19

TE
Volumetric analysis involving
acids and alkalis

Chapter preview The concentration of an acid or alkali can be found by titration.

19.1 Standard solutions and primary standards

19.2 Preparing a standard solution by dissolving a primary standard in water
19.3 Preparing a standard solution by diluting a solution of known concentration
19.4 Acid-alkali titrations
19.5 Monitoring the change in pH in an acid-alkali titration
19.6 Monitoring the change in temperature in an acid-alkali titration
19.7 Calculations on volumetric analysis
19.8 Back titration
19.9 Writing a laboratory report on volumetric analysis

Prior knowledge & Quick review

(For Chapter 19)
 All answers
Analysing sulphur dioxide content
in food

Sulphur dioxide is a common food preservative. It slows down food from going bad by inhibiting the
growth of micro-organisms in food. Food with very low sulphur dioxide content is considered safe to
eat. However, people who are sensitive to sulphur dioxide may suffer from breathing problems or
headache even if its content is very low.

Some dried fruits, pickled vegetables, noodles, A chemist is analysing the sulphur dioxide
fruit juices and wine contain sulphur dioxide as content in a food sample solution by titrating
a preservative. it with a standard sodium hydroxide solution.

In Hong Kong, the Centre for Food Safety examines certain kinds of food regularly to see if they
contain excessive sulphur dioxide. Volumetric analysis is an analytical method commonly used in
determining the sulphur dioxide content in food.

Think about...
1 As shown in the photo, a standard sodium hydroxide solution is used to analyse the sulphur

dioxide content in a food sample. What is the meaning of the term ‘standard solution’?

2 What are the apparatus used in volumetric analysis?

3 Can you suggest other applications of volumetric analysis?



After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.

standard 標準 inhibit 抑制
volumetric analysis 容量分析 preservative 防腐劑
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE
19.1 Standard solutions and primary standards
Volumetric analysis is a method commonly used to determine the
amount (or concentration) of a substance in a sample. It involves
measuring and comparing volumes of solutions.

Titration is a volumetric analysis technique used to determine the

concentration of a sample solution. This technique requires the use of
a standard solution which is a solution of accurately known
concentration. The standard solution is added to a sample solution of
unknown concentration or vice versa until the reaction is complete. From
the titration results, the concentration of the sample solution can be
determined.

Key point
A standard solution is a solution of accurately known
concentration.

Apparatus used in preparing standard solutions

Table 19.1 shows some apparatus commonly used in preparing standard
solutions.

Apparatus Use

1. Weighing bottle It is used to hold the

sample to be weighed.
cap

2. Electronic balance It is used to weigh the

solid sample quickly and
accurately (accurate to
0.01 g).

electronic balance 電子天平 volumetric analysis 容量分析

standard solution 標準溶液 weighing bottle 稱量瓶
151
titration 滴定
IV Acids and Bases
TE
Apparatus Use
SBA note
3. Volumetric flask It is used to make up a
Before use,
solution to a specific
• volumetric flasks 3
should be rinsed with volume (e.g. 250.0 cm )
distilled water. accurately.
• pipettes should be
rinsed with distilled
water and then with
the solution they are
going to deliver.

4. (a) Pipette and (b) pipette filler • A pipette is used to

deliver a specific
3
volume (e.g. 25.0 cm )
of a solution
accurately.
• A pipette filler is used
to draw a solution into
a pipette.

(a) (b)

5. Beaker It is used to hold

solutions.

Table 19.1 Apparatus commonly used in preparing standard solutions

Primary standard
A primary standard is a substance which can be used to prepare a
standard solution directly. It can be weighed out accurately and used to
prepare a solution of accurate concentration.

pipette 移液管 primary standard 基本標準

152 pipette filler 移液管膠泵 volumetric flask 容量瓶
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
To be a primary standard, the substance should have the following
properties:
• It is readily available in high purity.
• It is chemically stable (e.g. it should not react with oxygen, carbon
dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere).
• It is highly soluble in water.
• It does not absorb water vapour from the atmosphere.
• It does not lose water of crystallization to the atmosphere if it is a
hydrated substance.
• it is non-volatile and non-toxic.

In fact, not too many substances can be used as a primary standard.

Examples include anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and oxalic acid
((COOH)2․2H2O) crystals.

Example 19.1

Explaining why some substances cannot be used as primary standards

Explain why the following substances CANNOT be used as primary standards.
(a) Sodium hydroxide pellets
(b) Concentrated sulphuric acid
(c) Aqueous ammonia

Solution
(a) Sodium hydroxide absorbs water vapour and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, so its mass
cannot be accurately determined by weighing.
(b) Concentrated sulphuric acid absorbs water vapour from the atmosphere, so its mass cannot be
accurately determined by weighing.
(c) Aqueous ammonia is volatile (vaporizes easily in air), so its mass cannot be accurately determined
by weighing.

Class practice 19.1

1. Name the apparatus that is suitable for each of the following purposes:
3
(a) To deliver 25.0 cm of a solution accurately
3
(b) To measure about 22 cm of a solution
(c) To weigh accurately 1.23 g of a solid sample
3 3
(d) To make up 100 cm of a solution to 250.0 cm
2. Explain why the following substances CANNOT be used as primary
standards.
(a) Potassium hydroxide solid (b) Iodine solid

non-volatile 不揮發的
pellet 顆粒 153
IV Acids and Bases TE

19.2 Preparing a standard solution by

dissolving a primary standard in water
Experiment 19.1
Preparing standard We can prepare a standard solution by dissolving a known mass of a primary
solutions of sodium
standard in distilled water. It is then made up to a known volume (usually
carbonate 3 3
250.0 cm ) of solution. Suppose we are going to prepare 250.0 cm of
Experiment video a standard solution of sodium carbonate of approximately 0.100 M, from
Preparing standard solutions anhydrous sodium carbonate. Follow the steps in Figure 19.1:
of sodium carbonate

3
1 Calculate the mass of anhydrous 2 Using an electronic balance, 3 Dissolve the solid in about 100 cm of
sodium carbonate required. weigh accurately about 2.65 g distilled water in a beaker. Stir the solution
Mass of Na2CO3 required of anhydrous sodium carbonate with a glass rod.
= number of moles of Na2CO3 × in a weighing bottle. Pour the
Learning tip
molar mass of Na2CO3 solid into a beaker. Then
Deionized water is water with all the minerals
–3 250.0 3 reweigh the weighing bottle to
= 0.100 mol dm × dm × removed. It can be used in place of distilled water.
1000
106.0 g mol
–1 deduct the sodium carbonate
= 2.65 g remained (Refer to Example
3
19.2 part (b) for more details.) 100 cm of
distilled water
anhydrous sodium anhydrous sodium
carbonate glass
carbonate remained
rod
weighing bottle
beaker

electronic electronic
anhydrous sodium
balance balance
sodium carbonate
(The reading is set to zero after an empty weighing carbonate solution
bottle has been put on the electronic balance.)

(2) (3)

4 Pour the solution into a 5 Wash the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water several times. Pour all the
3
250.0 cm volumetric flask washing into the volumetric flask.
through a filter funnel.

glass
rod

sodium washing distilled

carbonate water
filter solution
funnel

volumetric flask
3
(250.0 cm type)
wash bottle

sodium
distilled
carbonate
water
solution

(4) (5)
deionized water 去離子水
154
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE
6 Add distilled water to the 7 Use a dropper to add distilled water 8 Stopper the flask and invert it
volumetric flask until the until the bottom of the meniscus several times to mix the
meniscus is about 2 cm reaches the graduation mark. contents well.
below the graduation mark.

beaker dropper
invert it
distilled several
distilled
water stopper times
water
3
250.0 cm
meniscus
graduation
mark

standard sodium
carbonate solution

(6) (7) (8)

Figure 19.1 Preparing a standard solution by dissolving a primary standard in distilled water

Finally, the concentration of the standard solution can be calculated

from the mass of the primary standard and the volume of the solution.

Example 19.2

Calculating the concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving a primary standard in

water
(a) 3.20 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in distilled water and is made up to a
3
250.0 cm solution. What is the molarity of the solution prepared?
(b) With reference to step 2 of Figure 19.1, calculate the mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate used
in preparing the standard solution.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)

Solution
mass of Na2CO3 (g)
(a) Number of moles of Na2CO3 (mol) = –1
molar mass of Na2CO3 (g mol )
3.20 g
= –1
= 0.0302 mol
(23.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol

number of moles of Na2CO3 (mol) Learning tip

–3
Molarity of the Na2CO3 solution (mol dm ) = 3 In this case, the mass
volume of Na2CO3 solution (dm ) of anhydrous sodium
0.0302 mol –3 carbonate used is
= = 0.121 mol dm
250.0 3 found by ‘weigh by
dm difference’ method.
1000
You may refer to Book
(b) Mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate used (g) in preparing the standard solution 1A ‘Skill builder 1.5:
= mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate Measuring mass’ to
– recall the details of
added to the weighing bottle (g) remained in the bottle (g)
this method.
= (2.65 – 0.02) g = 2.63 g

weigh by difference 減量稱量法

155
IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE

Writing practice 19.1

Writing the procedure for preparing a standard solution by dissolving a primary standard
3
1. Complete the following procedure for preparing 100.0 cm of 0.50 M sodium carbonate solution
from 5.30 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate by filling in suitable words.
(a) the required mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate and (b)
it using some (c) water in a beaker. Then transfer the solution made, with all the
3
washing, into a clean 100.0 cm (d) . Add distilled water to the graduation
(e) of the flask. Finally, stopper the flask, invert it several times to mix the
contents well.

2. Outline how you would prepare a standard oxalic acid solution from hydrated oxalic acid crystals
((COOH)2․2H2O).

Class practice 19.2

Useful web link 1. What is the mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate needed to prepare
Preparing a standard 3
250.0 cm of 0.150 M sodium carbonate solution?
solution by dissolving
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
a primary standard in
water (a video) A. 1.50 g B. 1.91 g
C. 3.11 g D. 3.98 g
2. 25.2 g of hydrated oxalic acid crystals ((COOH)2․2H2O) is dissolved in
3
distilled water and made up to a 250.0 cm standard solution. What is the
molarity of the standard solution prepared?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)

19.3 Preparing a standard solution by diluting a

solution of known concentration
Useful web link We can also prepare a standard solution by diluting a solution of known
Preparing a standard 3
molarity to a specific volume. Suppose we are going to prepare 250.0 cm
solution by diluting a
solution of known of 0.0120 M sodium carbonate solution from 0.120 M sodium carbonate
concentration (a video) solution. We may follow the steps in Figure 19.2.

156
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE
3
1 Calculate the volume of the original solution required for 2 Use a pipette to transfer 25.0 cm of
3
dilution. the original solution to a 250.0 cm
number of moles of Na2CO3 = number of moles of Na2CO3 volumetric flask.
(before dilution) (after dilution)

M1V1 = M2V2
V1 250.0
0.120 × = 0.0120 ×
1000 1000
3
 V1 = 25.0 cm

meniscus
SBA note
pipette • Use your index finger rather
filler than your thumb to control
0.120 M sodium the flow of solution in a
carbonate solution
pipette.
25.0 cm
3 • Do not hold the pipette by
3
25.0 cm the bulb when it is being
pipette
pipette
filled with the solution. This
is because hand warmth will
alter the volume of solution.

3
250.0 cm
0.120 M sodium volumetric flask
0.120 M sodium
carbonate solution carbonate solution

(1) and (2)

3 Add distilled water to 4 Use a dropper to add distilled water until 5 Stopper the flask and invert
the volumetric flask the bottom of the meniscus reaches the it several times to mix the
until the meniscus is graduation mark. contents well.
about 2 cm below the
graduation mark.

beaker dropper
invert it
distilled several
distilled times
water
water stopper

3
250.0 cm
meniscus
graduation
mark

0.0120 M
sodium
carbonate
solution

(3) (4) (5)

Figure 19.2 Preparing a standard solution by diluting a solution of known concentration

157
IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
Example 19.3
Integrated
Calculating the concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving a primary standard in
water and then diluting the solution obtained
3
In a preparation exercise, 100.0 cm of 1.00 M sodium carbonate solution is prepared from anhydrous
3
sodium carbonate. The solution is then diluted to give 250.0 cm of 0.100 M sodium carbonate
solution.
(a) Calculate the mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate required in this preparation.
3
(b) Calculate the volume of 1.00 M sodium carbonate solution required for preparing the 250.0 cm
of 0.100 M solution.
(c) Calculate the volume of distilled water added in the dilution process.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)

Solution
–3 100.0 3
(a) Number of moles of Na2CO3 = 1.00 mol dm × dm = 0.100 mol
1000
–1
Mass of Na2CO3 required = 0.100 mol × (23.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol = 10.6 g
(b) Number of moles of Na2CO3 (before dilution) = Number of moles of Na2CO3 (after dilution)
Let the volume of the 1.00 M Na2CO3(aq) required be V1.
V1 250.0
1.00 × = 0.100 ×
1000 1000
V1 = 25.0
 the volume of 1.00 M Na2CO3(aq) required is 25.0 cm3.
3 3
(c) Volume of distilled water added = (250.0 – 25.0) cm = 225.0 cm

Writing practice 19.2

Writing the procedure for preparing a standard solution by diluting a concentrated solution
3
1. Complete the following procedure for preparing 100.0 cm of 0.05 M sodium carbonate solution
from 0.5 M sodium carbonate solution by dilution by filling in suitable words.
3
Using a clean 10.0 cm (a) , transfer the required (b) of 0.5 M
3
sodium carbonate solution to a clean 100.0 cm (c) . Add (d)
water up to the graduation (e) of the flask. Finally, stopper the flask, invert it
several times to mix the contents well.
2. Outline how you would prepare a standard oxalic acid solution by diluting a concentrated oxalic
acid solution.

158
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
Class practice 19.3
3
A student prepared 500.0 cm of 0.100 M oxalic acid solution by dissolving hydrated oxalic acid crystals
((COOH)2․2H2O) in water. (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
(a) Calculate the mass of hydrated oxalic acid crystals required.
3
(b) Then the student prepared 250.0 cm of 0.01 M oxalic acid solution from the 0.100 M oxalic acid
solution obtained by dilution.
(i) Calculate the volume of the 0.100 M oxalic acid solution required for dilution.
(ii) Suggest an apparatus suitable for each of the following purposes:
(1) Measuring out accurately the volume of 0.100 M oxalic acid solution required
3
(2) Making up the 250.0 cm of 0.01 M oxalic acid solution from the 0.100 M solution measured out

19.4 Acid-alkali titrations

Apparatus used for carrying out titration

Table 19.2 shows some apparatus commonly used in titration.

Apparatus Use
SBA note
Before use, 1. Burette It is used to deliver
• burettes and pipettes variable volumes (ranging
should be rinsed with from 0.05 to 50.00 cm )
3

distilled water and

of a solution accurately.
then with the solution
they are going to
deliver.
• conical flasks (see stopcock
p.160) should be rinsed
with distilled water.

Skill builders 19.1–19.3

• Delivering a specific
volume of a solution
using a pipette
(Refer to p.S1 for details.) 2. (a) Pipette and (b) pipette filler • A pipette is used to
• Delivering variable deliver a specific
volumes of a solution 3
volume (e.g. 25.0 cm )
using a burette
(Refer to p.S2 for details.)
of a solution
accurately.
• Carrying out a titration
(Refer to p.S3–S4 for • A pipette filler is used
details.) to draw a solution into
a pipette.

