FayeAbdell

ahisrecognizedasal eaderinnursi
ngr esearchandnur si
ngasapr ofessi
onwi t
hin
thePubl
icHealthServi
ce( PHS)andasani nternat
ional expertonheal
thproblems.Shewas
nameda“ l
ivi
nglegend”byt heAmer i
canAcademyofNur singin1994andwasi nduct
edintothe
Nati
onalWomen’ sHallofFamei n2000f oralif
eti
mespentest abl
ishi
ngandl eadingessenti
al
healt
hcareprogramsfort heUni
tedSt at
es.In2012, AbdellahwasinductedintotheAmer i
can
NursesAssociat
ionHallofFamef oral i
fet
imeofcont ri
but i
onstonursing.

Hercont r
ibut
ionstonur
singandpubli
chealt
hhavebeenrecogni
zedwithal
most90
professi
onalandacademichonors,
suchast heAl
l
iedSi
gnalAchiev
ementAwardforpi
oneer
ing
researchinagingandSi
gmaThetaTau’ sLi
feti
meAchi
evementAwar d.

Abdell
ah’sl
eader
shi
p,herpubli
cat
ions,
andherl
i
fel
ongcont
ri
but
ionshavesetanewstandard
fornur
singandheal
thcare.Herl
egacyofmoret
han60year
sofextr
aordi
naryaccompl
ishments
l
ivesnati
onal
lyandgl
obally
.

Asidef r
om bei
ngthefi
rstnurseandthefi
rstwomant oser
veasaDeput ySurgeonGener al,Fay
e
GlennAbdellahal
somadeanamei nt
henursingpr
ofessi
ontof ormulateher“21Nur sing
ProblemsTheory.
”Hertheorychangedthefocusofnursi
ngfrom disease-centeredtopatient-
centeredandbegantoincl
udet hecar
eoffami l
i
esandtheelderlyi
nnur singcare.ThePat i
ent
AssessmentofCar eEv
aluati
ondev el
opedbyAbdell
ahisnowt hest andardusedi ntheUni t
ed
States.

Fay
eAbdel
l
ah’
s21Nur
singPr
obl
emsTheor
y
Accordi
ngtoFayeGlennAbdel
lah’
stheory,
“Nursi
ngisbasedonanar tandsciencethatmolds
theat
tit
udes,
int
ell
ectual
competenci
es,andtechni
calski
l
lsoft heindi
vidualnur
seintothe
desi
reandabil
it
ytohelppeopl
e,si
ckorwel l
,copewit
htheirhealt
hneeds. ”

Thepatient
-cent
eredapproachtonur
singwasdev elopedfr
om Abdel
lah’
spract
ice,
andt he
theor
yisconsider
edahumanneedst heor
y.I
twasf ormulat
edtobeani nst
rumentfornursing
educati
on,soitmostsuit
ableandusefuli
nthatf
ield.Thenursi
ngmodel i
sint
endedtogui de
carei
nhospi t
ali
nsti
tut
ionsbutcanalsobeappli
edt ocommuni t
yhealt
hnursi
ng,aswell.

1.
Tomai
ntai
ngoodhy
gieneandphy
sical
comf
ort
.

2.
Topr
omot
eopt
imal
act
ivi
ty:
exer
cise,
rest
,sl
eep

3.
Topr
omot
esaf
etybypr
event
ingacci
dent
s,i
njur
ies,
orot
hert
raumaandpr
event
ingt
he
spr
eadofi
nfect
ion.

4.
Tomai
ntai
ngoodbodymechani
csandpr
eventandcor
rectt
hedef
ormi
ty.

5.
Tof
aci
l
itat
ethemai
ntenanceofasuppl
yofoxy
gent
oal
lbodycel
l
s.
6.
Tof
aci
l
itat
ethemai
ntenanceofnut
ri
ti
onf
oral
lbodycel
l
s.

7.
Tof
aci
l
itat
ethemai
ntenanceofel
i
minat
ion.

8.
Tof
aci
l
itat
ethemai
ntenanceoff
lui
dandel
ect
rol
ytebal
ance.

9.
Tor
ecogni
zet
hephy
siol
ogi
cresponsesoft
hebodyt
odi
seasecondi
ti
ons—pat
hol
ogi
c,
phy
siol
ogi
c,andcompensat
ory
.

