MATHEMATICS – IA

1) FUNCTIONS
(A) f is Surjection find out B
Then B= range of f. (co domain B=range of f)
(B) To find inverse:
let y = f ( x )  x = f −1 ( y )
(C) if f ( x ) is even function then f ( − x ) = f ( x )
if f ( x ) is odd function then f ( − x ) = − f ( x )
2) FUNCTIONS
To find out domains for the following functions
function condition
f ( x) f ( x)  0
1 f ( x)  0
& log f ( x )
f ( x)
1 f ( x)  0
f ( x)
1 f ( x)  0 & f ( x)  1
log f ( x )

3) MATRICES
(A) To find Trace:
Trace: sum of the principal diagonal elements of a square matrix is called trace
Tr ( A) = a11 + a22 + a33 + ..... + ann
 a11 a12 a13 
A =  a21 a22 a23  Then Tr ( A ) = a11 + a22 + a33
 a31 a32 a33 
(B) To find out Additive inverse of matrix
Multiply the given matrix with -1.
4) MATRICES
(A) if A is a symmetric matrix  AT = A
(B) if A is skew symmetric matrix  AT = − A
(C) To find out adj A of2x2 matrix
a b   d −b
if A =   then AdjA =  
c d  −c a 
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 MATHEMATICS – IA

(D) To find out inverse of 2x2 matrix

a b  1 d −b 
if A =  then A−1 =
ad − bc −c a 

c d 
(E) if A is a singular matrix  A = 0
if A is non-singular matrix  A  0
(F) To find out rank of a matrix
First, we find square sub matrix of A and det of square sub matrix
5) ADDITION OF VECTORS
(A) if r = xi + y j + zk then r = x2 + y 2 + z 2

(B) unit vector in direction of a =

a
a
a+b
(C) unit vector in direction of (sum of vectors a, b ) a + b =
a+b
(D) The unit vector in the opposite direction of sum of vectors a, b, c =

( a + b + c)
−
a+b+c
(E) Collinear
(i)Three vectors are given
For collinear points, write OA, OB, OC and find
AB = OB − OA, AC = OC − OA,
if AB =  AC then A, B, C are collinear
(ii) Two vectors are given
If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k are
a1 a2 a3
Collinear vectors then = =
b1 b2 b3

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 MATHEMATICS – IA

6) ADDITION OF VECTORS
The vector equations of the plane passing through the points.

Passing through Plane & parallel to the Plane equation

the points line
() ()
A a ,B b - r = (1 − t ) a + tb, t  R
A( a ) , B (b ) , C ( c ) - r = (1 − t − s ) a + tb + sc, t , s  R
,
A( a ) B (b) r = a + tb, t  R
A( a ) , B (b) C (c) r = (1 − t ) a + tb + sc, t , s  R
A( a ) B (b ) , C (c ) r = a + tb + sc, t , s  R

(A) The vector equation of line passing through the points A a & B b () ()
is r = (1 − t ) a + tb, t  R

() ()
(B) The vector equation passing through A a , B b ,& C c then ()
r = (1 − t − s ) a + tb + sc, t, s  R
()
(C) The vector equation of line passing through the point A a and parallel to b
then r = a + tb, t  R
() ()
(D) The vector equation passing through A a , B b and parallel to c is
r = (1 − t ) a + tb + sc, t, s  R
()
(E) The vector equation passing through A a and parallel to b & c is
r = a + tb + sc, t , s  R
7) PRODUCT OF VECTORS
(A) Angle
ab a  b
( I ) Angle between the vectors a & b then cos = , sin  =
a b a b
( ii ) Two vectors a & b are perpendicular then a b = 0
(B) Area of parallelogram
(i) Area of parallelogram having adjacent sides a & b = aX b
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 MATHEMATICS – IA

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(ii) Area of parallelogram having diagonals d1 & d 2 = d1 X d2
2
(C) If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k then
i j k
a  b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

( ba) a
(D) Projection vector of b on a is 2
a
ab
(E) unit vector perpendicular to the plane is 
ab
8) TRIGONOMETRY UPTO TRANSFOMATIONS
(A) Period of sin ( ax + b ) or cos ( ax + b ) or cos ec ( ax + b ) or sec ( ax + b ) is
2
a

(B) Period of tan ( ax + b ) or cot ( ax + b ) is
a
(C) Maximum value of a cos x + b sin x + c is c + a 2 + b2
(D) Minimum value of a cos x + b sin x + c is c − a2 + b2