(a) (b)
burette 滴定管
159
IV Acids and Bases
TE
Apparatus Use

3. Conical flask It is used to hold the

solution to be titrated.
The conical shape makes
it easy for us to mix the
solutions thoroughly.

Learning tip
A retort clamp (or clamp) 4. Stand and burette clamp They are used to support
can also be used to the burette in a fixed
support and fix the position.
burette on a stand.

5. White tile It is used to allow clear

observation of the colour
change of the indicator.

Table 19.2 Some apparatus used in acid-alkali titration

Carrying out an acid-alkali titration

In a titration, a solution is run from a burette into a known volume of
another solution (measured by a pipette) in a conical flask. Figure 19.3
shows the set-up used in a titration of an acid with an alkali.

burette clamp 滴定管夾 retort clamp 鐵夾

160 conical flask 錐形瓶 white tile 白瓷磚
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
burette
clamp burette (containing an acid solution)

Useful web link

Standardizing a hydrochloric
acid solution by titration
• (part 1) (a video) stand

• (part 2) (a video)
• (part 3) (a video)

conical flask (containing a solution of an alkali

+ an acid-base indicator)

white tile
Figure 19.3 Set-up for an
acid-alkali titration

Learning tip
The procedure for an Figure 19.4 shows the general procedure for an acid-alkali titration. In
acid-carbonate (e.g. HCl–
this experiment, the concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid is
Na2CO3) titration is more or 3
less the same as that for an determined by titrating it with 25.0 cm of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide
acid-alkali titration. solution.

3
1 Transfer 25.0 cm of 0.10 M 2 Add a few drops of acid- 3 Fill a burette with the dilute
sodium hydroxide solution into base indicator, e.g. methyl hydrochloric acid and record
a conical flask using a pipette. orange, to the sodium the initial burette reading.
hydroxide solution.

meniscus stand
dilute
hydrochloric
methyl orange clamp acid
3
indicator burette
25.0 cm
0.10 M sodium pipette
hydroxide
solution
sodium jet
hydroxide
solution white tile

Think about it
What is the colour of the solution SBA note
after adding methyl orange Make sure the jet is filled completely
indicator? (no air bubbles inside the jet).

(1) (2) (3)

jet 噴嘴
161
IV Acids and Bases
TE
4 Run the hydrochloric acid into 5 To minimize errors, repeat the titration
the sodium hydroxide solution (steps 1 to 4) several times until three sets
with constant swirling of the burette of consistent results are obtained.
conical flask until the solution
h
mixture just changes to orange too
hig 3
dilute g m
din 0 c
colour. Record the final burette rea
as
0.8
hydrochloric rea
d eye at
reading. acid bottom of the 3
proper
rearead as 0.60 cm
meniscus din
gt
level
rea oo
da low
s0
.40
cm 3

SBA note
solution mixture + methyl
orange indicator
Read the burette reading with our eyes at the
same level as the bottom of the meniscus.

(4) (5)
Figure 19.4 General procedure for acid-alkali titration

Skill corner 19.1

Drawing a labelled diagram of the set-up for acid-alkali titrations

Note the following points when drawing the set-up for acid-alkali titrations.

burette

1 Label the solution acid (or alkali)

in the burette

2 Label the solution and alkali (or acid) + a conical flask 3 Draw a conical flask
the acid-base indicator few drops of acid- but NOT a beaker
white tile
in the conical flask base indicator

Recording and analysing titration results

Learning tip Refer to the experiment in Figure 19.4. Some burette readings have been
Burettes are graduated in
3
divisions of 0.1 cm , so we
recorded and these readings are presented in table form (Table 19.3).
can measure the volumes
of solutions to the nearest Titration 1
0.05 cm .
3 2 3 4
Burette reading (Trial)
3
Final burette reading / cm 26.50 25.05 26.20 45.25
3
Initial burette reading / cm 0.00 0.00 1.00 20.00

Table 19.3 Presenting the

Volume of hydrochloric acid
3 26.50 25.05 25.20 25.25
titration results in table form added / cm

swirl 搖勻
162 trial 試驗
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE
The solution in the burette is known as the titrant and the volume of
titrant delivered by the burette is called the titre.

Titration 1 is usually regarded as a trial of the experiment. It is for

determining the titre roughly. Hence, the result of titration 1 is often
discarded. The results of titration 2–4 are often used in calculating the
average titre. However, if the results do not closely agree with one another
3
(usually within 0.20 cm ), the titration will be repeated until three reliable
titres are obtained.

From the titration results, the reasonable average volume of

hydrochloric acid needed for the complete neutralization can be
determined. See Example 19.4.

Example 19.4

Calculating the reasonable average titre from titration results and predicting any errors
arising from any improper washing of apparatus
Refer to the titration results in Table 19.3 on p.162.
(a) Calculate the reasonable average volume of hydrochloric acid needed for complete neutralization
3
of 25.0 cm of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution.
(b) Predict, with explanation, any likely effect on the reasonable average titre if
(i) the burette is washed with distilled water only.
(ii) the conical flask is washed with distilled water, followed by the sodium hydroxide solution.
(iii) the conical flask is not dried after being washed with distilled water.

Solution
25.05 + 25.20 + 25.25 3 3
(a) Reasonable average volume of HCl = cm = 25.17 cm
3
(b) (i) It will be larger than the expected one.
After washing, any water remained in the burette will dilute the hydrochloric acid in it. As a
result, the volume of hydrochloric acid needed to completely neutralize the sodium hydroxide
solution is greater than the expected value.
(ii) It will be larger than the expected one.
After washing, some sodium hydroxide solution may remain in the flask. As a result, a greater
volume of hydrochloric acid may be needed for neutralizing all the sodium hydroxide
solution.
(iii) There is no effect on the reasonable average titre.
Any water that remained in the flask does not affect the number of moles of sodium hydroxide
present.

titrant 滴定劑
titre 滴定值
163
IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
Equivalence point and end point
Consider the titration in Example 19.4 again. The hydrochloric acid is
slowly added to a known volume of sodium hydroxide solution until the
acid and the alkali just completely react with each other. The point at
which an acid and an alkali have just completely reacted with each other
is called the equivalence point.

In an acid-alkali titration, a suitable acid-base indicator is added to the

conical flask. The colour of the indicator changes sharply at or very near
the equivalence point. The point at which the indicator changes colour
sharply is the end point of the titration. Hence, the equivalence point and
the end point of the titration may or may not coincide.

Key point
Equivalence point is the point at which an acid and an alkali have just
completely reacted with each other.
End point is the point at which the indicator changes colour sharply.

Choosing a suitable acid-base indicator

Think about it A suitably chosen acid-base indicator should change colour right at the
Why is a universal equivalence point and give a sharp colour change. The indicator we
indicator not used in
choose depends on the strength of the acid and the alkali involved. This
acid-alkali titrations?
is summarized in Table 19.4.

Titration Example Suitable indicator(s)

Strong acid – strong alkali HCl(aq) vs. NaOH(aq) methyl orange; phenolphthalein
Strong acid – weak alkali; HNO3(aq) vs. NH3(aq);
methyl orange
Strong acid – carbonate HCl(aq) vs. Na2CO3(aq)
Weak acid – strong alkali CH3COOH(aq) vs. KOH(aq) phenolphthalein
Weak acid – weak alkali CH3COOH(aq) vs. NH3(aq) (no suitable indicator)
Table 19.4 The choice of acid-base indicators for different acid-alkali titrations

Class practice 19.4

3
1. In an experiment, 25.0 cm of HCl(aq) is measured with apparatus X and is placed in apparatus Y. The
HCl(aq) in Y is then titrated with a standard NaOH(aq). Which of the following combinations is correct?
X Y
A. Measuring cylinder Beaker
B. Measuring cylinder Conical flask
C. Pipette Beaker
D. Pipette Conical flask (HKDSE 2015 Paper 1A Q8)
Cont’d

end point 終點 coincide 相符

164 equivalence point 當量點
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
3
2. In a titration experiment, 25.0 cm of standard potassium hydroxide solution and a few drops of
phenolphthalein are added to a conical flask. Nitric acid of an unknown concentration is then added
gradually from a burette into the flask, until the mixture in the flask just changes colour.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(b) Below are the initial and final burette readings:

Initial reading Final reading

Complete the following table:

3
Final burette reading / cm
3
Initial burette reading / cm
3
Volume of HNO3(aq) added / cm

(c) State the colour change of the indicator at the titration end point.

19.5 Monitoring the change in pH in an acid-

alkali titration

Experiment 19.2 A pH meter or a data-logger with a pH sensor can be used to monitor

Performing acid-alkali the pH change during an acid-alkali titration. In a titration, 0.10 M
3
titrations using a pH hydrochloric acid is added slowly to 25.0 cm of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide
meter
solution. The pH of the solution after each addition is measured by a pH
meter (Figure 19.5).
Experiment video
Performing acid-
alkali titrations
0.10 M hydrochloric
using a pH meter
acid
burette

pH meter

pH electrode
magnetic stirrer bar 3
25.0 cm of 0.10 M sodium
hydroxide solution

Figure 19.5 Set-up for monitoring the pH change during titration

165
IV Acids and Bases
TE
When the pH of the reaction mixture is plotted against the volume of
the hydrochloric acid added, a titration curve is obtained (Figure 19.6). It
shows the variation of pH during titration. The equivalence point is found
by the point where there is a sharp change in pH.

Learning tip
The pH of the mixture at
the equivalence point mid-point of the sharp
pH

may not be 7 for some change in pH

acid-alkali titrations.

volume of HCl(aq)
required for complete
neutralization

3
Volume of HCl(aq) added / cm

Figure 19.6 Titration curve for the titration of 0.10 M hydrochloric acid
3
with 25.0 cm of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution

pH change during the acid-alkali titration:

• At the start of the titration, only a small amount of hydrochloric acid

has been added. The pH decreases slightly because there is still a large
excess of sodium hydroxide solution.

• When the titration is close to the equivalence point, there is a very

sharp decrease in pH (shown by the almost vertical part of the curve)
upon addition of a little hydrochloric acid.

• As more hydrochloric acid is added after the equivalence point, the

hydrochloric acid is in excess. Hence, there is a further decrease in pH.

In this case, the equivalence point is at pH = 7. Then the volume of

hydrochloric acid required for complete neutralization is found to be
3
25.0 cm .

titration curve 滴定曲線

166
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
All answers
Class practice 19.5
In an experiment, 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution is added, from a
3
burette, to 10.0 cm of ethanoic acid contained in a beaker. The variation of
pH of the mixture is monitored with a pH meter. The graph below shows the
titration results.

pH

3
Volume of NaOH(aq) added / cm

(a) From the graph, find the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed to
reach the equivalence point.
(b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction involved.
(c) The titration is repeated by using an acid-base indicator instead of a pH
meter. With reference to Table 19.4 on p.164, which acid-base indicator
should be used?

19.6 Monitoring the change in temperature in an

acid-alkali titration
Neutralization is an exothermic reaction. When an acid neutralizes an
alkali, heat is given out. Therefore, the temperature of the reaction
mixture changes during titration.

3
In one such experiment, 25.0 cm of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution
is placed in an expanded polystyrene cup, and the initial temperature of the
alkali is measured using a thermometer. After that, 0.10 M of hydrochloric
3
acid is added to the alkali, 5.00 cm at a time (see Figure 19.7 on the next
page). The temperature of the reaction mixture is recorded immediately
after each addition of the acid.

167
IV Acids and Bases
TE
burette

0.10 M hydrochloric acid

thermometer

expanded polystyrene cup

3
25.0 cm of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution

beaker
air

Figure 19.7 Set-up for monitoring temperature change during

titration

When the temperature of the reaction mixture is plotted against the

volume of the hydrochloric acid added, the following graph is obtained
(Figure 19.8).

E
Temperature / °C

B
A
volume of HCl(aq) needed for
complete neutralization

3
Volume of HCl(aq) added / cm

Figure 19.8 A graph showing the variation of temperature of the

reaction mixture with the volume of HCl(aq) added

Temperature change during the acid-alkali titration:

At A: This is the initial temperature of the sodium hydroxide

solution.

From A to E: The temperature of the mixture rises because heat is given

out when hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide
solution.

At E: The temperature of the mixture reaches the maximum

because the titration reaches the equivalence point.

From E to B: The temperature of the mixture falls because addition of

excess hydrochloric acid cools the mixture.

168
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE
Skill corner 19.2

Determining the volume of acid (or alkali) for complete neutralization and the maximum
temperature rise in neutralization
1. Plot a graph of the temperature of the reaction mixture against the volume of acid (or alkali)
added.

reaction mixture / °C
Temperature of the

3
Volume of acid (or alkali) added / cm

2. Draw two best-fit lines and extend them until they cross.
reaction mixture / °C
Temperature of the

3
Volume of acid (or alkali) added / cm

3. Draw a vertical broken line from the intersection point towards the x-axis. This is the volume of
acid (or alkali) needed for complete neutralization.
maximum temperature of
the reaction mixture
reaction mixture / °C
Temperature of the

volume of acid (or alkali) needed

for complete neutralization

3
Volume of acid (or alkali) added / cm

4. Draw a horizontal broken line from the intersection point towards the y-axis. This is the maximum
temperature of the reaction mixture.
5. The difference between the maximum temperature and the initial temperature is the maximum
temperature rise in the neutralization.

best-fit line 最適直線 intersection point 相交點

extend 延伸
169
IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
Class practice 19.6
In an experiment, standard HCl(aq) was added from a burette to a known
volume of NaOH(aq) placed in an expanded polystyrene cup. The graph
below shows the temperatures of the mixture in the cup during the process:
Temperature / °C

Volume of HCl(aq) added

What is the greatest temperature rise of the mixture in the cup as estimated
from the graph above?
A. 2.0°C B. 4.6°C
C. 6.2°C D. 6.6°C
(HKDSE 2014 Paper 1A Q12)

19.7 Calculations on volumetric analysis

To solve stoichiometric problems involving volumetric analysis, we have to
apply the concepts of concentration of solution (see Chapter 15) and use
relevant titration results. In such calculations, two equations are particularly
useful.

Key point
Number of moles of a substance (mol)
mass of the substance (g)
= –1
molar mass of the substance (g mol )
Number of moles of a substance (mol)
molarity of a solution that contains 3
= –3
× volume of the solution (dm )
the substance (mol dm )

170
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
Problem-solving strategy 19.1 shows the general steps for solving
stoichiometric problems involving volumetric analysis.

