CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND CIRCULATORY HEART CHAMBERS

SYSTEM
 The right atrium
Functions: - Receives deoxygenated blood from the
 Transporting blood body.
 Moving nutrients and hormones  The left atrium
 Removing waste - Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
 Moving heat  The right ventricle
 Maintaining blood circulation - Receives oxygenated blood from the
lungs.
 Consists of the heart and networks of  The left ventricle
blood vessels. - Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

 Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood  Separated by the internal ventricular
throughout the body septum.
 Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart
 Veins: Carry blood back to the heart  RIGHT ATRIUM - receives blood from all
 Capillaries: Part of the blood vessel system parts of the body except the lungs through
three veins:
 One of the most vital and busiest systems  Superior vena cava - which brings blood
of the body. from the upper parts such as head, neck,
and arms
HEART  Inferior vena cava - which brings blood
from the lower parts of the body such as
 The heart size can be equated to a legs and abdomen
person’s closed fist, weigh less than a  Coronary sulcus - that drains all the blood
pound and cone-shaped. supplies to the right ventricle

 It is positioned in between the lungs and  RIGHT VENTRICLE - pumps blood to the
in the mediastinum, the medial cavity of major pulmonary trunk which is split into
the thorax. left and right pulmonary arteries.

 EPICARDIUM (VISCERAL PERICARDIUM) - 2 TYPES OF HEART VALVES

The uppermost layer and part of the wall
of the heart Functions:
 Direct Blood Flow: They ensure blood
 FIBROUS PERICARDIUM - is the slippery, moves efficiently from the atria to the
two-layer serous pericardium and beneath ventricles and then to the lungs or the rest
of the body.
 PERICARDIAL CAVITY - Between the  Prevent Backflow: Valves close tightly to
epicardium and serous pericardium is a stop blood from flowing in the wrong
watery fluid space direction.
 Maintain Pressure: They help sustain
 The heart itself has three layers: proper pressure in the heart chambers for
effective blood circulation.
 Epicardium - Outerwall
 Myocardium - consisting of the thick
bundles of cardiac muscle  ATRIOVETRICULAR VALVES (AV)
 Endocardium - the inner layer composed  Located between each atrium and
of thin, glistening sheet of endothelium ventricle
 Specifically, the AV valve between the right
atrium and the right is called the tricuspid
valve, because it is composed of the three
cusps or flaps of tissue
 Bicuspid valve - the valve between the left
atrium and the left ventricle; composed of
2 cusps
 Bicuspid valve - allows blood to flow from Blood Circulation
the atria into the ventricles, but prevent it Types of Circulation
from flowing back into the atria.
 Pulmonary Circulation
 SEMILUNAR VALVES  Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart
 Located between each ventricle and its to the lungs for gas exchange.
associated great artery  Pathway: RV → Pulmonary Arteries →
 Have 3 half-moon shaped cusps Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → LA.
 Valves between the ventricles and arteries
 Systemic Circulation
 BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART  Carries oxygenated blood from the heart
to the rest of the body and returns
1. Right Atrium deoxygenated blood.
2. Tricuspid valve  Pathway: LV → Aorta → Body → Vena
3. Right Ventricle Cava → RA.
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary trunk  Coronary Circulation
6. Pulmonary arteries  Provides oxygen and nutrients to the heart
7. Lungs muscle.
8. Pulmonary veins  Involves coronary arteries and veins.
9. Left Atrium
10. Bicuspid valve
11. Left Ventricle BLOOD VESSELS
12. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Aorta  The blood vessels where blood circulates
14. Body are categorized into arteries, arterioles,
veins, venules and capillaries.
Conduction System of the Heart
 Arteries
 The heart’s intrinsic conduction system,  Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary
independent of nervous control, arteries).
coordinates cardiac activity:  Thick, elastic walls to withstand high
pressure.
1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node: Pacemaker, located in
the right atrium.  Veins
 Carry deoxygenated blood (except
2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Junction pulmonary veins).
between atria and ventricles.  Have valves to prevent backflow.

3. Bundle of His and Bundle Branches: Located  Capillaries

in the interventricular septum.  Microscopic vessels where gas, nutrient,
and waste exchange occur.
4. Purkinje Fibers: Spread across ventricular
muscles.
 VESSEL WALL LAYERS:
 Cardiac Cycle: Includes systole
(contraction) and diastole (relaxation). The  Tunica intima: Endothelial lining.
average heart beats approximately 75  Tunica media: Smooth muscle.
times per minute, with each cardiac cycle  Tunica adventitia: Connective tissue.
lasting 0.8 seconds.
 1. PLATELET AGGREGATION:
CLASSIFICATION AND ANATOMY OF BLOOD  Platelets (thrombocytes) accumulate at the
CELLS AND COMPOSITION OF PLASMA injury site, forming an initial plug.
 Damaged tissues release thromboplastin,
 The blood is specialized connective tissue initiating a cascade of reactions that
consisting of two components: the formed produce prothrombin activator.
elements or blood cells (45%) and the
plasma (55%) 2. THROMBIN FORMATION:
 In the presence of calcium, prothrombin
1. Erythrocytes - also known as the red blood activator converts prothrombin into
cells (RBC) which is 95% of blood cells volume. It thrombin, an enzyme crucial for clot
is responsible for the transport of oxygen in the formation.
blood.
 They contain red pigment called 3. FIBRIN FORMATION:
hemoglobin which allows oxygen to bind  Fibrinogen, a plasma protein, reaches the
with it for transport. injury site.
 They live for approximately 120 days.  Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin,
forming long, thread-like structures.
2. Leukocytes - also known as white blood cells  These fibrin threads create a mesh-like clot
(WBC). WBC provides body protection against that seals the wound, halting bleeding.
infection and harmful elements and for
immunity. Cardiac Cycle

 GRANULOCYTES  Sequence of heart contractions (systole)

 Neutrophiles and relaxations (diastole).
 Eosinophiles
 Basophils  Systole - Ventricles contract, pumping
blood out.
 AGRANULOCYTES  Diastole - Heart relaxes, chambers fill with
 Monocytes blood.
 Lymphocytes
Heart Rate and Cardiac Output:
3. Thrombocytes - the platelets. It prevents the
body from bleeding by acting as one of the Heart rate (HR): Number of heartbeats per
blood clotting factor. minute.
Cardiac output (CO): Volume of blood the heart
 blood plasma is the liquid component of pumps per minute.
the blood composed of 90% water and Formula: CO = HR x Stroke Volume (SV).
10% combined salt
Blood Pressure (BP):
BLOOD GROUPS Force exerted by blood on vessel walls.
Normal BP: ~120/80 mmHg.
 BLOOD TYPES
 A, B, AB, O Common Cardiovascular Conditions:
 Universal donor: Type O
 Universal recipient: Type AB. Hypertension (High BP): Chronic elevation of
 Mismatched transfusions cause blood pressure.
agglutination (blood clumping). Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup in arteries,
reducing blood flow.
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Blockage
BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISMS AND BLOOD of coronary blood flow.
CELL FORMATION Stroke: Interruption of blood supply to the
brain.
 The body has its own mechanism to
prevent the loss of blood when blood
vessels are cut or severely damaged.