 5.64864 5.330789 5.085334 4.889603 4.72959 4.483061 4.227404 3.960618 3.822194 3.679797 3.532809 3.380427 3.221577 3.054757
24 14.02801 9.339353 7.554461 6.589245 5.976791 5.550395 5.234912 4.991221 4.796844 4.637897 4.392919 4.138722 3.873241 3.73538 3.59346 3.446828 3.294637 3.135736 2.968504

25 13.8767 9.22251 7.451075 6.493059 5.885066 5.461682 5.148351 4.906263 4.713116 4.555135 4.311561 4.05868 3.794368 3.657005 3.515497 3.369162 3.217103 3.058096 2.890393
26 13.73897 9.116306 7.357172 6.405738 5.801822 5.381189 5.069824 4.829197 4.637171 4.48007 4.237773 3.986085 3.722824 3.585902 3.444752 3.298663 3.146688 2.987528 2.819306
27 13.61309 9.019357 7.271513 6.326119 5.725942 5.307833 4.998269 4.758981 4.567981 4.411685 4.170553 3.91995 3.657637 3.521108 3.380272 3.234384 3.082454 2.923102 2.754322
28 13.49759 8.930512 7.193064 6.253231 5.656497 5.24071 4.932803 4.694747 4.50469 4.349133 4.109069 3.859456 3.598002 3.461824 3.321261 3.175539 3.023618 2.864043 2.694671

29 13.39125 8.848799 7.120957 6.186261 5.592708 5.179064 4.872687 4.635767 4.446578 4.291702 4.052619 3.803915 3.543241 3.407378 3.267055 3.121466 2.969526 2.809702 2.63971
30 13.29301 8.773398 7.054457 6.124521 5.533913 5.122256 4.817295 4.581425 4.39304 4.238792 4.000615 3.752745 3.492784 3.357204 3.21709 3.071609 2.919625 2.75953 2.588896
40 12.60936 8.250751 6.59454 5.698134 5.128263 4.730568 4.435547 4.207037 4.024261 3.874386 3.64247 3.40028 3.14499 3.01113 2.872109 2.726816 2.573666 2.410253 2.232588
60 11.97299 7.767762 6.171231 5.306702 4.756521 4.372055 4.08642 3.864828 3.687295 3.541475 3.31528 3.078102 2.826552 2.693757 2.554944 2.408567 2.252266 2.082095 1.890458

120 11.38019 7.321107 5.781368 4.947154 4.415676 4.043747 3.766975 3.551882 3.379237 3.237162 3.01615 2.783284 2.534418 2.401888 2.262125 2.112844 1.950205 1.766743 1.543306
∞ 10.82757 6.907755 5.422079 4.616707 4.103001 3.742957 3.474555 3.26556 3.097463 2.95883 2.742458 2.513153 2.265737 2.132442 1.990102 1.835049 1.660121 1.446812 1
 Chi-Square Distribution Table

0 χ2

The shaded area is equal to α for χ2 = χ2α .

df χ2.995 χ2.990 χ2.975 χ2.950 χ2.900 χ2.100 χ2.050 χ2.025 χ2.010 χ2.005
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169