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6. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Let the length SQ = x RS = l . The magnetic

Magne c ux flux linked with loop PQRS will be,
ϕ = BAcosθ
Magnetic flux is the total number of magnetic field lines
passing perpendicular to the given surface area.
but A = l x a n d θ = 0o
→ → ∴ ϕ = Bl x
Magnet ic f lu x, ϕ = B ∙ A Since x is changing with time the rate of change of flux
In scalar for m, ϕ = BAcosθ will induce an emf given by,
Here B is the magnetic field, A is the area and θ is the dϕ d dx
angle by which the area vector makes with the direction of ϵ=− = − (Bl x) = − Bl
magnetic field. dt dt dt
dx
The unit of magnetic flux is weber in SI and Maxwell in But = − v, th e velocit y of th e rod PQ
C.G.S. dt
Faraday’s laws of electromagne c induc on ∴ ϵ = − Bl(−v) = Blv
Let R be the resistance of the rod PQ. Then current
First law
through the loop is
Whenever the magne c ux linked with a circuit changes, ϵ Blv
an emf is induced in the circuit. This induced emf lasts so I= =
long as the magne c ux changes. R R
Due to this current the rod experiences a force given by
Second law
The magnitude of the induced emf in the circuit is directly
F = BIlsinθ = BIl
Blv B 2l 2 v
propor onal to the rate of change magne c ux linked F =B l=
with that circuit. R R
Mathematically Faraday’s law can be explained as given To pull the rod with a constant speed this force must be
below, balanced by the external force. So the mechanical power
If dϕ is the change in magnetic flux in a time dt seconds, exerted is
dϕ B 2l 2 v 2
th en, in duced em f, ϵ∝ PM = F v = ⋯⋯⋯[1]
dt R
dϕ
or ϵ=k Electrical power generated due to this current
dt P = I 2R
Here k is the proportionality constant. The unit of

