8.

AC PROTECTION FOR THE SOURCE

The protections comply with the protection functionality in IEC 61850-5 and IEC 61850-7-
4, but not the communication requirements of IEC 61850. The protection names in the following
tables are derived from the specification that provides the most accurate description of the
protection. The operate time is defined in IEC 60255-151 (from the instant when the need for
the protection arises, to when the controller output has responded). For each protection, the
operate time is given for the minimum user-defined time delay.

Protection IEC ANSI IEC Operate Based on Alarms Note

symbol (IEEE 61850 time
(IEC C37.2)
60617)
Over- U>, 59 PTOV < 100 The highest phase-to- 2 1
voltage U>> ms
phase (or phase-to-
neutral) voltage
Under- U<, 27 PTUV < 100 The lowest phase-to- 2 1
voltage U<< ms
phase (or phase-to-
neutral) voltage
Voltage UUB> 47 - <200 The highest difference 1 1
unbalance between any of the 3
ms*
(voltage phase-to-phase (or
asymmetry
phase-to-neutral)
)
voltage true RMS
values, and the
average value
Negative 47 PNSC < 200 The estimated phase- 1 2
sequence ms*
to-neutral voltage
voltage
phasors
Zero 59Uo PZOV < 200 The estimated phase- 1 2
sequence ms*
to-neutral voltage
voltage
phasors
Over- 3I>, 50TD PTOC < 100 The highest phase 2 1
current 3I>> ms
current true RMS
values
Fast over- 3I>>> 50/50T PIOC < 50 ms The highest phase 2 1
current D
current true RMS
(short
circuit) values
Current IUB> 46 - < 200 The highest difference 2 1
unbalance ms*
between any of the 3
phase currents and the
average, or nominal
value
Inverse It> 51 PTOC - The highest phase 1 1
 current true RMS
time over- values, based on IEC
current
60255 part 151
The highest phase
Directional current true RMS value,
< 100 2 2
over- 67 PTOC
ms with the direction from
current
the active power
Negative The estimated phase-
< 200 to-neutral current 1 3
sequence 46 PUBC
ms*
current phasors
Zero The estimated phase-
< 200 to-neutral current 1 3
sequence 51Io PTOC
ms*
current phasors
The lowest
Over- < 100 fundamental frequency 2 1
f>, f>> 81O PTOF
frequency ms
of a phase voltage
The highest
Under- < 100 fundamental frequency 2 1
f<, f<< 81U PTUF
frequency ms
of a phase voltage
P>, < 100 The active power (all 2 1
Overload 32 PDOP
P>> ms phases)
Reverse P<, < 100 The active power (all 2 4
32R PDRP
power P<< ms phases)
Over-
excitation The reactive power (all
Q>, < 100 2 1
(reactive 40O POEX
Q>> ms phases)
power
export)
Under-
excitation
(reactive The reactive power (all
Q<, < 100 2 1
power 40U PUEX
Q<< ms phases)
import/
loss of
excitation)
Synchroniz The frequency
ation check difference, the voltage Not
(including - 25 RSYN - difference, and the an 1
blackout alarm
phase angle across the
close) breaker

*Note: These operate times include the minimum user-defined delay of 100 ms.
Note 1: All controller types.
Note 2: Only GENSET controller.
Note 3: Only GENSET and BUS TIE breaker controllers.
Note 4: Only GENSET, EMERGENCY genset, SHAFT generator and SHORE connection controller
Table: AC protections for the busbar

