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3 Analytic Functions

The document discusses the concept of analytic functions and their differentiability in the context of complex analysis. It defines differentiability, continuity, and presents several theorems related to derivatives, including the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are essential for a function to be analytic. Additionally, it explores singular points and the properties of functions that are differentiable in a given domain.

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28 views83 pages

3 Analytic Functions

The document discusses the concept of analytic functions and their differentiability in the context of complex analysis. It defines differentiability, continuity, and presents several theorems related to derivatives, including the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are essential for a function to be analytic. Additionally, it explores singular points and the properties of functions that are differentiable in a given domain.

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3 ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 1. DIFFERENTIABILITY Definition, Let w =/(z) be a function defined in a non-empty open subset Dof C. Then f(z) is said to be differentiable or derivable at a point SGo+M-SEo). 5. tim L£@)- FE) h r4% -Z-Zo uniquely. If this limit exists, then it is called the differential coefficient or the derivative of, f(z) atz= zy and is denoted by f'(zp). 7 € Dif jim exists oy In terms of ‘e — 6’ notation, f is differentiable at z, if for given any é>0, there exists a positive number d = d(e, zy) such that - f'&) Hence we may also say that f"(zy) exists iff there exists a function 4): D + C which is continuous at z) and F(z) = fq) + S'Zq) (2-29) + - 29) (2) for|z—z9|< 4,2 ED. 167 168 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsisj ‘The number f'(z,) is generally a complex number. A function J is said to be differentiable in D if it is differentiable a every point of D. Ifa function is differentiable in the entire complex plane, then it is called an entire function. eg f= 2",n=0,1,2, any z) EC, is an entire function because for " -% tim LO-L0) = im 19% 9 Z-Zy rt 2-2 1 = tim 442" 729 ta. 29”) 749% = nz"! Note. If f(z) is differentiable at z, then we may write LED-LO) _peyme te fer -$@)= hse) +eh where e is a function of h which tends to zero ash > 0. Theorem 1. Derivative of the constant function is zero. Proof. Let f(z) = c, where cis a constant. Then "(= im, ferh- 10) - £ =0. h30 i Hence derivative of the constant function is zero. Theorem 2. If a function f has derivative at zo, then it is continuous Zo. Proof. Since f has vinimes at Zp, therefore = Lo +h)- FZ) fe) im, oe ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 169 “4 (Zp +h) -. sim L729 + #)-FCz0)1= Lim, [AeorBatee 5) im £%o ans C0) tim fe, He, = f'Gq) .0=0 ii +A)=. = jim, fC )=F(z9) = (2) is continuous at z). Remark. Converse of above result is not true. Counter Example : Consider the function f(z) = 7 Here |) —f(0)|=| 7 -0|=|z| 0 in any manner, xy? ey zat (it) Show that the function f(z) = x+y s Qo, z=0 not differentiable at z= 0. x {yO in), Sol. () Wehave, f(z)=) 564? a 0, z=0, Letz +0 along y= mx, wherem & R. Becpiiep Then tim LO-LO 2 yy HYG!) 740 z 140 (xo +y?)z ii -ix'y(x+iy) * (ay) (00) (x6 +y? )@e+iy)- -ix? Ste = tim = tim IO no, 270 x8 4 mx? 740 x’ +m? Now, let z-* 0 along y= x°. Then Jim, LOt0 LO = tig, 7 YO= 1x) y= = 140 r0 x84 y2 oz lim -ix3 2+) 9) 0.0) (x6 4 y 2)(x+iy) 6 ; po rd! i = lim =s-+ 1m, Sry RO. Hence the result. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 4173 xy? (x+iy) Gi) =Wehave, f()= x+y! 0, z=0 + ze We shall show that tim 22-100) does not exist 0 z For this, let z > 0 along y= mx, where m € R. Then tim, LI=LO) oy 224 Perri) z fon (+y4yz my EF 70 @? +y Aye xy? = lim (9) 40,0) x? + y’ 4 xm?x? 340 x7 4 mitxt oem? = lim Pay 240 4(4 mex?) im = lim (m?x) =0. 3-90 (14 m4x?) 4 z Now let z + 0 along the curve x= y. Then lim fate JO. im 222 tty 0 te @ t+y4)z x2(x+iy) 9} B00) (427) (r4+7y) 4174 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsis, Thus im, £)-SO 55 not unique. roe tim L9=LO) goes not exist 740 z Hence f(z) is not differentiable at z= 0. Example 2. (i) Prove that f(z) = Re z is nowhere differentiable even, though it is continuous in C. (if) Prove that the function f(z) = |z|* is continuous everywhere but nowhere differentiable except at the origin. @.U, 2012) Sol. (i) Since f(z) = Re z is a polynomial function, it is continuous everywhere. Now, let zy be an arbitrary fixed point in C. ‘Then for h= A, +ih,, h #0, we have Sq +h)-S(ey) _ Re(zg+h)-Rezy _ Reh A Ah hk : 4 if h=h+i.0 0, , . if h=O+ihy _fi if em 0 if A=ih,. tim LE0+ = FO) soos not exist hao A Since z) € C is arbitrary, therefore f(z) is nowhere differentiable. Hence f (2) = Re (z) is. nowhere differentiable whereas it is . continuous in C, Aliter ; Here f(z) = Re z is a real valued function such that f’(z) =] # 0 for anyz EC. Hence f(z) = Re (2) is nowhere differentiable, [By Theorem 3] ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 175 (ii) We have, f(z) = |z|? = x? +)?, which being a polynomial function, is continuous everywhere. If z = 0, then f(z) = 0 is constant function, so that it is differentiable, and f'(z) = 0. [zth? =i? A Now for z # 0, f'@)= Ja, = tim |ztarek Avo h Now, let fm rel? sothat =» which does not tend to a unique limit as it takes different values for different values of 6 = arg A, where z is anon-zero point. Thus f(z) is not differentiable for any non-zero value of z. 2. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS Definition. Analytic Function. A single valued function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z) € C if it is differentiable not only at z, but also in some neighbourhood of z,. A single valued function which is differentiable at each point of an open set D, is said to be analytic in D. An analytic function is also called a Holomorphic function or a Regular function. The set of all analytic functions in an open set D is denoted by H(D), H stands for holomorphic. 4176 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI84 Definition. Singular Points. A point where a function f(z) ceases to be analytic is called a singular point of f(z). Ifa function f(z) is analytic in every neighbourhood of a point z, except at zp, then zo is called Isolated singularity of f(z) . 1 e.g. 0 is an isolated singularity of the function f(z) = = A function f(z) defined in a domain D is said to have a removable singularity at a point z, of Dif f(z) is not analytic at zy but it can be made analytic by assigning a suitable value to f(z) at that point. ‘Theorem 5. Linear combinations and finite product: of analytic functions in an open set D are analytic in D, If f and g are avalytic in D, then the quotient £ is analytic in D except for those z in D at which g vanishes. Proof. Proof follows from theorem 4. Cor. If f and g are entire functions, then so are f + g, fg and fog whenever they are defined. 2.1. Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) Equations Theorem 6. If a function #(z) = u + /v is analytic in a given region D, then the partial derivatives u,,H,, U,,Vy exist and uw, = Vy uy =-v,. (@.U. 2012, 2017) Proof. Let z=x+iy and Ar=Ax+i Ay. Let w= f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) be analytic in D. Then differential coefficient of w at any point z of D must exist and have a unique value. Now, = w+Aw =u(x+ Ax, y+ Ay) + fue + Ax, y+ Ay) ‘ Aw =u(x+ dx, y+ Ay) + ful + Ax, y + Ay) — [utx, y) + 106, 9)] = [ur + Ax, y+ Ay) — u(x, »)] + flute + Ax, y+ Ay) -v(x,))] ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 77 > lim 0 fy [MEH AR V+ Ay) — us ¥D 440 Az Ar30 dz Het a-oe Swear asset where Az + 0 along any path. Case L Let Az + 0 along real axis. Here Az=Axand Ay=0. wean, SS), pas [seers anny 4 (Met deys dy vs 2 ie a tim [season az Ar40 Ax 9 VGt dn y-v y) ‘ax au ee w(1) | Case II, Let Az - 0 along imaginary axis. | Here Ax=Oand Az=Ay. AW Lim | BGirt Ay) - uC») aro Az Ay=+0 fay Ge, y + Ay) - 1G, Y) j Dey dy) = Un Y) + Tay * oe az iy wy dw ou | | he, =i +. wn(2) he, z (2) 178 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS From (1) and (2), we get Oe 8 a a a Y Equating real and imaginary parts, we get ae x ax ® ox he. u, =v, and uy =—v,- Definition. Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) Equations.The partial differential cu, ov ou ov s tions — = — and — =- — called the Cauchy Riemann equations ao ke a = iy equations or C-R equations associated with the function S@=uriv, where u and v are real-valued functions of x and y. Theorem 7. Cauchy Riemann equations hold for an analytic function S@)= ue, y)+ ive, yi fy = if. Proof. We have, f(z) = u(x») +iv(, ¥)- f,(2) = 4, y) ti vy) and f,(z) = uy(a, y) +i vy (x »)- Let fy =i tye Then wu, +iv, = i(u, +i0,) = iu, —v,. Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u,=-v, and v,=u,, which are Cauchy Riemann equations. Conversely, let C-R equations hold for f(z) =u +iv he ou, = vy and wy =—v,. Now, Sy =u, tiv, =v, +i(-u,) = vy-iuy) = -i(u, tiv,y) =F, Hence Ly 7S ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 179 Theorem 8. A necessary condition for a complex valued function f= uti to be differentiable at zp is that f;(z9) = 0. r+E 0 r-F 2082) Fale Treating z and F as independent variables, we have Proof. If z=x+iy, then x= alo ale [@, -vy) +i, +v,)). (1) fz(@q) = 7: - vy)+ituy +0,)] (qs ¥o) = 0. [ew = vy, u, =v, by C-R equations] Cor. If is analytic in a domain D, then Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at every point z € D. Proof. Since / is analytic in D, tacrefore f;(z) =0Wz ED 1 ; * gle Uy) Fi, +9 HO (By ay) * uz, -v,=0 and wy +u,=0 >= u, =v, and uy =—v,. Hence C-R equations hold Wz € D. 180 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsigy Remark 1. Analytic functions are completely characterised by the condition =e. f= Zo. Remark 2. By above theorem, we get that if a function is analytic, then it does not contain 7 and is expressible only in terms of z. Therefore many formulae for the derivatives of complex functions are the same as those for the real counter parts. Theorem 9. (Sufficient Condition for a Function to be Analytic) Leta function f(z) = u(x, y) +i (x,y) is such that ,, uy, U, and v, exist and are continuous in a region D. Also, let Cauchy-Riemann equations u, =v, and 4, = —v, hold at every point of D. Then f(z) is differentiable in Dand f(z) =u, +iv,. Proof, Let w =/(z) = ux, y) +/v@,y)- Let w+ Au=wu(x + Ax, y+ Ay). Then Au = u(x + Ax, y + Ay) — u(x, y) = u(x + Ax, y + Ay)— ule + Ax, y) + u(x + Ax, y)~ u(x, y) = Ay wy (c+ Ar, y +O Ay) + Ax u, (e+ O'Ax, 5), where 0 <@, 0" <1 by Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem. Since u, and u, are continuous in the given region, therefore | u@ + Ax y+ 6 Ay)— u,@y)| Jee =u, tiv, ‘g > f'@=u, +iv,. [v w=f@)] 182 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 Note. Using C-R equations, S'@)= uy tiv, = uy tu, = Lary Hiv). ‘i ’ dw _ ow Also, ifwe= f(2) =u+iv,then SE = SE. Theorem 10. (Polar Form of C-R equations) If f(z) = u(x, y) + iv, y) is an analytic function in a domain D and z = re, where r, @ are real, Then Cauchy-Riemann equations are ou lw mw low @.U. 2013, 2016) @ 700’ a Fao’ Proof. We have, z= re!? =r(cos@+ isin @). x= rcos@, y=rsin @, so that r? = x7 +»? and = tan(~). x Differentiating r? = x? + y? partially w.r.t. x and y, we get a or 2r— =2x and 2r— =2 le y y or x ay ak and 2-2 rr ae 2 70036 aad or _ sine & or yor = 2% ~c050 and = =sind, & y Again, differentiation @= tan“ partially w.r.t. x and y, we get x # ~1(-2)-- y___rsin@ __ sind o& ie x? x? +y? r? r x? and 2. (4) a so FOG wane x, we x+y r F ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 183 du _ du Or, du 89 _ du sin O du & Oe Oa & + 30 Ou _ Ou or id —=——+. “ere 3 e| g nar ov _ vor Similarly, & wa aor a a y ry ‘Now by C-R equations in cartesian form, we have Gu _ a au au Oe Od ey ye Ou sin@ du _ dv .. cos 8 dv e039 - SOE HM = sing = ca OO a6 a Ot ag My Gu cos? Gu _ wy sin dv and sin SG ot 42) ; du _ sin? @ Gu _ au , sinO cos du sin 9 cos 0 = = oe sin’ coe ae 2 : and sin@cosg 2H, 0086 Ou og ou ed cos A | or r 6 r ae ‘Subtracting these, we get la mj) uy 100 30 Now multiplying (1) with cos 6 and (2) with sin 8, we get 2,ou_ cos@sin@du _ mw. cos? @ av g Se cos Gain Con oe, ou oe ree ae nt 38 in? 9 Ot sin@cos@ du _ dv sin? @ av and sin a 36 Fp 2109 008 8 + — — - oe" 184 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI54 Adding these, we get, a “Hence me or ou —_— it wre |r a0" Cor. (Derivative in polar form) If w= f(z) = «+ iv is analytic in some domain D andz= re’® , then aw _ io 0 tt Bw & ar r 68 2m a Wehave, —- = Proof. We Se te w=utiv) * nso 28(-, Bair) (Using C-R equations} = 030 4 sino | 2 — 4 cos0 +n x) ow = cos8—- Si cond isin 32-4122) = cos —1sin 9 ow = (cos 0—/sin 8) — ‘ an ee ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS -_ 185 ie. * a * dw Again, ane az - ne, r [-e weutiv] [8 12) ]cogg 20 808 r 660 r 66 aor (Using C-R equations] oe sind oo r ow sin@ [e wawtiu] r w= =! (005 6 ~fsin gy 28 =o Lyne Oe . r 00 r 00 Hence & = ete OY - 1-16 BY a& or r 68 Example 3. (/) Using Cauchy-Riemann equations, prove that f(z) = = and g(z) = Re z are nowhere differentiable. (i) Show that f(z) = |z[? is differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic at z= 0. - or Give an example of a function /(z) which is differentiable at a point but not analytic at that point. (iii) Let £@) = w(x, ») + i vG, y), where u(x, ») = x7y? and v(x, y) = 2x7y?, Show that f(z) is nowhere analytic. (iv) Show that the function f (2) = x y +-i y is everywhere continuous but is not analytic, 186 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 (%) Show that the function (2) = | z | is not differentiable anywhere. (i) Show that the function f (<) = arg z is not differentiable anywhere. Sol. () Wehave, f(z) = 7- F(z) =1 #0 for any z. ‘J(2) is nowhere differentiable. [By Theorem 3] Agein, (2) =Rez= aE g3(2)= 3 # 0 for any z. Hence g(z) is also nowhere differentiable. [By Theorem 8} (ii) We have, f(z) = |z/? = 22. Ifz=0, then f(z) =0, so that being a constant function f(z) is differentiable and f“(z) = 0. Ifz#0,then f(z) =|z/* = 22 Ff = =7#0. & Jf is not differentiable at any neighbourhood of z = 0. Hence /f is not analytic atz= 0. In fact, f is nowhere analytic in C. (iil) We have, f (2) = u(x, y) + i u(x, y), where u(x, y) = x7y? and (x,y) = 2x?y? u, = 2xy?, v= 4xy?, uy, =2yx2and v, = 4yx?. Now, Cauchy-Riemann equations, u, = v, and u, = —v, hold if ary? =4yx? and 2yx?