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Basic Stat Lecture Ver 2

The document provides an introduction to statistics, covering definitions, importance, and the distinction between descriptive and inferential statistics. It explains key concepts such as variables, types of data, and methods of data collection, along with examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it outlines guidelines for designing a statistical study and identifies potential errors in data interpretation.

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jikook jeon
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11 views19 pages

Basic Stat Lecture Ver 2

The document provides an introduction to statistics, covering definitions, importance, and the distinction between descriptive and inferential statistics. It explains key concepts such as variables, types of data, and methods of data collection, along with examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it outlines guidelines for designing a statistical study and identifies potential errors in data interpretation.

Uploaded by

jikook jeon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
A. Definition, Importance, Uses and Misuses of Statistics
B. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics
C. Variables and Types of Data
D. Methods of Data Collection

Dr. Reynaldo A. Bautista, Jr.


Definition of Terms
Statistics is the science of conducting studies to
collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw
conclusions from data.
Definition of Terms
o Variable – a characteristic or attribute than can assume
different values.
o Data – the values that the variables can assume.
o random variables
o data set
o data value or datum
Problem 1:
A study conducted at Manatee Community College revealed
that students who attended class 95 to 100% of the time usually
received an A in the class. Students who attended class 80 to
90% of the time usually received a B or C in the class. Students
who attended class less than 80% of the time usually received a
D or an F or eventually withdrew from the class. What are the
variables?
Solution: The variables are grades and attendance.
Definition of Terms
✓ Population – a collection of all individuals or items under
consideration in a statistical study.
✓ census – when data are collected from every subject in the population
✓ Sample – a part of the population from which information is
collected.
Problem 2:
A pollster wants to determine which local news channel is
watched most frequently in Quezon City. Residents of Diliman,
Tandang Sora, and New Manila were interviewed. What is the
population and sample?
Solution:
Population = residents of Quezon City
Sample = residents of Diliman, Tandang Sora, and New Manila
Exercise
Identify the population and sample in each
statement.
1. A study of 250 of the patients admitted to
Philippine Heart Center during the past 2 years
revealed that, on the average, the patient lived
50km from the medical center.
2. Administrators of a certain university want to
determine if students are satisfied with the new
registration procedures. Toward this goal, 300 of
the 3000 students are selected and each is asked,
“Are you satisfied with the new registration
procedure?”
2 Major Areas of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
- the area of statistics that involves collection,
organization, summarization, and presentation of data.

2. Inferential Statistics
- the area of statistics that involves using a sample to
draw conclusion about a population. It consists of
generalizing from samples to populations, performing
estimations and hypothesis tests, determining
significant relationships among variables and making
predictions.
Example
Problem 3:
A large sample of men, age 48, was studied for 18
years. For unmarried men, approximately 70%
were alive at age 65. For married men, 90% were
alive at age 65. the study revealed that being
married is associated with a longer life for men.
Solution:
The statements “For unmarried men, approximately
70% were alive at age 65” and “For married men,
90% were alive at age 65” are descriptive. The
statement “being married is associated with a longer
life for men” is inferential.
Exercise
XYZ Medical Center recorded the 6 most commonly reported cancers
during 2010 and the number of male and female diagnosed with
each type.
Lung Colon Breast Urinary tract Oral Stomach
Male 46 26 1 25 19 16
Female 24 28 36 11 9 9
a. 46.8% of the 250 patients are female.
b. 46.8% of women are at risk of cancer.
c. More male patients of XYZ Medical Center suffer lung cancer than
female.
d. 1 of every 10 cancer patients at XYZ Medical Center during the
year 2010 has stomach cancer.
e. Only 0.4% of male population will have breast cancer.
Variables and Types of Data
1. Qualitative Variables (Categorical Variable) – variables
that can be placed into distinct categories, according to
some characteristic or attribute.

Examples:
gender: male, female
religion: Christianity, Muslim, Buddhism, etc.
occupation
eye color
17
Variables and Types of Data
2. Quantitative Variables (Numerical Variable)
– variables that can be counted or
measured.

Examples:
weight: 150 lbs., 45 kg., etc.
height: 6 cm, 15 inches, 7 ft., etc.
age
18
Classifications of Variables:
Mathematical
1. discrete variable – a variable which consist of
either a finite number or countable number of
values.
Examples: number of students, gender, courses, etc.

2. continuous variable – a variable which can assume


an infinite number of values between any two
specific values. They are obtained by measuring.
They often include fractions and decimals.
Examples: height, weight, distance, volume, etc.
19
Types of Variables

Variable

Qualitative Quantitative

Discrete Continuous
20
Exercise
a. Time spent studying for your first statistics exam
b. Number of typos in a 30-page term paper
c. Cafeteria dish preferred by PSHS students
d. Speed of a car on the highway
e. Annual income of high school teachers
f. Jersey number of NBA players
g. Performance rating of employees (outstanding, very
satisfactory, satisfactory,…)
h. Score in the Math entrance test
i. Nationality of college students
j. Staging of breast cancers as Type I, II, III, or IV
21
Levels of Measurement
1. Nominal – classifies data into mutually
exclusive (nonoverlapping) categories in
which no order or ranking can be imposed
on the data.
e.g. gender, religion, zip codes
2. Ordinal – classifies data into categories
that can be ranked; however, precise
differences between the ranks do not exist.
e.g. honors, year level, letter grades

22
Levels of Measurement

3. Interval – ranks data, and precise differences


between units of measure do exist; however,
there is no meaningful zero.
e.g. IQ, temperature

4. Ratio - possesses all the characteristics of interval


measurement, and there exists a true zero. In
addition, true ratios exist when the same variable
is measured on two different members of the
population.
e.g. height, weight, age
23
Exercise
a. Ranking of tennis player
b. Final grade in course (1.0, 1.25, 1.5,…)
c. Score on the final exam (out of 200 points)
d. Account numbers of the clients of Metrobank
e. Ocean temperature (0C) at the seven beaches along the
east coast of the US.
f. Jersey number of NBA players
g. Performance rating of employees (outstanding, very
satisfactory, satisfactory,…)
h. Score in the Math entrance test
i. Nationality of college students
j. Staging of breast cancers as Type I, II, III, or IV
24
Classifications of Variables:
Experimental
1. Independent Variable – the variable which is being
manipulated by the researcher in an experimental
study. It is also called the explanatory variable.

1. Dependent Variable – the variable which is affected


or influenced by another variable. It is also
known as the resultant or outcome variable.

2. Confounding Variable – one that influences the


dependent or outcome variable but was not
separated from the independent variable.
Guidelines on Designing a Statistical Study
1. Identify the variable/s of interest and the population of the
study.
2. Develop a detailed plan for collecting data. If you use a
sample, make sure the sample is representative of the
population.
3. Collect the data.
4. Describe the data using descriptive statistics techniques.
5. Interpret the data and make decisions about the population
using inferential statistics.
6. Identify any possible errors.
32
INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
A. Definition, Importance, Uses and Misuses of Statistics
B. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics
C. Variables and Types of Data
D. Methods of Data Collection

Dr. Reynaldo A. Bautista, Jr.

reynaldo.bautista@dlsu.edu.ph

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