Protectio IEC ANSI IEC Operat Based on Alarm Note

n symbol (IEEE 61850 e time s
(IEC C37.2)
60617)
Over- U>, 59 PTOV < 50 ms The highest phase- 2 1
voltage U>> to-neutral (or phase-
 to-phase) voltage
Under- U<, 27 PTUV < 50 ms The lowest phase- 2 1
voltage U<< to-neutral (or phase-
to-phase) voltage
The highest
difference between
Voltage any of the 3 phase-
unbalance to-phase (or phase-
< 200
(voltage UUB> 47 - 1 1
ms1 to- neutral) voltage
asymmetry
) true RMS values,
and the average
value
The lowest
Over- fundamental
f>, f>> 81O PTOF < 50 ms 2 1
frequency frequency of a
phase voltage
The highest
Under- fundamental
f<, f<< 81U PTUF < 50 ms 2 1
frequency frequency of a
phase voltage
Note: This operates time includes the minimum user-defined delay of 100 ms

Protection IEC symbol ANSI Protection IEC symbol

(IEC (IEC 60617)
60617)
Lockout relay 86 - Protected equipment 1
Earth inverse time 51G The earth current true RMS 1
over-current value,
filtered to attenuate the third
measured by the 4th current
measurement on ACM3.1,
harmonic (at least 18 dB)
51N The neutral current true RMS 1
value,
Neutral inverse time
- measured by the 4th
over-current*
current measurement
on ACM3.1

1
9. CONTROLLER EQUIPMENT
9.1 DISPLAY UNIT

Figure 10:Display unit

No. Name Button Function

1 Display unit power Green: The display unit power is OK
OFF: The display unit power is not
OK
2 Self-check OK Green: The controller self-check is
OK
OFF : The controller self-check is not
OK, or there is no connection to the
controller
3 Ready for operation Green: The controller is not under
switchboard control, and there is no
alarm action (for example,
shutdown, trip or block) that
prevents the source from supplying
power
OFF: The controller is under
switchboard control, or there is an
alarm action that prevents the
source from supplying power
4 Alarm Red (constant): Alarm(s) active, and
all alarms acknowledged
Red (flashing): Unacknowledged
alarm(s)
Yellow: Unlatched alarms can be
reset (when no other alarms require
action)
Yellow (flashing): Unacknowledged
latched alarms
Green (flashing): Only
unacknowledged alarm(s) where the
alarm condition has cleared
Green (constant): No alarms

5 Horn silence Stop the horn output immediately.

6 Soft key Move the selector to a different

column, or select the soft key shown
on the screen.
7 UP Move the selector up on the screen.
 8 OK Confirm the selection on the screen.

9 DOWN Move the selector down on the

screen

10 BACK Short press (< 1.0 s): Go to the

previous page
Long press (> 1.0 s): Go to the
home page
11 Help Short press (< 1.0 s): Display help.
Long press (> 1.0 s): Go to Live data

9.2 GENSET CONTROLLER LEDS AND PUSH-BUTTONS

The bottom strip of the front of the display unit is customised for the GENSET controller. It
includes LEDs that show the equipment and controller status, as well as push-buttons for
operator actions.

9.2.1 GENSET CONTROLLER LEDS

Figure 11: GENSET controller display unit LEDs

Table 1: GENSET controller LED functions

N0. NAME FUNCTION

1 Engine Green: There is running feedback. Oil pressure, RPM, frequency above
configured limit.
Green (flashing): Engine is becoming ready.
OFF: The engine is not running, or there is no running feedback.
2 Generator Green: The generator voltage and frequency are OK, and the controller
can synchronise and close the breaker.
Green (flashing): The generator voltage and frequency are OK, but the
V&Hz OK timer is still running. The controller cannot close the breaker.
Yellow: The generator voltage and frequency are measurable, but not
OK. The controller cannot close the breaker.
OFF: The generator voltage is too low to measure.
3 Breaker Green: The breaker is closed.
 Yellow (flashing): The controller is synchronising or de-loading the
breaker.
Red: The controller tripped the breaker, and the trip alarm is
unacknowledged and/or the alarm condition is still present.
Red (flashing): Any generator breaker trip alarm is active.
OFF: The breaker is open.
4 Busbar Green: The busbar voltage and frequency are OK, and the controller can
synchronise and close the breaker.
Green (flashing): The busbar voltage and frequency are OK, but the
V&Hz OK timer is still running. The controller cannot close the breaker.
Yellow: The busbar voltage and frequency are measurable, but not OK.
Red: The busbar voltage is too low to measure (for example, during a
blackout). The controller can close the breaker.
Red (flashing): The blackout detection timer is running and the
controller is checking the busbar.
5 Automode Green: The controller is in AUTO mode.
OFF: The controller is not in AUTO mode.
6 SEMImode Green: The controller is in SEMI mode.
OFF: The controller is not in SEMI mode
7 1st Green: The genset has the first priority in the genset start order in the
priority power management system.
Yellow: The genset is next in the genset start order in the power
management system.
OFF: Another genset has first priority, or the power management system
automatically calculates the genset priority, or the controller is under
SWBD control.

