Car

Car
A car, or an automobile, is a motor vehicle with

wheels. Most definitions of cars state that they run Car
primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four
wheels, and mainly transport people rather than
cargo.[1][2] There are around one billion cars in use
worldwide.
The French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the

first steam-powered road vehicle in 1769, while the The Toyota Corolla, which has been in
Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed and production since 1966, is the best-selling
constructed the first internal combustion-powered series of automobile of all time.
automobile in 1808. The modern car—a practical,
Classification Vehicle
marketable automobile for everyday use—was
invented in 1886, when the German inventor Carl Benz Industry Various
patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Commercial Application Transportation
cars became widely available during the 20th century. Fuel source Petrol
The 1901 Oldsmobile Curved Dash and the 1908 Ford
Diesel
Model T, both American cars, are widely considered
Natural gas
the first mass-produced[3][4] and mass-
affordable [5][6][7] cars, respectively. Cars were rapidly Hydrogen
adopted in the US, where they replaced horse-drawn Biodiesel
carriages.[8] In Europe and other parts of the world, Battery
demand for automobiles did not increase until after Fuel cell
World War II.[9] In the 21st century, car usage is still
Solar cell
increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, and other
Hybrids of the above
newly industrialised countries.[10][11]
Powered Yes
Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger Self-propelled
Yes
comfort, and a variety of lamps. Over the decades,
additional features and controls have been added to Wheels
3–6, most often 4
vehicles, making them progressively more complex. Axles 2, less commonly 3

These include rear-reversing cameras, air conditioning, Inventor Carl Benz
navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Most Invented 1886
cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled by an
internal combustion engine, fueled by the combustion
of fossil fuels. Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, became commercially
available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than petrol-driven cars before 2025.[12][13] The
transition from fossil fuel-powered cars to electric cars features prominently in most climate change
mitigation scenarios,[14] such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable solutions for climate change.[15]
There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest
payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees,
taxes, and insurance.[16] The costs to society include maintaining roads, land-use, road congestion, air
pollution, noise pollution, public health, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic
collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.[17] Personal benefits include on-
demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience.[18] Societal benefits include economic
benefits, such as job and wealth creation from the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal
well-being from leisure and travel opportunities. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has
far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[19]
Etymology
The English word car is believed to originate from Latin carrus/carrum "wheeled vehicle" or (via Old
North French) Middle English carre "two-wheeled cart", both of which in turn derive from Gaulish
karros "chariot".[20][21] It originally referred to any wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, such as a cart, carriage,
or wagon.[22] The word also occurrs in other Celtic languages.[23]
"Motor car", attested from 1895, is the usual formal term in British English.[2] "Autocar", a variant
likewise attested from 1895 and literally meaning "self-propelled car", is now considered archaic.[24]
"Horseless carriage" is attested from 1895.[25]
"Automobile", a classical compound derived from Ancient Greek autós (αὐτός) "self" and Latin mobilis
"movable", entered English from French and was first adopted by the Automobile Club of Great Britain
in 1897.[26] It fell out of favour in Britain and is now used chiefly in North America,[27] where the
abbreviated form "auto" commonly appears as an adjective in compound formations like "auto industry"
and "auto mechanic".[28][29]
History
In 1649, Hans Hautsch of Nuremberg built a clockwork-driven
carriage.[32][33] The first steam-powered vehicle was designed by
Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in
China around 1672. It was a 65-centimetre-long (26 in) scale-
model toy for the Kangxi Emperor that was unable to carry a
driver or a passenger.[18][34][35] It is not known with certainty if
Verbiest's model was successfully built or run.[35]
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first Steam machine of Verbiest, in 1678
full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle in about 1769; he (Ferdinand Verbiest)
created a steam-powered tricycle. [36] He also constructed two
steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in
the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[36] His inventions were limited by problems with
water supply and maintaining steam pressure.[36] In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his
Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first
demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to
maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods and was of
little practical use.
The development of external combustion (steam) engines is