10.
Tof
aci
l
itat
ethemai
ntenanceofr
egul
ator
ymechani
smsandf
unct
ions.

11.
Tof
aci
l
itat
ethemai
ntenanceofsensor
yfunct
ion.

12.
Toi
dent
if
yandacceptposi
ti
veandnegat
iveexpr
essi
ons,
feel
i
ngs,
andr
eact
ions.

13.
Toi
dent
if
yandaccepti
nter
rel
atednessofemot
ionsandor
gani
cil
l
ness.

14.
Tof
aci
l
itat
ethemai
ntenanceofef
fect
ivev
erbal
andnonv
erbal
communi
cat
ion.

15.
Topr
omot
ethedev
elopmentofpr
oduct
ivei
nter
per
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
ps.

16.
Tof
aci
l
itat
epr
ogr
esst
owar
dachi
evementandper
sonal
spi
ri
tual
goal
s.

17.
Tocr
eat
eormai
ntai
nat
her
apeut
icenv
ironment
.

18.
Tof
aci
l
itat
eawar
enessofsel
fasani
ndi
vi
dual
wit
hvar
yingphy
sical
,emot
ional
,and
dev
elopment
alneeds.

19.
Toacceptt
heopt
imum possi
blegoal
sint
hel
i
ghtofl
i
mit
ati
ons,
phy
sical
andemot
ional
.

20Tousecommuni
tyr
esour
cesasanai
dinr
esol
vi
ngpr
obl
emst
hatar
isef
rom ani
l
lness.

21.
Tounder
standt
her
oleofsoci
alpr
obl
emsasi
nfl
uenci
ngf
act
orsi
nthecauseofi
l
lness.
emot
ioncanbedefi
nedast
he―f
eel
i
ng‖aspectofconsci
ousness,
char
act
eri
zedbycer
tai
n
physi
calarousal
,cert
ainbehavi
orthatrev
ealsthefeel
i
ngtotheout
sideworl
d,andaninner
awarenessoffeel
ings.Thus,f
rom thi
sshortther
earethr
eecomponentofemotion:

1.
thephy
siol
ogy
,

2.
behav
iorand

3.
subj
ect
iveexper
ience.

1.
Thephy
siol
ogyofemot
ion-whenapersonexperi
encesanemot
ion,
ther
eis
physicalarousal createdbythesy mpat heti
cner voussy stem.Thehear trat
ei ncreases,
breathi
ngbecomesmor er
apid,thepupi l
soft heey edilat
e, andt hemot hmaybecomedr y
.
Thinkaboutt hel asttimeyouwer eangryandt henaboutt hel astti
mey ouwer efri
ghtened.
Wer en‘
tthephy sical symptomspr ettysimilar?Althoughf acialexpressi
onsdodi ff
erbet ween
vari
ousemot i
onal r
esponses,emot i
onsaredi ffi
culttodisti
ngui shfrom oneanot herbasedon
outwardbodi l
yr eactionsalone.Itisquiteeasyt omi stakeaper sonwhoi safraidorangr yas
beingarousedi ft heperson‘sfaceisnotv isibl
e,whi chcanl eadt omuchmi scommuni cati
onand
misunder st
anding

2.
. Thebehav
iorofemot
ion-tel
l
sushowpeopl
ebehav
eint
hegr
ipofanemot
ion.
Therearefaci
alexpressions,
bodymov ements,andactionsthatindicatetoothershowaper son
feel
s.Frowns,smiles,andsadexpr essi
onscombi newithhandgest ures,thetur
ningofone‘s
body,andspokenwor dst oproduceanunder st
andingofemot ion.Peopl efi
ght,
run,kiss,
and
yell
,al
ongwi t
hcount l
essotheractionsstemmingf rom t
heemot ionst heyfeel
.Facial
expressi
onscanv aryacrossdiff
erentcult
ures,
althoughsomeaspect soff aci
alexpressi
on
seem tobeuniver
sal

3.
. Subj
ect
iveexper
ienceorl
abel
i
ngemot
ioni
sthet
hir
dcomponentof
emot ionanditi
nvolvesinterpreti
ngt hesubj ecti
vef eel
ingbygivingi
tal abel:anger ,f
ear,disgust
,
happiness,sadness,shame, inter
est ,surpr
iseandsoon.Anot herwayofl abelingt hi
s
componenti stocallitt
he―cogni ti
v ecomponent ,
‖becauset helabel
ingpr ocessi samat t
erof
ret
rievingmemor i
esofpr evioussi milarexperiences,percei
vingthecont extoft heemot i
on, and
comi ngupwi t
hasol uti
on-al abel.Thel abelaper sonappl i
estoasubj ectiv
ef eelingisatleastin
partal ear
nedresponseinfluencedbyt hatper son‘slanguageandculture.Suchl abelsmay
dif
feri npeopl
eofdiffer
entcul tur
al backgrounds
 .Theor
iesofemot
ion

