HEC RAS RS-FOREIGN

1. Gisele ICYIMPAYE
Implementation of hydrological and hydraulic models to forecast river flood risks and proposition
of management measures. Case study of Nyabugogo River basin in Rwanda
https://repository.pauwes-cop.net/bitstream/handle/1/231/MT_Gisele%20Icyimpaye.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y

ICYIMPAYE, G. (2018). Implementation of hydrological and hydraulic models to forecast river

flood risks and proposition of management measures. Case study of Nyabugogo River basin in
Rwanda [Thesis]. In C. ABDELBAKI, Addis Ababa University, A. GEBREYOHANNES, & H. ZianiCherif
(Eds.), Abou Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen.
https://repository.pauwes-cop.net/bitstream/handle/1/231/MT_Gisele%20Icyimpaye.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Icyimpaye, G. (2018). Implementation of hydrological and hydraulic models to forecast river

flood risks and proposition of management measures. Case study of Nyabugogo River basin in
Rwanda (including CLIMATE CHANGE).
https://repository.pauwescop.net/bitstream/handle/1/231/MT_Gisele%20Icyimpaye.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Hydraulic modeling is essential for comprehending flood dynamics,the Hydrologic Engineering Center's
River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) serves as a key instrument for the hydraulic modeling of Rwanda's
Nyabugogo River. The research combines HEC-RAS with HEC-GEORAS, a GIS extension, to handle
geometric data and create inundation maps that display the scope of flooding for different return
periods (10, 30, 50, and 100 years). The application of HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS models aided in predicting
the flood risks of the Nyabugogo river by determining the floodplain area, estimating the water depth,
and highlighting the susceptibility based on various affected land use types for different return periods.
Flooding in the Nyabugogo river was attributed to intense rainfall, varied topography ranging from 1352
to 2888 meters, predominantly clayey soil interspersed with other textures, urban development,
informal housing, and unsuitable agricultural methods.

An analysis of the frequency of daily annual maximum rainfall data was conducted to derive frequency
rainfall depths for various return periods, and subsequently, the HEC-HMS model was employed to
convert these frequency rainfall depths into runoff for determining peak discharges. HEC-RAS along with
HEC-GEORAS was utilized to determine the flood delineation zone and water depth for each occurrence.
The examination of data gathered from the floodplain region and water depth indicated a minor rise in
floodplain area from the lower to higher event models, attributed to the area's elevated topography; the
maximum water depth recorded was 3.2 m during the 100-year return period, and the land use types
deemed most susceptible across all events included annual cropland, open grassland, open shrub land,
settlements, sparse forest, and wetland. Despite the minor increase in floodplain area, protection for the
affected region is necessary; thus, various flood mitigation strategies have been suggested, but their
cost-benefit analysis must be evaluated prior to execution.

The modeling findings showed a consistent increase in flood inundation zones, from 423.35 hectares for
the 10-year return period to 430.60 hectares for the 100-year return period. Importantly, the analysis of
water depth revealed a peak depth of 3.24 meters for the 100-year return period, showing a slight
gradual rise in both the inundated area and water depth as the return periods lengthened. This detailed
method offered essential understanding of the possible flood hazards and spatial features of flooding in
the Nyabugogo River basin (Icyimpaye,2018).

2. Modou Regis Freddy HOUNDEKINDO

Flood risk assessment in the Niger River Basin in support of the conception of a flood risk
management plan: case study of the district of Malanville, Benin
https://repository.pauwes-cop.net/bitstream/handle/1/227/MT_Freddy%20Houndekindo.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y

HOUNDEKINDO, M. R. F. (2018). Flood risk assessment in the Niger River Basin in support of the
conception of a flood risk management plan: case study of the district of Malanville, Benin. In
Pan African University.
https://repository.pauwescop.net/bitstream/handle/1/227/MT_Freddy%20Houndekindo.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y

HEC-RAS on the other hand was also utilized alongside the flood risk assessment study as a one
dimensional hydraulic modeling in Malanville district provided on the basin of the Niger River enabling
the researchers to fully been able to comprehend flood characteristics of the area in question. This
research also proves the significance of HEC-RAS in flood risk management as it highly regards the issues
of flooded areas by transforming data empirically into information. By covering a broad spectrum of
flood characteristics. The model was used to simulate steady flow conditions and determination of the
effective frequency, namely hydrographs of 10, 20, 50, 80, and 100 year return periods. The combination
of HEC-RAS, HEC-GEORAS and ArcGIS made it possible for the researchers to work with spatial data,
cross-sections and flooding areas with ease.