= 4x5? ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS a. 187 fe. if 2xyCy—2x)=Oand 2xy(e+2y)=0 ie if x=0, y=0 or y=2x and x=0, y=0 or x=-2y. ‘Cauchy-Riemann equations hold on y for points on x = 0, y= 0. Now if we take any neighbourhood of points on x = 0 or y = 0, then ‘that neighbourhood will contain points where x * 0 or y # 0, so that C-R equations will not hold there. The given function is nowhere analytic. (i) We have, f(z) = u(x, ») + i v(x, ), where u(x, y) =x y and ute, y) =. Since u and v are polynomials in x and y, therefore they are continuous everywhere. Hence f(z) is continuous everywhere. ‘Now, =», Fos & -oond Fat. ‘Cauchy-Riemann equations hold only at (0, 1) and not in any neighborhood of (0, 1). Hence f(z) is nowhere analytic. (v) We have, f@) =|2|= e+? +i0=u+iv, where “= Ix? +37 and v=0. eu x au y & x2 4 y? oy [x2 + y? Clearly, a # a and $ 4 & where (ay) #0, 0). Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied anywhere except possibly at (0, 0). Hence f (z) = | z| is not differentiable for any value of z except possibly when z= 0. ou = =0and & an 188 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSiIs4 Now, £*(0)= fim LE)=LO = tim 12 a0 z a0 Zz ix? + y? lim (9400) xFiy Ifz +0 along y= rx, then ix? + mx? Vi+m? "(0)= lim E77 = 5 7O aa x+imx x0 tim which depends upon m and m can have any value, “+ f'() does not exist and hence f(z) is not differentiable anywhere. (vi) Wehave, f(2)=argz= tan? =u + iv, where x ou ou, a tH MS To Be where Ge. 2) = ©, 0). Clearly, ©. Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied anywhere except possibly at (0, 0). Now, lim f(z)= lim argz= fim tan? 2 , fe 90 e (xy) 910.0) x = lim tan! 2%) letting p= mx a0 x = tan! m, which is not unique as it depends upon m and m can have any value. “. (2) is discontinuous at z = 0 and hence not differentiable at z=0, * Hence f(z) is not differentiable anywhere. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 189 1 Example 4. (/) Show that f(z) =| Rez Imz |? satisfies C-R equations at the origin but is not differentiable at this point. or Show by an example that holding of Cauchy-Riemann equations is a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for a function to be analytic. (P.U. 2012) (i) Show that the function PU+)-¥ 1-9 = if z#0 f@= Fay 0 if z=0 is continuous and satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin but is not differentiable there. (P.U. 2015, 2018) @ (ii) Show that f (2) = 4, —+ 7*9 satisfies Cauchy- 0, +r=0 Riemann equations but is not differentiable at the origin. s = if z#0 (wv) Le f@= |z (t . Prove that Cauchy-Riemann. 