Problem-solving strategy 19.1

Determining the volume of the titrant used in an acid-alkali titration

Try it now
Calculate the volume of 0.200 M sodium hydroxide solution Calculate the volume of
3
required to completely neutralize 25.0 cm of 0.102 M sulphuric 0.100 M hydrochloric acid
acid. required to completely
3
neutralize 20.0 cm of
1 Write the balanced equation for the reaction.
0.125 M sodium hydroxide
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O() solution.
2 Write the given data underneath the corresponding
formulae. Indicate the volume to be found.
(After some practice, you will be able to skip this step.)
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O()
0.102 M 0.200 M
3 3
25.0 cm ? cm

3 Find the number of moles of one of the reactants. (In

calculations of this type, sufficient data are given to allow
you to calculate the number of moles of only one reactant.)
Number of moles of H2SO4 (mol)
molarity of H2SO4(aq) volume of H2SO4(aq)
= –3
× 3
(mol dm ) (dm )
–3 25.0 3
= 0.102 mol dm × dm
1000
–3
= 2.55 × 10 mol

4 From the mole ratio of the reactants in the equation,

calculate the number of moles of the other reactant of
which its volume is asked for.
From the equation, mole ratio of H2SO4 to NaOH = 1 : 2.
 number of moles of NaOH = 2.55 × 10–3 × 2 mol
–3
= 5.10 × 10 mol

5 Calculate the required volume.

3
Volume of NaOH(aq) (dm )
number of moles of NaOH (mol)
= –3
molarity of NaOH(aq) (mol dm )
–3
5.10 × 10 mol
= –3
0.200 mol dm
3 3
= 0.0255 dm (or 25.5 cm )

171
IV Acids and Bases
TE
Standardization
One main application of volumetric analysis is to standardize (i.e. to find
the concentration) a given solution. This is done by titrating it with a
standard solution. See Example 19.5.

Example 19.5

Determining the molarity of a solution by standardization

In an experiment, 15.67 g of hydrated oxalic acid (H2C2O4․2H2O) is dissolved in distilled water and
3 3
made up to a 250.0 cm solution. 25.0 cm portions of the solution are withdrawn and titrated with
sodium hydroxide solution. Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator. The titration results are listed in
the table below.

1 2 3 4
3
Final burette reading / cm 26.95 27.90 26.90 27.25
3
Initial burette reading / cm 0.30 2.20 1.00 1.40
3
Volume of NaOH(aq) added / cm 26.65 25.70 25.90 25.85

3
(a) Suggest an apparatus that can be used for withdrawing 25.0 cm of oxalic acid solution for
titration.
(b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration.
(c) Oxalic acid is a dibasic acid. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between oxalic acid and
sodium hydroxide solution.
(d) (i) From the titration results, calculate the reasonable average volume of sodium hydroxide
solution used.
(ii) Calculate the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)

Solution
3
(a) 25.0 cm pipette
(b) From colourless to (pale) pink
(c) H2C2O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(), or
(COOH)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (COO)2Na2(aq) + 2H2O()
(Note: oxalic acid may be written as H2C2O4 or (COOH)2.)
(d) (i) Reasonable average volume of NaOH(aq) used
25.70 + 25.90 + 25.85 3 3
= cm = 25.82 cm
3
–1
(ii) Molar mass of H2C2O4․2H2O = [1.0 × 2 + 12.0 × 2 + 16.0 × 4 + 2 × (1.0 × 2 + 16.0)] g mol
–1
= 126.0 g mol
In 1 mol of H2C2O4․2H2O, there is 1 mol of H2C2O4 and 2 mol of H2O.
15.67 g
 number of moles of H2C2O4 in 250.0 cm3 solution = –1
= 0.124 mol
126.0 g mol
Cont’d

standardization 標定
172
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
3
Number of moles of H2C2O4 in 25.0 cm solution
25.0
= 0.124 × mol
250.0
= 0.0124 mol
From the equation in (c), mole ratio of H2C2O4 to NaOH = 1 : 2.
Number of moles of NaOH reacted
= 0.0124 × 2 mol
= 0.0248 mol
0.0248 mol
Molarity of NaOH(aq) =
25.82 3
dm
1000
–3
= 0.960 mol dm

Experiment 19.3
Determining the molarity Basicity of an acid
of a given hydrochloric
acid using the standard The basicity of an acid can be found by determining the number of moles
solution prepared
of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize one mole of the acid. See
Experiment video Example 19.6.
Determining the molarity of a
given hydrochloric acid using
the standard solution prepared

Example 19.6

Determining the basicity of an acid

3 3
X is a solid acid. 25.0 cm of a 0.20 M solution of X requires 30.0 cm of 0.50 M sodium hydroxide
solution for complete neutralization. Calculate the basicity of X.

Solution Learning tip

–3 25.0 3 –3
This problem is somewhat
Number of moles of acid X = 0.20 mol dm × dm = 5.0 × 10 mol unusual in two aspects:
1000
• We cannot write an
–3 30.0 3 equation for the reaction
Number of moles of NaOH = 0.50 mol dm × dm = 0.015 mol
1000 (as the basicity of the
acid is unknown).
Number of moles of NaOH 0.015 3 • We can calculate the
= –3
=
Number of moles of acid X 5 × 10 1 number of moles of both
reactants directly (not
 the basicity of acid X is 3. just one reactant).

Self-test 19.6
3
The concentration of the aqueous solution of an acid is 0.05 M. 25.0 cm of this acid solution
3
requires 25.0 cm of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution for complete neutralization. Calculate the
basicity of the acid.

173
IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
Molar mass of a substance
The molar mass of an acid, a metal or a base can sometimes be determined
by volumetric analysis. See Example 19.7.

Example 19.7

Determining the molar mass of an acid

3
2.00 g of a solid dibasic acid (H2X) is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a 250.0 cm of
3 3
solution. 25.0 cm of this solution requires 31.80 cm of 0.100 M sodium hydroxide solution for
complete neutralization. Calculate the molar mass of the acid.

Solution
2NaOH(aq) + H2X(aq) Na2X(aq) + 2H2O()
2.00 g
3
250.0 cm
0.100 M
3 3
31.80 cm (25.0 cm used)
–1
? g mol
Number of moles of NaOH used
–3 31.80 3
= 0.100 mol dm × dm
1000
–3
= 3.18 × 10 mol
From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to H2X = 2 : 1.
 number of moles of H2X in 25.0 cm3 of the acid solution
–3 1
= 3.18 × 10 mol ×
2
–3
= 1.59 × 10 mol
3
Number of moles of H2X in 250.0 cm of the acid solution
–3 250.0
= 1.59 × 10 × mol
25.0
= 0.0159 mol
Molar mass of H2X
2.00 g
=
0.0159 mol
–1
= 125.8 g mol

Self-test 19.7
3
5.92 g of a solid tribasic acid (H3X) is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a 250.0 cm of
3 3
solution. 25.0 cm of the solution requires 18.50 cm of 0.500 M sodium hydroxide solution for
complete neutralization. Calculate the molar mass of the acid.

174
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
Class practice 19.7
1. In an experiment to determine the concentration of a sample of sulphuric
acid, 4.00 g of sodium carbonate solid is dissolved in distilled water and
3 3
made up to a 250.0 cm solution. 25.0 cm portions of this solution are
titrated against sulphuric acid using a suitable indicator. The mean titre
3
required to reach the end point is 25.50 cm .
(a) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration and state its colour
change at the end point.
(b) Calculate the concentration of the sample of sulphuric acid.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
3
2. (a) Solution X contains 18.0 g of an acid (HnA) in 100.0 cm of solution.
The relative molecular mass of the acid is 90.0. Calculate the molarity
of the solution.
3 3
(b) 50.0 cm of 2.00 M NaOH(aq) reacts completely with 25.0 cm of
solution X.
3
(i) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 50.0 cm of 2.00 M
NaOH(aq).
3
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of HnA in 25.0 cm of solution X.
(iii) Hence, calculate the value of n in HnA.
3
3. 25.0 cm of 0.120 M sodium hydroxide solution is completely neutralized
3
by 30.00 cm of a solution of a dibasic acid (H2X), which contains 6.30 g
3
of the acid per dm of the solution. Calculate
(a) the molarity of the acid solution.
(b) the molar mass of the acid.

Relative atomic mass of an element

The relative atomic mass of an element can be determined by volumetric
analysis. See Example 19.8.

Example 19.8

Determining the relative atomic mass of a metal

3
1.14 g of a metal carbonate, M2CO3, is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a 100.0 cm of
3 3
solution. 10.0 cm of this solution requires 25.30 cm of 0.0850 M hydrochloric acid for complete
reaction. Calculate the
(a) molar mass of M2CO3.
(b) relative atomic mass of M.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
Cont’d

175
IV Acids and Bases
All answers
Solution
(a) 2HCl(aq) + M2CO3(aq) 2MCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O()
1.14 g
3
100.0 cm
3
0.0850 M (10.0 cm used)
3 –1
25.30 cm ? g mol
Number of moles of HCl used
–3 25.30 3 –3
= 0.0850 mol dm × dm = 2.15 × 10 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl to M2CO3 = 2 : 1.
 number of moles of M2CO3 in 10.0 cm3 of solution
–3 1 –3
= 2.15 × 10 mol × = 1.075 × 10 mol
2
3
Number of moles of M2CO3 in 100.0 cm of solution
–3 100.0
= 1.075 × 10 × mol
10.0
–2
= 1.075 × 10 mol
–1 mass of M2CO3 (g)
Molar mass of M2CO3 (g mol ) =
number of moles of M2CO3 (mol)
1.14 g
= –2
1.075 × 10 mol
–1
= 106.0 g mol
(b) Let the relative atomic mass of M be x.
Molar mass of M2CO3 = (2x + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) = 106.0
x = 23.0
 the relative atomic mass of M is 23.0.

Self-test 19.8

Metal M forms a hydroxide with the formula M(OH)2. 2.60 g of M(OH)2 is dissolved in some distilled
3 3
water and made up to a 250.0 cm of solution. 25.0 cm of this solution is titrated with 0.100 M
3
hydrochloric acid. 30.40 cm of hydrochloric acid is required for complete neutralization. Calculate
the relative atomic mass of M.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0)

Number of water of crystallization

The number of water of crystallization per formula unit of a hydrated
compound can be determined by volumetric analysis. See Example 19.9.

176
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
Example 19.9

Determining the number of water of crystallization

3
0.186 g of a hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3․nH2O, requires 15.00 cm of 0.10 M sulphuric acid
for complete reaction. Calculate the number of water of crystallization per formula unit of the hydrated
sodium carbonate.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)

Solution

In 1 mol of Na2CO3․nH2O, there is 1 mol of Na2CO3 and n mol of H2O. We first calculate the number
of moles of Na2CO3 participated in the reaction.
H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O()
0.10 M ?g
3
15.00 cm n=?
Number of moles of H2SO4 used
–3 15.00 3 –3
= 0.10 mol dm × dm = 1.5 × 10 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of H2SO4 to Na2CO3 = 1 : 1.
–3
 number of moles of Na2CO3 reacted = 1.5 × 10 mol
1 mol of Na2CO3․nH2O contains 1 mol of Na2CO3.
 number of moles of Na2CO3․nH2O used = 1.5 × 10–3 mol
Molar mass of Na2CO3․nH2O
–1
= [23.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3 + n(1.0 × 2 + 16.0)] g mol
–1
= (106.0 + 18n) g mol
mass of Na2CO3․nH2O (g)
Number of moles of Na2CO3․nH2O (mol) = –1
molar mass of Na2CO3․nH2O (g mol )

–3 0.186
1.5 × 10 =
106.0 + 18n
n=1
 there is one water of crystallization per formula unit of the hydrated sodium carbonate.

Self-test 19.9

7.96 g of a hydrated potassium carbonate (K2CO3․nH2O) is dissolved in distilled water and made up
3 3 3
to a 250.0 cm solution. 25.0 cm of this solution requires 20.00 cm of 0.25 M hydrochloric acid for
complete reaction. Calculate the number of water of crystallization per formula unit of the hydrated
potassium carbonate.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, K = 39.1)

177
IV Acids and Bases
TE
Percentage by mass of a substance in a sample
The percentage by mass of a substance in a sample (Figure 19.9) can
be determined by volumetric analysis. The mass of the substance is found
first. The percentage by mass of the substance can then be calculated by
using the following equation:

Key point
Percentage by mass of a substance in a sample (%)
mass of the substance (g)
= × 100%
mass of the sample (g)

Figure 19.9 The percentage See Example 19.10.

by mass of anhydrous sodium
carbonate in this bottle is 99.8%.

Example 19.10

Determining the percentage by mass of a substance in a sample

0.509 g of an impure sample of anhydrous potassium carbonate (contaminated with potassium
3
chloride only) is dissolved in water. The resultant solution requires 34.90 cm of 0.200 M hydrochloric
acid for complete reaction. Calculate the percentage by mass of anhydrous potassium carbonate in
the sample.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, K = 39.0)

Solution
Potassium chloride in the sample does not react with hydrochloric acid.
2HCl(aq) + K2CO3(aq) 2KCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O()
0.200 M 0.509 g
3
34.90 cm (with impurity)
? % by mass
Number of moles of HCl used
–3 34.90 3
= 0.200 mol dm × dm
1000
–3
= 6.98 × 10 mol
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl to K2CO3 = 2 : 1.
 number of moles of K2CO3 in the sample
–3 1
= 6.98 × 10 mol ×
2
–3
= 3.49 × 10 mol

Cont’d

percentage by mass 質量百分比

178
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
All answers
–1
Molar mass of K2CO3 = (39.1 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol
–1
= 138.2 g mol
–3 –1
Mass of K2CO3 in the sample = 3.49 × 10 mol × 138.2 g mol
= 0.4823 g
0.4823 g
Percentage by mass of K2CO3 in the sample = × 100%
0.509 g
= 94.8%

Self-test 19.10

10.00 g of an impure sample of sodium hydrogencarbonate (contaminated with sodium chloride

3 3
only) is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a 250.0 cm of solution. 25.0 cm of this solution
3
requires 27.50 cm of 0.200 M sulphuric acid for complete reaction. Calculate the percentage by mass
of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the sample.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)

Class practice 19.8

1. 3.44 g of a metal carbonate, M2CO3, is dissolved in distilled water and
3 3
made up to a 250.0 cm of solution. 25.0 cm of this solution requires
3
33.20 cm of 0.150 M hydrochloric acid for complete reaction. Calculate
the
(a) molar mass of M2CO3.
(b) relative atomic mass of M.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0)

2. 1.26 g of a hydrated dibasic acid (H2A․nH2O) (relative molecular mass

of the anhydrous form is 90.0) is dissolved in water and made up to a
3 3 3
250.0 cm of solution. 25.0 cm of this solution requires 20.00 cm of
0.10 M potassium hydroxide solution for complete neutralization.
Calculate the number of water of crystallization per formula unit of the
hydrated dibasic acid.

3. ‘Soda ash’ is crude sodium carbonate. To determine the percentage by

mass of sodium carbonate in a sample of soda ash, 2.00 g of the sample
3
is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a 250.0 cm solution.
3 3
25.0 cm of this solution requires 22.00 cm of 0.160 M hydrochloric acid
for complete reaction.
(a) Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium carbonate in the sample
of soda ash.
(b) State one assumption made in your calculation.

179
IV Acids and Bases TE

19.8 Back titration

Flipped classroom Many titrations only involve adding the right amount of solution in the
Determining the
burette to the solution in the conical flask. These are direct titrations.
percentage by mass
of copper(II) oxide The titrations shown in Examples 19.5 to 19.10 are all direct titrations.
in a solid sample by
back titration Direct titration is not applicable in some cases. For example, we cannot
determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in a sample by
direct titration. Calcium carbonate is insoluble in water and we cannot
Learning tip make an aqueous solution of it. But calcium carbonate is soluble in some
Back titration will also be acids. In this case, back titration could be used for the analysis.
used if the reaction
between the substance A known amount of excess standard hydrochloric acid is first
being analysed and the
added to a known mass of the calcium carbonate sample. The calcium
reagent used is too slow.
carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid, dissolving completely to form a
solution. The excess acid (i.e. the unreacted acid) is then back titrated
against a standard sodium hydroxide solution. Figure 19.10 is a flow chart
showing the calculation steps in a back titration to determine the amount
of a substance in a sample.