The flood mechanisms in the Malanville district was clarified by the modeling results. The results showed
that the entire district area at various scenarios mean that, between 1 and 7 meters of water level, it will
reach about 47 and 50 percent of the area across the breadth. Most interesting were the results for the
townships of Momkassa and Galiel where it was found that the regions were high and very high risk
zones as per their characteristics. Most crucial information such as the depth of water and the parts that
are submerged was provided by the HEC-RAS simulation modeller.
 Asaad A. M. AL-Hussein 1,2 , Shuhab Khan 3,
3.

Kaouther Ncibi 4,* , Noureddine Hamdi 1 and Younes

Hamed 3
Flood Analysis Using HEC-RAS and HEC-HMS: A Case Study of Khazir River (Middle East—Northern Iraq)

MT_Freddy Houndekindo (1).pdf

Based on the hydrological model HEC-HMS, the analysis of the river's flood hydrograph showed that
torrent flows of up to 29,680-2,229,200 m3 are recorded at flow rates fluctuating between 10.4
and 66.4 m3/s at different return periods. It also appears that 70.60% of the precipitation
received by the study basin infiltrates and only 29.40% runs over land through the valley
networks that descend from higher ground toward the river's channel. This HEC-RAS steady flow
data was used in flood simulations for the winter seasons of 2013 and 2018, which provided an
understanding of flood events concerning this study area regarding flow, depth, and extent. The
findings of the research revealed that areas along the stretch of the Khazir River were different in
flood risk with low-very low (80.31%), medium (16.03%), and high-very high (3.8%)
categorization in terms of flood threat. This variation was due to the topography of the land, the
amount of runoff, and the direction and depth of the stream of the river.

The research proposes regular maintenance of the riverbed through the removal of sediments trans
ported by water from the basin's valleys, along with all shrubs, plants, and weeds that are preval
ent at
the river's base and alongside its banks, to witness the maximum flow of water during the river's
heightened discharge in the
wet periods. Moreover, efforts should be made to construct earth barriers along the riverbanks t
o prevent water
from encroaching on farmland and homes, while also recommending that individuals avoid settli
ng close to the riverbed and cultivate land on elevated areas away from flood risks.

HEC RAS RS-LOCALE

1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
327644536_Hydrological_Modeling_and_Flood_Mapping_at_Quinali_A_Watershed_Albay_Ph
ilippines_Using_HEC-HMS_and_HEC-RAS 2018

It is also clear that, through the Quinali A Watershed analysis where HEC-RAS was used, flood
risk hydraulic modeling and estimation is very much feasible. Concerning other sectors of the
considered state-of-the-art streams such as down-line of the Talisay and Quinali Rivers HEC-RAS
models were developed. For the analysis, the study used HEC-RAS for performing 2D unsteady
 flow analysis with water level and flood inundation of different return period of rainfall of 5
years, 10 years, 25, 50 and 100 years. This watershed-wide integration of HEC-RAS hydrologic
models which were built using HEC-HMS provided for the total assessment of the impact the
watershed has on runoff for rainfall and the models were calibrated with data from Typhoon
Ramil to ensure they are realistic. Conducting the study offered very important information
about flood behavior within Quinali A Watershed.

Five flood inundation maps were generated: depth and extent of flooding; such data are useful
inputs for flood risk management and planning. Flood depth was also observed to differ with
return period of the floods where it ranged from 0.5 m to 1 m for the 5- and 10-year return
periods, between 0.5m and 1.5m for 25-year return period and between 0.5 m and 2 m when
considering the 50-year return period floods. The last event visualised was depicted as the 100-
year return period of flooding depth which was between 1m and 2m. It also help to prove the
present structural flood control measures at work such as the construction of a flood diversion
channel upstream of Oas which greatly reduce the outflow at the Quinali River discharge
although increase the outflow at the Talisay River discharge. The developed hydrographs
generated very useful information on maximum flows and time to maximum for various
hypothetical rainfall events is crucial in the identification of the timing and intensity of the floods
that risks the population, as well as assisting in the formulation of flood warning systems and
response measures.

2. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research-congress-
proceedings/2023/SEE-11.pdf 2023
The River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) introduced by the Hydrologic Engineering Center is one of
the most powerful hydraulic modeling tools concerning the simulation of water surface profiles
and floodplain inundation. With respect to flood risk analysis, HEC-RAS has been used in
different flood research investigations to assess the hydraulic conditions of river channels under
different hydrological states. This review is aimed centered on one particular research work of
flood that utilized the HEC-RAS in a specific type of channel, the Ilugin-Buli channel situated in
Pasig; Philippines with respect to the options afforded the software in characterizing the flooding
behaviour of the channel and the epistemological implication of the research finding. In the
study, 1D and 2D hydraulic models of the Ilugin-Buli channel were developed using HEC-RAS
software. The study was intended to provide expected flood hydrographs at various return
periods, 2, 5, 20, and 25 years. …. the combination of HEC-RAS with hydrologic models that we
built in HEC-HMS proved useful for assessing the response of the watershed to rainfall. The
models were tuned and validated by historical data (Peak Discharge Ondoy) and projected data
and were made to produce akin to real physical conditions as possible. The findings of the study
helped to gain understandings on the flood behaviour of the Ilugin-Buli channel. The hydraulic
modeling provided flood profiles that were used to create flood depth maps showing the area of
flooding for each return period of the river. For instance, the research revealed that flood depths
varied between 0 and 1 meter with areas at channel banks measuring between 0.05 and 1 meter
while other regions measured 0.05 meters or less. Evaluation of flood risks by the 1D model
showed that inundation mostly affected the upstream part of the channel because of its inability
 to convey the flow rates related to the return periods. The 2D model also calculated the flood
depth and velocity making it easier to estimate the depth and velocity of water in the area.

3. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091413

employing HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System) which sought to establish a
flood hazard map for Tarlac River as the main analytical tool : inspired by the rising number of cases of
urban flooding, the rupture of levees because of global warming and climate change, which has lead to
the loss of properties and lives.e. The first aim was to validate the flood model using information from
the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA) and
quantify the river’s sensitivity to intense precipitation.

The approach used in this study was one-dimensional flood modeling accompanied with GIS analysis,
DEMs, and HEC-HMS. Rainfall information was obtained from Agno River Basin Flood Forecasting and
Warning Center (ARBFFWC) and DEM data from UP DREAM/PHIL-LiDAR 1 Program. The Tarlac River
watershed delineated for the contribution of water being approximately 855.80 square kilometers.

The researcher then optimized HEC-HMS by using the rainfall and flow depth data obtained from the
Lando instrumented storm in October 2015. This calibration was paramount to making a final
hydrograph that would closely approximate real water conditions. These calibrated discharges were then
used in HEC-RAS to model water surface elevations under different extreme rainfall scenarios, namely, 2,
5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-year return periods.Hydrologic results presented showed that the maximum water
level at Agana Bridge was expected to rise to 44.53 meters at the end of 2-year extreme rainfall. This
implied that there was minimal possibility of over topping under existing conditions, though the authors
accepted that other possibilities existed especially owing to possible base flow before heavy rainfall
floods. Thus, the study pointed out a need for other studies with the premise that the base flows at the
beginning could be interacting with these high rainfall intensity events.LOCAL

1. NOT INCLUDED

HEC RAS was used for the analysis of the hydraulic response of the Sawaga River for different
flood return periods of 5, 25, and 100-year return period scenarios. The model was
supplemented with high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from LiDAR data
which made it possible to obtain the required topographical information for the flooding
simulation. The study concentrated on the appraisal of the regions that are likely to be
inundated and their impacts on the built environment and farming practices in the floodplain.

The model was employed in predicting the extent of flooding and the flood depth which
assisted the researchers in identifying the vulnerable barangays as well as the structural
attributes that are likely to be submerged. The storm inundation model was the critical step in
the development of flood hazard maps showing what regions are likely to be flooded in
different scenarios. The information was very important for local authorities in planning and
controlling disasters.
 Results indicated that out of 37 surveyed locations that were flooded, the model was able to
classify 22 as flooded giving a percentage of accuracy of about 59.46%. In addition, 101 out of
114 dry points were also correctly classified by the model, hence a good true negative rate.
However, there were instances of false alarms where 13 dry locations were predicted to be
moist and 15 moist regions were predicted to dry.

The accuracy of the HEC RAS flood hazard mapping was deemed suitable as it provided vital
details about the flood risk faced by residential houses and irrigation schemes. The study
highlighted that residential units sustained the highest losses from flooding, constituting 94%
of the overall affected building characteristics during all the return periods. Also, the model
indicated that rice growing was critically vulnerable because of the degree of flood risk of the
considerable portions of the rice area.