0 if z=0 equations are satisfied but the function is not differentiable at the origin. Is the function differentiable at some other point ? (¥) Show that the function f(z) = ,ixy| is not analytic at origin although Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at that point. (P.U, 2009, 2014, 2017) (vf) Show that the function f(2)= 7? forz # 0 and f(0)=0 is not analytic at z = 0 although Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at this point. Re ee 190 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 5 yi (ety) (vi) Let $@)" yyy #00 0 7=0, Show that f(z) is not analytic at z = 0 although Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin. (P.U, 2016) 1 Sol. (i) We have, f(2)=|xy[? = Also, ((@)=a-+iv, where u(x, ») = [xy|?, vG,y) =0. = tim 04.0)— 400, 0) O-0 _ Now, u,(0,0) = i ma memo ee 0. Similarly, uy (0, 0) = v, (0, 0)= v, (0, 0)=0 Cauchy-Riemana equations hold at z= 0. \ However taking h= re! #0 with r-» 0, we find that f@)-f o. SO = jin 7a 1 |r? cos @'sin 8? 740.r(cos@ +isin 6) “‘wrO+isin@ 2 which takes different values for different values of 0. Thus f is not differentiable at z = 0, Hence we conclude that f is not differentiable at z = 0 even though / satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin, aia ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS , 491 3 3 +) | if @e@0) x+y if (x ¥)=(0,0). +y? =z we rational functions of x and y, therefore they are continuous at all points for which x? + y? #0. Also, x,y) = 0 = u(0, 0 (x, nto. 0) way) oo and lim (x,y) =0=v(0, 0). (> (0,0) ey) u and v are continuous at origin also. Thus f(z) = w+ iv is continuous everywhere in C. Now, f,(0,0) = fim, £00100) and f,(0,0) = Lim, LO- L090) H- $0.0) —1+i (a+b) _ A Clearly, if, (0,0) = 7,,(0,0). 192 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI84 S(z) satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin. [By Theorem 7] 0) = tan LOL Now, FO) = fen ot Taking A= h, +i, ie b> O.along line hy = hy, we get and taking A= A, +10 ie. h-» along Ay =0, we get tik, “(0) = tim 27) = +i, fO) alin, 5 I+ LOL) does not exis. Th "= lit ms FC) Hence f satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations but f is not differentiable at origin. 2 QO treo (iif) Wehave, f(z)= 0 if z=0. For z # 0, we have: ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 193 = x, y) + u(y), where = 3x 2 3 a. and v(x, y) = Fey, wey Also, etna ts u(0, 0)=0 and u(0, 0) = 0. x,y) = Now, 0,0) = tim 2 O=m00.0) 4, A-O ore 7G) ie A Pe mt u,(0,0) = im eee = tim k>0 k0 = pn MCA. 0)- 000.0) _ se Ieee (kre ay aoa ¥, (0,0) = fim MON —W(0.0) in B30 io ‘v, atthe origin £e. Cauchy-Riemann Thus u, = v, and equations are satisfied, Now, FO = lim, £2)- £0 fe =O) Ea =\* = lim = = Tim [2 20 z ro0(z im x- x-iy) © er, ol xtiy x40(x+imx _{leim ltim)’ = which is not unique as it takes different values for different values of m. Hence /f is not differentiable at the origin. = lim (GEE) nara 194 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI84 - : (iv) We have, (2) = a iise8 . 0 if 2=0. ,(0.0) = im, £0.0- LO gy I 4 _ (a = lim = lim |—| =1 mo Tale hyo [Al ‘sa f,(0.0) = Jim, £0, = £000) Ry #0 ara a A, x Clearly, i f,(0,0) = f,(0,). Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at the origin. =F _ = =i. Ne TE jh .h [ale rie’ ale = ptaking A= re!® re ( as, ‘As h + 0 along different paths, the value of e!*? does not give a unique value, Thus. f is not differentiable at the origin. 3 5 3 F z Again, forz #0, f()= = = 4 = 4, = 4, lef dzPY GE? 3 ie “25 ~-2D x0, te #0) Thus f is not differentiable at z # 0 nd hence it is nowhere differentiable. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 495 (») Wehave, f(z) = xy] = u(x») + iv(e»), where ux, y) = lxy] and v(e, y)=0. u(h, 0) — 2(0, 0) ou : 0-0 = (0, 0)= lim —- ar OO fe i WisveNmne du, (0, b)-1(0,0)_ 0-0 _ and $0.0) im, ASTD = im “= 0. Similarly, 20, O)= zo 0)=0. ‘Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at the origin. LO=10) jg, WevI-9 Fi £0) = Ii =] News, fh 40 oxtiy Ifz + 0 along y = m x, then 2 mx" | _ viel S'@)= lim xs0x+imx 1+im’ which is not unique as it depends upon m. Hence f‘(0) does not exist. (i) Wehave, f(z)= e7 forz # Oand f(0)=0. Forz # 0, we have ot iy SQ ret =e Hi “ey heat 6stytaistyedixy?) 