1 2 3 4
Calculate the amount Calculate the amount
Calculate the amount Calculate the amount
of excess acid from of acid reacted with
of acid added at the of the substance in
the back titration the substance in the
start the sample
results sample*

* Amount of acid added Amount of excess acid from Amount of acid reacted with the
– =
at the start (mol) the titration results (mol) substance in the sample (mol)

Figure 19.10 A flow chart showing the calculation steps in a back titration for determining the amount of a substance in a sample

Example 19.11

Determining the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in a marble sample using back
titration
3
3.00 g of a marble sample is added to 50.0 cm of 1.20 M hydrochloric acid. The excess acid requires
3
28.80 cm of 0.500 M sodium hydroxide solution for complete reaction. Calculate the percentage by
mass of calcium carbonate in the marble sample.
(Assume that all other substances in the marble sample react with neither hydrochloric acid nor
sodium hydroxide solution.)
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1)

Cont’d

direct titration 直接滴定

180 back titration 返滴定
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE
Solution
Refer to the steps in Figure 19.10. Experiment 19.4
1 Number of moles of HCl added at the start Determining the
–3 50.0 3 percentage by mass of
= 1.20 mol dm × dm = 0.0600 mol
1000 calcium carbonate in
2 Number of moles of NaOH used to neutralize the excess HCl marble chips

–3 28.80 3
= 0.500 mol dm × dm = 0.0144 mol
1000 Experiment video
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O() Determining the
percentage by mass
From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to HCl = 1 : 1. of calcium carbonate
 number of moles of excess HCl = 0.0144 mol in marble chips
3 Number of moles of HCl reacted with CaCO3 in the sample
= number of moles of HCl added at the start (calculated in step 1) – number of moles of
excess HCl (calculated in step 2)
= (0.0600 – 0.0144) mol
= 0.0456 mol
4 CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g)
From the equation, mole ratio of CaCO3 to HCl = 1 : 2.
 number of moles of CaCO3 in the sample
1
= 0.0456 mol × = 0.0228 mol
2
Mass of CaCO3 in the sample
–1
= 0.0228 mol × (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol = 2.28 g
Percentage by mass of CaCO3 in the marble sample
2.28 g
= × 100% = 76.0%
3.00 g

Example 19.12
Integrated
Determining the percentage by mass of ammonium nitrate in a fertilizer
A nitrogenous fertilizer contains ammonium nitrate allow ammonia
and inert substances only. An experiment was evolved to escape
from the flask
performed to determine the percentage by mass of
3
ammonium nitrate in the fertilizer. 50.0 cm of 1.0 M
sodium hydroxide solution and 4.0 g of a sample of
fertilizer were heated gently in a conical flask until no
more ammonia evolved from the mixture. 3
50.0 cm of 1.0 M
4.0 g of the
A resultant alkaline solution obtained after sodium hydroxide
fertilizer
3 solution
heating was diluted to 250.0 cm . This diluted
solution was labelled ‘X’. heat

Cont’d

181
IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide
solution.
(b) Suggest and explain TWO safety precautions when heating the fertilizer with sodium hydroxide
solution.
3
(c) 25.0 cm of X was titrated with 0.050 M hydrochloric acid using methyl orange as an indicator.
3
12.00 cm of the hydrochloric acid was required to reach the end point.
(i) State the colour change at the end point of the titration.
(ii) Calculate the percentage by mass of ammonium nitrate in the fertilizer.
3
(iii) Suggest one reason for diluting the resultant solution to 250.0 cm before the titration.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0)

Solution
(a) NH4NO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq) + NH3(g) + H2O()
(b) Wear safety spectacles and laboratory coat as hot sodium hydroxide solution is very corrosive.
Perform the experiment in a fume cupboard as ammonia is irritating.
(c) (i) From yellow to orange
(ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O()
–3 12.00 3 –4
Number of moles of HCl reacted = 0.050 mol dm × dm = 6.0 × 10 mol
1000
3 –4
Number of moles of excess NaOH in 25.0 cm of X = 6.0 × 10 mol
3
Number of moles of excess NaOH in 250.0 cm of X
–4 250.0 –3
= 6.0 × 10 × mol = 6.0 × 10 mol
25.0
–3 50.0 3
Number of moles of NaOH added at the start = 1.0 mol dm × dm = 0.050 mol
1000
Number of moles of NaOH reacted with NH4NO3 in the fertilizer
–3
= (0.050 – 6.0 × 10 ) mol
= 0.044 mol
From the equation in (a), mole ratio of NaOH to NH4NO3 = 1 : 1.
 number of moles of NH4NO3 = 0.044 mol
–1
Mass of NH4NO3 = 0.044 mol × (14.0 + 1.0 × 4 + 14.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol = 3.5 g
3.5 g
Percentage by mass of NH4NO3 in the fertilizer = × 100% = 88%
4.0 g
(iii) This is to save chemicals for the titration.

Experiment 19.5 Class practice 19.9

Determining the 1.20 g of an antacid tablet (containing magnesium hydroxide as the active
percentage by mass of 3
ingredient) is dissolved in 75.0 cm of 1.00 M nitric acid. The excess acid
magnesium hydroxide in 3
antacid tablet requires 18.00 cm of 2.00 M sodium hydroxide solution for complete
neutralization. Calculate the percentage by mass of magnesium hydroxide
in the antacid tablet.
Experiment video
Determining the (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3)
percentage by mass of (Assume that other substances in the antacid tablet react with neither nitric
magnesium hydroxide
acid nor sodium hydroxide solution.)
in antacid tablet
182
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
19.9 Writing a laboratory report on volumetric
analysis

Format of a laboratory report

At the secondary school level, writing laboratory reports provides an
exercise to learn how to communicate in the form of written scientific
paper. Table 19.5 outlines the sections that a formal laboratory report
should contain:

1. Title Write the title of the experiment as given in the laboratory manual.
(e.g. Determining the concentration of ethanoic acid in commercial vinegar)

2. Objective Use a single sentence to state clearly the objective of the experiment.
(e.g. To determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in commercial vinegar)

3. Apparatus List the apparatus and chemicals used in the experiment as specifically as possible.
and This allows others to repeat your experiments.
Chemicals (e.g. electronic balance
3
100 cm beaker
3
250.0 cm volumetric flask
anhydrous sodium carbonate powder (6.30 g))

4. Procedure • State clearly the procedure of the experiment so that other people can repeat
what you have done.
• In general, writing the procedure in a step-by-step format is preferred to writing it
in essay form.
• Draw labelled diagrams of the set-up(s), as appropriate, for better presentation.

5. Results and • Summarize your experimental results using tables or graphs.

Observations • Express numerical data to the appropriate number of significant figures and in
the correct units.
• Record all observations accurately and fully using appropriate terms in Chemistry.

6. Analysis / • Write the chemical equations involved to account for observations and for
Calculations calculations.
(if any) • Show your calculation steps clearly.

7. Conclusions • Draw valid conclusions based on the observations and the data collected.
and (e.g. The concentration of ethanoic acid in commercial vinegar is 0.50 M.)
Evaluation • State any problem(s) encountered in the experiment.
• Discuss the sources of errors and uncertainties, especially those due to errors in
laboratory techniques and those due to imprecision of the apparatus.
• Suggest any improvements for the experiment.
• Answer the questions (if any) in the laboratory manual at the end of the
laboratory report.

Table 19.5 Sections of a formal laboratory report

laboratory report 實驗報告 evaluation 檢討 valid 合理的

imprecision 不準確性
183
IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
Experiment 19.6 Language used in writing a laboratory report
Determining the In writing a laboratory report, make sure the language use is correct, clear
concentration of
ethanoic acid in and concise. Remember to:
commercial vinegar • use the correct tenses — use past tense in describing specific
experimental steps and observations.
Experiment video • write in the third person and passive voice — this is because
Determining the scientific experiments aim to demonstrate facts that are dependent
concentration of
ethanoic acid in on the observer.
commercial vinegar • write with proper grammar — use complete sentences with no
grammatical mistakes.

Attitude of writing a laboratory report

We should not report only the ‘good’ data. Keep all imperfect data and try
to find out
• why there are unexpected results,
• any mistakes made while performing the experiments, and
• whether or not we have to amend the experimental procedure.

Remember that understanding our mistakes is just as important as

understanding the experimental procedures.

Class practice 19.10

1. Rewrite the following experimental procedures in the third person, past
tense and passive voice:
(a) Weigh accurately about 6.50 g of sodium carbonate solid using an
electronic balance.
3
(b) Transfer the solution to a 250.0 cm volumetric flask with the aid of
a filter funnel.
(c) Add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to an acid in a conical flask.
2. In an experiment to prepare a standard sodium carbonate solution, Alice
weighed out the required mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate using an
electronic balance. The following diagrams show the experimental data
that she obtained.

anhydrous sodium anhydrous sodium

carbonate powder carbonate remained

electronic balance electronic balance

(The reading was set to zero after an empty weighing

bottle had been put on the electronic balance.)

With reference to these diagrams, present her experimental data in table

form.

attitude 態度
184
 Feature reading All answers

Milk of magnesia
‘Milk of magnesia’ is a suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water. It is commonly used as a
medication for relieving stomach burns.

An experiment, consisting of the following four steps, is carried out to determine the percentage
by mass of magnesium hydroxide in a bottle of ‘Milk of magnesia’:
3
Step 1: Shake the bottle thoroughly. Pipette a 25.0 cm sample of the ‘Milk of
3
magnesia’ and transfer it into a 250.0 cm clean volumetric flask.

Step 2: Using deionized water, dilute the sample to the graduation mark of
the volumetric flask. Stopper the flask and invert it several times to
ensure its contents is well mixed.
3
Step 3: Using a clean pipette, transfer 25.0 cm of the diluted sample into a
3
clean 250 cm conical flask. Then titrate it against a standard solution
of hydrochloric acid using a suitable indicator.

Step 4: Repeat Step (3) several times and obtain the mean titre. Milk of magnesia

Questions
1. In Step 1, why is it necessary to shake the bottle thoroughly before pipetting out the ‘Milk of
magnesia’? (1 mark)

2. Outline how the pipette used in Step 3 should be cleaned. (1 mark)

3. Write the chemical equation for the reaction in the titration in Step 3. (1 mark)
–3
4. Given that the concentration of the standard hydrochloric acid is 0.375 mol dm , the mean titre
3 –3
is 18.26 cm , and the density of the ‘Milk of magnesia’ is 1.1 g cm , calculate the percentage by
mass of magnesium hydroxide in the bottle of ‘Milk of magnesia’. (3 marks)

5. Suggest why direct titration, as described above, is seldom recommended in laboratory manuals.
Suggest a better way, based on acid-alkali titration, for the analysis of ‘Milk of magnesia’.
(4 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3)

Milk of magnesia 鎂奶
185
 ti n g c o n
ec

ce
Co nn

Acids, bases, pH, salts and titration

p ts
Acids Bases and alkalis
• An acid is a molecular compound, which forms • A base is a compound which reacts with an
+
H (aq) ions as the only cation when dissolved acid to form salt and water (in most cases) only.
in water, e.g. HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH. • An alkali is a water-soluble base. It dissociates
–
• A strong acid is an acid which ionizes or ionizes to give OH (aq) ions as the only
completely (or almost completely) in water, e.g. anion when dissolved in water, e.g. NaOH,
HCl(aq), HNO3(aq), H2SO4(aq). KOH, Ca(OH)2, NH3.
water + –
HCl(g) H (aq) + Cl (aq) • A strong alkali is an alkali which dissociates
• A weak acid is an acid which ionizes only completely in water, e.g. KOH(aq), NaOH(aq).
water + –
slightly in water, e.g. CH3COOH(aq), NaOH(s) Na (aq) + OH (aq)
H2CO3(aq), H2SO3(aq). • A weak alkali is an alkali which ionizes only
water
CH3COOH()
+
H (aq) + CH3COO (aq)
– slightly in water, e.g. NH3(aq).
+ –
NH3(aq) + H2O() NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)

Basicity of acid Role of water

• It is the number of hydrogen ions which can • Water must be present for both acids and
be produced by the complete ionization of alkalis to exhibit their characteristic
one acid molecule. properties.

pH and pH scale
+
• pH = –log[H (aq)]
• The pH scale is a range of numbers for showing the acidity and alkalinity of solutions.
• To measure the pH of a solution, universal indicator, pH paper, a pH meter or a data-logger with a pH sensor
can be used.

pH displayed acid

pH electrode burette
computer

spot plate alkali

universal
indicator
solution
under test pH sensor data-logger
pH meter

Acidic solution Neutral solution Alkaline solution

• has a pH less than 7 • has a pH equals 7 • has a pH greater than 7
+ – + – + –
• [H (aq)] > [OH (aq)] • [H (aq)] = [OH (aq)] • [H (aq)] < [OH (aq)]
186
Typical reactions of acids Typical reactions of bases/alkalis
• acid + metal salt + hydrogen • base + acid salt + water
e.g. 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) e.g. CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) +
• acid + metal hydroxide salt + water H2O()
• alkali + carbon dioxide
e.g. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) +
metal carbonate + water
H2O()
e.g. 2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g)
• acid + metal oxide salt + water
Na2CO3(aq) + H2O()
e.g. H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) CuSO4(aq) +
H2O() • alkali + ammonium compound
heat
• acid + metal carbonate salt + ammonia + water
salt + water + carbon dioxide e.g. NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)
heat
e.g. 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + H2O()
2NaCl(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g) • alkali + metal ions in aqueous solution
• acid + metal hydrogencarbonate metal hydroxide ppt. + salt solution
salt + water + carbon dioxide e.g. 2NaOH(aq) + MgSO4(aq)
e.g. HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g)

Salts
Standard solution • Salts are ionic compounds formed when
acids react with bases/alkalis.
• A standard solution is a solution of
• The cation in a salt comes from the base/
accurately known concentration.
alkali that an acid reacts with.
• Concentration of a solution is the amount
• The anion in a salt comes from the parent
of solute in a unit volume of the solution.
acid.

Preparation of ZnSO4 (soluble salt) Titration

Stage 1: The reaction • Titration is a volumetric analysis technique

• React dilute H2SO4(aq) with water-insoluble used to determine the concentration of a
Zn(s), ZnO(s) or ZnCO3(s). sample solution.
• The reaction mixture may need to be heated. • General procedure of acid-alkali titrations
• Add the insoluble reactant until it no longer (1) Add the alkali (or acid) to a conical
reacts. flask using a pipette.
Stage 2: Filter off the excess reactant (2) Add an appropriate acid-base indicator
to the flask.
• Filter off the reactant that remains.
(3) Place the acid (or alkali) in a burette.
Stage 3: Crystallize the salt
Take the initial burette reading.
• Heat the
+ solution to evaporate some water until
(4) Run the acid (or alkali) from the
crystals start to form (the solution is saturated).
burette to the alkali (or acid) in the
• Leave the solution to cool to form more crystals.
flask until the colour of the indicator
• Filter off and wash the crystals with distilled changes, adding dropwise near the
water; dry the crystals. end point.
(5) Take the final burette reading and
repeat the titration several times.
187
 IV Acids and Bases
TE
Chapter review
Progress check
Chapter review

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

state the meanings of volumetric analysis, titration and standard solution
describe and demonstrate how to prepare solutions of a required concentration by dissolving a
solid or diluting a solution of known concentration
calculate the concentrations of the solutions prepared
describe and demonstrate the techniques of performing acid-alkali titration
apply the concepts of concentration of solution and use the results of acid-alkali titrations to solve
stoichiometric problems
solve problems involving back titration with sufficient information given
communicate the procedures and results of a volumetric analysis experiment by writing a
laboratory report

e-Dictionary
Key terms (For Chapter 19)
Page Page
1. back titration 返滴定 180 6. primary standard 基本標準 152
2. direct titration 直接滴定 180 7. standard solution 標準溶液 151
3. end point 終點 164 8. titration 滴定 151
4. equivalence point 當量點 164 9. titration curve 滴定曲線 166
5. laboratory report 實驗報告 183 10. volumetric analysis 容量分析 151

Key equations
mass of the substance (g)
1. Number of moles of a substance (mol) = –1
molar mass of the substance (g mol )
(Section 19.7, p.170)
2. Number of moles of a substance (mol)
–3 3
= molarity of a solution (mol dm ) × volume of the solution (dm ) (Section 19.7, p.170)

mass of the substance (g)

3. Percentage by mass of a substance in a sample (%) = × 100%
mass of the sample (g)
(Section 19.7, p.178)

188
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
Key concepts
19.1 Standard solutions and primary standards

Chapter review
1. Volumetric analysis is a method commonly used to determine the amount (or concentration)
of a substance in a sample.