2. NOT INCLUDED
Flood-Prone Area Assessment Using GIS-Based
Multi-Criteria Analysis: A Case Study in Davao
Oriental, Philippines
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/11/2203
Jonathan Salar Cabrera 1,2 and Han Soo Lee 2
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7749-0317

HEC RAS was employed to assess flood-prone areas in Davao Oriental by simulating flood
scenarios based on various hydrological inputs. The model was integrated with Geographic
Information System (GIS) tools to analyze multiple factors influencing flood risk, including
rainfall, slope, elevation, drainage density, soil type, and distance to the main channel. The
study aimed to create a comprehensive flood hazard map that would inform local authorities
and stakeholders about areas at risk of flooding.
The results indicated that HEC RAS effectively simulated flood extents, providing accurate
representations of inundated areas. The model's predictions were validated against ground
truthing data collected from field surveys, which confirmed the accuracy of the flood hazard
maps generated.
The study reported that HEC RAS successfully identified high-risk areas, with approximately
22.15% of Davao Oriental classified as high flood hazard zones. The model's ability to predict
flood-prone areas was instrumental in highlighting the vulnerability of residential structures
and agricultural lands, which were significantly affected by flooding. The findings emphasized
the importance of HEC RAS in flood risk assessment, as it provided critical information for
disaster preparedness and response planning.
 and agricultural lands, which were significantly affected by flooding. The findings emphasized
the importance of HEC RAS in flood risk assessment, as it provided critical information for
disaster preparedness and response planning.

3. Development of a HEC RAS Model for Near-Real Time Flood Extent Monitoring in Marikina
River, Philippines
Jojene R. Santillan, Enrico C. Paringit, Roseanne V. Ramos 2012

HEC RAS was utilized in the creation of an almost real-time monitoring system for Marikina River
flooding. For this purpose, the model was designed in such a way that it could be fed with real-
time data from an EFCOS monitoring station scattered along the river. This merger enabled the
model to estimate probable water profiles as well as subsequent flooding levels that hat had
already occurred in the basin providing vital information for intervening and controlling flooding.

Three main activities completed the development process: flood model initialization, flood-
prone area automation, and online display of the flood depth maps. These high-resolution digital
elevation models (DEMs) and bathymetric data were applied in manipulating the river geometry
in the HEC RAS model. Automation scripts were written to allow for the continuous updating of
HEC RAS with current water levels so that the model would be able to continually run
independently and produce flood extent maps every 10 minutes.

The study was designed to apply a number of statistical models to measure the efficiency of HEC
RAS in this study, these included the Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient of Model Efficiency (E), mean
error, and root mean square error ratio method. The simulation of water levels indicated by the
model was satisfactory as shown by the Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient of 0.88. The average error was
reported at –16 cm.
.

FLOOD MAP RS-FOREIGN

1. DYNAMIC FLOOD MAPPING USING HYDROLOGICAL MODELING AND MACHINE

LEARNING by Morteza Esfandiari
https://unbscholar.dspace.lib.unb.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/898ed79a-ab2b-426f-
9587-9225698351c3/content
Flood mapping is one of the important elements in hydrological research, especially given the
increasing flood threats linked with climate change and urban development.In the study done in
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, the authors looked at how to integrate machine learning
methods, especially the Random Forest (R.F.) algorithm, into the conventional hydrological
models in order to create flood maps. In a study, it is endeavored to identify some important
conditioning factors that cause flooding by considering altitude, slope, orientation, distance
from the river, and land use/cover. The research utilized data from the 2018 flooding event in
Fredericton, where the flood map was generated based on various combinations of these
conditioning factors. The research results demonstrated that the highest accuracy of flood
mapping was achieved with just five conditioning factors, thereby leading to a total accuracy of
97.57% and a Kappa coefficient of 95.14%.

Thus, it indicates that with a more efficient approach concentrating on the most significant
elements, the reliability of the flood maps can be increased to a large extent. The research
stressed that utilization of machine learning can enable real-time evaluation of flooded regions
based on the level of river water that flows into it and therefore enables accuracy in flood
forecasting while avoiding the necessity for fully ground truth information. It also proposed an
interesting concept, namely, the use of Pseudo Supervised Random Forest (PS-RF), in which it
utilized HAND model-generated forecast as pseudo labels in order to train the classifier based
on R.F.

This approach facilitated the preparation of flood maps with higher accuracy compared to
traditional approaches. In the case of the 2014 Fredericton flood event, the PS-RF model
achieved a cumulative accuracy of 94.23%, while the HAND model had a cumulative accuracy of
only 88.86%. Such improvements were also observed in several cases of flood events, making
the proposed flood mapping approach viable.

