UNIT IV: THE WORLD OF IDEA

The Global Media Cultures

● Globalization and identity, globalization and human rights, globalization and culture, or globalization and
terrorism are some concepts related to the study of globalization by many scholars.
● They are partners and act as a unit.
● Situations created through globalization and media make people conceive they belong to one world called
global village, a term coined by Marshall MacLuhan in early 1960’s, a Canadian media theorist, to express
the idea that people throughout the world are interconnected through the use of new media technologies.
● According to scholars, the world is globalized in the 1900s upon the advancement of media and
transportation technology.

Globalization and Media

● Globalization which refers to economic and political integration on a world scale, has a crucial cultural
dimension in which the media has the central role.
● Global institution like the media has an impact upon the structures and processes of the nation‐state,
including its national culture.
● In that sense, media globalization is about how most national media systems have become more
internationalized, becoming more open to outside influences, both in their content and in their ownership
and control.

Five Time Periods in the Study of Globalization and Media

Oral Communication
● Globalization as a social process is characterized by the existence of global economic, political, cultural,
linguistic and environmental interconnections and flows that make the many of the currently existing
borders and boundaries irrelevant.
● Of all forms of media, human speech is the oldest and most enduring.
● Humans are allowed to cooperate and communicate through language.
● Human ability to move from one place to another and to adapt to a new and different environment are
facilitated by the sharing of information of other peoples.
● Languages as a means to develop the ability to communicate across culture are the lifeline of globalization.
● Without language there would be no globalization; and vice versa, without globalization there would be no
world languages.
Script
● writing is humankind’s principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing, retrieving,
communicating and disseminating information.
● Writing may have been invented independently three times in different parts of the world: in the Near East,
China and Mesoamerica.
● Writing is a system of graphic marks representing the units of a specific language.
● Cuneiform script created in Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, is the only writing system which can be traced
to its earliest prehistoric origin.
The Printing Press
● The printing press is a device that allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter, mainly text in
the form of books, pamphlets and newspapers.
● It revolutionized society in China where it was created. Johannes Gutenberg further developed this in the
15 th century with his invention of the Gutenberg press.
The following are the consequences of the printing press
● The printing press changed the very nature of knowledge.
● It preserved knowledge which had been more malleable in oral cultures. It also standardized knowledge.
● Print encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority because of its ability to circulate
competing views.
● Printing press encouraged the literacy of the public and the growth of schools. Lands and culture were
learned by people through travels.
● News around the world were brought through inexpensive and easily obtained magazines and daily
newspapers.
● People learned about the world. Indeed, printing press helped foster globalization and knowledge of
globalization.
 Electronic Media
● It refers to the broadcast or storage media that take advantage of electronic technology.
● They may include television, radio, internet, fax, CD-ROMs, DVD, and any other medium that requires
electricity or digital encoding of information.
● The term electronic media is often used in contrast with print media.
● On going globalization processes such as economic, political, and cultural are revolutionized by a host of
new media in the beginning of the 19th century.
● These electronic media in the likes of telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television continuously open up
new perspectives of globalization.
● In the 20th century, the only available mass media in remote villages was the radio while film was soon
developed as an artistic medium for great cultural expression.
● The most powerful and pervasive mass media is television as it brought the visual and aural power of film
with the accessibility of radio.
● The introduction of television was a defining moment in globalization. Thus, the world is proclaimed a
global village because of television
Digital Media
● Phones and television are now considered digital while computer is considered the most important media
influencing globalization.
● Computers give access to global and market place and transformed cultural life.
● The following are the companies involved in globalization: Microsoft, Apple, Google, and Facebook. Our
daily life is revolutionized by digital media. People are able to adopt and adapt new practices like fashion,
sports, music, food and many others through access of information provided by computers.
● They also exchange ideas, establish relations and linkages through the use of skype, google, chat, and zoom

Popular Music and Globalization

● Music participates in the reinforcing of boundaries of culture and identity.
● Popular music explains the complex dynamics of globalization not only because it is popular but music is
highly mediated, is deeply invested in meaning and has proven to be an extremely mobile and resourceful
capital.
● World music is defined as the umbrella category which various types of traditional and non Western music
are produced for Western consumption.
● It is a label of industrial origin that refers to an amalgamated global marketplace of sounds as ethnic
commodities.
● Globalization is not something that happen to music or has a certain impact on it.
● Changes in musical culture constitute one of the aspects of globalization, and they concern institutions,
system of value, and social groups involved in musical life .
● The change in popular music is not the outcome of globalization but rather popular music industry is a part
of globalization phenomena.

The Globalization of Religion

● Globalization implicates religions in several ways. It calls forth religious response and interpretation.
● Religions played important roles in bringing about and characterizing globalization.
● Among the consequences of this implication for religion is that globalization encourages religious
pluralism.
● Religions identify themselves in relation to one another, and they become less rooted in particular places
because of diasporas and transnational ties.
● Globalization further provides fertile ground for a variety of noninstitutionalized religious manifestations
and for the development of religion as a political and cultural resource.