2. Titration is a volumetric analysis technique used to determine the concentration of a sample

solution.

3. A standard solution is a solution of accurately known concentration.

4. The apparatus commonly used in the preparation of standard solutions include weighing
bottle, electronic balance, volumetric flask, pipette, pipette filler and beaker.

5. A primary standard is a substance which can be used to prepare a standard solution directly.

19.2 Preparing a standard solution by dissolving a primary standard in water

6. A standard solution can be prepared by dissolving a known mass of a primary standard in

3
distilled water (or deionized water) and making it up to a specific volume (e.g. 250.0 cm ) in a
volumetric flask.

19.3 Preparing a standard solution by diluting a solution of known concentration

7. A standard solution can be prepared by diluting a solution of known concentration to a specific

volume.

19.4 Acid-alkali titrations

8. The apparatus commonly used in a titration include burette, pipette, pipette filler, conical flask,
white tile, stand and clamp.

9. The equivalence point is the point at which an acid and an alkali have just completely reacted
with each other.

10. The end point is the point at which the indicator changes colour sharply.

11. The end point of a titration can be detected by using a suitable acid-base indicator. The choice
of indicators for different types of acid-alkali titration is summarized in Table 19.4 on p.164.

19.5 Monitoring the change in pH in an acid-alkali titration

12. The equivalence point of an acid-alkali titration can be found by monitoring the change in pH
of the mixture.

19.6 Monitoring the change in temperature in an acid-alkali titration

13. The equivalence point of an acid-alkali titration can be found by monitoring the change in
temperature of the mixture.

189
 IV Acids and Bases

19.7 Calculations on volumetric analysis

14. We can apply the concepts of concentration of solution and use acid-alkali titration results to
solve stoichiometric problems such as
Chapter review

(a) standardization
(b) basicity of an acid
(c) molar mass of a substance
(d) relative atomic mass of an element
(e) number of water of crystallization
(f) percentage by mass of a substance in a sample

19.8 Back titration

15. Back titration is used if:

• the substance being analysed is insoluble in water
• the substance being analysed reacts very slowly with the reagent used

19.9 Writing a laboratory report on volumetric analysis

16. A laboratory report can help communicate with other people about the procedure and results
of an experiment on volumetric analysis.

17. A formal laboratory report should consist of the following sections:

(a) Title
(b) Objective
(c) Apparatus and Chemicals
(d) Procedure
(e) Results and Observations
(f) Analysis and Calculations (if any)
(g) Conclusions and Evaluation

190
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
Concept map
Complete the concept map by filling in the items listed below:

Chapter review
acid-base indicator, burette, known molarity, pH, pipette, primary standard, standard solution,
standardization, temperature, volumetric flask

(a)
•
• weighing bottle
• basicity of an acid helps to solve
stoichiometric • electronic balance
• molar mass of a (b)
substance
problems •
involving apparatus (c)
• relative atomic mass of an VOLUMETRIC •
element ANALYSIS • pipette filler
• number of water of • white tile
(d)
crystallization •
• percentage by mass of a • conical flask
substance in a sample

Preparation of a Titration
(e)

example

methods
Acid-alkali titration

Dissolve a known mass Dilute a concentrated solution

of a (f) of (g)

detection of determination of
end point equivalence point

(h)
Use an Monitor the Monitor the change
change in (i) in (j)
of the mixture of the mixture

191
 IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
Chapter exercise
A. Fill in the blanks
Section 19.1 5. The point of a titration can be
1. A is a substance detected by using a suitable indicator. The indicator
which can be used to prepare a standard solution we choose depends on the of
directly. the acid and the alkali involved.
(a) For a titration involving a strong acid and a
Chapter exercise

Section 19.3
strong alkali, usually either
2. A is a solution of
or is
accurately known concentration. It can be prepared
used.
by dissolving a in
(b) A suitable indicator for strong acid-weak alkali
distilled water or diluting a solution of
titrations is .
concentration.
(c) A suitable indicator for weak acid-strong alkali
Section 19.4
titrations is .
3. In volumetric analysis, apparatus (e.g.
Section 19.6
and ) should be first washed with
and then with the solution 6. To determine the point of an
they are to hold/deliver. acid-alkali titration, we may monitor the change in
and should be washed pH or temperature of the reaction mixture during
with only. the titration.

4. is the point at which an

acid and an alkali have completely reacted with each
other.

B. Practice questions
Section 19.2
7. 14.3 g of hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3․10H2O(s) is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a
3
250.0 cm of solution. Calculate the molarity of the sodium carbonate solution prepared.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)

Section 19.3
3
8. Calculate the volume of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid required to prepare 250.0 cm of 0.15 M hydrochloric
acid.

Section 19.7
3 3
9. In a titration experiment, 22.0 cm of hydrochloric acid reacts with 25.0 cm of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution
completely. Calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid.
3
10. 3.78 g of oxalic acid crystals (COOH)2․2H2O is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a 250.0 cm of solution.
3 3
25.0 cm of the solution requires 15.00 cm of potassium hydroxide solution for complete neutralization. Calculate
the molarity of the potassium hydroxide solution.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)

192
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
All answers
11. 1.89 g of a solid acid, with a relative molecular mass of 126.0, is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a
3 3 3
250.0 cm of solution. 25.0 cm of the solution requires 15.0 cm of 0.200 M sodium hydroxide solution for
complete neutralization. Calculate the basicity of the acid.
3
12. 1.682 g of a metal hydrogencarbonate, MHCO3, is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a 100.0 cm of
3 3
solution. 25.0 cm of the solution requires 10.50 cm of 0.20 M sulphuric acid for complete reaction. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of M.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)

13. 5.25 g of a hydrated tribasic acid (H3A․nH2O) (relative molecular mass of the anhydrous form is 192.0) is dissolved
3 3 3
in distilled water and made up to a 500.0 cm of solution. 25.0 cm of the solution requires 18.75 cm of 0.200 M

Chapter exercise
sodium hydroxide solution for complete neutralization. Calculate the value of n.

14. 3.06 g of a solid mixture of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3․10H2O) and sodium chloride is dissolved in
3
distilled water. The resultant solution requires 20.00 cm of 0.5 M sulphuric acid for complete reaction. Calculate
the percentage by mass of hydrated sodium carbonate in the mixture.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
3
15. 50.0 cm of 0.50 M nitric acid is added to 1.28 g of a sample of calcium carbonate containing sand as the only
3
impurity. The excess acid requires 20.0 cm of 0.40 M sodium hydroxide solution for complete reaction. Calculate
the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the sample.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1)

C. Multiple-choice questions
Section 19.2 Section 19.4
16. Which of the following apparatus are needed for 18. Which of the following apparatus should be used for
3 3
preparing 250.0 cm of 1.0 M sodium carbonate transferring 28.70 cm of solution?
solution from anhydrous sodium carbonate? A. Measuring cylinder
3
(1) 25.0 cm pipette B. Burette
3
(2) 250.0 cm volumetric flask C. Pipette
(3) Electronic balance D. Conical flask
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

Section 19.3
17. What is the concentration of the resultant sodium
3
carbonate solution when 10.0 cm of 0.80 M sodium
3
carbonate solution is diluted to 250.0 cm ?
A. 0.016 M
B. 0.032 M
C. 0.040 M
D. 0.064 M

193
 IV Acids and Bases
All answers
3 3
Section 19.7 21. 25.0 cm of a tribasic acid (H3A) requires 21.35 cm
Direction: Questions 19 and 20 refer to the following of 0.5 M KOH(aq) for complete neutralization. What
titration experiment. is the concentration of the acid?
3
25.0 cm of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution is titrated A. 0.14 M
against hydrochloric acid of unknown molarity. The B. 0.28 M
temperature of the titration mixture is followed. The C. 0.43 M
graph below shows the results of this experiment. D. 1.28 M

Temperature / °C 22. The concentration of an acid solution is 2.0 M.

3 3
25.0 cm of this acid solution requires 40.00 cm of
2.5 M sodium hydroxide solution for complete
Chapter exercise

neutralization. What is the basicity of the acid?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
3
23. 0.108 g of a tribasic acid is dissolved in 25.0 cm of
3
distilled water. This solution requires 27.60 cm of
0.12 M NaOH(aq) for complete neutralization. What
is the molar mass of the acid?
–1
A. 77.8 g mol
3
Volume of acid added / cm B. 97.8 g mol
–1

–1
19. What is the volume of hydrochloric acid required to C. 106.0 g mol
–1
completely neutralize the sodium hydroxide D. 144.0 g mol
solution?
3
A. 15.00 cm
3
B. 16.00 cm
3
C. 18.00 cm
3
D. 20.00 cm

20. What is the molarity of the hydrochloric acid?

A. 0.125 M
B. 0.139 M
C. 0.156 M
D. 0.167 M

194
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
TE All answers
Exam practice
A. Multiple-choice questions
3 –3
Section 19.3 3. 20 cm of 0.10 mol dm hydrochloric acid is added
3 –3
1. The diagram below shows a common glass apparatus. to 10 cm of 0.10 mol dm sodium hydroxide
solution. What is the pH of the resulting mixture?
graduation
mark A. 1.00
B. 1.18
C. 1.30
bulb D. 1.48
(OCR A Level Chemistry A 2020 Nov H432/01 Q11)

Section 19.7
Direction: Questions 4 and 5 refer to the following
titration experiment.
Which of the following statements concerning the In order to determine the concentration of a

Exam practice
3
transfer of an acid using this apparatus are hydrochloric acid, portions of 25.0 cm of 0.245 M
INCORRECT? sodium hydroxide solution are titrated against the
(1) The bulb should be firmly held in hand when hydrochloric acid using methyl orange as an indicator.
3
being filled with acid. The mean titre is 13.49 cm .
3
(2) Exactly 20.00 cm of acid can be transferred 4. What is the concentration of the hydrochloric acid?
using this apparatus. A. 0.132 mol dm
–3
B. 0.227 mol dm
–3

(3) The apparatus should first be rinsed by distilled C. 0.264 mol dm

–3
D. 0.454 mol dm
–3

water, then immediately followed by the transfer

of acid. 5. However, it is found that the mean titre is greater
than expected. Which of the following actions may
A. (1) and (2) only
account for this?
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only A. Rinsing the pipette with distilled water only
D. (1), (2) and (3) B. Rinsing the burette with distilled water, followed
by the hydrochloric acid
(HKDSE 2019 Paper 1A Q21)
C. Rinsing the conical flask with the sodium
Section 19.4 hydroxide solution
2. Which of the following solutions, when added to D. Leaving the filter funnel on the top of the
3
20.0 cm of 0.5 M sulphuric acid, would give a burette after it has been used to fill the burette
resultant solution of pH 7? with the acid
3
A. 20.0 cm of 0.5 M potassium hydroxide solution 6. What is the volume of 0.25 M sulphuric acid
3
B. 10.0 cm of 0.5 M potassium hydroxide solution 3
required to react completely with 40.00 cm of
3
C. 20.0 cm of 1.0 M potassium hydroxide solution 0.20 M sodium carbonate solution?
3
D. 40.0 cm of 1.0 M potassium hydroxide solution 0.25 × 40.00 3
A. cm
0.2
0.25 × 40.00 × 2 3
B. cm
0.2
0.20 × 40.00 3
C. cm
0.25
0.20 × 40.00 3
D. cm
0.25 × 2

195
 IV Acids and Bases
All answers
7. The formula of a metal carbonate is X2CO3. Section 19.8
3
50.0 cm of a solution containing 0.53 g of this Direction: Questions 9 and 10 refer to the following
3
carbonate requires 25.00 cm of 0.2 M sulphuric titration experiment.
acid for complete reaction. What is the relative
To determine the percentage by mass of calcium
atomic mass of metal X? 3
carbonate in egg shell, 50.0 cm of 1.00 M hydrochloric
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0) acid is added to 3.85 g of ground egg shell. When the
A. 6.9 reaction ends, the resultant solution is titrated against
3
B. 23.0 0.500 M sodium hydroxide solution. 22.65 cm of sodium
C. 46.0 hydroxide solution is needed to neutralize the excess acid.
D. 106.0 (Assume that the impurities in the egg shell react with
neither hydrochloric acid nor sodium hydroxide.)
8. 1.46 g of hydrated sodium carbonate
9. Which of the following indicators are suitable for the
(Na2CO3․nH2O) is dissolved in distilled water and
3 3 titration?
made up to a 250.0 cm of solution. 25.0 cm
3
of this solution requires 23.50 cm of 0.10 M (1) Litmus solution
hydrochloric acid for complete reaction. What is the (2) Methyl orange
number of water of crystallization per formula unit of (3) Phenolphthalein
the hydrated sodium carbonate? A. (1) and (2) only
Exam practice

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, B. (1) and (3) only
Na = 23.0) C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
A. 1
B. 2 10. What is the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate
C. 5 in the egg shell?
D. 10
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca =
40.1)
A. 25.1%
B. 49.6%
C. 50.3%
D. 99.4%

B. Structured questions
Section 19.7
11. An experiment was carried out to determine the basicity of a strong acid X. A 0.25 M solution of X was diluted 10
3
times. The diluted X was titrated with 25.0 cm of 0.05 M sodium hydroxide solution, using methyl orange as an
3
indicator. The mean titre was 24.70 cm .
(a) Outline how the 0.25 M solution of X can be diluted 10 times in the laboratory. (2 marks)
(b) State the colour change at the titration end point. (1 mark)
(c) Deduce the basicity of acid X. (2 marks)
(d) Without using any indicator, suggest another method for determining the equivalence point of the titration.
(2 marks)

196
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
12. Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) is a salt of perchloric acid. It can be used as a rocket fuel.
(a) Suggest an alkali that can be used to prepare ammonium perchlorate from perchloric acid. Write the chemical
equation for the reaction involved. (2 marks)
3
(b) Perchloric acid is a strong acid. In an experiment to prepare ammonium perchlorate, 25.0 cm of the alkali that
you have suggested in (a) was titrated against 0.65 M perchloric acid using a suitable indicator. It was found
3
that 26.90 cm of the perchloric acid was required to reach the titration end point.
(i) Suggest an indicator suitable for use in this titration.
(ii) Calculate the molarity of the alkali used in the titration.
(3 marks)
(c) The titration was repeated without adding the indicator. After adding the same volume of the perchloric acid,
the reaction mixture was heated until it was saturated. The resultant mixture was then cooled to room
temperature. 0.91 g of crystals was obtained from the mixture after appropriate filtering and drying.
(i) Calculate the theoretical yield of ammonium perchlorate.
(ii) Compare the actual yield with the theoretical yield and give any one possible reason for the difference.
(3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Cl = 35.5)

Exam practice
13. An experiment was performed to determine the number of water of crystallization, n, in a sample of hydrated
3
sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7․nH2O). 0.452 g of the sample was dissolved completely in about 50 cm of deionized
water in an apparatus X. The solution obtained was alkaline and was immediately titrated in X with 0.125 M
3
HCl(aq) using methyl orange as an indicator. It required 18.98 cm of the acid to reach the end point.
(a) Name X. (1 mark)
(b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)
2– +
(c) It is known that in the reaction during the titration, the mole ratio of B4O7 (aq) to H (aq) is 1 : 2. Calculate the
number of water of crystallization, n.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, B = 10.8, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0) (3 marks)
(d) It is known that hydrated sodium tetraborate can be used to prepare standard solutions.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘standard solutions’?
(ii) Suggest one use of standard solutions.
(2 marks)
(HKDSE 2018 Paper 1B Q7)

14. Suppose that you are a chemist of Hong Kong’s Centre for Food Safety and is required to determine the sulphur
dioxide content in a dried fruit. Your adopted method is as follows:
Stage 1: Weigh 25.0 g of a dried fruit sample. Cut the sample into small pieces.
3
Stage 2: Heat the cut sample in a 200 cm ethanol-water mixture under reflux to release all the sulphur dioxide
from the sample.
Stage 3: Use a stream of nitrogen to blow all sulphur dioxide released into a conical flask which contains
3
30 cm of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. The hydrogen peroxide will turn all sulphur dioxide into
sulphuric acid.
Stage 4: Titrate the sulphuric acid formed with 0.010 M sodium hydroxide solution using methyl red as an
indicator.