detailed as part of the history of the car but often treated separately
Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as
from the development of true cars. A variety of steam-powered
preserved at the Musée des Arts et
road vehicles were used during the first part of the 19th century, Métiers, Paris
including steam cars, steam buses, phaetons, and steam rollers. In
the United Kingdom, sentiment against them led to the
Locomotive Acts of 1865.
In 1807, Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created what was probably
the world's first internal combustion engine (which they called a
Pyréolophore), but installed it in a boat on the river Saone in France.[37]
Coincidentally, in 1807, the Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed
his own "de Rivaz internal combustion engine", and used it to develop the
world's first vehicle to be powered by such an engine. The Niépces'
Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried spores
of the Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed
with oil, whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.[37] Carl Benz, the inventor
of the modern car
Neither design was successful, as was the case with others, such as Samuel
Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir,[38] who each built
vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by internal
combustion engines.[39]
In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated

a three-wheeled car powered by electricity at the International
Exposition of Electricity.[40] Although several other German
engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and
Siegfried Marcus) were working on cars at about the same time,
the year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car—a
practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—when the The original Benz Patent-
German Carl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen; he is Motorwagen, the first modern car,
built in 1885 and awarded the patent
generally acknowledged as the inventor of the car.[39][41][42]
for the concept
In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had
been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use
of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen was built in 1885
in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January
1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began
promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893,
when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a cheaper model. They also were powered with
four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under
license, now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early cars,
initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold
in Germany. In August 1888, Bertha Benz, the wife and business partner
of Carl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-
worthiness of her husband's invention.[43]
In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat

engine, called boxermotor. During the last years of the 19th century, Benz
was the largest car company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899
and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock company. The
first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in
the world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau
(later renamed to Tatra) in 1897, the Präsident automobil.
Bertha Benz, the first long
distance driver
Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in
Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first car in 1892 under the brand
name Daimler. It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another
manufacturer, which they retrofitted with an engine of their
design. By 1895, about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and
Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann,
where they set up shop after disputes with their backers. Benz,
Maybach, and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of
each other's early work. They never worked together; by the time
of the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were
no longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, The Flocken Elektrowagen was the
Maybach designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes that was first four-wheeled electric car
placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by
Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small number of vehicles
for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in
1902, a new model DMG car was produced and the model was
named Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp.
Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his
own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other Stuttgart, a cradle of the
manufacturers. car[30][31] with Gottlieb Daimler
and Wilhelm Maybach working
In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began there at the Daimler Motoren
producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation Gesellschaft and place of the
modern day headquarters of
of the automotive industry in France. In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his
Mercedes-Benz Group and
Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a
Porsche
petrol-driven vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler
powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from
Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle
race, but finished six days after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront.
The first design for an American car with a petrol internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by
George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the patent
application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of 16 years and a series of
attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a US patent (U.S. patent
549,160 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US549160)) for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered,
more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry
Ford and others, and overturned in 1911.
In 1893, the first running, petrol-driven American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of
Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September
1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield.[44][45] Studebaker, subsidiary of a long-established
wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897[46]: 66 and commenced sales of electric
vehicles in 1902 and petrol vehicles in 1904.[47]
In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with
Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860.[48] Santler from Malvern is recognised by the
Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-driven car in the country in 1894,[49]
followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-offs.[49] The first production
vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in
1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its first car in
1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[49]
In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine".
In 1897, he built the first diesel engine.[39] Steam-, electric-, and petrol-driven vehicles competed for a
few decades, with petrol internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although
various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and
crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success. All
in all, it is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile and motorcycle.[50]
Mass production
Large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was
started by Ransom Olds in 1901 at his Oldsmobile factory in
Lansing, Michigan, and based upon stationary assembly line
techniques pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth
Block Mills, England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass
production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the
US by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the Springfield Armory in
Springfield, Massachusetts.[51] This concept was greatly expanded
by Henry Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's first moving
assembly line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant.
As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in 15-minute intervals,