Perspectives on the Role of Religion in the Globalization

The Modernist Perspective
● It is the perspective of most intellectuals and academics.Its view is that all secularizations would eventually
look alike and the different religions would all end up as the same secular and “rational” philosophy.
● It sees religion revivals as sometimes being a reaction to the Enlightenment and modernization
Post-Modernist Perspective
● It rejects the Enlightenment, modernist values of rationalism, empiricism, and science, along with the
Enlightenment, modernist structures of capitalism, bureaucracy, and even liberalism.
● The core value of post-modernism is expressive individualism.
● The post-modernist perspective can include “spiritual experiences,” but only those without religious
constraints.
● Post-modernism is largely hyper- secularism, and it joins modernism in predicting, and eagerly
anticipating, the disappearance of traditional religions.
● Globalization, by breaking up and dissolving every traditional, local, and national structure, will bring about
the universal triumph of expressive individual.
The Pre-Modernist Perspective
● There is an alternative perspective, one which is post-modern in its occurrence but which is pre-modern
in its sensibility.
● It is best represented and articulated by the Roman Catholic Church, especially by Pope John Paul II.
● The Pope’s understanding is drawn from his experiences with Poland, but it encompasses events in other
countries as well.
● Each religion has secularized in its own distinctive way, which has resulted in its own distinctive secular
outcome.
● This suggests that even if globalization brings about more secularization, it will not soon bring about one
common, global worldview.
● Secularization is understood as a shift in the overall frameworks of human condition; it makes it possible
for people to have a choice between belief and non belief in a manner hitherto unknown.
Transnational Religion and Multiple Glocalization
● Throughout the 20th century migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature.
● One of these features is the deterritorialization of religion – that is , the appearance and the efflorescence
of religious traditions in places where these previously had been largely unknown or were at least in a
minority position.
● Transnational religion is a means of describing solutions to new-found situations that people face as a
result of migration and it comes as two quite distinct blends of religious universalism and local
particularism.
1. It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upperhand, whereby universalism becomes the
central reference for immigrant communities. In such instances, religious transnationalism is often
depicted as a religion going global.
2. It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or maintain the most important place
for local immigrant communities.
● Transnational religion is used to describe cases of institutional transnationalism whereby communities
living outside the national territory of particular states maintain religious attachments to their home
churches and institution.
● Indigenization, hybridization or glocalization are processes that register the ability of religion to mould
into the fabric of different communities in ways that connect it intimately with communal and local
relations. Global -local or glocal religion represents a genre of expression, communication and individual
identities (168).
● It involves the consideration of an entire range of responses as outcomes instead of a single master
narrative of secularization and modernization (169).
Forms of Glocalization
1. indigenization
2. vernacularization
3. Nationalization
4. Transnationalization
● Indigenization is connected with the specific faiths with ethnic groups whereby religion and culture were
often fused into a single unit.
● It is also connected to the survival of particular ethnic groups.
● Vernacularization involved the rise of vernacular language endowed with the symbolic ability of offering
privileged access to the sacred and often promoted by empires.
● Nationalization connected the consolidation of specific nations with particular confessions and has been a
popular strategy both in Western and eastern Europe.
● Transnationalization complemented religious nationalization by forcing groups to identify with specific
religious traditions of real or imagine national homelands or to adopt a more universalist vision of religion.
● Cuneiform Script This is a syllabary and alphabet illustrates the development of information processing to
deal with larger amounts of data in ever greater abstraction.
● Media Globalization This refers to how most national media systems have become more internationalized,
becoming more open to outside influences, both in their content and in their ownership and control.
● Electronic Media They may include television, radio, internet, fax, CD-ROMs, DVD, and any other medium
that requires electricity or digital encoding of information.
● Digital Media This is considered the most important media influencing globalization.
● Script This is humankind’s principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing, retrieving,
communicating and disseminating information.
● Global Village This is a term that expresses the idea that people throughout the world are interconnected
through the use of new media technologies.
● Marshall McLuhan Who coined the term global village?
● World Music This is defined as the umbrella category which various types of traditional and non Western
music are produced for Western Consumption.
● Human Speech Of all forms of media, this is considered the oldest and most enduring. Printing PressThis
is a device that allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter, mainly text in the form of books,
pamphlets and newspapers
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● True - Written and orderly arrangement of documents pertaining to religious, cultural, economic and
religious practices are done through script for dissemination to other places.
● Television - The introduction of cellphones was a defining moment in globalization.
● Travels - Lands and culture were learned by people through rituals.
● Contrast - The term electronic media is often used in reference to print media.
● True - Music participates in the reinforcing of boundaries of culture and identity.
● True - On going globalization processes such as economic, political, and cultural are revolutionized by a
host of new media in the beginning of the 19th century.
● True - The change in popular music is not the outcome of globalization but rather popular music industry
is a part of globalization phenomena.
● True - In the 20th century, the only available mass media in remote villages was the radio while film was
soon developed as an artistic medium for great cultural expression.
● True - Human ability to move from one place to another and to adapt to a new and different environment
are facilitated by the sharing of information of other peoples.
● True - The following are the companies involved in globalization: Microsoft, Apple, Google, and Facebook.