197
 IV Acids and Bases

The set-up as shown in the diagram below is used in Stages 2 and 3.

adaptor

water out

water in
nitrogen in

3
3
30 cm of 3% hydrogen 200 cm ethanol-water
25.0 g of mixture
peroxide solution
dried fruit
sample heat

Titration results:
Exam practice

1 2 3 4
3
Final burette reading / cm 26.45 32.65 38.90 45.20
3
Initial burette reading / cm 20.00 26.45 32.65 38.90

(a) Write the chemical equations for:

(i) the reaction of sulphur dioxide with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution to form sulphuric acid
(ii) the reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium hydroxide solution
(2 marks)
(b) Calculate the number of moles of sulphur dioxide in the dried fruit sample from the titration results. (2 marks)
–1
(c) Under Hong Kong regulations, the sulphur dioxide content in dried food should not exceed 100 mg kg .
Show, by calculation, whether the dried fruit has exceeded this limit. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1)

Section 19.8
15. An experiment was carried out to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in a limestone sample,
which contains calcium chloride as the only impurity. The procedure of the experiment is as follows:
Step 1: 1.28 g of the sample is weighed.
3
Step 2: The weighed sample is dissolved in 50.0 cm of 0.50 M nitric acid.
Step 3: The resultant mixture, which contains unreacted nitric acid, is titrated against 0.40 M sodium hydroxide
3
solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. 20.00 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution is required to
reach the end point.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in Step 2. (1 mark)
(b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration in Step 3. (1 mark)
(c) Calculate
(i) the number of moles of unreacted nitric acid from the results of Step 3.
(ii) the number of moles of calcium carbonate in the limestone sample.
(iii) the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the limestone sample.
(3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1)
198
 Volumetric analysis involving acids and alkalis 19
16. Rust is hydrated iron(III) oxide with the chemical formula Fe2O3․nH2O. To determine the number of water of
3
crystallization per formula unit of hydrated iron(III) oxide in a rust, 40.0 cm of 1.50 M hydrochloric acid was added
to 1.89 g of a sample. When the reaction completed, the resultant mixture was titrated against 0.50 M sodium
3
hydroxide solution. 35.16 cm of sodium hydroxide solution was required for complete reaction.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between hydrated iron(III) oxide and hydrochloric acid.
(1 mark)
(b) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted with the hydrated iron(III) oxide in rust
sample. Correct your answer to three significant figures. (2 marks)
(c) Calculate the number of water of crystallization per formula unit of the hydrated iron(III) oxide in the rust.
(2 marks)
(d) Suggest why different rust samples may have different number of water of crystallization per formula unit of
hydrated iron(III) oxide. (1 mark)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Fe = 55.8)

Section 19.9
17. A student proposed an experiment to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide in a drain cleaner. The
experiment has two parts:

Exam practice
(A) Diluting a certain volume of drain cleaner by 10 times
(B) Titrating the diluted sample with standard hydrochloric acid
The following procedure was included in the student’s proposal:
A. Diluting a certain volume of drain cleaner by 10 times
3 3
(1) Using a cleaned pipette, transfer 25.0 cm of a drain cleaner to a 250.0 cm volumetric flask.
(2) Fill the flask with more distilled water until it is full. Stopper and invert the flask several times.
B. Titrating the diluted sample with standard hydrochloric acid
(3) Fill a burette, which has been well rinsed with distilled water, with the given standard hydrochloric acid
and make sure that the jet is filled completely.
3 3
(4) Using a cleaned pipette, transfer 25.0 cm of the diluted sample to a cleaned 250 cm beaker and add a few
drops of methyl orange indicator.
(5) Take the initial burette reading. Slowly run the acid into the beaker until its contents just turns from
yellow to orange.
(6) Take the final burette reading. Calculate the volume of the acid added to reach the end point.
(a) Point out THREE inappropriate practices in the student’s proposed procedure and correct each of them.
(3 marks)
(b) Rewrite steps (1) and (2) (appropriately corrected) in the format as in a laboratory report. (2 marks)

199
 IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
Part exercise
A. Multiple-choice questions
1. Which of the following would be observed when 5. Which of the following solutions, when added to
3
copper(II) carbonate powder is added to a test tube 25.0 cm of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, would result in
containing dilute sulphuric acid? a change in pH of the acid?
3
(1) The copper(II) carbonate powder dissolves. (1) 25.0 cm of 0.5 M sodium chloride solution
3
(2) Colourless gas bubbles evolve. (2) 25.0 cm of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid
3
(3) The solution turns blue. (3) 25.0 cm of 0.5 M ethanoic acid
A. (1) and (2) only A. (1) only
B. (1) and (3) only B. (2) only
C. (2) and (3) only C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3) D. (2) and (3) only

2. Which of the following statements about slaked lime 6. Which of the following statements concerning
is INCORRECT? vinegar is/are correct?
A. It is calcium hydroxide. (1) The process of forming hydrogen ions in
B. It is slightly soluble in water. vinegar is reversible.
C. It gives a brick-red flame in the flame test. (2) Neutralization occurs when sugar is added to
D. It gives colourless gas bubbles when dilute vinegar.
hydrochloric acid is added. (3) The pH of vinegar used in kitchen is around 1.
A. (1) only
3. Which of the following statements about alkalis is/
B. (2) only
are correct?
Part exercise

C. (1) and (3) only

(1) They all contain metal ions.
D. (2) and (3) only
(2) They turn moist red litmus paper blue.
(HKDSE 2016 Paper 1A Q18)
(3) They produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in
water. 7. Different volumes of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide
A. (1) only solution and 1.0 M hydrochloric acid are mixed
B. (2) only in an expanded polystyrene cup. Which of the
C. (1) and (3) only following combinations would produce the greatest
D. (2) and (3) only temperature rise?
Volume of 1.0 M Volume of 1.0 M
4. Which of the following statements concerning the 3 3
NaOH(aq) / cm HCl(aq) / cm
dilution of a sodium hydroxide solution is/are
INCORRECT? A. 20.0 100.0
B. 40.0 80.0
(1) The pH of the solution decreases.
C. 60.0 60.0
(2) The number of moles of hydroxide ions in the
D. 80.0 40.0
solution decreases.
(3) The percentage of dissociation of the sodium
hydroxide solution decreases.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only

200
 Acids and Bases IV
All answers
8. Which of the following can distinguish a sample of 12. Which of the following methods is most suitable for
AgNO3(aq) from a sample of NaNO3(aq)? preparing lead(II) chloride from lead(II) hydroxide?
(1) Adding Cu(NO3)2(aq) to the samples A. Add hydrochloric acid to lead(II) hydroxide.
(2) Adding HCl(aq) to the samples B. Add distilled water to lead(II) hydroxide,
(3) Adding KOH(aq) to the samples followed by hydrochloric acid.
A. (1) and (2) only C. Add sodium chloride solution to lead(II)
B. (1) and (3) only hydroxide.
C. (2) and (3) only D. Add nitric acid to lead(II) hydroxide, followed by
D. (1), (2) and (3) sodium chloride solution.

(HKDSE 2017 Paper 1A Q21) 13. Apart from pipette, which of the following apparatus
3
must be used for diluting 10.0 cm of 1.0 M sodium
9. In an experiment to prepare lead(II) sulphate, excess
3 carbonate solution by 10 times?
lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 20.0 cm of 0.1 M
sodium sulphate solution. Which of the following is A. Volumetric flask
the theoretical mass of the lead(II) sulphate obtained? B. Conical flask
C. Burette
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Pb =
D. Measuring cylinder
207.2)
A. 0.607 g 14. In an experiment, a solution containing 3 moles
B. 1.213 g of KOH reacts with another solution containing
C. 2.426 g 1 mole of an acid for complete neutralization. Which
D. 3.640 g of the following deductions is/are correct?
+
3 (1) 1 mole of the acid provides 3 moles of H (aq)
10. 25.00 cm of 0.50 M lead(II) nitrate solution is mixed
3 ions.
with 50.00 cm of 1.00 M sodium chloride solution.
(2) The acid is three times as concentrated as the
Insoluble lead(II) chloride is formed during mixing.

Part exercise
– KOH(aq).
What is the concentration of Cl (aq) in the mixture?
(3) The acid is a strong acid.
A. 0.33 M
A. (1) only
B. 0.50 M
B. (2) only
C. 0.75 M
C. (1) and (3) only
D. 1.50 M
D. (2) and (3) only
(HKDSE 2019 Paper 1A Q5)
(HKCEE 2008 Paper 2 Q45)
11. Calcium phosphate is insoluble in water. What
15. Consider the solutions W, X, Y and Z below:
is the theoretical number of moles of calcium
3
phosphate obtained when 100.0 cm of 0.30 3
–3 3
W 100 cm of 0.20 M HNO3(aq)
mol dm CaCl2(aq) is mixed with 300.0 cm of 0.10
3
–3
mol dm Na3PO4(aq)? X 50 cm of 0.20 M HCl(aq)
3
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Na = 23.0, P = Y 100 cm of 0.20 M CH3CO2H(aq)
31.0, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40.1) 3
Z 50 cm of 0.10 M NaOH(aq)
A. 0.010
B. 0.015 Which of the following statements is correct?
C. 0.020 A. The pH of Y equals –log 0.2.
D. 0.030 B. Mixing W and Z gives a neutral solution.
(HKDSE 2017 Paper 1A Q10) C. The pH of the mixture of W and X is lower than
that of W.
D. The pH of the mixture of W and X is lower than
that of the mixture of X and Y.

 (HKDSE 2018 Paper 1A Q11)

201
 IV Acids and Bases
All answers
Assertion-reason question
1st statement 2nd statement
16. All acidic gases can react All acidic gases contain
with CaO(s) to form salt hydrogen as one of
and water only. their constituent
atoms.

(HKDSE 2014 Paper 1A Q24)

17. Which of the following reaction routes should be used for preparing magnesium sulphate from magnesium
chloride?
H2SO4(aq)
A. MgCl2(aq) MgSO4(aq)
Na2SO4(aq)
B. MgCl2(aq) MgSO4(aq)
NaOH(aq) H2SO4(aq)
C. MgCl2(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) MgSO4(aq)
Na2CO3(aq) Na2SO4(aq)
D. MgCl2(aq) MgCO3(s) MgSO4(aq)

18. Consider the following statements and choose the

best answer:
1st statement 2nd statement
To completely neutralize NH3(aq) is a weaker
1 mole of HCl(aq), the alkali than KOH(aq).
number of moles of
Part exercise

NH3(aq) needed is more

than the number of moles
of KOH(aq) needed.

A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement

is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement
is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st
statement.
C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement
is true.
D. Both statements are false.
(HKDSE 2018 Paper 1A Q24)

B. Structured questions
19. Sulphamic acid is an acid that can be found in cleaning powder. It can be used to remove lime scale (which is mainly
calcium carbonate) and rust.
(a) Sulphamic acid contains 3.1% hydrogen, 14.4% nitrogen, 33.1% sulphur and 49.4% oxygen by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula of sulphamic acid. (2 marks)
(b) Given that the relative molecular mass of sulphamic acid is 97.1, deduce its molecular formula. (1 mark)
3
(c) A housewife dissolves 5.00 g of cleaning powder in 200 cm of water for use. If the powder contains 14.5% by
mass of sulphamic acid, calculate the molarity of the solution prepared. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.1)

202
 Acids and Bases IV
20. Solid potassium hydrogenphthalate can be used to prepare standard solutions. Its structure is shown below:

(a) You are provided with 1.12 g of solid potassium hydrogenphthalate.

3
(i) Describe briefly how a 250.0 cm of standard solution containing 1.12 g of potassium hydrogenphthalate
can be prepared in a laboratory.
(ii) Calculate the molarity of the standard solution obtained in (i).
(Formula mass: potassium hydrogenphthalate = 204.1)
(4 marks)
(b) At room conditions, the pH of a 0.060 M potassium hydrogenphthalate solution is 3.30. Based on this
information and appropriate calculation, comment whether the –COOH group in potassium
hydrogenphthalate is completely ionized. (2 marks)
(HKDSE 2019 Paper 1B Q4)

21. HX is a monobasic acid. The pH of three solutions (P, Q and R) of HX of different concentrations are
measured. The table below lists the concentration and pH of these solutions.