1.
James-LangTheor
yofEmot
ionThi
stheor
yofemot
ioni
sbasedont
hewor
kof
Wil
l
iam James(1884,
1890,1894)
,whowasal
sot
hef
ounderoft
hef
unct
ional
i
stper
spect
ivei
n
t
heearl
yhist
oryofpsychol
ogyan

diedaphy si
ologi
standpsy chol
ogisti
nDenmar k,Car lLang( 1885), cameupwi thanexpl anation
ofemot ionsosi milart
ot hatofJamest hatthet wonamesar eusedt ogethertoref ertothe
theory–t heJames-Langt heoryofemotion.Inthistheor y,astimulusofsomesor t( f
orexampl e,
thelargesnar l
ingdog)pr oducesaphy si
ologicalreact i
on.Thi sreact i
on,whi chisthear ousalof
the―f i
ght -
or-
fli
ght‖sympat heti
cnervoussyst em (want ingtor un),producesbodi lysensat i
ons
suchasi ncreasedhear trate,dr
ymout h,andr api
dbr eathi
ng.JamesandLangbel ievedthat
physicalarousalledtothel abel
ingoftheemot i
on( fear).Simpl yput,―Iam af raidbecauseIam
aroused,‖―Iam embar rassedbecausemyf aceisr ed, ―Iam ner vousbecausemyst omachis
fl
utteri
ng,‖and―Iam i nl ovebecauseofmyhear trat eincreaseswhenIl ookatherorh

2.
Cannon-
Bar
dtheor
yofemot
ionPhysi
ologi
stsWal
terCannonand(
1927)and
Phi
li
pBar d(1934)theor
izedthattheemotionandthephysi
ologi
calarousaloccurmoreorl
ess
att
hesamet i
me.Cannon, anexpertinsympathet
icar
ousalmechanisms, didnotf
eelt
hatt
he
phy
sicalchangesarousedbydi f
ferentemoti
onsweredist
inctenoughtoallowthem t
obe
per
ceivedasdiffer
entemot i
ons.Bardexpandedonthi
sideabyst at
ing

t
hatt
hesensoryi
nformati
onthatcomesint
othebr
ainissentsi
multaneously(bythethalamus)
t
oboththecor
texandtheorgansofthesympat
het
icnervoussy
stem.Thef earandt hebodily
r
eact
ionsar
e,t
herefor
e,exper
iencedatt
hesameti
me-notoneaftertheother.―Iam afraidand
r
unni
ngandaroused

3.
checht
er-
SingerandCogni
ti
veAr
ousal
Theor
yTheearl
ytheor
iest
alked
aboutt heemot ionandt hephy si
calreaction,butwhataboutt hement alinter
pretat
ionoft hose
component s?Intheircognitivearousaltheory ,Schachter-Si
nger(1962)pr oposedthattwo
thi
ngshav etohappenbef oreemot ionoccur s: t
hephy sicalarousalandlabelingofthear ousal
baseoncuesf r
om thesur r
oundingenv ir
onment .Theset wot hi
ngshappenatt hesamet ime,
result
ingint helabel
ingoft heemot i
on.Forexampl e,ifaper soncomesacr ossasnar l
i
ngdog
whiletakingawal k,thephy sicalarousal(hear traci
ng,ey esopeningwi de)isaccompani edby
thethought( cogniti
on)t hatthismustbef ear.Thenandonl ythenwi l
ltheper sonexperi
encet he
fearofemot i
on.Inot herwor ds,―Iam ar ousedi nthepr esenceofascar ydog; t
her
efore, Imust
beaf r
aid.
Whati
smut
ati
onmean?
mutati
onisachangeintheDNAsequenceofanor
ganism.Mut
ationscanresul
tfr
om er
ror
sin
DNArepli
cat
iondur
ingcell
div
isi
on,
exposur
etomutagensoravi
ralinf
ect
ion.