9.2.2 GENSET CONTROLLER PUSH-BUTTONS

Figure 12: GENSET controller display unit push-buttons

Table 2 : GENSET controller push-button function

No Name Function
.
1. Genset start SEMI mode: The controller starts the genset start sequence.
AUTO mode or Switchboard control: The controller ignores the input
 from this push-button
2 Genset stop SEMI mode: The controller starts the genset stop sequence.
AUTO mode or Switchboard control: The controller ignores the input
from this push-button
3 Close breaker SEMI mode: The controller starts the breaker close sequence.
AUTO mode or Switchboard control: The controller ignores the input
from this push-button.
4 Open breaker SEMI mode: The controller starts the breaker open sequence (if the PMS
allows this).
AUTO mode or Switchboard control: The controller ignores the input
from this push-button
5 AUTO mode SEMI mode: The controller changes to AUTO mode.
AUTO mode or Switchboard control: The controller ignores the input
from this push-button.
6 SEMI mode AUTO mode: The controller changes to SEMI mode.
SEMI mode or Switchboard control: The controller ignores the input
from this push-button.
7. 1st priority The controller gives the genset the first priority in the genset start order
in the power management system.

10. CONTROL AND MODES

 The GENSET controllers normally run in AUTO mode. Alternatively, they can run in SEMI
mode, so that an operator or external command can initiate a controller sequence.
 Both AUTO and SEMI mode are under power management system (PMS) control.
 These controllers can be changed between SEMI and AUTO mode using the display unit
push-buttons, a digital input, or an external signal
 In AUTO mode, as needed, the power management system automatically starts (or stops)
the genset engines, and connects (or disconnects) the generators breakers.
 SHORE connection and BUS TIE breaker operation is only in manual mode.
 An external command is required to start breaker sequences.
 These controllers can be configured to automatically close their breakers as part of a
blackout recovery sequence.
 If required, any or all of the controllers can be put under switchboard control (SWBD),
so that the equipment can be operated and controlled manually.
 Each controller can be put under switchboard control using a digital input, for example,
from a switch on the switchboard,from a PLC, or from CustomLogic. The controller remains
under switchboard control until the digital input is turned off.
 A controller is unpowered if it loses its power supply.
10.1 POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CONTROL

All of the controllers normally run under PMS control. The power management system is
enabled and monitors the available power.

Load sharing is active. AUTO mode and SEMI mode both fall under PMS control.

INPUT

Configure the input under Configure > Input/output. Select the hardware module, then select
the input to configure.

Function I/O Type Details

Local > Mode Digital Continuou If it is possible, the controller is put under PMS control
> PMS control input s when this input is activated. The controller will remain
under PMS control for as long as the input is activated.
If this input is configured but not activated, then the
controller is forced to Switchboard control.
If the Switchboard control digital input is also
configured, when it is activated it overrides the PMS
control digital input.