much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity
eightfold, while using less manpower (from 12.5 manhours to
1 hour 33 minutes).[52] It was so successful, paint became a Ransom E. Olds founded Olds
bottleneck. Only Japan black would dry fast enough, forcing the Motor Vehicle Company
company to drop the variety of colours available before 1913, (Oldsmobile) in 1897.
until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the
source of Ford's apocryphal remark, "any color as long as it's
black".[52] In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T
with four months' pay.[52]
Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each

worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam
about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury.[53] The
Ford Motor Company automobile
combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism" assembly line in the 1920s
and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains
from the assembly line also coincided with the economic rise of
the US. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain
pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per
worker while other countries were using less productive methods.
In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and

quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France and
Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in The Toyota Corolla is the best-
1921, Citroën was the first native European manufacturer to adopt selling car of all-time.
the production method. Soon, companies had to have assembly
lines, or risk going bankrupt; by 1930, 250 companies which did
not, had disappeared.[52]
Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers
competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-
starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910–1911), independent
suspension, and four-wheel brakes.
Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often
have heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of
cars produced by one company, called the General Motors Companion Make Program, so that buyers
could "move up" as their fortunes improved.
Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume
resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used
cheaper mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared bonnet, doors, roof, and
windows with Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared platforms (with interchangeable
brakes, suspension, and other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers could afford high costs,
and even companies with decades of production, such as Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes, or Premier,
could not manage: of some two hundred American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43 survived in
1930, and with the Great Depression, by 1940, only 17 of those were left.[52]
In Europe, much the same would happen. Morris set up its production line at Cowley in 1924, and soon
outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice of vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss'
British subsidiary (engines), Wrigley (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well as
competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41 per cent of total British car production. Most
British small-car assemblers, from Abbey to Xtra, had gone under. Citroën did the same in France,
coming to cars in 1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such as Renault's 10CV and
Peugeot's 5CV, they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and others could not compete.[52]
Germany's first mass-manufactured car, the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Tree Frog), came off the line at
Rüsselsheim in 1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5 per cent of the
market.[52]
In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companies were
producing vehicles in limited numbers, and these were small, three-wheeled for commercial uses, like
Daihatsu, or were the result of partnering with European companies, like Isuzu building the Wolseley A-9
in 1922. Mitsubishi was also partnered with Fiat and built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a Fiat
vehicle. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, and Honda began as companies producing non-automotive
products before the war, switching to car production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take
Toyoda Loom Works into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become Toyota
Motor Corporation, the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Subaru, meanwhile, was formed
from a conglomerate of six companies who banded together as Fuji Heavy Industries, as a result of
having been broken up under keiretsu legislation.
Components and design
Propulsion and fuels
Fossil fuels
Most cars in use in the early 2020s run on petrol burnt in an
internal combustion engine (ICE). Some cities ban older more
polluting petrol-driven cars and some countries plan to ban sales
in future. However, some environmental groups say this phase-out
of fossil fuel vehicles must be brought forwards to limit climate 2011 Nissan Leaf electric car
change. Production of petrol-fuelled cars peaked in 2017.[55][56]
Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by deflagration (rather