9) TRIGONOMETRY UPTO TRANSFOMATIONS

sin 2 A − sin 2 B = sin ( A + B ) sin ( A − B )
cos2 A − sin 2 B = cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B )
10) HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
e x − e− x e x + e− x e x − e− x
(A) sinh x = (B) cosh x = C ) tanh x = x − x
2 2 e +e
(
( D)sinh −1 x = log x + x 2 + 1 ) (
( E )cosh −1 x = log x + x 2 − 1 )
1  1+ x 
( F ) tanh −1 x = log   (G)sinh 2 x = 2sinh x.cosh x
2  1− x 
( H )cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x ( I )cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1

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 MATHEMATICS – IA

11) Matrices
A) To find inverse
adjA
write A, find A and formula A−1 = , A 0
A
−1
B) 3A = SOME MATRIX then Show that A = AT
1
STEP1: First, WE WRITE A = (SOME MATRIX )
3
T
STEP2: next we find A
T
STEP3: AFTER we find AA value
−1
Finally, we prove AA = I and simplify we get A = A
T T

−1
C) A = SOME MATRIX then Show that A = A
3

STEP1: First, WE WRITE A

2
STEP2: next we find A
4
STEP3: AFTER we find A value
Finally, we prove A = I and
4

−1 4 −1 −1
simplify we get A A = A I  A = A
3


D)  − =
2
cos cos  (cos cos  + sin  sin  ) cos sin  (cos cos  + sin  sin  ) 
sin  cos  (cos cos  + sin  sin  ) sin  sin  (cos cos  + sin  sin  ) 
 
=
cos cos  (cos −  ) cos sin  (cos( −  ) 
sin  cos  (cos( −  ) sin  sin  (cos −  ) 
 
12) Addition of Vectors
A) Coplanar:
STEP (1): Take the given Four vectors as OA, OB, OC , OD
STEP (2): Find AB, AC , AD
Hear AB = OB − OA, AC = OC − OA, AD = OD − OA
STEP (3): Given vectors are coplanar   AB AC AD  = 0

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 MATHEMATICS – IA

B) Regular hexagon question

AE = BD, AF = CD and AD = 2 AO

13) Product of vector

AB  AC
(A) unit vector perpendicular to the plane A, B, C = 
AB  AC
1
(B) Area of triangle ABC = ABX AC
2
1
(C) Volume of tetrahedron =  AB, AC , AD 
6
(D) Volume of parallelepiped =  abc 

14) Up to Transformations
sin 2  + cos2  = 1
sec2  − tan 2  = 1
cos ec 2 − cot 2  = 1
tan A + tan B
Tan ( A + B ) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
Tan ( A − B ) =
1 + tan A tan B
tan  .cot  = 1

15) Trigonometric equations

First write given equation try to convert it into single trigonometric functions in that
(A) if sin  = sin  then G.S  = n + ( −1)  , n  z
n

(B) if cos = cos  then G.S  = 2n   , n  z

(C) if tan  = tan  then G.S  = n +  , n  z

16) Inverse trigonometric functions

opp.side adj.side opp.side
Example: sin  = cos = tan  =
hyp hyp adj.side
 3
Let A = Sin−1    ( 3,4,5)
3 5

5 4

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 MATHEMATICS – IA

Let 25
7
 7 
A = sin −1    ( 7, 24, 25) 24
 25 
12 13
Let B = Cos −1  5   ( 5,12,13)
 13  5
TanA + TanB
To find Tan ( A + B ) =
1 − TanATanB
(A) Try to convert it into tan −1 functions apply
 x+ y 
tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1  
1 − xy 
 x− y 
tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan −1  
1 + xy 
 2x 
2 tan −1 ( x ) = tan −1 
1 − x 
2


sin −1 x + cos −1 x =
2

tan −1 x + cot −1 x =
2
17) Properties Of Triangles
Write the formula for corresponding problems cosine formula, sin formula or radius
formulas
A)
Cosine rule Sin rule
b2 + c 2 − a 2 a = 2R sin A 
cos A = , r=
2bc s
a 2 + c 2 − b2 b = 2R sin B 
cos B = r1 =
2ac s−a
a +b −c
2 2 2
c = 2R sin C  
cos C = r2 = , r3 =
2ab s −b s −c
A s (s − a) B s ( s − b) C s (s − c)
B) Cot = , Cot = , Cot =
2  2  2 
A ( s − b )( s − c ) A s (s − a)
C) sin 2 = , cos2 =
2 bc 2 bc

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 MATHEMATICS – IA

18) Theorems-functions
19) Mathematical induction
Let S(n)  the given statement
Step-1: To prove that S (n) is true for n = 1
L.H .S =
R.H .S =
L.H .S = R.H .S
S (1) IS True.
Step-2: Assume that S (n) is true for n = k
Step-3: To prove that S (n) is true for n = k + 1
Conclusion: By the principal of finite mathematical induction S ( n ) is true,  n  N

QUESTION nth term

( ) ( )
12 + 12 + 22 + 12 + 22 + 32 + ....upto n terms n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6
13 (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 + 3 ) ( n + 1)
3 3 3 3 3 2