10.2 SWITCHBOARD CONTROL

Under Switchboard control, the operator controls and operates the equipment from the
switchboard. The operator can manually regulate the frequency and voltage using digital inputs
(if configured) or Modbus.Under Switchboard control, the controller does not accept any
commands from the display unit or other external sources (for example, PLC and Modbus) to
open or close the breaker. The GENSET controller does not accept any commands to start or
stop the engine. However, the controller protections can still trip the breaker, and the GENSET
controller protections can shut down the engine.

a) INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

If needed, configure the input(s) and output for each controller under Configure >
Input/output. Select the hardware module, then select the input/output to configure

Table 8:Input and output for switch board control

Function I/O Type Details

Local > Mode > Digital Continuous The controller is forced to Switchboard control
Switchboard control input when this input is activated.
 Power management Digital Continuous All the controllers in the section are forced to
>Force all input Switchboard control when this input is
controllers in activated.
section to SWBD This input function is not available in the BUS
control TIE breaker controller.
Local>Mode Digital Continuous Activated if the controller is under Switchboard
>Under output control.
switchboard control

10.2.1 EVENTS THAT FORCE CONTROLLERS UNDER SWITCHBOARD CONTROL

The following events force all the controllers in the section to operate under Switchboard
control:

 The Power management > Force all controllers in section to SWBD control command or digital
input on ANY controller in the section.
 Any breaker position failure in the section.
 Any critical alarms in a connected controller (that is, a controller with a closed breaker) in the
section:
 Duplicate controller ID
 Missing all controllers
 System not OK alarm on any controller (that is, there is a problem with a hardware module
in that controller
 ACM voltage measurement error alarms
 PMS disabled due to an error

10.2.2 PROTECTIONS UNDER SWITCHBOARD CONTROL

Under Switchboard control, if the switchboard design provides for this, the operator can
perform a manual synchronisation (for example, by using switchboard buttons for relay speed
control of the genset) and then close the breaker. This command does not go through the
controller, and the switchboard design must therefore ensure that the breaker synchronisation is
always checked before closing. If an action is performed from the switchboard that activates a
controller protection while the controller is under Switchboard control, the controller will execute
the associated alarm action. For example, if an alarm with an alarm action Trip generator
breaker and shutdown engine is activated while the controller is under Switchboard control,
then the controller trips the breaker and shuts down the engine. The non-essential load (NEL)
trips are active under Switchboard control. If a condition is present that activates a non-essential
load trip alarm, the non-essential loads are disconnected.

10.3 AUTOMATIC (AUTO) MODE

Controller types: Only GENSET controllers

 In AUTO mode, the GENSET controllers automatically start and stop gensets according to
the power management requirements and the system settings. No operator actions are needed.
In AUTO mode, power management includes load management, priority start, load sharing, and
heavy consumer control. External signals to start, stop, connect or disconnect gensets are
ignored in AUTO mode.

For the power management system to operate, at least one GENSET controller must be in AUTO
mode. However, it is not necessary for all the GENSET controllers to be in AUTO mode for the
power management system to operate.

Input:Configure the input under Configure > Input/output. Select the hardware module, then
select the input to configure.

Table 9:Input for Auto mode

Function I/O Type Details

Mode > AUTO Digital PULSE If it is possible, the controller is put into AUTO
mode input mode when this input is activated. This input
has the same effect as pressing the AUTO push-
button on the display unit.
Power management Digital PULSE If it is possible, each GENSET controller in the
> Force all gensets input section is put into AUTO mode when this input is
in section to AUTO activated. This input has the same effect as
mode pressing the AUTO push-button on the display
unit of each GENSET controller.
Mode > In AUTO Digital Continuous Activated if the controller is in AUTO mode.
mode output

11.GENSET PRIORITY
11.1 GENSET START AND STOP PRIORITY ORDER

Each genset has a priority that the power management system (PMS) can use to
determine which genset to start (or stop) when a genset start (or stop) is needed. The operator
can determine the genset priority. Alternatively, the PMS can determine the genset priority.