Ger
mli
nemut
ati
ons(
thatoccuri
neggsandsper
m)canbepassedont
oof
fspr
ing

,
whi
l
esomat
icmut
ati
ons(
thatoccuri
nbodycel
l
s)ar
enotpassedon.

Ty
pesofmut
ati
ons
Therear
emanydif
fer
entwaysthatDNAcanbechanged,
resul
ti
ngi
ndi
ff
erentt
ypesofmut
ati
on.
Hereisaqui
cksummaryofafewofthese:

Subst
it
uti
on
Asubsti
tut
ionisamutati
ont
hatexchangesonebasef
oranot
her(i
.e.
,achangei
nasi
ngl
e
“
chemicall
etter
”suchasswi
tchi
nganAt oaG).Suchasubst
it
uti
oncould:

changeacodont oonet hatencodesadif

ferentaminoacidandcauseasmall
changei
nthe
prot
einproduced.Forexample,si
cklecel
lanemiaiscausedbyasubsti
tuti
oni
nthebet
a-
hemoglobingene,whichalter
sasingleaminoacidintheprot
einpr
oduced.

changeacodont oonet
hatencodest
hesameami
noaci
dandcausesnochangei
nthepr
otei
n
produced.Thesear
ecal
ledsi
lentmut
ati
ons.

changeanamino-
aci
d-codingcodontoasi
ngl
e“st
op”codonandcauseanincompl
etepr
otei
n.
Thiscanhav
eseri
ouseffectssi
ncethei
ncompl
etepr
otei
nprobabl
ywon’tf
uncti
on.

I
nser
ti
on
I
nser
ti
onsar
emut
ati
onsi
nwhi
chext
rabasepai
rsar
einser
tedi
ntoanewpl
acei
ntheDNA.

t
ransl
ocat
ion
,asrelat
edtogeneti
cs,occurswhenachromosomebr eaksandthe(ty
pical
l
ytwo)fr
agmented
piecesre-
att
achtodif
ferentchromosomes.Thedetect
ionofchr
omosomal tr
ansl
ocat
ionscan
beimpor t
antfort
hediagnosisofcer
tai
ngeneti
cdiseasesanddi
sorders.
 Del
eti
on
Del
eti
onsar
emut
ati
onsi
nwhi
chasect
ionofDNAi
slost
,ordel
ete

,
eff
ectofmut
ati
ononheal
th
Themaj or
it
yofmutat
ionshaveneit
hernegati
venorposit
iveef
fectsontheorgani
sm i
nwhich
theyoccur
.Thesemutati
onsarecal
ledneutr
almutat
ions.Examplesincl
udesil
entpoi
nt
mutati
ons.Theyar
eneutral
becausetheydonotchangetheami noacidsint
heprotei
nst
hey
encode.

Manyothermutationshavenoef fectontheorganism becauset heyarer

epair
edbefor
epr
otei
n
synt
hesisoccur
s.Cel l
shavemul t
iplerepai
rmechanismst ofixmut ati
onsinDNA.OnewayDNA
canberepair
edisill
ustrat
edinFigurebelow.I
facel l
’
sDNAi sper manent
lydamagedand
cannotberepai
red,thecelli
sli
kelytobepreventedfrom div
iding.

Someef
fectonmut
ati
on

Genet
icdi
sor
der
i
sadiseasecausedbyamut at
ioninoneorafewgenes.Ahumanexampleiscy
sti
cfibr
osis.A
mutat
ioninasingl
egenecausesthebodytoproducet
hick,
sti
ckymucust
hatcl
ogsthelungs
andbl
ocksductsindi
gest
iveorgans.