than detonation) in ICE cars include diesel, autogas, and CNG.
Removal of fossil fuel subsidies,[57][58] concerns about oil
dependence, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on
greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative
power systems for cars. This includes hybrid vehicles, plug-in
electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Out of all cars sold in The weight of the low battery
2021, nine per cent were electric, and by the end of that year there stabilises the car.[54] This is a dual-
were more than 16 million electric cars on the world's roads.[59] motor, four-wheel-drive layout but
many cars only have one motor.
Despite rapid growth, less than two per cent of cars on the world's
roads were fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars by the end of
2021.[59] Cars for racing or speed records have sometimes employed jet or rocket engines, but these are
impractical for common use. Oil consumption has increased rapidly in the 20th and 21st centuries
because there are more cars; the 1980s oil glut even fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles in OECD
countries. The BRIC countries are adding to this consumption.
Batteries
In almost all hybrid (even mild hybrid) and pure electric cars regenerative braking recovers and returns to
a battery some energy which would otherwise be wasted by friction brakes getting hot.[60] Although all
cars must have friction brakes (front disc brakes and either disc or drum rear brakes[61]) for emergency
stops, regenerative braking improves efficiency, particularly in city driving.[62]
User interface
Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, passenger
comfort, and safety, normally operated by a combination of the
use of feet and hands, and occasionally by voice on 21st-century
cars. These controls include a steering wheel, pedals for operating
the brakes and controlling the car's speed (and, in a manual
transmission car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or stick for changing
gears, and a number of buttons and dials for turning on lights,
ventilation, and other functions. Modern cars' controls are now
standardised, such as the location for the accelerator and brake, In the Ford Model T the left-side
but this was not always the case. Controls are evolving in response hand lever sets the rear wheel
to new technologies, for example, the electric car and the parking brakes and puts the
integration of mobile communications. transmission in neutral. The lever to
the right controls the throttle. The
Some of the original controls are no longer required. For example, lever on the left of the steering
column is for ignition timing. The left
all cars once had controls for the choke valve, clutch, ignition
foot pedal changes the two forward
timing, and a crank instead of an electric starter. However, new gears while the centre pedal
controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more controls reverse. The right pedal is
complex. These include air conditioning, navigation systems, and the brake.
in-car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of physical
knobs and switches by secondary controls with touchscreen
controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's MyFord Touch. Another change is that while early cars' pedals
were physically linked to the brake mechanism and throttle, in the early 2020s, cars have increasingly
replaced these physical linkages with electronic controls.
Electronics and interior

Cars are typically equipped with interior lighting which can be
toggled manually or be set to light up automatically with doors
open, an entertainment system which originated from car radios,
sideways windows which can be lowered or raised electrically
(manually on earlier cars), and one or multiple auxiliary power
outlets for supplying portable appliances such as mobile phones,
portable fridges, power inverters, and electrical air pumps from Panel for fuses and circuit breakers
the on-board electrical system.[63][64][a] More costly upper-class and luxury cars are equipped with
features earlier such as massage seats and collision avoidance systems.[65][66]
Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit breakers prevent damage from electrical overload.
Lighting
Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These
include headlights, which are used to illuminate the way ahead
and make the car visible to other users, so that the vehicle can be
used at night; in some jurisdictions, daytime running lights; red
brake lights to indicate when the brakes are applied; amber turn
signal lights to indicate the turn intentions of the driver; white-
coloured reverse lights to illuminate the area behind the car (and
indicate that the driver will be or is reversing); and on some Audi A4 daytime running lights
vehicles, additional lights (e.g., side marker lights) to increase the
visibility of the car. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are
usually fitted for the driver and passengers. Some vehicles also have a boot light and, more rarely, an
engine compartment light.
Weight and size

During the late 20th and early 21st century, cars increased in
weight due to batteries,[68] modern steel safety cages, anti-lock
brakes, airbags, and "more-powerful—if more efficient—
engines"[69] and, as of 2019, typically weigh between 1 and 3
tonnes (1.1 and 3.3 short tons; 0.98 and 2.95 long tons).[70]
Heavier cars are safer for the driver from a crash perspective, but
more dangerous for other vehicles and road users.[69] The weight A Chevrolet Suburban extended-
of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with more length SUV weighs 3,300 kilograms
weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased (7,200 lb) (gross weight).[67]
performance. The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV, a typical city car,
weighs about 700 kilograms (1,500 lb). Heavier cars include
SUVs and extended-length SUVs like the Suburban. Cars have also become wider.[71]
Some places tax heavier cars more:[72] as well as improving pedestrian safety this can encourage
manufacturers to use materials such as recycled aluminium instead of steel.[73] It has been suggested that
one benefit of subsidising charging infrastructure is that cars can use lighter batteries.[74]
Seating and body style

Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Cars with five seats
typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear. Full-size cars and large sport utility
vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats. On the
other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. Utility vehicles like pickup trucks,
combine seating with extra cargo or utility functionality. The differing needs for passenger capacity and
their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet
individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station
wagon/estate, coupe, and minivan.
Safety
Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths
worldwide.[17] Mary Ward became one of the first documented car
fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland,[75] and Henry Bliss one
of the US's first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York
City.[76] There are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such
as the Euro and US NCAP tests,[77] and insurance-industry-backed
tests by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).[78]
However, not all such tests consider the safety of people outside
the car, such as drivers of other cars, pedestrians and cyclists.[79] Result of a serious car collision
Costs and benefits

The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring
the vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation,
driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[16] are weighed
against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits—
perceived and real—of vehicle usage. The benefits may include
on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and
convenience,[18] and emergency power.[81] During the 1920s, cars
had another benefit: "[c]ouples finally had a way to head off on
unchaperoned dates, plus they had a private space to snuggle up Road congestion is an issue in
close at the end of the night."[82] many major cities (pictured is
Chang'an Avenue in Beijing).[80]
Similarly the costs to society of car use may include; maintaining
roads, land use, air pollution, noise pollution, road congestion,
public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life; and can be balanced
against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates. Societal benefits may include: economy
benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production and maintenance, transportation provision,
society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the tax
opportunities. The ability of humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications
for the nature of societies.[19]
Environmental effects
Car production and use has a large number of environmental impacts: it causes local air pollution plastic
pollution and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.[85] Cars and vans caused 10%
of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2022.[86] As of 2023, electric cars produce about half the
emissions over their lifetime as diesel and petrol cars. This is set to improve as countries produce more of
their electricity from low-carbon sources.[87] Cars consume almost
a quarter of world oil production as of 2019.[55] Cities planned
around cars are often less dense, which leads to further emissions,
as they are less walkable for instance.[85] A growing demand for
large SUVs is driving up emissions from cars.[88]
Cars are a major cause of air pollution,[89] which stems from

Trucks' share of US vehicles
exhaust gas in diesel and petrol cars and from dust from brakes,
produced, has tripled since 1975.
tyres, and road wear. Electric cars do not produce tailpipe Though vehicle fuel efficiency has
emissions, but are generally heavier and therefore produce slightly increased within each category, the
more particulate matter.[90] Heavy metals and microplastics (from overall trend toward less efficient
tyres) are also released into the environment, during production, types of vehicles has offset some of
use and at the end of life. Mining related to car manufactoring and the benefits of greater fuel economy
oil spills both cause water pollution.[85] and reductions in pollution and
carbon dioxide emissions.[83]
Animals and plants are often negatively affected by cars via Without the shift towards SUVs,
energy use per unit distance could
habitat destruction and fragmentation from the road network and
have fallen 30% more than it did
pollution. Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars,
from 2010 to 2022.[84]
referred to as roadkill.[85] More recent road developments are
including significant environmental mitigation in their designs,
such as green bridges (designed to allow wildlife crossings) and
creating wildlife corridors.
Governments use fiscal policies, such as road tax, to discourage

