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mg

STUDY MATERIAL
for

PHYSICS -IX
'Work, Energy &Power'
ACopyright Publication of -

'Sanjay Saraswat's Academy'

Name: Riadkina ^hema.

Class:..VA.... School:

Session 2023 - 24

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Work doie by a Constant Force
INTRODUCTION " Let a Constant force 'F act on an object
and the
"All living beings object be displaced
pertormn several necd food for getling energy and to
basic activities (life through a distance 's
Survive. Activities like playing, processes) to in the direction of the
WTiting, thinking, jumping, cycling andsinging, reading. force. The work done
more energy. running require W' be equal to the
product of force and Work doA by a force whert the body rnaves
in the direction of the force.

WORK displacement.
Work done = force xdisplacement in the direction
" There is a ditference in the vay we use of force)
the term
Work' in dav to dav life and the way we W=FxS
use it in
Science. Thus,work can be defined aswork done by aforce
on an object is the produet of the magnitude of the
"Therefore, work is said to be the mental and physical
activity involving aforce and movement in direction of force ad the distance moved in the direction of
the force and an equal amount of energy is force'"
used up
when work is being done.
" After spending lots of time in studies, reading books, " In the above equation! if F= IN and s= Im, then the
drawing diagrams, attending classes, performing work done by the force will be INm,
experiments, pushing a huge rock; you may get The SI unit of work is Newton- metre (Nm) or
Completely exhausted, but you have not done any work Joule (J)
as there is no displacement. " Thus, l1 Joule is the amount of work done on an
object when a force of 1N displaces it by lm along
Scientific Coneption of Work the line of action of the force.)
1 Joule =1 newton xl metre

From the point of view of Science, following two " Work is a scalar quantity; it has only magnitude and
no direction.
conditions need to be satisfied for work to be done
)A force should act on an object Positive, Negative and Zero Wotk
oWhen the force F and displacement are in the same
() The object must be displaced.
direction, work done will be positive, i.e., work is
If any one of the above conditions does not exist, work
is not done. done by the force)
Eg: A girl pulls a trolley and the trolley moves through Eg:Aboy pulls an object towards himself.
adistance. In this way, she has exerted a force on the W=F.g
trolley and it is displaced. Hence, work is done. " When the force F and displacement are in
opposite direction (angle between direction
of force and displacement is 180°), work

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Nisapplied on a body through
0.3 A force of 80
cdone willbe nëgative. ie. york is
donë against the horizontal and displaces it
of60° with the (cos 60
ForEg:e 7malong horizontal:
What is the work done?
Force of friction acts in the direction =|/2)
the direction of opposite t0 through
displacement.
friction will be negative.
so work done by
Q.4 An object of mass 4 kg is lifted vertically
done?
What is the work
adistance of 2.5 m.
W=-F.s
When the force and an object. The object
displacement are in 0.5 A force of 10 N is acting ondirection of force.
the
perpendicular direction, work done is zer is displaced through 5 m inthis case?
Eg: Acoolie carrying load on his head, in this What isthe work done in
case,
force is acting vertically downward (weight of 5m
load)
and displacement is along horizontal direction i.e., |Initial position Final position
force and displacement are perpendicular to cach 10 N
ether.
20 m
W=0 Q.6 A child pulls a toy car through a distance of
horizontal floor. The string held in
on smooth and
child's hands makes an angle of 60 with horizontal
Work done bù aforce at'an angle surface. If the force applied by the child be 10 N,
With thedirectionNot calculate the work done by the child in pulling the car.
displacement o D i r e c toi o
ffn
o r c e

(When force Fon an object acts

in such a direction that it makes
1 0
N

an angle 0 with the direction of

displacement s then the work is Displacerment
done by the force.) 20 m
Direction of moton