UNIT V GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

● As defined, a global city is an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves
as a hub within a globalized economic system.
● The term has its origins in research on cities carried out during the 1980s, which examined the common
characteristics of the world’s most important cities.
● These world cities came to be known as global cities.
● Linked with globalization was the idea of spatial reorganization and the hypothesis that cities were
becoming key loci within global networks of production, finance, and telecommunications.
● New York, London, and Tokyo can be identified as global cities, all of which are hubs of global finance and
capitalism.
● This concept of global cities was used to describe these three urban centers of New York, London, and
Tokyo as economic centers that exert control over the world’s political economy.
● World cities are categorized as such based on the global reach of organization found in them.

Indicators of a Global City

Seats of Economic Power
Centers of Authority
Centers of Political Influence
Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
Economic Opportunities
Economic Competitiveness
 Cities as Engines of Globalization
● Cities are the engines of globalization.
● They are social magnets, growing faster and faster. In the current generation, urban life has become the
dominant form of human life throughout the world.
Demography: Meaning and Its Origin
● The term demography was derived from the Greek words demos for “population” and graphia for
“description” or “writing,” thus the phrase, “writings about population.”
● It was coined by Achille Guillard, a Belgian statistician, in 1855.
● However, the origins of modern demography can be traced back to the John Graunt’s analysis of ‘Bills of
Mortality’ which was published in 1662.
● By its meaning, as cited by Tulchinsky, demography refers to the study of populations, with reference to
size and density, fertility, mortality, growth, age distribution, migration, and vital statistics and the
interaction of all these with social and economic conditions”.
● As such, demography is based on vital statistics reporting and special surveys of population size and
density; it measures trends over time.

Effect of Demographic Transition

● A remarkable effect of the demographic transition is ‘the enormous gaping life expectancy that emerged
between Japan and the West on the one hand and rest of the world on the other.”

Theory of Demographic Transition

● Demographic transition theory suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable
four- or five-stage model.
● Stage 1 In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance. An
example of this stage is the United States in the 1800s.
● Population growth is typically very slow in stage 1.
● Stage 2 In stage two, that of a developing country, death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food
supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. Afghanistan is currently in this stage.
● Stage 3 In stage three, birth rates fall. Mexico’s population is at this stage. Birth Rates Decrease due to
various fertility factors.
● During stage four, there are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth Rates May drop to well below
replacement level as has happened in countries likeGermany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking
population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. Sweden is considered to currently
be in Stage 4.
● Stage 5 (Debated) Some scholars delineate a separate fifth stage of below-replacement fertility levels.
Others hypothesize a different stage five involving an increase in fertility.

Global Migration: Meaning and Concept

● Globalization has made migration possible and an inevitable fact.
● As definedbyCambridge dictionary, global migration is a situation in which people go to live in foreign
countries, especially to find a job.
● Though it can be often seen as a permanent move rather than a complex series of backward or onward
series, the term migration is often conceptualized as a move from an origin to a destination, or from place
of birth to another destination across administrative borders within a country international borders.

Types of Migration
● Internal migration - This refers to people moving from one area to another within one country
● International migration - This refers to the movement of people who cross the borders of one country to
another.
● First are those who move permanently to another country (immigrants).
● The Second refers to workers who stay in another country for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a year)
● Illegal immigrants comprise the third group, while the fourth migrants whose families have “petitioned”
them to move to the destination country. The fifth group are refugees (also known as asylum-seekers)
those “unable or unwilling to return.
Reasons for Migration
● People decide to migrate because of push and pull factors.
● A push Factor Induces people to move out of their present location, whereas a pull factor induces people
to move into a new location.
● Cultural factor can be especially a compelling push factor, forcing people to emigrate from a country.
Forced international migration has historically occurred for two main cultural reasons: slavery and political
instability.
● Socio-political factors have become a more prominent force to initiate migration activities. Political
instability in some parts of the world is responsible for migration that needs to be addressed by the
scholars of the world.
● Environmental Factor assumes a contributing part in influencing populace movement, especially on local
level. According to IOM (International Organisation Of Migration): “Environmental migrants are persons
or groups of persons who, for compelling reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment
- -Environmental migrants commonly suffer with great risks to remain without legal protection.
● Economic Factors Migration is a process affecting individuals and their families economically. It ensues as
a response to economic development along with social and cultural factors.
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