Cancer
isadiseasei
nwhichcel
lsgrowoutofcontrolandform abnormalmassesofcell
s.I
tis
gener
all
ycausedbymutati
onsingenesthatregulat
ethecellcycl
e.Becauseoft
hemutati
ons,
cel
lswit
hdamagedDNAar eall
owedt odiv
idewi t
houtli
mits.
Nor
mal
flor
aref
erst
othemi
croor
gani
smst
hatnat
ural
l
yinhabi
tthebodyandpl
ayav
ital
rol
e
i
nmai ntainingheal th.Thesemi cr oorganismsi ncludebact eri
a, vi
ruses,andf ungithatliveinthe
skin,gut, andr espir
atorytract,amongot herlocat i
ons.Theyhel pwi t
hdigest i
on,immunesy stem
function, andv i
taminsynthesis, amongot herthings.Pathogens, ontheot herhand, are
microor gani smst hatcancausedi sease.Theycanpenet ratet hebody '
snat uraldefensesand
causei ll
ness.Pat hogenscani ncl udebact eri
a,viruses, f
ungi ,andpar asi
tes.Nor mal fl
oracan
turn.intopat hogenswhent heyar egivent heoppor tunitytogr owuncheckedandcausei ll
ness.
Thiscanhappenwhent hebody 'snaturaldefensesar ecompr omi sed,suchast hroughani njury
,
surger y
, orillness.Addit
ionally
, certai
nspeci esofnor mal floracanbecomepat hogeni cunder
certaincondi ti
ons,suchaswhent heyarei nt
roducedi ntoanar eaofthebodywher etheydonot
normal lyr eside,orwhent heyencount eranant ibioti
ct hatki l
l
sof fotherbact eri
a,all
owi ngthem
togr owunchecked.

Pat
hogen(
disambi
guat
ion)
.
Inbiol
ogy,apathogen(Greek:,pat
hos" suffer
ing"
,"passi
on"and-genēs"pr
oducerof
")i
nthe
oldestandbroadestsense,isanyorganism oragentthatcanpr
oducedisease.Apat
hogenmay
alsoberefer
redtoasani nfecti
ousagent ,
orsimplyager m.

Theterm pathogencamei nt
ousei nthe1880s.
Ty pi
cally
,theterm pathogenisusedt odescri
be
aninfecti
ousmi cr
oorganism oragent,suchasav ir
us,bacter
ium, prot
ozoan,pri
on,v i
roi
d,or
fungus.Smallanimals,suchashel mi
nthsandinsects,canalsocauseort ransmitdisease.
Howev er,t
heseanimalsar eusual
lyreferr
edtoaspar asi
tesratherthanpathogens.Thescient
ifi
c
studyofmi cr
oscopicorganisms,incl
udingmicroscopicpathogenicorganisms,i
scal l
ed
microbiol
ogy,whil
eparasitologyr
eferstothescienti
fi
cstudyofpar asit
esandtheor ganisms
thathostthem.

Thereareseveralpathwayst
hroughwhichpat
hogenscaninv
adeahost.Thepri
nci
pal
pathway
s
havediff
erentepisodict
imefr
ames,butsoi
lhasthel
ongestormostper
sist
entpot
ent
ial
for
harbor
ingapat hogen.

Di
seasesinhumansthatarecausedbyinf
ect
iousagent
sar
eknownaspat
hogeni
cdi
seases.
Notal
ldiseasesar
ecausedbypathogens,

suchasbl
ackl
ungf
rom exposur
etot
hepol
l
utantcoal
dust
,

genet
icdi
sor
der
sli
kesi
ckl
ecel
ldi
sease,
and

aut
oimmunedi
seasesl
i
kel
upus.
Nameofi
nst
ract
ourousmankasi
m Nameoft
hei
nst
it
uteDandi
bor
ucol
l
age
dessi
campuse

Subj
ectgener
alphy
sychol
ogy uni
t1 sect
ion 1

t
opi
coft
hel
essonessenceofphysychol
ogysubt
opi
cphysychol
ogyandr
elat
ed
concept

Rat
ional
oft
het
opi
ctel
ltheessenceofphy
sychol
ogy

Pr
e_r
equi
sit
eknowl
edgeknowaboutt
heessenceofphy
sychl
ogy

Obj
ect
iveDescr
ibet
heessenceofphy
sychol
ogy

St
age Ti
me Lear
ning Inst
ractour Student Learni
ng
cont
ents acti
vit
ie acti
vit
ies assessment

Star
ter 3hr Ident
it
y Descr
ibeand Totel
l pr
e Giveoral
acti
ve physychol
ogy askquest
ion knowledge questi
on
andrelat
ed about about
concept physy
chology physy
chology

Main 2hr Tel

l concept Askt ell Totel
lthe _
___
___
act
ivi
ty of phy
sy chol
ogy meani
ngof
physychology phy
sychology

Concl
uding 2hr Tel
l concept Rev ise Li
sten.
giv
e Gi
vequi
ze
act
ivi
ti
e of dail
y answer
physychology l
esson
mai n
point
.ask
question

Teachi
ngandi
nst
ruct
ional
mat
wri
alLcd.
par
ken

I
nst
ruct
ornameOusmank