W= Fscos0
ENERGY
Numerical forpractice
Must know before numerical Energy is the ability to do work
"It is always essential for performing any mechanical
1)W =Fs 2.)W =Fscos
work"(An object having acapability to do work is
3.)W-=mgh 4.)F = mg said to possess energy. The object which does work
loses energy and the object on which work is done,
Q.1 Calculate the work done in pushing a car through gains energy)
a distance of 60 m against the force of friction which "An object having energy can exert a force on
is 125 N.
0.2 Calculate the work done in lifting 150 kg of water
another object. When it happens, energy is transferred
from the former object to the latter object. The energy
through a vertical height of 8m. Assume g= 10 m/s². of an object is measured in terms of its capacity of
doing work.
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Hith Fon, Righu Throngh!
increase with ts speet
Kiefic eriergy of an ajet
pste ) buies fired fron a
1 Bue to kirete energy. a
Joute sf energy is requiredfo do 1 jole of wr gin can rerce a targt
drives a na1l into the
A P9sing hanner
Work done
energy mpainst
aforce is therefore stored a ood.
energy or ability to
Drie tey its mofint, it has kifietic
hen a fast nhoving ctiket ball is hits do work.
EiRinry icket, the wcket i thrown awy.
Whett aaised haniner Ialk on arail Calcultkon of Kinetie Enerisy5rraro
Deoe ofwood. indrivesthe nail into the placed en " The kinetic encrgyof an object is
mesured by the
The Sun is the bigrest natural source of
wood
encrgy to anount of work it can do before coming to rest.
US, Wecan also ret enerey from the
nuclei of atoms. "Consider an objevt of mass 'm' moving with a
the interior of the Earth and
the tides. uniform velocity 'u'.Aforce 'F isapplied on which
BNHIANCERSTanc Peco Joule displaces it through a distance 's and it attains a
as velocity 'v'.
Outstanding British physicist. Heisbest
khowi his Then, work done to increase its velocity from 'u' to
rescarch in clectricity and
hermodvnamtes, He also Verificd experimentally
tne faw of conservation of energy and discovered WFs ........ (1)
the value of the mcchanical equivalentof heat At rest
m
The unit of energy and workis Joule, and named
after him,
According to the equation of motion,
Forms of Energy -u =2 as
therefore,
" Energy exists in various forms like mechanical 2a
energy potential energy+ kinetic energy), heat
where 'a' isuniform acceleration.
energy, chemical energy, electrical energy and light
Also, from F ma,
energy.
substituting the values of F and s' in
KINETIC ENERGY equation (),
W=ma.v- u or
. tis the energy which is possessed by an object due
2a
to its motion. In other words, "Energy due to the
motlon of uhody is eulled kinetic euergy" W=1m (v' -u')
2
Kinetic energy of a body moving with a certain
velocity is equal to the work done on it to make it This is known as work- energy relation.
ucquire that velocity. If initial velocity, u 0, Then. W= 1 mv

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lt is clear that the
in the work dane is equal to the Examples ofpotential energy
kinetic chang
Thus, kinetic energy
energy
of
an objcct. > Water stored in dam has potential encrgy
m' moving with a possessed by an object of mass duc to its position at the height.
KE (or E) =1 mvuniform velocity 'v' is >A stone lying on the roof of the building
has potential energy due to its height.
2
> A wound spring of a watch has potential
Some important results can be
formula KE =1mv derived from the energy due to its shape.
2
These are given below- .or 2 Potential:Energyofaöbjecrätaheizht
()If the mass of an object ismarker " When an object is raised through a certain height
energy also gets doubled. doubled, its kinetic above the ground, its energy increases. This is
(ii)If the mass of an object is because work is done on it against gravity while it is
also gets halved. halved, its kinetic energy being raised. The energy present in such an objcct is
the gravitational potential energy.
Pi)If the speed of an object is
energy becomes four times. doubled, its kinetic "The'gravitational potential energy of an object at a
point above the ground is defined as the work done
v)If the speed of an object is
halved, its kinetic in raising it from the ground to that point
against
energy becomes one- fourth.
gravity.
(V) Heavy objects moving with high
speed have
kinetic energy than small objects moving withmore
less Expression for potential energy
energy. "Consider a body of mass 'nm', lying at a point A
on the Earth's surface. Here, its potential energy is
POTENTIAL ENERGY zero and its

