Scribd
Upload
13 views3 pages

Basics of Organic Chemistry Notes Final

The document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for CBSE Class 11, including the classification of organic compounds, functional groups, and nomenclature rules. It covers hybridization, bonding types, isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and key experiments for detecting functional groups. Important points such as resonance, inductive effects, and hyperconjugation are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

Visheshika Grover
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views3 pages

Basics of Organic Chemistry Notes Final

The document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for CBSE Class 11, including the classification of organic compounds, functional groups, and nomenclature rules. It covers hybridization, bonding types, isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and key experiments for detecting functional groups. Important points such as resonance, inductive effects, and hyperconjugation are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

Visheshika Grover
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Basics of Organic Chemistry - CBSE Class 11 Notes

1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon compounds (except CO, CO2, carbonates, etc.).

Classification of Organic Compounds:

- Acyclic (Open Chain): e.g., Alkanes, Alkenes.

- Cyclic (Closed Chain): Aromatic (e.g., Benzene) and Aliphatic (e.g., Cyclohexane).

Functional Groups:

| Group | Example | General Formula |

|---------------|------------|-----------------|

| Alcohol | -OH | R-OH |

| Aldehyde | -CHO | R-CHO |

| Ketone | >C=O | R-CO-R' |

| Carboxylic Acid | -COOH | R-COOH |

Nomenclature Rules:

- Longest chain rule.

- Lowest locant for substituents.

- Prefix for functional groups (e.g., chloro, methyl).

- Suffix for principal functional group (e.g., -ol, -al).

2. Hybridization and Bonding

sp³ Hybridization:

- Occurs in single bonds (e.g., methane, CH4).

- Bond angle = 109.5 degrees.

sp² Hybridization:

- Found in double bonds (e.g., ethene, C2H4).

Page 1
Basics of Organic Chemistry - CBSE Class 11 Notes

- Bond angle = 120 degrees.

sp Hybridization:

- Found in triple bonds (e.g., ethyne, C2H2).

- Bond angle = 180 degrees.

Sigma and Pi Bonds:

- Sigma bond (sigma): Strong, formed by head-on overlap.

- Pi bond (pi): Weaker, formed by sideways overlap of p-orbitals.

3. Isomerism

Structural Isomerism: Same molecular formula, different structures.

- Chain, Position, Functional group isomers.

Stereoisomerism: Same connectivity, different spatial arrangement.

- Geometrical (Cis-Trans) and Optical isomerism.

4. Reaction Mechanisms

Reaction Types:

- Substitution (SN1, SN2): Replacement of an atom or group.

- Elimination (E1, E2): Formation of double/triple bonds.

- Addition: Breaking of pi bonds (e.g., Hydrogenation of alkenes).

Mechanisms:

- SN1: Two-step, forms carbocation.

- SN2: Single-step, involves backside attack.

5. Key Experiments and Observations

Page 2
Basics of Organic Chemistry - CBSE Class 11 Notes

Test for Unsaturation:

- Bromine Water Test:

- Add bromine water to sample.

- Decolorization = Unsaturated compound (alkene/alkyne).

Detection of Functional Groups:

- Alcohol: Add neutral FeCl3 -> Violet color.

- Aldehyde: Add Tollen's reagent -> Silver mirror.

- Ketone: Add 2,4-DNPH -> Yellow/orange precipitate.

6. Important Points to Remember:

- Resonance increases stability (e.g., Benzene).

- Inductive Effect: Electron withdrawing/donating nature affects reactivity.

- Hyperconjugation: Stabilizes carbocations.

Summary Table:

| Topic | Key Points |

|--------------------|---------------------------------------------|

| Hybridization | sp³ (109.5 degrees), sp² (120 degrees), sp (180 degrees) |

| Reaction Mechanisms| SN1 (2-step), SN2 (1-step), E1, E2 |

| Isomerism | Structural & Stereoisomerism |

| Experiments | Bromine water test, Tollen's reagent test |

Page 3

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy