PHYSICS- XII

1. A substance has a critical angle of 45∘ for a yellow light, then what is its refractive index?

2. An object is placed between the pole and the focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual
and enlarged image. Justify using mirror formula. ( hint: show the magnification positive)

3. A converging and diverging lens of equal focal lengths are placed coaxially in contact.
Find the focal length and power of the combination.

4. In a telescope the focal length of the objective and the eye piece are 60 cm and 5 cm

respectively. What is (1) its magnification power? (2) the tube length?

5. What are optical fibres? Give their one use.

Ans: Optical fibres are thin and long strands of fine quality glass or quartz coated with a thin
layer of material with refractive index less than that of the strands.
They work on the principle of total internal reflection and thus, they avoid any loss in
transfer of information.

Uses

Optical fibres are often used in medical investigations i.e., one can examine the inside view
of stomach and intestine by a method called endoscopy.

6. How do the focal lengths of a lens change with increase in the wavelength of the light?

7. Thin prism of angle 60∘ gives a deviation of 30∘. What is the refractive index of the
material of the prism?

8. Although the surfaces of a goggle lens are curved it does not have any power. Why?

Ans: Since the two surfaces of a goggle lens are parallel i.e., one surface convex and the
other concave, the resultant power of the two surfaces is zero as powers on both surfaces are
equal but opposite in sign.

p=p1+p2=p+(−p)=0

9. A ray of light is incident normally on one face of the prism of apex angle 30∘ and
refractive index √ 2. Find the angle of deviation for the ray of light.
10. Following data was recorded for values of object distance and corresponding values of
image distance in the experiment on study of real image formation by a convex lens of
power +5 D. One of the three observations is incorrect. Identify and give reason:

11. Birds flying high in the air appear to be higher than in reality. Explain why?

12. What is the focal length of a convex lens of focal length 30cm in contact with a concave
lens of focal length 20cm? Is the system a converging or a diverging lens? Ignore thickness
of the lenses.
13. A screen is placed 90cm from an object. The image of the object on the screen is formed
by a convex lens at two different locations separated by 20cm. Determine the focal length of
the lens.

Ans: Given that,

Distance between the image (screen) and the object, D= 90 cm

Distance between two locations of the convex lens, d = 20 cm

Focal length of the lens = f

Focal length is related to d and D as:

f=D2−d2/4D=((90)2−(20)2)4×90=770/36=21.39cm

Therefore, the focal length of the convex lens is 21.39cm.

14. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140cm and an eyepiece of focal
length 5.0cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects
when

(i) The telescope is in normal adjustment (i.e., when the final image is at infinity)?

(ii) The final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision 25cm?

15. Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plane convex lens, whose focal
length is 0.3 m and the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.
16. The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position is
100 . The distance between the objective and the eye piece is 101 cm. Calculate the focal
length of the objective and the eye piece.

17. A convex lens made up of refractive index n1is kept in a medium of refractive index n2.
Parallel rays of light are incident on the lens. Complete the path of rays of light emerging
from the convex lens if

(i) n1 > n2 (ii) n1 = n2 (iii) n1 < n2

18. A convex lens has a focal length 0.2 m and made of glass (μ=1.50) is immersed in water
(μ=1.33). Find the change in focal length of the lens.
19. A reflecting type telescope has a concave reflector of radius of curvature 120 cm.
Calculate the focal length of eye piece to achieve a magnification of 20.

20. An object of size 3.0 cm is placed 14 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 21 cm.
Describe the image produced by the lens. What happens if the object is moved further away
from the lens?

22. Double-convex lenses are to be manufactured from a glass of refractive index 1.55, with
both faces of the same radius of curvature. What is the radius of curvature required if the
focal length is to be 20cm?

23. Define total internal reflection.

Ans. Total internal reflection is the phenomenon in which waves arriving at the interface
from one medium to another are entirely reflected back into the first medium rather than
refracted into the second medium.
24. What are the conditions for the occurrence of total internal reflection?

Ans. The conditions for the occurrence of total internal reflection are

1.The light must travel from denser to rarer medium.

2.The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle for the given pair of media.

25. If the refractive indices for water and glass are 4/3 and 5/3 respectively and the light
tends to go from glass to water, then what is the value of the critical angle?

26. (a) Trace the path of the ray through the prism.

(b) What will be the effect on the path of the ray if the refractive index of the prism is 1.4?

27. A light wave enters from air to glass. How will the following be affected?

(a) Energy of the wave

Ans: When light wave enters from air to glass, part of light is reflected back into the air.
Therefore, energy of the wave would be lower in the glass.

(b) Frequency of the wave

Ans: When light wave enters from air to glass, frequency of the wave would remain
unchanged.
28. State the conditions that must be satisfied for two light sources to be coherent.

Ans: The conditions to be satisfied are the following:

(a) They must emit waves continuously of same wavelengths.

(b) The phase difference between the waves must be zero or constant.

29. In Young’s double slit experiment. The distance between the slits is halved, what change
in the fringe width will take place?

30. Obtain an expression for the ratio of intensities at maxima and minima in an interference
pattern.

31. In young’s double slit experiment how is the fringe width change when

(i) Light of smaller frequency is used

Ans: We know, fringe width could be expressed as,

β=Dλ/d. If light of smaller frequency, in other words, higher wavelength is used, the fringe
width would increase.

(ii) Distance between the slits is decreased?

Ans: We know that, fringe width is inversely proportional to the distance between the slits,
that is, β∝1/d

So, if distance between the slits is decreased, the fringe width will increase.