The priorities are used to create a genset priority order, as shown in the following example. The
gensets with priority 1 and 2 are running, while the gensets with priority 3 and 4 are stopped. All
the GENSET controllers are in AUTO mode.
 Figure 13:Genset start & stop priority

If a genset start is needed, the first non-running genset in the priority order is started. Note that
the GENSET

controller must also be in AUTO mode, and the genset must be Ready for operation. In this
example, the genset with priority 3 is started. If the genset fails to start, or if the PMS needs
another genset to start, the next genset in the order (the genset with priority 4) is
started.Similarly, if a genset stop is needed, the last running genset in the priority order is
stopped. In this example, the genset with priority 2 is stopped.

INFO: Poorly selected genset priorities can lead to inefficient operation in a system that consists
of gensets of different sizes. This is because the PMS ensures that the gensets run according to
their priority order, even if it is not the most efficient configuration.

11.2 PRIORITY IN THE SYSTEM

The PMS has one genset priority order, which includes all the GENSET controllers in the
system. The genset priority order does not change when tie breakers open to create new
sections. The order does not change when tie breakers close to join sections. Within a section,
the PMS uses the genset priority order for the GENSET controllers that are in the section.

If a tie breaker opens and splits the section, then the genset priority order for each section
consists of only the GENSET controllers in each section.Similarly, if a tie breaker closes to join
two sections, then the genset priority order for the new section consists of all the GENSET
controllers in the new section.

11.3 PRIORITY SELECTION METHOD

Configure this parameter under Configure > Parameters > System power management
> Priority > Selection. The default parameter is shown in bold.
 Figure 14:Priority selection method

To change the priorities:

1. Select Configure, from the Home menu.

2. Select Priorities to view and change the genset priorities.

• The following columns are visible: The controller connected to the display.

New: The new controller priority.

Label: The controller name.

Previously: The controller priority before starting to edit the priorities on this page.

3. Highlight the genset whose priority you wish to change, by pressing Up or Down .

4. To increase or decrease the genset priority, select Increase or Decrease , The genset moves
up or down in the controller priority order.

5. To save and broadcast the priority changes to all the GENSET controllers, select Broadcast

METHOD NOTES
Manual The genset priority is defined by pushing the push-button 1st priority on
the display unit, or using the Modbus interface.
Delayed priority This is the same as Manual priority, however, after a change in priorities,
shift the new priority order will not start (or stop) a genset until the next genset
start (or stop) is required by the power management system.
Dynamic Dynamic priority selection assigns the genset priority according to the
order in which the gensets connect to the busbar. This genset priority
selection method maximises system reliability by prioritising the gensets
that start quickly and penalising slow starts and genset failure.
Running hours The genset priority is assigned to ensure that the genset running hours
are all within the same range or offset. The controller ignores the 1st
priority push-button.
11.3.1 MANUAL GENSET PRIORITY

The controller priorities are always synchronised. If you manually change the priority in
one controller, then the priorities in all the other controllers are automatically updated.

If Manual, Delayed priority shift or Dynamic is selected as the priority selection method, then
you can select the genset priorities manually. For Manual and Delayed priority shift, the
priorities are only set by the operator, and the controllers do not automatically change the
genset priorities.

A new genset priority order should be carefully considered, since it may cause genset starts and
stops. You can select Delayed priority shift before changing the priority, to prevent genset starts
and stops while changing the priority. Alternatively, if all the GENSET controllers are in SEMI
mode while you set the genset priority, then this prevents unwanted automatic genset starts
and/or stops.

11.3.2 DELAYED PRIORITY SHIFT

If Delayed priority shift is selected, then after a change, the new priority order only
comes into effect during the next load-dependent start/stop. If this is not selected, changes to
the priority order may immediately result in genset starts and stops, since the gensets that are
running must correspond to the new genset priority order. Delayed priority shift example

The priority order is A, B, C, D. The gensets are all the same size. Genset A is running.The
operator changes Genset A's priority to 3. The priority order is now B, C, A, D. When the power
management system requires a genset start, Genset B starts. At the same time, Genset C also
starts. When Genset B and C are connected, and the load-dependent stop timer expires, then
Genset A stops

11.3.3 DYNAMIC GENSET PRIORITY

For Dynamic priority, the power management system assigns the genset priority
according to the order in which the gensets connect to the busbar. This genset priority selection
method maximises system reliability by prioritising the gensets that start quickly and penalising
slow starts and genset failure. Manual genset priority inputs also change the dynamic genset
priority.