–3
Solution Acid concentration / mol dm pH

P x 0.92

Q 0.1x 1.92

Part exercise
R 0.01x 2.92

(a) Deduce from the above information, whether or not HX is a strong acid. (2 marks)
(b) Determine the value of x. (1 mark)
(c) Outline how solution Q can be prepared from solution P in the school laboratory. (2 marks)

22. A person stung by an ant will feel itchy because the ant has injected some methanoic acid into the person’s skin.
Methanoic acid (HCOOH) is a weak monobasic acid.
(a) What is the meaning of the term ‘monobasic acid’? (1 mark)
(b) Some people apply a solution of baking powder, which contains mainly sodium hydrogencarbonate,
onto the skin to treat ant stings.
(i) With the help of an ionic equation, explain why solutions of baking powder can be used to treat ant stings.
–4
(ii) Suppose that an ant sting contains 1.50 × 10 mol of methanoic acid, calculate the mass of sodium
hydrogencarbonate required to neutralize the methanoic acid completely.
(iii) Suggest why sodium hydroxide solution is NOT used to treat ant stings.
(5 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)

203
 IV Acids and Bases

23. Citric acid is a weak tribasic acid present in citrus fruits. A microscale titration is carried out to determine
the concentration of citric acid in a lemon juice. The diagram below shows the set-up used in the titration.

syringe

0.2 M sodium
hydroxide solution
adaptor

3
2.00 cm pipette

3
5.0 cm lemon juice

(a) What is the meaning of the term ‘weak acid’? (1 mark)

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved in the titration.
(Hint: you may use H3A to represent the formula of citric acid here.) (1 mark)
3
(c) 1.30 cm of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution is required to reach the titration end point. Calculate the
–3
concentration, in g dm , of citric acid in the lemon juice.
–1
(Molar mass of citric acid = 192.0 g mol ) (2 marks)
(d) State one assumption made in your calculation in (c). (1 mark)
Part exercise

(e) State one advantage of using microscale titration for the analysis. (1 mark)

24. The concentration of ethanoic acid in a brand of vinegar is determined by the following experiment.
3 3 3
10.0 cm of the vinegar is diluted to 250.0 cm with distilled water. 25.0 cm of the diluted vinegar solution is
withdrawn and titrated against 0.050 M sodium hydroxide solution using a suitable indicator. The titration results
are listed in the table below.

1 2 3 4
3
Final burette reading / cm 23.50 26.10 27.40 25.10
3
Initial burette reading / cm 0.00 3.60 5.00 2.50

(a) Suggest one reason for diluting the vinegar before titration. (1 mark)
(b) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration and state the colour change at the end point. (2 marks)
–3
(c) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm , of ethanoic acid in this brand of vinegar. (3 marks)
(d) Suggest why the following actions would lead to inaccurate titration results.
(i) Without removing the filter funnel from the burette after using it to fill the burette with 0.050 M sodium
hydroxide solution
(ii) Rinsing the conical flask with distilled water and then with the diluted vinegar
(2 marks)

204
 Acids and Bases IV
3 3
25. In an experiment, dilute sulphuric acid was added, 5.00 cm at a time, from a burette to 25.0 cm of 0.10 M barium
hydroxide solution. The electrical conductivity of the reaction mixture was measured after each addition. The
experimental results are shown in the graph below.

Conductivity (current / mA)

3
Volume of sulphuric acid added / cm

(a) State the expected observation when dilute sulphuric acid was added to barium hydroxide solution. (1 mark)
(b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)
(c) Account for the variation of electrical conductivity:
(i) From A to B
(ii) From B to C

Part exercise
(2 marks)
(d) What volume of the acid was required to completely neutralize the barium hydroxide solution? (1 mark)
(e) Calculate the molarity of the sulphuric acid. (2 marks)

26. Eggshells mainly contain calcium carbonate and a small amount of organic substances. The percentage by mass of
calcium carbonate in a sample of eggshell was determined by the following steps:

Step (1): The sample was ground into powder.

3 3
Step (2): 0.204 g of the powder was put into a conical flask. After that, 25.00 cm of 0.200 M HCl(aq) and 5 cm of
ethanol were added.
Step (3): The mixture was heated for 15 minutes.
Step (4): After cooling down, the mixture was titrated with 0.102 M NaOH(aq) using an indicator X.

(a) Explain why the sample was ground into powder in Step (1). (1 mark)
(b) Suggest why ethanol was added in Step (2). (1 mark)
(c) Suggest why the mixture was heated for 15 minutes in Step (3). (1 mark)
(d) The mixture turned from colourless to pale pink at the end point of titration in Step (4). Name indicator X.
(1 mark)
3
(e) 16.85 cm of NaOH(aq) was needed to reach the end point of titration in Step (4). Calculate the percentage by
mass of calcium carbonate in the sample.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1)
(3 marks)
(HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q4)

205
 IV Acids and Bases

27. An experiment was performed to deduce the empirical formula of an insoluble chloride of a metal M. At room
–3 3
temperature, different volumes of a 0.50 mol dm M(NO3)n(aq) were added to six beakers each containing 50 cm
–3
of 0.36 mol dm HCl(aq). The MCln(s) obtained in each beaker was filtered, washed, dried and weighed. The mass
of MCln(s) obtained and the corresponding volume of M(NO3)n(aq) added were plotted on the graph below.

Mass of MCln(s) / g

3
Volume of M(NO3)n(aq) added / cm

(a) Suggest why the masses of MCln(s) for the last three points in the graph are the same. (1 mark)
(b) (i)  y sketching on the graph above, deduce the volume of the M(NO3)n(aq) that can completely react with
B
3 –3
50 cm of 0.36 mol dm HCl(aq).
Part exercise

3
Volume of M(NO3)n(aq) = cm
(ii) Hence, calculate the number of moles of M(NO3)n(aq) that can completely react with the HCl(aq).
(3 marks)
(c) Determine, by calculation, the empirical formula of the chloride of M. Hence, deduce whether M would be
silver or lead. (3 marks)
(HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q2)

28. The steps for determining the concentration of a sample of hydrochloric acid are listed below:

Step (1): A 0.1038 M standard sodium carbonate solution was prepared by dissolving 2.750 g of anhydrous
3
sodium carbonate solid in deionized water and made up to 250.0 cm .
3
Step (2): 25.0 cm of the standard solution obtained in Step (1) was transferred to a clean conical flask and then a
few drops of methyl orange were added.
Step (3): The sample of hydrochloric acid was put into a burette. The standard solution in the conical flask was
titrated with the hydrochloric acid.

Step (2) and Step (3) were repeated for several times. The table below shows the results of the titrations:

Trial 1 2 3 4
3
Final burette reading / cm 30.85 28.75 28.30 31.35 27.25
3
Initial burette reading / cm 2.00 1.50 1.00 3.00 0.00

206
 Acids and Bases IV
(a) Describe the procedure in preparing the standard sodium carbonate solution in Step (1). (2 marks)
(b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)
(c) Calculate a reasonable average for the volume of the hydrochloric acid used in the titrations. (1 mark)
–3
(d) Calculate the concentration of hydrochloric acid (in g dm ) in the sample.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, Cl = 35.5) (3 marks)
(HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q7)

If you miss any of the questions, review the section(s) again.

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Section 14.2 14.2 14.6 16.2 16.2 18.1 18.2 18.5 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.8 19.3 19.7 19.7 14.3 18.8 19.7

Question 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Section 15.2 19.2 19.3 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.8 19.7 19.7

Part exercise

207
 IV Acids and Bases
All answers TE
Revision test Time: 40 minutes Total: 32 marks

Instructions
1. Section A contains multiple-choice questions and Section B contains structured questions.
2. Answer ALL questions. You may write the answers on single lined paper.

Section A (11 marks)

1. Which of the following substances, when dissolved 5. Refer to the following two experiments.
in water, would react with magnesium metal?
A. Ammonia
B. Hydrogen chloride
3
C. Sodium hydroxide 25.0 cm
D. Potassium chloride of 1.0 M 3
25.0 cm
HCl(aq)
of 1.0 M
2. If the pH of acids X and Y are 1.0 and 2.0 respectively, NaOH(aq)
which of the following deductions must be correct? (I)
A. [X(aq)] is higher than [Y(aq)].
B. X is a stronger acid than Y.
+
C. The concentration of H (aq) ions in Y(aq) is
twice that of in X(aq). 50.0 cm
3

+
D. The concentration of H (aq) ions in X(aq) is of 1.0 M 3
25.0 cm
HCl(aq)
higher than that in Y(aq). of 1.0 M
NaOH(aq)
3 (II)
3. Which of the following substances in 100.0 cm
aqueous solution would have the highest electrical Assume that the initial temperatures of all the
conductivity? solutions are 25°C, which of the following statements
about the two experiments is correct?
A. 0.1 mol of H2SO4
B. 0.1 mol of NH3 A. The maximum temperature rise of the
mixture in both experiments is equal.
Revision test

C. 0.1 mol of KOH

D. 0.1 mol of CH3COOH B. The maximum temperature rise of the
mixture in experiment I is smaller than that
4. Consider the following two solutions: in experiment II.
3
Solution P: 50.0 cm of 0.1 M HCl C. The amount of heat produced in both
3
Solution Q: 50.0 cm of 0.1 M CH3COOH experiments is equal.
D. The amount of heat produced in experiment I is
Which of the following statements about the two smaller than that produced in experiment II.
solutions is correct?
A. P and Q show different colours when
phenolphthalein is added to the solutions. 6. Which of the following pairs of aqueous solutions,
B. P and Q require the same volume of 0.1 M when mixed, would give a precipitate?
NaOH(aq) for complete neutralization. (1) Lead(II) nitrate solution and aqueous ammonia
C. P and Q have the same pH. (2) Magnesium chloride solution and sodium
D. P and Q have the same electrical conductivity. nitrate solution
(3) Calcium nitrate solution and sodium hydroxide
solution
A. (1) only B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only
208
 Acids and Bases IV
All answers
7. Which of the following methods is most suitable for 10. 2.00 g of a metal hydrogencarbonate (MHCO3) is
3
preparing lead(II) chloride? dissolved in water and made up to a 50.0 cm of
3
A. Adding lead metal to concentrated hydrochloric solution. The solution requires 20.0 cm of 0.5 M
acid sulphuric acid for complete reaction. What is the
B. Adding lead(II) oxide to dilute hydrochloric acid relative atomic mass of M?
C. Adding lead(II) nitrate solution to sodium (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
chloride solution A. 23.0
D. Adding lead metal to copper(II) chloride B. 39.0
solution C. 85.5
D. 132.9
8. Calculate the mass of hydrated nickel(II) nitrate
3
Ni(NO3)2․6H2O required to prepare 250.0 cm of 11. Consider the following statements and choose the
0.1 M solution. best answer:
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0,
1st statement 2nd statement
Ni = 58.7)
All concentrated acids All concentrated acids
A. 4.57 g
are strong acids. attack metals.
B. 5.47 g
C. 6.97 g A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement
D. 7.27 g is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement
9. What volume of 0.20 M sulphuric acid is required to
is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st
react completely with 2.71 g of iron(III) oxide?
statement.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Fe = 55.8) C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement
3
A. 85.0 cm is true.
3
B. 189 cm D. Both statements are false.
3
C. 255 cm
3
D. 566 cm

Section B (21 marks)

12. Tartaric acid is an acid that can be found in grapes. The structure of tartaric acid is shown below.

Revision test

(a) Circle ALL ionizable hydrogen atom(s) in the above structure. (1 mark)
(b) What is the basicity of tartaric acid? (1 mark)
(c) A few drops of water are added to a mixture of solid tartaric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate
powder.
(i) State one of the observable changes that can be made.
(ii) Explain, with the help of an equation, the observable change stated in (i).
(3 marks)

209
 IV Acids and Bases

13. Peter was given a sample of milk and a sample of lemon juice. He had to find their respective pH.
(a) Describe how Peter can find the pH of these samples by using pH paper. (1 mark)
(b) Peter found that the pH of lemon juice and that of milk are about 2 and 6 respectively.
(i) Which of the two samples is more acidic?
(ii) By how many times is the hydrogen ion concentration in the more acidic sample higher than that of the
less acidic sample?
(2 marks)

14. Consider the preparation of copper(II) sulphate from copper(II) nitrate:

x z
Cu(NO3)2(s) y CuSO4(s)

(a) Suggest what substances x, y and z may be. (3 marks)

(b) Suggest a test for the presence of copper(II) ions in aqueous solutions. (1 mark)

15. Concentrated sulphuric acid is the active ingredient of many toilet cleaners. To determine the concentration of
3 3
sulphuric acid in a toilet cleaner, 5.0 cm of the toilet cleaner was diluted to 1000.0 cm with distilled water.
3
25.0 cm portions of the diluted sample were titrated with 0.15 M sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein
3
as an indicator. The mean volume of sodium hydroxide solution to reach the titration end point was 28.00 cm .
(a) Explain why the toilet cleaner provided was NOT titrated directly with the sodium hydroxide solution.
(1 mark)
(b) State the colour change at the titration end point. (1 mark)
(c) Suggest an apparatus used in accomplishing each of the following tasks.
3
(i) Measuring out 5.0 cm of a toilet cleaner for dilution
3 3
(ii) Making up a 1000.0 cm of sample solution from 5.0 cm of the toilet cleaner
(2 marks)
3 3
(d) Briefly describe how a 1000.0 cm of sample solution can be prepared from 5.0 cm of the toilet cleaner.
(2 marks)
–3 3
(e) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm , of sulphuric acid in the 5.0 cm of the toilet cleaner. (3 marks)
Revision test

If you miss any of the questions, review the section(s) again.

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Section 14.6 16.2 17.3 18.2 18.2 18.7 18.8 19.2 19.7 19.7 17.1 14.4 16.4 18.8 19.7

210
 Part IV Acids and Bases
Exam corner

1. (a) Ammonia gas can be prepared by heating a mixture of solid calcium hydroxide and solid ammonium
chloride.
(i) Suggest why the reaction mixture has to be ground thoroughly before heating.
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up used in this preparation, showing how the ammonia gas
produced is collected.
(3 marks)
(b) An experiment, using the set-up below, is carried out to study some properties of ammonia.

balloon filled
with NH3 gas

after some time

distilled water with a few drops of

phenolphthalein (the solution is pink solution
originally colourless)

After some time, the balloon shrinks and the solution in the bottle turns pink. With the help of a
chemical equation, explain the observations in the experiment. (2 marks)

Sample answers
1. (a) (i) Fine powder of solid chemicals has large surface area and this can speed up the reaction. 1
(ii)

Ca(OH)2(s) +
NH4Cl(s)
heat
2
–
(b) When NH3 dissolves in water, OH (aq) ions form which turn phenolphthalein pink. 1
+ –
NH3(aq) + H2O() NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) 1

Teacher’s feedback

1. (a) (i) Well answered. Since both reactants are solids, they have to be ground thoroughly to provide
a larger surface area of contact for reaction.
(ii) • Well answered. In this two-mark question, the answer should include:
(1) A properly drawn set-up for heating the reaction mixture with labels
(2) A proper method for collecting the ammonia gas produced (by upward delivery or
using a gas syringe)
Cont’d
211
 Exam corner

• Water is the by-product of the reaction. The condensed water, if allowed to flow back to
the hot boiling tube, will cause the boiling tube to crack. Therefore, the boiling tube
should be drawn with its mouth pointing slightly downwards.
• A round-bottomed flask can be used in place of the boiling tube. However, the mouth of
the flask should also point slightly downwards.
(b) Well answered. The experimental results show the following two properties of ammonia: it has a
very high solubility in water, and its aqueous solution is alkaline.

