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Halogens

Halogens are the elements in group VIIA of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, with fluorine being the most reactive and astatine being synthetic. They have a general electronic configuration of ns2np5, high electronegativity, and high ionization energy, existing primarily as non-polar diatomic molecules. Halogens are strong oxidizing agents, with their oxidizing power decreasing from fluorine to iodine, and can be prepared in the laboratory by heating halide salts with manganese dioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

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20 views

Halogens

Halogens are the elements in group VIIA of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, with fluorine being the most reactive and astatine being synthetic. They have a general electronic configuration of ns2np5, high electronegativity, and high ionization energy, existing primarily as non-polar diatomic molecules. Halogens are strong oxidizing agents, with their oxidizing power decreasing from fluorine to iodine, and can be prepared in the laboratory by heating halide salts with manganese dioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

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garimadhakal8
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Halogens

The elements of group VIIA in the periodic table


namely fluorine(F) , Chlorine(Cl ),bromine(Br) ,
iodine(I) and astatine(At) are commonly called
halogens. The term halogen is originated from the
Greek word and it means sea salt producer . Among
them fluorine is highly reactive and astatine is
synthetic.
Occurrence
All the halogens except astatine are found in combined
state due to their high reactivity.
General characteristics of halogens
1) Electronic configuration: The general outer
electronic configuration of halogens is ns2np5. This
means they have seven electrons in their valence
shell.
2) Electronegativity: Because of smallest atomic size
and high nuclear charge, they have highest
electronegativity in the period. Fluorine is the most
electronegative element known.
3) Electron affinity: They have highest electron affinity
value among period because of their smallest
atomic size and high nuclear charge . By gaining one
electron they attain highly stable inert gas
configuration . Hence they have very high tendency
to form anion.
4)Ionization energy: They have high ionization energy
next to noble gases.
5) Atomicty: They all exist as non-polar diatomic
molecules.
6)Melting and boiling points : Van der Waals force of
attraction exist among their molecules which
increases with increase in number of electrons. This
is why melting and boiling points of halogen is in the
order of fluorine < chlorine < bromine < iodine. At
room temperature F2 and Cl2 are gases Br2 is liquid
and I2 is volatile crystalline solid.
7) Oxidizing character: They have high tendency to gain
electron . Hence, they are oxidizing agents. The
oxidizing power is in the order of F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Comparative study on preparation of halogens
General method of preparation
1) Laboratory preparation of chlorine, bromine and
iodine(By the application of heat)
Chlorine, bromine and iodine can be prepared by
heating respective halide salts with manganese
dioxide and concentrated sulphuric acid . Thus
formed chlorine bromine and iodine are collected in
different ways.
Uses of halogens
Chemical properties of halogen acids
2)Reducing property

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