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UNIT 1 – Module 1 Lesson 2

The document outlines the historical development of psychology, highlighting key theoretical perspectives such as Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanistic Psychology, Biological Perspective, and Cognitive Perspective. Each perspective is described with its origin, methods, concerns, and results, showcasing the evolution of psychological thought. Additionally, it includes definitions of important terms and online references for further study.

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6 views

UNIT 1 – Module 1 Lesson 2

The document outlines the historical development of psychology, highlighting key theoretical perspectives such as Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanistic Psychology, Biological Perspective, and Cognitive Perspective. Each perspective is described with its origin, methods, concerns, and results, showcasing the evolution of psychological thought. Additionally, it includes definitions of important terms and online references for further study.

Uploaded by

maishimizu69
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 1 –

NATURE & SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY

MODULE 1/ Lesson 2:
Different theoretical perspectives in the
historical development of psychology
LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Comprehend the concept of the early schools of


thoughts in Psychology
STRUCTURALISM (1890-1920)

Wilhelm Edward
Wundt Bradford
Titchener

ORIGIN METHODS CONCERN RESULTS

Germany, then Introspection (“internal • Focus on the scientific study • Study of hypnosis
brought to US by perception”) of conscious experience
Titchener • Meditation
• Discovery of the structures • Drug effects
of the mind
• Problem solving

Video material: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=52&v=SW6nm69Z_IE&feature=emb_logo


https://youtu.be/SW6nm69Z_IE
FUNCTIONALISM (1890-1920)
ORIGIN METHODS CONCERN RESULTS
Harvard University • Objective • Held that the mind • Child Psychology
Observation and should be studied in • Educational
some use of terms of its usefulness Psychology
introspection to the organism in • Intelligence testing
adapting to its • Industrial Psychology
• Developed the environment. • Learning
technique of • Motivation
longitudinal research • Focus on the daily • Thinking
true-to-life
experiences

Video material: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71ZjnKWBXto


https://youtu.be/71ZjnKWBXto
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY – (1912)

 Proponents: Max Wertheimier, Kurt Kafka, Wolfgang Kohler,


Lewin
 Explores the idea that although a sensory experience can
be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate
to each other as a whole is often what the individual
responds to in perception

ORIGIN METHODS RESULTS


Germany • Study of conscious experience • Study of perception and personality

• Phenomenological approach • Leads to psychotherapy

• Study of the whole pattern of behaviour or • Understanding of learning


experiences to the perception of organized
configuration. • Memory and problem solving
Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud
• Late 1800s, early 1900s
• Focus on the unconscious and on childhood
experiences
• Theory of personality
• Interaction between id, ego, superego
• Theory of development
• Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages
• Today, controversial but still influential

ORIGIN METHODS RESULTS


Austria • Proposed on the existence of unconscious mental • Psychoanalysis, study of personality
processes which influenced an individual’s behaviours • Abnormal Psychology
in various indirect ways • Dream analysis
• Projective test
• Free association

• Dream analysis
BEHAVIORISM– (1912)
Behaviorists like Ivan Pavlov, John Watson and
B.F. Skinner focused on what was observable and
measurable with ultimate goal was prediction
and control of behavior

Concerns with empirical approach and


importance of learning and environment are
stressed

ORIGIN METHODS RESULTS


USA • ONLY use objective method wherein their observations & • “Behavioural Modification”, conditioning
measurements should be in the form where it could be principles used to solve problems such as
checked & verified by other researchers overeating phobias
HUMANISTIC
• Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

• Developed as a response to psychoanalysis


and behaviorism.

• It focused on individual free will, personal


growth and the concept of self-
actualization. While early schools of thought
were primarily centered on abnormal human
behavior, humanistic psychology differed
considerably in its emphasis on helping
people achieve and fulfill their potential.
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
It states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior
ultimately have a biological cause.
It involves such things as studying the brain,
genetics, hormones, and the immune and
nervous systems.

PHOTO: https://www.simplypsychology.org/perspective.html

Normally concerns on the following questions

• How the individual nerve cells are joined together?


• How heredity influences behavior?
• What are the physiological responses when a baby confronts a stranger?
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

The cognitive perspective is concerned with


“mental” functions such
as memory, perception, attention,

It is an extremely scientific approach and typically


uses lab experiments to study human behavior

One of the most influential theories of this school of thought was the stages of cognitive
development theory proposed by Jean Piaget.

It is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics and has many
applications including cognitive therapy and eyewitness testimony.
TERMS TO REMEMBER
 Introspection – Wilhelm Wund, used to refer to it as “internal perception”, it is a process by which
someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human
mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed.

 Structuralism – The attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind through
introspection.

 Functionalism - Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

On-Line References:
https://www.simplypsychology.org/perspective.html
https://www.verywellmind.com/psychology-schools-of-thought-2795247
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wsu-sandbox/chapter/psychological-perspectives/

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