32. Write two points of difference between interference and diffraction.

33. Consider interference between two sources of intensities I and 4I. What will be the
intensity at points where phase differences are:

(i) π/2 (ii) π

Ans: White light would produce interference. But because of different colours present in
white light, the interference pattern overlaps the central bright fringe for all the colours at the
position, so its colour is found to be white. The white central bright fringe is seen to be
surrounded by few coloured rings.

35. (i) The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the speed of light in glass? Speed of light
in vacuum is 3.0×108ms−1.

(ii) Is the speed of light in glass independent of the colour of light? If not, which of the two
colours red and violet travels slower in a glass prism?

Ans: The speed of light in glass is found to be dependent on the colour of light. The
refractive index of a violet component of white light is known to be greater than that of the
refractive index of a red component. Hence, the speed of violet light is less than the speed of
red light in glass. Hence, the violet light travels slower than red light in a glass prism.

36. Let us list some of the factors, which could possibly influence the speed of wave
propagation:

i.Nature of the source

ii.Direction of propagation

iii.Motion of the source and/or observer

iv.Wave length

v.Intensity of the wave. On which of these factors, if any, does

(a) The speed of light in vacuum

Ans: We know that the speed of light in vacuum, 3×108 m/s (approximately) is a universal
constant. It is not affected by the motion of the source, the observer, or both. So, the given
factor does not affect the speed of light in a vacuum.

(b)The speed of light in a medium (say, glass or water), depends.

Ans: Out of the listed factors, the speed of light in a medium would depend on the
wavelength of light in that medium.

37. In double-slit experiment using light of wavelength 600nm, the angular width of a fringe
formed on a distant screen is 0.1o. What is the spacing between the two slits?
38. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the slits are repeated at 0.24 mm. The screen is 1.2
m away from the slits. The fringe width is 0.03cm. Calculate the wavelength of light used in
the experiment?

39. In a single slit experiment, how is the angular width of central bright fringe maximum
changed when

(i) The slit width increased

Ans: For single slit diffraction, we have the fringe width, β=2Dλ/d Therefore, when slit
width ′d′ is increased, β decreases.

(ii) The distance between the slit and the screen is increased.

Ans: When ′D′ is increased, width of central bright fringe will become maximum i.e.,
increase as both quantities are directly proportional to each other.

(iv) Light of a smaller wavelength is used.

Ans: When the light of a smaller wavelength is used, the width of the central bright
maximum would decrease.

40. Two coherent sources whose intensity ratio is 81:1produce interference fringes. Calculate
the ratio of intensity of maxima and minima in the interference pattern?

41. In a Young's double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by 0.28mm and the screen is
placed 1.4m away. The distance between the central bright fringe and the fourth bright fringe
is measured to be 1.2cm. Determine the wavelength of light used in the experiment.
42. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting
diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is
at a distance of 2.5 nm from the centre of the screen. Find the width of the slit.

43. State Huygens’s principle for constructing wave fronts.

Ans: According to Huygens’s principle:

1.Each source of light would spread waves in all directions.

2.Each point on the wave front would give rise to new disturbance which in-turn produces
secondary wavelets which travel with the speed of light.

3.Only the forward envelope which encloses the tangent would give the new position of
wave front.

4.Rays are always found to be perpendicular to the wave front.

44. If the two slits in Young’s double slit experiment have width ratio 4:1, deduce the ratio
of intensity of maxima and minima in the interference pattern.
45. In Young's double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the
intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ , is K units. What is the
intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3?

46. The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron is 2.8 eV. What is the value of stopping
potential?

47. Light of wavelength 200nm falls on an aluminium surface. In aluminium4.2 eV are

48. Photoelectrons are emitted with a maximum speed of 7×105m/s from a surface when light
of frequency 8×1014Hz is incident on it. Find the threshold frequency for this surface?
49. Assume that the frequency of the radiation incident on a metal plate is greater than its
threshold frequency. How will the following change, if the incident radiation is doubled?

(1) Kinetic energy of electrons

(2) Photoelectric current

50. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest through the same potential difference
V . Find the ratio of de–Broglie wavelength associated with them.

51. a) Define photoelectric work function? What is its unit?

b) In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential, how does:

i) Saturation current varies with anode potential for incident radiations of different
frequencies but same intensity?

ii) The stopping potential varies for incident radiations of different intensities but same
frequency?

iii) Photoelectric current varies for different intensities but same frequency of radiations?
Justify your answer in each case.

Ans: The minimum amount of energy required to take out an electron from the surface of
metal. It is measured in electron volt (eV).
52. (i) Give the ratio of number of holes and the number of conduction electrons in an
intrinsic semiconductor.

Ans: nh/ne=1(In intrinsic semiconductor, ne=nh).

(ii) What type of impurity is added to obtain n-type semiconductor?

Ans: Pentavalent atoms (group -15) like Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), etc.

(iii) Doping of silicon with indium leads to which type of semiconductor?

Ans: Doping of Silicon with Indium produces a p-type semiconductor as Indium is a

53. A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentration of 6×108m−3. On doping
with a certain impurity electron concentration increases to 3×1012m−3. Identify the type of
semiconductor after doping.

54. How does the energy gap of an intrinsic semiconductor vary, when doped with a trivalent
impurity?

Ans: An acceptor energy level is formed in the forbidden energy gap above the valence band
when an intrinsic semiconductor is doped with a trivalent impurity. Due to this, electrons
quickly jump to the acceptor energy level.

55. What do you mean by depletion region and potential barrier in junction diode?

Ans: A layer around the intersection between p and n sections of a junction diode where
charge carriers, electrons and holes are less in number is called the depletion region.

The potential difference created due to the diffusion of charge carriers across the junction is
called the potential barrier.