2. FLOOD RISK MAP FOR KUMASI

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358282774_FLOOD_RISK_MAP_FOR_KUMASI

Five distinct risk zones—very high, high, moderate, low, and very low—are shown on the flood
hazard map generated in the study for the region of Kumasi. Such classification is important for
urban managers and disaster management authorities because it tells at one glance which areas
are most at risk and in most need of flood mitigation. The hydrological parameters which were
derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for preparing the flood-risk map included
elevation, slope, proximity to river channels, and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). The flood
map was then generated using a weighted overlay analysis in the software Quantum GIS (QGIS)
 where each of the hydrological factors was first reclassified with equal weights in order to
understand their combined implications in calculating the flood risks.

Approximately 30% of the total area of Kumasi falls under very high and high-risk zones, which
means flooding vulnerability potential. It is assumed that the southern and northeastern parts of
the city will be the most vulnerable because of their relatively low elevation and proximity to
river channels. This study also brings many considerations for all people living and staying in
those id high risks and therefore become a threat to lives and belongings during floods.

The study depicts that Kumasi experiences rains and floods, which is vividly pictured in the
beautiful months of May, June, July, September, and October, marked with peak rainfall volumes.
The flood simulation exercise results indicate how depths of water can flood such areas, which is
important information in preparing for and managing floods (Nkrumah, 2019).

3. https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/ab37162a-ae2f-40a4-80da-df5bbac53746/
content
Flood mapping is one of the most important components of hydrological studies, especially in a
flood-prone region, such as the Ketar Watershed in Ziway-Dugda Woreda, Ethiopia. The study
involves developing a flood risk map and analyzing the hydrological responses of the watershed
based on the application of the Hydrologic Modeling System developed by the Hydrologic
Engineering Center (HEC-HMS) and HEC-RAS for hydraulic modeling. In order to model rainfall-
runoff processes and generate peak discharge values for return periods (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and
100), the study used HEC-HMS. As input to HEC-RAS, these peak discharges were used to identify
the flood-inundated areas and water surface profile.
Creating TIN was one of the processes involved in flood mapping. TIN is short for Triangular
Irregular Network, which was created from water surface elevations generated from HEC-RAS.
An HEC-GeoRAS tool of GIS was also used to integrate the water surface TIN into terrain data so
that floodplain boundaries and inundation depths could be demarcated. This study presents
flood maps that provide significant information regarding the extent of flooding and the areas it
would cover during the different flood events.
From this study, it was interpreted that the area inundated by floods induced by a 2-year return
event was about 2.86 km² and that the peak flow was estimated at 198.5 m³/s. In comparison,
the inundation area for a 100-year return was about 3.01 km², with a peak flow of 283.5 m³/s.
The resulting flood maps produced from this study indicated that the maximum inundation
depth for the 100-year return period would be as low as 0.00024 m and as deep as 21.79 m in
certain areas (Abu, 2020).
 FLOOD MAP RS-LOCALE

1. https://geomatejournal.com/geomate/article/view/488/1476

Flood mapping studies are essential in examining the effects and understanding the
amelioration of flooding in a country such as the Philippines, which is frequently stricken
by hazards linked to nature. This advanced feature of Geographic Information System
(GIS) technology, particularly QGIS, has been successfully used to extrapolate flood
inundation maps concerning probable inundation under the A1B1 climate change model
for in-depth scenario analysis for the years 2020 and 2050. Results revealed that by
2050, the Agno River Basin would have a risk of inundating built-up areas by 34.17%,
compared to 29.28% in 2020, thus testifying to the vulnerability of climate change. On
the other hand, the Cagayan River Basin reflected a risk decrease from 12.84% in 2020
to 8.99% in 2050, indicating some level of success about the flood management strategy.
The Mindanao River Basin showed a decrease in risk of built areas with an inundation
risk of 2.84% by 2050, while the Buayan-Malungon River Basin showed a stable
condition with very low risks.

The source of the compiled data from those assessments among others was the total
inundated areas, lengths of roads and bridges likely to be submerged, and municipalities
affected, all of which are significant in highlighting risks and eventually identifying high-
risk zones. The study showed, for example, that 40 out of 72 municipalities in the Agno
River Basin are exposed to flooding risk, while 81 out of 122 municipalities in the
Cagayan River Basin are potentially flooded. It also highlighted the need for
infrastructure maintenance and improvement of construction standards to enhance
resilience. Some of the recommendations made were as follows: construction of
gabions, river groynes, and small water impounding systems (SWIS) with specific lengths
and locations for implementation such as the proposed 4,400 cubic meters of gabions in
the Agno River Basin and 21.34 km, among others (Alfonso 2019).