There are no parameters specific to Dynamic priority.

Dynamic genset priority example:

The system consists of four gensets and the load requires one genset.

1. Genset A is running, and the priority order is A, B, C, D.

2. Genset A's breaker trips and there is a blackout.

3. The power management system moves Genset A to the back of the priority order (because its
breaker tripped). The

new priority order is B, C, D, A.

4. The blackout recovery sequence sends commands to the first two gensets in the priority order
to start (B and C).

Genset C starts and connects to the busbar first. Genset B does not start. The blackout recovery
sequence therefore starts and connects genset D.

5. The new priority order is C, D, A, B. This is because genset C connected first, and genset B did
not start.

11.3.4 RUNNING HOURS FOR GENSET PRIORITY

We can use Running hours for genset priority to ensure that all the gensets have about
the same running hours (total or offset). This method checks the running hours at regular
intervals. It places the gensets with the lowest running hours at the front of the priority order,
while the gensets with the highest running hours are at the back of the priority order. If the
genset priorities are different from the running gensets, the genset(s) with the lowest number of
running hours is started, and the genset(s) with the highest number of running hours is stopped.
If two (or more) gensets have exactly the same number of running hours, the genset priority is
decided using the controller Controller ID numbers. The controller with the lowest Controller ID
has the first priority.

11.4 GENSET START AND STOP

The power management system automatically starts and stops gensets. Gensets are
started to ensure that the required power is always available. Gensets are stopped when
enough power is available, for more efficient operation.

a)AUTO MODE FOR AUTOMATIC GENSET STARTS AND STOPS

The load-dependent start function sends a genset start command when an additional
genset is required to satisfy the system's power requirements. The load-dependent stop
function sends a genset stop command when the system's power requirements will be satisfied
even after that genset is stopped. The load-dependent start function is active whenever at least
one GENSET controller is in AUTO mode. However, the function will only start additional gensets
when there are additional GENSET controllers are available in AUTO mode. The load-dependent
stop function is active whenever at two GENSET controllers are in AUTO mode. However, the
power management system will not stop the last connected genset.

11.4.1 LOAD-DEPENDENT START CONFIGURATION

This configuration defines when the power management system (PMS) automatically
starts gensets. The PMS starts gensets when the section load increases, for example, if the
operator starts some equipment.These parameters only apply to GENSET controllers in AUTO
mode.Configure the parameters under Configure > Parameters > Power management rules # >
Load-dependent start/stop > Configuration
(where # is 1 to 8) to define the overall load-dependent start and stop configuration.
1. The sequence starts if the PMS available power falls below the start limit.
2. A genset must be able to start for the sequence to continue. Otherwise, the system may
become overloaded.
3. The load-dependent start timer starts.
4. If the PMS available power is below the load-dependent start limit until the timer runs out, the
power management system starts the next available genset in the priority order.

PMS Control,
GENSET IN AUTO

Available
No
power<loa
d
dependent
start limit

yes

Genset
No System may
Available to become
overloaded
start
yes

Load dependent start timer

starts

Available No
power<load
depended
start limit

yes

Timer has
No
run out

yes

Start next
genset in priority
queue
11.4.2 LOAD-DEPENDENT STOP CONFIGURATION

This configuration defines when the power management system (PMS) automatically
stops gensets. The PMS stops gensets when the section load decreases.These parameters only
apply to GENSET controllers in AUTO mode.
Hardware
Assign the hardware digita
From the pop-up window you can either:

• Select OK to go directly to the alarms page.

• Select Back to close the notification and remain on the same page.