( R )
2
magnetic flux is so chosen that the constant k is equal to Blv B 2l 2 v 2
one. PE = R= ⋯⋯⋯[2]
dϕ R
so, i n d u ced em f ϵ =
dt
Lenz’s law of electromagne c induc on Thus, mechanical energy which was needed to move the
Lenz’s law states that the direc on of induced emf is such arm PQ is converted into electrical energy and then to
that it tends to produce a current which opposes the thermal energy. So the energy is conserved.
change in magne c ux that produced it. Fleming’s right hand rule
dϕ Stretch the fore finger, central finger and thumb of the
ϵ=− right hand in mutually perpendicular direction. If the fore
dt finger points along the direction of field and the thumb
Lenz’s law - energy conserva on points along the direction of motion, then the central
According to Lenz’s law the direction of induced current finger points the direction of induced emf and current.
is such that it always opposes the causes of flux change. Eddy currents
So work has to be done against this opposition. This work Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a metal block
or mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. changes, induced currents are produced. The induced
Mo onal emf
currents flow in closed paths. Such currents are called
P eddy currents. The direction of the induced emf is given
R M by the Lenz’s law. Eddy currents are undesirable in
electrical devices like transformers; electric motors etc
since they heat up the core and dissipate electrical energy
l v in the form heat. Eddy currents are minimized by using
laminated metal plates instead of a single metal block.
B Demonstra on of eddy currents
S N A copper plate is allowed to swing like a simple
x
Q pendulum between the pole pieces of a strong magnet.
Eddy currents are generated in the plate while entering
The straight conductor PQ is moved towards the left with and leaving the region of magnetic field due to the change
a constant velocity v
→ perpendicular to a uniform in magnetic flux associated with the plate. According to
→ Lenz’s rule the eddy currents produced will oppose the
magnetic field B . PQRS forms a closed circuit enclosing
an area that changes as PQ moves.
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motion of the plate. Thus the motion of the plate is The magnetic flux linking with the secondary coil is
damped. directly proportional to the current in flowing through the
If rectangular slots are made in the copper plate, primary coil.
area available to the flow of eddy currents is reduced. ϕs ∝ Ip or ϕs = MIp
This reduces damping and the plate swings more freely. Here M is called co-efficient of mutual induction.
Applica ons of eddy currents Mutual inductance between two long co-axial
1. Magnetic braking in trains.
solenoids
2. Electromagnetic damping
3. Induction furnace. P Sol- 1
SELF INDUCTION
Self induction can be defined as the phenomenon of
I2 Sol- 2
production of opposing emf in a circuit due to the change
in current in the same circuit. Self induced emf is also A2
called back emf as it opposes any change in current in a I1 Q
circuit.
Coe cient of self induc on A1
Let I be the strength of current flowing through the coil at l
any time and Φ be the amount magnetic flux linked with
the coil at that time. Consider a long air cored solenoid Q of cross-sectional
Mathematically this can be written as, area A2 and number of turns N2 carrying a current I2. A
secondary coil P of cross-sectional area A1 and number of
ϕ∝I turns N1 is wound over the coil Q. Let I1 be the current
or ϕ = LI through the coil P. Let the length of the solenoids be l .
Here L is a constant called self inductance or coefficient The flux on Q due to P is given by,
of self induction of the coil. Its unit is weber/ampere or
henry (H)
ϕ21 = M21I1⋯⋯⋯[1]
(The self inductance is also called the electrical inertia of But ϕ21 = B1 A2 N2
the coil or the circuit) Here B1is th e m agnet ic f ield on coil Q due to coil P
Expression for induced emf B1 = μo n1I1
We know that induced emf produced in the inductor, ∴ ϕ21 = μo n1I1 A2 N2⋯⋯⋯[2]
dϕ compar ing [1]a n d [2] M21I1 = μo n1I1 A2 N2
ϵ=− or M21 = μo n1 A2 N2
dt
But ϕ = L I or M21 = μo n1n 2 A2l (N2 = n 2l )
dϕ dI Similarly the flux on P due to Q is
∴ ϵ=− =−L ϕ12 = M12 I2
dt dt
Self inductance of a solenoid But ϕ12 = B2 A2 N1
Here B2is th e m agnet ic f ield on coil P due to coil Q
Consider an air cored solenoid of length l, cross sectional
area A and total number of turns, N. Let I be the current B2 = μo n 2 I2
flowing through the windings. ∴ ϕ12 = μo n 2 I2 A2 N1⋯⋯⋯[4]
The magnetic field inside the solenoid,B = μo n I compar ing [3]a n d [4] M12 I2 = μo n 2 I2 A2 N1
Here n is the number of turns per unit length or M12 = μo n 2 A2 N1
Then, the magnetic flux linked with a single turn of the or M12 = μo n 2 n1 A2l (N1 = n1l)
solenoid ϕ1 = BA ie M12 = M21
There fore the magnetic flux linked with the entire Energy stored in an inductor
s o l e n o i d , Consider a source of emf, E is connected to an inductor of
ϕ = BA N = μo n I A N ⋯⋯[1] self inductance L. As the current starts growing, an
We have the relation between ϕ and L as, induced emf is set up in the inductor which opposes the
ϕ = L I⋯⋯⋯[2] growth current through it. Let I be the current at any
Comparing (1) and (2), L I = μo n I A N instant, then induced emf produced in the inductor,
But N = nl dI
ϵ =−L
∴ L = μo n 2 Al dt
If the inside of the solenoid is filled with a material of Since this emf opposes the growth of current, the source
relative permeability µr, then, of emf has to do work in sending current through the
∴ L = μo μr n Al
2 circuit. This work done against the back emf in a short
Mutual induc on time dt is dW = − ϵ dq

[ dt ]
dI dI
Mutual induction can be defined as the phenomenon of d W = − −L dq = L ∙ I dt
production of an opposing emf in a circuit due to the dt
change in current in the neighboring circuit.
Coe cient of mutual induc on d W = L Id I
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Hence the total work done, when the current grows from 0
to Io is
Io Io Io

[ 2 ]
LI2
∫ ∫
W = d W = L Id I =
0 0 0
1
W = L Io2
2
This work done is stored in the form of energy,
1 2
potent ial energ y, U = LI
2 o
This energy resides in the inductor in the form of
magnetic field.
Energy density (u)
Energy density of a medium is the energy stored per unit
volume. Consider a solenoid of inductance L. Let l be the
length of the solenoid and A, the area of cross-section.
Then
en erg y
En erg y d en sit y =
volu m e
1 2
en erg y, U = L Io a n d L = μo n 2 Al
2
1
U= μ n 2 Al Io2
2 o
volu m e of th e solen oi d = Al
1 1 1
∴ u = μo n 2 Al Io2 ∙ = μo n 2 Io2
2 Al 2
μo2 n 2 Io2 B2
u= =
2μo 2μo