7 id where x? + y? =r? 2 = Gatayt—622y2) Aixy(s2-y?) =e" sgn 196 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsig, . aeons 2 _y2 2 2. pos 227 YD , isin SEX @* A r8 y fee 4xyG@?-y?) x? +y2)8 asaytoxy? 7 oe: aa gay sin 422@°-¥7) | @? +y7)4 u(h, 0) —u(0, 0) A Bn gy = 1; Now, 5*(0,0) = jim, uO, k) - (0,0) _ k ao, = in, wh, “ ¥(0,0) _ = ou 4 Similarly, —(0, 0)= imilarty, 50,0) = and 5° 9) = fin 10.9) 4) = (0, 0) a0 = k C-R equations hold at the origin. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 197 in Now, ifz = re4, then f(z) = exp(-r-“e"'") = tends to © asr-+0, Thus f(z) has infinite discontinuity at origin. Hence f(z) is not analytic at z= 0. ra » which Sy etiy) 5 Gil) Wehave, f@)=} 44,510 if @, ») #0, 0) if @y)=(0,0). For (x, ¥) # (0,0), ux,9) = TW xtye and Me" uth, 0)— 0,0) _ jin ou ‘ tied = = jim —— & (@,0) no A Ao = aie du _ av _ av Similarly, — = — = — =0at(0, 0). * ye ® ‘C-R equations hold at origin. xy Peis) et Now, lim LD=LO) _ jg 2 (y) 40,0) xtiy xtys = in oa 40.0) xf + yl? Ifz + 0 along y =x, then tim LE)=LO) = tig 2° i = lim —— 40 z 230 xh yy! x90 xfer) lim 5 x40 (L4.x%) 198 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSis4 If z+ 0 along y° = x?, then 2 2 lim J2-SO- tim x?.x? (x+iy) F490 z 970.9 (xt 4x4) +i y) 4 = ti 10x 4x" 4 Slim: 2 = 2b? x902x4 2 f°) = lim LE)-SO) goes not attain the same value 190 z along two different paths. Thus (0) does not exist. | Hence f(z) is not analytic at the origin. Example 5. (i) If w= logz, find # and determine the region where w is not analytic. (if) Show that the function f(z) = e*(cosy+isiny) is | holomorphic and find its derivatives. | Sol. () Wehave, w =logz=log(x+/y) | = Fog (x? wysiaer(2). 2 x u(x, ¥) = Flog? +y?) and v(,y) = tan (2) c x bul ox2 @& 2x? 4y?) x? ay?” Be} & xtey?” ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 199 2 Hl 1 whe cee " \ * ‘3 +he s a 2 we x av fi x and = = . yy oe () xray? 1445 * . Gu _ aw ou av si Since ‘ and » ae except at origin, therefore Cauchy Riemann equations hold and all the partial derivatives are continuous except at origin, therefore the function w = log z is analytic everywhere except at the origin. ¢ Now, — Se Sti = nly xPgy? (x+iy)(e-fy) 1 xt+iy provided z # 0. (ii) Here w= e* cos y and v= e"siny ve Fem ot cosy, B= —eFsiny av ov d Baers: Bae ant e*siny, cosy Gu _ ou ov Clearl; =_— 2 wk. learly, and .._ C-R equations are satisfied. Also the partial derivatives of u and v are continuous. Hence f(z) is holomorphic. 200 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 Now, Fie) = Hei = e* cos y+ie* sin y = e*(cos y +/sin y) = tt? wet, Example 6. (f) If f(z) = u(x, ») + / v(s, y) is an analytic function in D, then show that Jacobian of u(x, y) and u(x, y) wart. x and y is | f"(z)|?. (i) Let f(z) =u +iv be an analytic function in D and y be any function of x and y having first order partial derivatives in D. Prove that (zy (ee) : (xy (yh sey)? ou Ow our) la ay |_ ou ov due Wehave, 20%) _ ou fv _ due Soh © Wehave, ry) | a do|” ae ay ay ae a y du ou aed © ae & [su =v, and vy =-»,) 2 ai fie a fe) = rer. [» reo- BiB] ay _ By ou ay ov if) We have, 24 = 2¥ ou , Oy ov a (0) We have, or a ae ao oe m ay _ ay ou, ay a a OY Oy au Oy an ey ta Be te Wu-em, = [Using C-R equations] ...2) 2 2

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