weight 'mg' acts

The energy possessed by a body due to its change in vertically
positton or shape is called potential energy" downwards. " To
" The potential energy possessed by a body is the lift the object to
energy possessed by it by virtue of its position or another position
configuration. at a height h', mnonmnm Ground
Eg: A stretched rubber band, spring, string on the bow we have to apply mg

etc. a minimum force which is equal to 'mg in the

So, a body mass possesses energy even when it is not upward direction. So, work is done on the body
in motion. against the force of gravity.
Therefore,
Work done = force x
W= F x S
displacement

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But, F mg
S=h,
(weight of the body) (i) The wound spring in the toy car possesses
Therefore,
1.e.,
W=mg xh=
mgh
potential energy. As the spring, is released, its
potential energy changes into kinetic energy due to
PE = mgh
This work done is cqual to the which, toy car moves.
body. This is the potential energygain in energy of the
(PE) of the body.
(iv)In a stretched bow, potential energy is stored. As it
is released, the potential energý ßf the stretched bow
Therefore,
" The
PE= Ep= mgh gets converted into the kinetic energy. of arrow which
potential energy of an
depends on the ground level or object
at a height moves in the forward direction with large velocity.
the zero level. An *Some energy transformations
object in a given position can have a
certain potential
energy with respect to one level and a different
Instrument Transformation
value Electric Motor Electrical energy into
of potential energy with respect to
he work done by gravity
another level. mechanical energy.
difference in
depends on the Electric Mechanical energy into
Generator electrical energy
vertical heights of
the initial and Path 1
Steam Engine Heat energy into kinetic
Path 2
final positions of energy
the objects and Electric bulb Electrical energy into
not on the path light energy
along which the object is moved) Dry cell Chemical energy into
electrical energy
Fransformation'bf-Eñergyy
(One form of energy can be converted into other Solar Cell Light energy into
forms of energy, this phenomenon is called electrical energy
transformation of energy. When an object is dropped Atomic bomb Atomic energy into heat
from the height its potential energy continuously and light energy.
converts into kinetic energy. When an object is
thrown upwards, its kinetic energy continuously * LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
converts into potential energy.) ENERGY
3,4,6 MarRs
For example: According to law of conservation of energy, "energy
() Green plants prepare their own food (stored in the can only be transformed from one form to another:
form of chemical energy) using solar energy through it can neither be created nor destroyed".
the process of photosynthesis. " The total energy before and after transformation,
always remains constant.
(ii) When we throw a ball, the muscular energy which
kinetic
is stored in our body, gets converted into
energy of the ball.,

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AConservatiorr öfEnergy. DuYíng theifree fall ofabody
"Consider a body of mass 'm',
Thus, the sum of the potential
energy and kinetic
energy of the object would be the same
at all points.
is made to fall freely lying at position B. it
from a height h' above the iie.,
ground, as shown in figure: PE + KE= constant
At point B,
At the start, the or, mgh +1 mv= Constant/
potential energy
mgh and kinetic energy is zero (as
is 2
its This verifies the law of conservation of energy.
velocity is zero). The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of
PE=mgh (ni ma un object is known as mechanicalenergy
KE =0 rat) (u-o)
Therefore, total energy = PE + KE Numericalt for practice
= mgh
iMust know befoe numerical
At point A,
As it falls, its potential energy will change into 1.)KE =A my 2.)Momentum (p) =mx v
kinetic
energy. If 'v' is the velocity of the object at a given
instant, its kinetic energy would be 1 mv 3.)PE =ngh 4.)W =mgh