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316768172_PUBLIC-
ACCESS_FLOOD_HAZARD_MAPPING_THE_CASE_OF_BRGY_PANSOL_CALAMBA_CITY_PH
ILIPPINES

The authors of flood mapping further deployed it for the hazardous evaluation of floods in Brgy.
Pansol, Calamba City in their research. With the coordinates defined, a variety of spatial data has
been integrated to produce a flood hazard a combination of elevation, land use, proximity to
lakes, and proximity to streams. The data were processed using GIS tools after inputting the
corresponding weights derived through the Analytic Hierarchy Process to the different factors
that cause flooding.

A total of 102 Points of Interest were created, which resulted from surveying with a calibrated
GPS unit, and were uploaded to the Open Street Map (OSM) for public access. These points
represent damage-critical locations that are likely going to be affected by flooding. Apart from
the POIs, the researchers collected spatial data on elevation that could also prove useful in
assessing the vulnerability of areas to flooding, since generally, lower elevations are more flood-
prone. The categorization of land utilization into forest, non-forest, agricultural, and built-up
areas was elucidated in terms of flooding contributions of each land type. Proximity to water
bodies was also used to assess the closeness of areas to potential flood sources.

Flood hazard mapping has generally brought big revelations in the vulnerability of Brgy. Pansol
to flooding. Out of the total area covered by law, about 59.07% (228.2 hectares) are highly flood-
prone. This points to very imminent intervention and disaster preparedness at these places. A
further 10.30% (39.79 hectares) of this area was found to have a moderate risk of flooding, while
23% (88.5 hectares) were categorized as having a low risk. The remaining 7.63% (29.49
hectares) were declared not prone to flooding at all. Obviously indicated in the study are poor
drainage systems, low elevation, and proximity to water to are the major causes of flooding in
Pansol. Thus, interviews have shown that local infrastructure and land use changes with
agricultural lands turned into built-up areas increase flooding risk within the community.

3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
355887951_HYDROLOGIC_AND_HYDRAULIC_MODELING_OF_PANAY_RIVER_UNDER_TROPICAL_
STORM_BOLAVEN_2018_RAINFALL_EVENT_FOR_FLOOD_MAPPING_OF_PONTEVEDRA_CAPIZ_P
HILIPPINES

The process of Flood Mapping of Pontevedra, Capiz, Philippines includes various components,
the first part was the collection of primary topographical data such as land cover maps, soil
maps, and rainfall data sets at different sources such as UP DREAM, DOST-ASTI among others.
After that, flood HEC-HMS developed hydrologic model specifically for the Panay River Basin,
consisting of 73 sub-basins and 50 reaches, calibrated using discharge data from Tropical Storm
 Kaitak (Urduja) in 2017; simulating the hydraulic response of the river system to the inflow
discharge using Nays2DFlood solver given the condition of inflow as a peak discharge at Panitan
Bridge of 1,700 m³/s. This led to validate the simulated flood extent against situational reports
from the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (PDRRMO) of Capiz.
According to the results of the study, Tropical Storm Bolaven inundated no part of the town of
Pontevedra.

The highest values of floods were recorded at the site closest to the Panay River and intensified
floods occurred on flat ground near the coast. The study produced a flood map of floods of
barangays affected by flooding in Pontevedra that can be presented to show the degree and area
of floods. It is a significant reference in the planning and execution of local government unit
measures to avoid future floods. The outcomes of the flood mapping exercise suggested that the
results were setting for further exploration of measures in the management of floods using river
flood walls and upland detention reservoirs in order to manage flood conditions in the region in
the future (Villalba et al., 2021).

GIS LOCAL

1. https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42004236 2019

GIS was utilized to map and analyze the social vulnerability of barangays (neighborhoods) in
Tacloban City, Philippines, before and after Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. The study employed GIS
to create vulnerability maps that illustrate the spatial dynamics of vulnerability across 138
barangays, utilizing census data from 2010 and 2015.