the purchase and use of more polluting cars;[91] Vehicle emission
standards ban the sale of new highly pollution cars.[92] Many
countries plan to stop selling fossil cars altogether between 2025
and 2050.[93] Various cities have implemented low-emission
zones, banning old fossil fuel and Amsterdam is planning to ban
fossil fuel cars completely.[94][95] Some cities make it easier for Car exhaust gas is one type of
people to choose other forms of transport, such as cycling.[94] pollution
Many Chinese cities limit licensing of fossil fuel cars,[96]
Social issues
Mass production of personal motor vehicles in the United States and other developed countries with
extensive territories such as Australia, Argentina, and France vastly increased individual and group
mobility and greatly increased and expanded economic development in urban, suburban, exurban and
rural areas. Growth in the popularity of cars and commuting has led to traffic congestion.[97] Moscow,
Istanbul, Bogotá, Mexico City and São Paulo were the world's most congested cities in 2018 according to
INRIX, a data analytics company.[98]
Access to cars
In the United States, the transport divide and car dependency resulting from domination of car-based
transport systems presents barriers to employment in low-income neighbourhoods,[99] with many low-
income individuals and families forced to run cars they cannot afford in order to maintain their
income.[100] Dependency on automobiles by African Americans may result in exposure to the hazards of
driving while black and other types of racial discrimination related to buying, financing and insuring
them.[101]
Health impact
Air pollution from cars increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease. It can also harm pregnancies:
more children are born too early or with lower birth weight.[85] Children are extra vulnerable to air
pollution, as their bodies are still developing and air pollution in children is linked to the development of
asthma, childhood cancer, and neurocognitive issues such as autism.[102][85] The growth in popularity of
the car allowed cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car, resulting in inactivity and
obesity, which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.[103] When places are designed
around cars, children have fewer opportunities to go places by themselves, and lose opportunities to
become more independent.[104][85]
Emerging car technologies