2 5.)Total energy = PE + KE
PE = mg (h-x)
Q1A bullet of mass 8gis fired witha velocity of 80
m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy.
KE = lmy' 0.2 Calculate the kinetic energy of a ball of mass 20g
2
and momnentum 200 g- cm/s.
=l mx2gr= mgr (Since, v' =2 gx) Q.3 Suppose you have a body of mass 1 kg in your
2 hand. to what height will you raise it so that it may
Therefore, mg (h-x) + mgx = mgh acquire a gravitational potential energy of 1J? (Take
Total energy = mgh g=10 m/s')
At point C, Q.4 Aboy weighing 40 kg climbs up a vertical height
As the fall of the object continues, the potential of 200 m. calculate the amount of work done by him.
energy would decrease while the kinetic energy would how much potential energy does he gain? (Také g =
increase. When the object is about to reach the 9.8 m/s')
ground, h'=0and 'v' will be the highest. Q.5 Suppose two bodies A and B having equal masses
PE =0 are kept at heights of 'h' and 3h' respectively, Find
KE =1my = 1m (2gh)= mgh the ratio of their potential energies.
2 2 Q.6 An object of mass 10 kg is dropped from a height
Therefore, Total energy = mgh of Sm. Fill in the blanks by computing the potential
energy and kinetic energy in each case. (Take g=10
m's').
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Height KE PE Total Coimercíal Unifof Enetgy
to express large
energy " The unit joule is too small
Therefore, a bigger
quantities of energy conveniently.
is the commercial
unit of energy is used. The bigger
as kilowatt- hour
3 unit of electric energy, known
(kWh) or Board of Trade (B0T)unit.
consumed by an
1 " It is the amount of electric energy
Just applíance of power 1000W in one hour.
above the 1kWh = | kWx 1 h
ground = 1000Wx 3600s= 1000 Jsx3600 s
=1 kWh= 3.6x 10'J
industries and
" The energy used in households.
POWER commercial establíshments is expressed in_kilowatt
hour.
The rate of doing work or the ráte at which energy
Eg: the electrical energy used is expressed in terms of
iSIFAnsferred, usel or iransformeliscalledpower" units in our monthly bills.
Tfwork Wis done in time t, then 1 unit 1kilowatt hour
Power, P=Work NurmericaFfor practice
Time
Must kn0w before numerical x ¬
PW
1.)P = W/t =mgh/t 2.)P = W/t = Fs/t
The SI uhit of power is watt in honour of James
Watt having the symbol W. We express larger rates of 3.)Energy =Px t 310og- 264005
energy transfer in kilowatts (kW)
Q.1A man does 100 J work in 20 s. What is his
1kW1000 W1000J s power?
or
0.2 The heart does 1.2 J of work in each heart beat.
IMW- 10° W How many times per minute does it beat if its power
1(hotse power) HP 746 W is 2 W?
AveraRe powe iS defineal as the atio of total Q.3 A girl pulls a bucket of water of total mass 5 kg
work. done hy the total time taken" from a well of depth 15 m in 20 s. Calculate the
different rates at
. Aperson may perform work at power used by her.
different intervals of time. In such situation, average Q.4 A horse exerts a pull on a cart of 500 N so that
power is considered by dividing the total energy the horse cart system moves with uniform velocity of
consumed by the total time taken. 36 km/h. What is the power developed by the horse in
Average power Total cnergy consumed
watt as well as in horse power?
Total time taken

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Q.5 An electric i cater of
day. What is the cost of 1000 W is used for 3 h a
days, if l unit co ts Rs. 4?using it for a month of 25
Q.6 If a house h: s two 60
watt
hours, a 100 WImp lighted forbulbs lighted for 5
2 h, a 50 WTV
running for 8 h adtwo electric fans
10 h of power 50 W. Then working for
how many electric units
are consumed ea ch day.

**********

S a n j a l

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