GIS was utilized to map and analyze the social vulnerability of barangays (neighborhoods) in
Tacloban City, Philippines, before and after Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. The study employed GIS
to create vulnerability maps that illustrate the spatial dynamics of vulnerability across 138
barangays, utilizing census data from 2010 and 2015.
The methodology involved a four-step process that included data collection, processing,
calculation of vulnerability scores, and mapping the results using GIS tools. Data were
extracted from the PSA census databases for the years 2010 and 2015. It considered
important indicators that reflected exposure, such as elevation, distance from the coast, and
materials used in housing; sensitivity, such as population at risk, percentage of children, and
elderly; and adaptive capacity, including education levels and whether they owned housing.
The data collected were put into a comparable form across the different indicators used.
This was done in transmuting the raw data to proportion of the total population of the 25
barangays.
According to the findings, the vulnerability levels have reduced over the years with most of
the barangays in Tacloban City from 2010 to 2015. For the first time, the barangays were
reduced, and the three most vulnerable in 2010 (Barangays 88, 89, and 90) reduced their
vulnerability by 45 percent in 2015 with the help of resilience strategies and recovery
programs implemented after Typhoon Haiyan. Both maps illustrated that from one year to
another, some barangays remained the highest vulnerability areas, and others increased
significantly. The findings established that the resilience measures initiated by the
government, like changes in housing materials, increased and better early warning systems
for households, and educational programs by the community towards danger from
disasters, resulted in an increased reduction in those affected barangays' vulnerabilities.

2. Flood Susceptibility Mapping in the

Municipality of Bayombong, Province of Nueva
Vizcaya, Philippines
The local government unit in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines employed GIS-aided
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in generating a flooding susceptibility map. The research
aimed to determine and classify regions based on susceptibility levels for the selected flood-
influencing criteria. The methodology included GIS processing and analyzing spatial data
comprising precipitation data from the NVSU PAG-ASA Agromet Station covering 2015-2017,
a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the USGS EarthExplorer using elevation and distance
from river maps, a slope map generated by the Provincial Planning Development Office, and
a land cover classification map for the year 2020. This also incorporates the administrative
boundary to delineate the area of study. Using the GIS software ArcGIS version 10.5, the
thematic maps were created per criteria and subsequently reclassified into 5 susceptibility
levels: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high.

The results of the study showed that most of Bayombong municipality is significantly
susceptible to flooding. An analysis of the area covered for each level of susceptibility to
flood is shown: 784.72 hectares with very low susceptibility, 3,359.82 hectares with low
susceptibility, 5,394.62 hectares with moderate susceptibility, 5,655.40 hectares with high
susceptibility, and 768.31 hectares with very high susceptibility. The study found out that
the very high susceptibility to flood is usually located near rivers with elevation 0-500
meters above datum and slope of less than 3 degrees. However, in contrast to the barangay
 Buenavista, it had the highest average total annual rainfall and was evaluated as having a
very low susceptibility to flood due to its high elevation and steep slopes.
The study supports its findings through the collection of quantitative data: precipitation data
classified into different susceptibility levels, elevation data with specific hectares assigned to
each susceptibility level, distance from river data classified depending on proximity to rivers,
slope data with susceptibility levels and their corresponding areas, and land cover data
classifying land cover types with their corresponding area measurements. The validation of
flood susceptibility mapping was done using geotagged GPS-based field observation surveys
which confirmed the mapping and recognized flood-prone areas are correct.

3..
Analyzing Flood Risks in Metro Manila Barangays with GIS GIS is the application of flood risk
assessment down to the barangay level, which is the smallest political unit in the Philippines.
Scenarios were developed that capitalized on a multi-criteria approach through which various
factors all contribute to flood vulnerability: population density, vulnerable populations, types of
structural materials and flood depths at historical records. Projected population densities were
carried out for 2010, 2020 and 2030; all these are to show an increasing number of people who
live in areas at risk of flood inundation. Attention to demographics becomes more focused on
women, children, and elderly groups, which are the most vulnerable to typhoon flooding
impacts. The quality of materials used in the construction of buildings in barangays was also
assessed since weaker materials increase the vulnerability to damage during floods. Historical
flood depth records were imported into the GIS for evaluating the impact and possible effects of
subsequent flooding events.
The study presented several very interesting findings on the flood risk scenario in Metro Manila.
Risk grades were assigned to barangays, divided into the following risk levels: In 2010, there
were over 746 barangays that had been classified as HIGH risk; 214 had been classified under
VERY HIGH risk. As of the year 2020, these figures increased to 757 and 256, respectively-an
indicator of an increase in prone-to-flood areas. The analysis of which is likely to portray that in
the year 2030, barangays of about 729 would be seen prone to HIGH risk, whereas 301 will
become identified as being at VERY HIGH risk. It has been capturing the trend of increasing
threats and risks posed by flooding emanating from urbanization and population growth. This
study has also identified on the specific high and very high-risk barangays in the years 2020 and
2030, respectively. For instance, barangays, such as Tondo and Sta Cruz, in the City of Manila,
were highlighted to be of high susceptibility due to the geographic location with respect to the
Pasig River and the construction of weaker structural materials .