+ + + ....upto n terms
1 1+ 3 1+ 3 + 5 4
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ....upto n terms n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + ....upto n terms ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
1 1 1 1
+ + + .....upto n terms
1.4 4.7 7.10 (3n − 2)(3n + 1)
a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + .....upto n terms a + (n − 1)d

a + ar + ar 2 + ....upto n terms ar n−1

2 + 3.2 + 4.22 + .......upto n terms ar n−1 = 1.2n−1 = 2n−1

( 4n )
3

43 + 83 + 123 + .......upto n terms

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 MATHEMATICS – IA

(20, & 21) Matrices: -

Any Method common point is
Given equations can be written as AX = D form
1) Matrix inversion method
1) find A
2) Find cofactor matrix of A
3) Find adj A=  cofactor matrix of A 
T

adjA
4) A−1 =
det A
5) X = A−1D
2) Cramer’s rule
FIRST, WE FIND  VALUE AND THEN AFTER FIND 1 ,  2 , 3 VALUES
1  
By Using these formulas x = , y = 2 , z = 3 we get x , y , z values
  
A) 5 0 5
 = 50 , 1 = 0 ,  2 = 50 ,  3 = 100
B) 9 6 2
 = −2 , 1 = −2 ,  2 = −4 , 3 = −6
C) 9 52 0
 = −4 , 1 = −4 ,  2 = −12 , 3 = −20
D) 18 13 20
 = 136 , 1 = 408 ,  2 = 136 ,  3 = 136

E) 8 4 0
 = −38 , 1 = −76 ,  2 = −76 , 3 = −76

F) 1 6 3
 = −3 , 1 = −21 ,  2 = 30 , 3 = −12

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 MATHEMATICS – IA

22) Product of vectors

The shortest distance between two skew-lines r = a + tb and r = c + td is
a − c b d 
 
bxd
23) Trigonometry up to transformations
In ABC ,
a) A + B + C = 180  A + B = 180 − C
C+D C−D
SinC + SinD = 2Sin   Cos  
 2   2 
C+D C−D
SinC − SinD = 2Cos   Sin  
 2   2 
C+D C−D
CosC + CosD = 2Cos   Cos  
 2   2 
C+D C−D
CosC − CosD = −2Sin   Sin  
 2   2 
b) Sin2 A = 2SinACosA
Cos 2 A = 2Cos 2 A − 1
= 1 − 2Sin2 A
c) Sin ( A + B ) + Sin ( A − B ) = 2SinACosB
Sin ( A + B ) − Sin ( A − B ) = 2CosASinB
Cos ( A + B ) + Cos ( A − B ) = 2CosACosB
Cos ( A − B ) − Cos ( A + B ) = 2SinASinB
24) Properties of triangles
Model 1
A) If a=13, b=14, c=15 then show that R = ...., r = ...., r1 = ...., r2 = ...., r3 = ....
processor
a+b+c
Step1: first, we find S Value by using this formula S =
2
Step2: we find  Value by using this formula  = S ( S − a)( S − b)( S − c)
abc    
Step3: by using theses formulas R = ,r = , r1 = , r2 = , r3 =
4 s s−a s −b s −c
we get the values R, r , r1, r2 , r3

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 MATHEMATICS – IA

B) if r1 = ...., r2 = ...., r3 = ....and r = ...., prove that a = ...., b = ...., c = ....

processor
step1: first, we find  Value by using this formula  = r.r1.r2 .r3

step2: we find S Value by using this formula r =
s
  
Step3: by using theses formulas r1 = , r2 = , r3 =
s−a s −b s −c
we get the values a, b, c
C) if r1 = ...., r2 = ...., r3 = .... Then find a = ...., b = ...., c = ....
processor
1 1 1 1
step1: first, we find r Value by using this formula = + +
r r1 r2 r3
Step2: we find  Value by using this formula  = r.r1.r2 .r3

Step3: we find S Value by using this formula r =
s
  
Step4: by using theses formulas r1 = , r2 = , r3 =
s−a s −b s −c
we get the values a, b, c
Model 2
A) S.T r + r1 + r2 − r3 = 4R Cos C
B) S.T r + r3 + r1 − r2 = 4R Cos B
C) S.T r1 + r2 + r3 − r = 4R
ab − r1 r2 bc − r2 r3 ca − r3 r1
D) S.T = = =r
r3 r1 r2
E) if r : R : r1 = 2 : 5:12 then prove that the triangle is right angled at A
processor
By using theses formulas and simplify we get answer
A B C A B C
r = 4RSin Sin Sin , r1 = 4RSin Cos Cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
r2 = 4RCos Sin Cos , r3 = 4RCos Cos Sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2

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