Although intensive development of conventional battery electric vehicles is continuing into the
2020s,[105] other car propulsion technologies that are under development include wireless charging,[106]
hydrogen cars,[107][108] and hydrogen/electric hybrids.[109] Research into alternative forms of power
includes using ammonia instead of hydrogen in fuel cells.[110]
New materials which may replace steel car bodies include aluminium,[111] fiberglass, carbon fiber,
biocomposites, and carbon nanotubes.[112] Telematics technology is allowing more and more people to
share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share and carpool schemes. Communication is also
evolving due to connected car systems.[113] Open-source cars are not widespread.[114]
Autonomous car
Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already
exist as robotaxis[115][116] but have a long way to go before they
are in general use.[117]
Car sharing
Car-share arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly
popular, in the US and Europe.[118] For example, in the US, some
car-sharing services have experienced double-digit growth in A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown
at Stanford University is a driverless
car.
revenue and membership growth between 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing offer residents to
"share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighbourhoods.[119]
Industry
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures,
markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles, more than three-
quarters of which are cars. In 2020, there were 56 million cars
manufactured worldwide,[120] down from 67 million the previous
year.[121] The automotive industry in China produces by far the
most (20 million in 2020), followed by Japan (seven million), then
Germany, South Korea and India.[122] The largest market is China,
followed by the US.
A car being assembled in a factory
Around the world, there are about a billion cars on the road;[123]
they burn over a trillion litres (0.26 × 1012 US gal;
0.22 × 1012 imp gal) of petrol and diesel fuel yearly, consuming about 50 exajoules (14,000 TWh) of
energy.[124] The numbers of cars are increasing rapidly in China and India.[125] In the opinion of some,
urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy,
affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing
investment. Many of these negative effects fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also
least likely to own and drive cars.[126][127] The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to
these problems. The car industry is also facing increasing competition from the public transport sector, as
some people re-evaluate their private vehicle usage. In July 2021, the European Commission introduced
the "Fit for 55" legislation package, outlining crucial directives for the automotive sector's future.[128][129]
According to this package, by 2035, all newly sold cars in the European market must be Zero-emissions
vehicles.[130][131][132]
Alternatives
Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public
transport such as busses, trolleybusses, trains, subways, tramways,
light rail, cycling, and walking. Bicycle sharing systems have been
established in China and many European cities, including
Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programmes have been
developed in large US cities.[133][134] Additional individual modes
of transport, such as personal rapid transit could serve as an
alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted.[135] A
The Vélib' in Paris, France, is the
study which checked the costs and the benefits of introducing Low largest bikesharing system outside
China.
Traffic Neighbourhood in London found the benefits overpass the costs approximately by 100 times in
the first 20 years and the difference is growing over time.[136]
See also
Cars portal
General:
Automotive safety
Car classification
Car costs
Green vehicle
Jaywalking
Model vehicle
Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year
Motor vehicle theft
Peak car
Steering
Traffic collision
Effects:
Car dependency
Effects of the car on societies
Energy consumption of cars
Environmental effects of transport
Externalities of automobiles
Fenceline community
Mobile source air pollution
Noise pollution
Roadway noise
Traffic congestion
Urban sprawl
Mitigation:
Car-free movement
Carfree city
Congestion pricing
Highway revolt
New Urbanism
Smart growth
Transit-oriented development
Notes
a. Auxiliary power outlets may be supplied continuously or only when the ignition is active
depending on electrical wiring.
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130. "New cars sold in EU must be zero-emission from 2035" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-e
urope-65105129#:~:text=The%20new%20EU%20law%20will,anger%20among%20some%
20EU%20diplomats.). 28 March 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
131. "Thảm lót sàn ô tô" (https://carsen.vn/tham-lot-san-o-to) (in Vietnamese). Retrieved
17 December 2024.
132. philcurry (14 July 2021). "Fit for 55: EU introduces ban on petrol and diesel cars by 2035" (h
ttps://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/fit-for-55-european-union-to-end-sale-of-petrol-a
nd-diesel-models-by-2035/). Autovista24. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
133. "About Bike Share Programs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071220235050/http://web.mit.
edu/dzshen/www/about.shtml). Tech Bikes MIT. Archived from the original (http://web.mit.ed
u/dzshen/www/about.shtml) on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
134. Cambell, Charlie (2 April 2018). "The Trouble with Sharing: China's Bike Fever Has
Reached Saturation Point" (https://time.com/5218323/china-bicycles-sharing-economy/).
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a-bicycles-sharing-economy/) from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
135. Kay, Jane Holtz (1998). Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we
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Retrieved 10 March 2024.
Further reading
Berger, Michael L. (2001). The automobile in American history and culture: a reference
guide. US: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780313016066.
Brinkley, Douglas (2003). Wheels for the world: Henry Ford, his company, and a century of
progress, 1903-2003. Viking. ISBN 9780670031818.
Cole, John; Cole, Francis (213). A Geography of the European Union (https://books.google.
com/books?id=xREfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110). London: Routledge. p. 110.
ISBN 9781317835585. – Number of cars in use (in millions) in various European countries
in 1973 and 1992
Halberstam, David (1986). The Reckoning (https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halbrich).
New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-04838-2.
Kay, Jane Holtz (1997). Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we
can take it back (https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj). New York: Crown.
ISBN 0-517-58702-5.
Margolius, Ivan (2020). "What is an automobile?" (http://www.theautomobile.co.uk). The
Automobile. 37 (11): 48–52. ISSN 0955-1328 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-1328).
Sachs, Wolfgang (1992). For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our
desires. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06878-5.
Wilkins, Mira; Hill, Frank Ernest (1964). American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents.
Williams, Heathcote (1991). Autogeddon. New York: Arcade. ISBN 1-55970-176-5.
Latin America: Economic Growth Trends (https://books.google.com/books?id=8TZkG1HhfG
0C&pg=PA11). US: Agency for International Development, Office of Statistics and Reports.
1972. p. 11. – Number of motor vehicles registered in Latin America in 1970
World Motor Vehicle Production and Registration (https://books.google.com/books?id=evpB
B9EPDtQC&pg=PA3). US: Business and Defense Services Administration, Transportation
Equipment Division. p. 3. – Number of registered passenger cars in various countries in
1959-60 and 1969–70
External links
Media related to Automobiles at Wikimedia Commons
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (http://www.fia.com/)
Forum for the Automobile and Society (https://web.archive.org/web/20010217132832/http://
www.autoandsociety.com/)
Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996: Transportation and the Environment by
Fletcher, Wendell; Sedor, Joanne; p. 219 (contains figures on vehicle registrations in various
countries in 1970 and 1992) (https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5460)
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A car, or an automobile, is a motor vehicle with

The French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the

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The development of external combustion (steam) engines is

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In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat

As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in 15-minute intervals,

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Governments use fiscal policies, such as road tax, to discourage

Emerging car technologies

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