GIS FOREIGN
## Literature Review of the Paper
1. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=131418
Adil, Akallouch., Ayoub, Al, Mashoudi., Mouloud, Ziani., Rachid, Elhani. (2024). GIS
Application in Urban Flood Risk Analysis: Midar as a Case Study. Open Journal of Ecology,
14(02):148-164. doi: 10.4236/oje.2024.142009

-Floods in Morocco in 2008 resulted in losses of more than 22 million, thus emphasizing the necessity for
well-articulated flood risk management strategies.

However, there are only nine urban flooding studies, making it limited for understanding the entire
phenomenon in Morocco. This is due to the lack of well-established extensive climate event data, which
is primarily uncollected from many parts of North Africa, even to the subcategories of rainfall and runoff
data.

For the purpose of improved mapping and risk assessment during flooding, the research integrates
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as its methodology. GIS is seen as an important method of making
an integrated area between spatial data and analytical tools to assess parameters like elevation of the
land and distance to water bodies, which are useful in defining flood-prone areas. The results have
highlighted the areas around Kart Valley to experience more flooding while calling for a pro-active flood
risk management plan (Akallouch et al., 2024).

2. Azhr, Bety., Omar, Abdullah, Ismaeel., Azad, Sangawi. (2024). GIS Application for Creating
Potential Flood Map Using AHP: A Case Study in Chaq-Chaq Valley, Sulaymaniyah City,
Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Iraqi geological journal, 57(2C):254-263
https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.2C.17ms-2024-9-25

The study of flood risk mapping inside Chaq-Chaq Valley heavily relied on Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) that have made data integration, spatial analysis, and
visualization possible. GIS was utilized in this work to generate various thematic maps
required for the flood risk assessment; these included the topographic wetness index
(TWI), elevation, slope, precipitation, land use–land cover (LULC), normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI), distance from the river, distance from road, and drainage
density. This allows for a complete integration of comprehensive analysis on factors
associated with flood risk. GIS helps spatially analyze all lit areas of flooding resulting
from such relationships among several factors while informing how such elements come
to lie in the fold of flood hazard for the region.
 In addition, the flood hazard classification of the Chaq-Chaq sub-basin can be digitally
mapped by using GIS technology. Such visualization is important for communicating
research findings to stakeholders and decision-makers in particular regarding
highlighting areas that may be found to be more susceptible to flooding.About 50% of
the basin area is disclosed under high and very high classes of flood risk, and about 27%
constitutes medium-risk areas. The areas of low and very low risks amount to about 22%
of the total area. This distributes flood risks greatly across a significant portion of
Sulaymaniyah, including tourist areas and economic facilities. Hence, GIS is very
essential for this study, in a clear-cut classification for clearly flood risk in Chaq-Chaq
Valley and the great urgency on the need for flood management strategies in the region.
(Bety, 2024).

3. Ibrahim, Olatunji, Raufu., Ibrahim, Mukai̇la., Kafayat, Olani̇yan., Zachariah, Awodele.

(2023). Application of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) in
Flood Vulnerability Mapping: A Scenario of Akure South, Nigeria. International journal of
environment and geoinformatics, 10(1):90-99. doi: 10.30897/ijegeo.1073697

GIS, or Geographic Information System, is one of the necessary technologies applied to

get the map of the vulnerability of floods in Akure South, Nigeria. It enables the data to
be gathered, synthesized, and mapped so that patterns and interactions between
features in space can be studied. GIS was employed to integrate various types of data,
including satellite imagery, DEM, rainfall data, and data on the type of soil. This
integration is essential for building up necessary concepts on what comprises flood
vulnerability in the area.

The study utilized GIS techniques to produce a flood vulnerability map, which classified
the areas into four vulnerability zones: The levels of satisfaction identified include high,
very high, moderate and low. GIS was applied on top of other attributes which included
but not limited to land use, slope, elevation, and density of drainage to identify areas
where there is high susceptibility to floods. Furthermore, AHP was conducted within a
GIS environment where weights of flood vulnerability factors were determined. This
made it easy to make a structured decision because each factor was compared with
another to establish an order of their influence on the level of flood risk.

The result of the study showed that a very high vulnerability zone was 13.9% of the
entire area under investigation for the study, while the high vulnerability zone was
25.5%. Moderate vulnerability zone contributed 36.8%, while low vulnerability zone
contributed 23.8% of the area. In an effort to confirm the flood vulnerability map
developed by the researchers, the researchers superimposed it on the historic flood
data. Further, the analysis revealed that past flooded areas were within the regions of
very high vulnerability, which implies that the map can help with flood risk management
effectively. (Raufu et al., 2023).