2. Formic acid (CH2O2) is a weak acid present in some ant stings.

(a) What is the meaning of the term ‘weak acid’? (1 mark)

(b) If you are given two unlabelled bottles, one containing 0.10 M formic acid and the other containing
0.10 M nitric acid. Suggest a method to distinguish the two acids. (2 marks)
(c) If you are given two unlabelled bottles of acids, one containing formic acid and the other containing
nitric acid. Given that the two solutions have the same pH, suggest a method to distinguish the two acids.
(2 marks)

Sample answers
+
2. (a) An acid in which H (aq) slightly ionizes in water.
(b) Measure the pH of the two acids using a pH meter. 1
The one with a lower pH is 0.10 M nitric acid. 1
(c) Dilute the two acids with distilled water by 10 times. Measure the pH of the two diluted solutions
using a pH meter respectively. 1
The one showing an increase in pH by 1 is the nitric acid. The one showing an increase in pH less
than 1 is the formic acid. 1

Teacher’s feedback
+
2. (a) Strength of an acid refers to the extent of ionization of the acid, but not H (aq), in water. Therefore,
the correct answer is:
+
An acid which ionizes slightly in water to give H (aq). [1]

Cont’d

212
 Exam corner

(b) Well answered. Other methods for distinguishing 0.10 M formic acid and 0.10 M nitric acid in part
(b) are:
Add two small pieces of marble of similar sizes separately to the two acids. [1]
The one that gives out colourless gas bubbles more rapidly is 0.10 M nitric acid. [1]
Or, measure the electrical conductivity of the two acids by observing which acid makes the light
bulb glow brighter. [1]
The one that makes the light bulb glow brighter is 0.10 M nitric acid. [1]

3. An experiment, which consists of the following two main stages, was carried out to prepare ammonium
sulphate solution for growing crystals.
3
Stage 1: 25.0 cm of 1.0 M aqueous ammonia was titrated against dilute sulphuric acid. The volume of the
acid required for the neutralization was determined.
Stage 2: A solution of ammonium sulphate was prepared by using the titration result. The solution prepared
was then used for growing crystals.
(a) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration. State its colour change at the end point. (2 marks)
(b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)
(c) Describe briefly how a solution of ammomium sulphate can be prepared by using the titration result in
Stage 2. (1 mark)

Sample answers
3. (a) Methyl orange 1
The colour change at the end point is red.
(b) 2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) 1
3
(c) Add the same volume of dilute sulphuric acid as the titration result to 25.0 cm of 1.0 M aqueous
ammonia, but without adding the indicator. 1

Teacher’s feedback

3. (a) A complete answer should cover the colour of the solution before and that after the end point, i.e.
from yellow to orange.

213
 Exam corner

4. Student X carried out a titration to determine the concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution. The set-up
used is shown in the diagram below.

burette

0.0500 M
sulphuric acid

3
25.0 cm of sodium hydroxide
solution with an indicator

The table below lists the titration results obtained by student X.

3
Titration number Volume of 0.0500 M sulphuric acid used / cm

1 26.40

2 25.20

3 25.60

4 25.40

(a) Which of the above results is anomalous? Suggest one possible cause for this anomalous result.
(2 marks)
–3
(b) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm , of the sodium hydroxide solution. (2 marks)
(c) Describe TWO of the practices student X should have done when using a burette to ensure that burette
readings were as accurate as possible. (2 marks)
(d) Student Y carried out the same titration but used the set-up shown in the diagram below.

burette

0.0500 M sulphuric acid

(to be connected
data-logger
to a computer)

pH electrode
3
25.0 cm of sodium
hydroxide solution

Give one reason why student Y ’s method is better than student X’s method. (1 mark)

anomalous 反常的
214
 Exam corner

Sample answers
3
4. (a) 26.40 cm 1
Overshot the end point. 1
(b) Reasonable average volume of H2SO4(aq) used
25.20 + 25.60 + 25.40 3 3
= cm = 25.40 cm
3
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O()
Number of moles of NaOH
25.40
= 0.0500 × × 2 mol
1000
–3
= 2.54 × 10 mol
Concentration of NaOH(aq)
–3
2.54 × 10 mol
=
25.0 3
dm
1000
–3
= 0.102 mol dm 2

(c) Read each burette reading with the eye levelling with the bottom of the meniscus. 1
Ensure that the burette is placed vertically. 1
(d) The equivalence point can be determined more accurately using the data-logger. 1

Teacher’s feedback
3
4. (a) Well answered. Another possible cause is that student X might have placed more than 25.0 cm of
NaOH(aq) in the conical flask.
(b) • Well answered. The question verb ‘calculate’ means that you have to show, in addition to the
numerical answer, the working for the calculation. In this question, the 2 marks will be allocated
as follows:
(i) The calculation step showing the stoichiometry of the reaction (or its balanced chemical
equation).
–3
(ii) The final answer, i.e. 0.102 mol dm .
• When calculating the reasonable average, the set of data that falls outside a reasonable range
3
should be discarded. In this case, 26.40 cm should be excluded in calculating the reasonable
average volume of the H2SO4(aq) used.
(c) Well answered. Other practices that student X should have done:
• Make sure the jet of the burette is completely filled with no air bubbles inside it.
• Use a white tile or paper as background when taking burette readings.
(d) Well answered. The measurements made by data-logger do not rely on human judgment.

overshot 超越
215
 Part IV Acids and Bases
Building a better answer
All answers

Read the following questions and the answers of student A. Rewrite and improve the answers based on the
teacher’s feedback.

Question 1 Related to: section 14.6

Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between ZnCl2(aq) and MgCl2(aq). (3 marks)

Student A’s answer

Add excess NaOH(aq) to the two solutions respectively. 1
ZnCl2(aq) reacts with NaOH(aq) to give a white precipitate, which will dissolve in excess NaOH(aq) to give a
colourless solution. 1

Teacher’s feedback
A complete answer should cover also the observation of the reaction of MgCl2(aq) with excess NaOH(aq).

Question 2 Related to: section 18.6

With the help of a chemical equation, suggest a chemical method for preparing copper(II) sulphate crystals from
solid copper(II) carbonate. (4 marks)

Student A’s answer

Add excess dilute sulphuric acid to the solid copper(II) carbonate.
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O() 1

Teacher’s feedback
Solid copper(II) carbonate should be used in excess. Otherwise, the resultant mixture will contain the acid.

216
Answers to Chapter exercise (g) A white precipitate forms. The white precipitate
dissolves to give a colourless solution when
Chapter 14 excess sodium hydroxide solution is added.
2+ –
Pb (aq) + 2OH (aq) Pb(OH)2(s)
A. Fill in the blanks (p.41) – 2–
+ Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH (aq) Pb(OH)4 (aq)
1. hydrogen ions/H (aq)
(h) A white precipitate forms. The white precipitate
2. water; water; hydrogen
dissolves to give a colourless solution when
3. basicity
excess aqueous ammonia is added.
4. salt; water; alkali 2+ –
– Zn (aq) + 2OH (aq) Zn(OH)2(s)
5. hydroxide; OH (aq) 2+
Zn(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) Zn(NH3)4 (aq) +
6. corrosive –
+ 2OH (aq)
7. hydrogen ions/H (aq); oxidizing; oxidizing;
10. (a) Add sodium hydroxide solution to each of the
dehydrating
solutions until in excess. A white precipitate
B. Practice questions (p.41) forms initially in each solution. But only the
8. (a) For propanoic acid: precipitate of aluminium nitrate dissolves in
excess sodium hydroxide solution.
(b) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to each of the
solutions respectively. Potassium carbonate
solution gives out colourless gas bubbles
For butanedioic acid: while there is no observable change for
potassium hydroxide solution.

C. Multiple-choice questions (p.42)

11. C
Tea contains tannic acid.
(b) Basicity of propanoic acid is 1./Propanoic acid 12. A
is a monobasic acid. A ‘pop’ sound is heard when the hydrogen formed
Basicity of butanedioic acid is 2./Butanedioic is tested by a burning splint.
acid is a dibasic acid. 13. B
9. (a) Iron powder reacts slowly with the acid and 14. B
dissolves (to give a pale green solution). 15. A
Colourless gas bubbles form. Iron(III) hydroxide is not soluble in water. It is a
+ 2+
Fe(s) + 2H (aq) Fe (aq) + H2(g) base but not an alkali.
(b) Solid magnesium oxide dissolves. 16. A
+ 2+
MgO(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + H2O(l) (1): 2KOH(aq) + SO2(g) K2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) The solid magnesium hydroxide dissolves. (2): 2KOH(aq) + CO2(g) K2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
+ 2+
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + 2H2O(l) 17. D
(d) Colourless gas bubbles form/effervescene Sodium hydroxide solution has no reaction with
occurs. Sodium hydrogencarbonate powder zinc metal. Dilute hydrochloric acid has no reaction
dissolves. with ammonium chloride solution.
– +
HCO3 (aq) + H (aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) 18. B
(e) Colourless gas bubbles form/effervescene (2): a white precipitate of Pb(OH)2 forms.
occurs. Sodium carbonate powder dissolves. (3): a dark brown precipitate of Ag2O forms when a
2– +
CO3 (aq) + 2H (aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) small amount of NH3(aq) is added. The precipitate
(f) A colourless gas with a pungent smell evolves dissolves in excess NH3(aq) to form a colourless
and the gas can turn moist red litmus paper solution.
blue.
+ –
NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l)

T1
 19. D (b) (i) Concentration of NH4Cl(aq)
(NH4)2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NH4Cl(aq) + CO2(g) 2.14 –3 –3
= g dm = 42.8 g dm
+ H2O(l) 50.0
The carbon dioxide evolved can turn limewater 1000
(ii) Molar mass of NH4Cl
milky. –1
= (14.0 + 1.0 × 4 + 35.5) g mol
The ammonia evolved can turn moist red litmus –1
= 53.5 g mol
paper blue.
Molarity of NH4Cl(aq)
20. D
42.8 –3 –3
21. C = mol dm = 0.800 mol dm
53.5
22. B (c) (i) Concentration of Ca(NO3)2(aq)
23. C 6.47 –3 –3
= g dm = 64.7 g dm
100.0
D. Structured questions (p.44)
1000
24. (a) Citrus fruits/oranges/lemons/grapefruits/ (ii) Molar mass of Ca(NO3)2
tomatoes/broccoli/potatoes 1 = [40.1 + (14.0 + 16.0 × 3) × 2] g mol
–1

(b) Carbon dioxide 1 = 164.1 g mol

–1

G can be tested by using limewater. 1 Molarity of Ca(NO3)2(aq)

It turns limewater milky. 1 64.7 –3 –3
= mol dm = 0.394 mol dm
(c) When the vitamin C tablet is added to water, 164.1
the citric acid in the tablet will dissolve and (d) (i) Concentration of NaCl(aq)
+
ionize in water to give H (aq), which reacts 8.78 –3 –3
= g dm = 17.6 g dm
with the sodium hydrogencarbonate/ 500.0
– 1000
HCO3 (aq) to give carbon dioxide. 1
– + (ii) Molar mass of NaCl
HCO3 (aq) + H (aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1 –1
2+ 2+ = (23.0 + 35.5) g mol
25. (a) Fe (aq) and Cu (aq) 1 –1
= 58.5 g mol
Colour of Fe(OH)2(s): dirty green
1 Molarity of NaCl(aq)
Colour of Cu(OH)2(s): pale blue 17.6 –3 –3
+
(b) K (aq) 1 = mol dm = 0.301 mol dm
58.5
2+
(c) Mg (aq) (e) (i) Concentration of FeSO4(aq)
2+ –
Mg (aq) + 2OH (aq) Mg(OH)2(s) 1 7.94 –3 –3
= g dm = 3.97 g dm
2.0
Chapter 15 (ii) Molar mass of FeSO4
–1
= (55.8 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4) g mol
A. Fill in the blanks (p.65) –1
= 151.9 g mol
1. amount of solute
Molarity of FeSO4(aq)
2. mass; volume 3.97 –3 –3
3. moles; volume = mol dm = 0.0261 mol dm
151.9
4. molar mass
5. remains unchanged; M2V2

B. Practice questions (p.65)

6. (a) (i) Concentration of MgSO4(aq)
3.01 –3 –3
= g dm = 12.0 g dm
250.0
1000
(ii) Molar mass of MgSO4
–1
= (24.3 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4) g mol
–1
= 120.4 g mol
Molarity of MgSO4(aq)
12.0 –3 –3
= mol dm = 0.0997 mol dm
120.4

T2
7. Formula of Molar mass Mass of Volume of Molarity Concentration of
–1 –3
solute / g mol solute / g solution solution cation anion solution / g dm
3
(a) NaCl 58.5 117 2.00 dm 1.00 M 1.00 M 1.00 M 58.5
3
(b) AgNO3 169.9 17.0 1.00 dm 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.100 M 17.0
3
(c) Na2CO3 106.0 2.65 500.0 cm 0.0500 M 0.100 M 0.0500 M 5.30
3
(d) MgCl2 95.3 29.3 1.50 dm 0.205 M 0.205 M 0.410 M 19.5
3
(e) C6H12O6 180.0 0.346 12.0 cm 0.160 M – – 28.8

C. Multiple-choice questions (p.66) Option (D):

3
8. D Number of moles of NaOH in 1000 cm of 0.2 M
Concentration of K2SO4(aq) NaOH(aq)
–3
= 0.35 mol dm × (39.1 × 2 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4) g mol
–1
1000
= 0.2 × mol = 0.2 mol
= 61.0 g dm
–3 1000
13. B
9. D
Number of moles of NaOH
Concentration of NaOH(aq)
12.0
9.32 –3 –3 = mol = 0.300 mol
= g dm = 93.2 g dm 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0
100.0
Volume of NaOH(aq)
1000 0.300 3 3 3
Molar mass of NaOH = dm = 0.150 dm = 150 cm
–1 –1
2.00
= (23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0) g mol = 40.0 g mol 14. D
Molarity of NaOH(aq) Number of moles of Na2S2O3
93.2 –3 –3
= 1.50 × 3.50 mol = 5.25 mol
= mol dm = 2.33 mol dm
40.0
Mass of Na2S2O3․5H2O
10. A
3 = 5.25 × [(23.0 × 2 + 32.1 × 2 + 16.0 × 3) + (1.0 × 2
Mass of H2SO4 present in 1000 cm of the acid
–3 3 + 16.0) × 5] g
= 1.20 g cm × 1000 cm × 30.0% = 360 g
= 1303 g
Molarity of the acid
360 g dm
–3
–3
15. C
= –1 = 3.67 mol dm
3+ 2–
There are 2 Fe ions and 3 SO4 ions in each
(1.0 × 2 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4) g mol
11. B formula unit of Fe2(SO4)3.
Number of moles of KNO3 Hence, 0.13 M of Fe2(SO4)3 contains 0.13 × 2 M =
3+ 2–
25.0 –3 0.26 M Fe ions and 0.13 × 3 = 0.39 M SO4 ions.
= 0.096 × mol = 2.4 × 10 mol
1000 16. B
12. C 3
Number of moles of NaOH in 100.0 cm of 0.5 M
3
Number of moles of NaOH in 250.0 cm of 1.0 M NaOH(aq)
NaOH(aq) 100.0
= 0.5 × mol = 0.05 mol
250.0 1000
= 1.0 × mol = 0.25 mol 3
1000 Number of moles of NaOH in 200.0 cm of 1.5 M
Option (A): NaOH(aq)
3
Number of moles of NaOH in 100.0 cm of 4.0 M 200.0
= 1.5 × mol = 0.30 mol
NaOH(aq) 1000
100.0 Concentration of the resultant NaOH(aq)
= 4.0 × mol = 0.40 mol (0.05 + 0.30) mol
1000 = = 1.17 mol dm
–3

Option (B): 100.0 + 200.0 3

3 dm
Number of moles of NaOH in 200.0 cm of 1.5 M 1000
NaOH(aq) 17. C
200.0 Number of moles of K2SO4
= 1.5 × mol = 0.30 mol 200.0
1000 = 1.0 × mol = 0.20 mol
Option (C): 1000
+
Number of moles of NaOH in 500.0 cm of 0.5 M
3 Number of moles of K from K2SO4
NaOH(aq) = 0.20 mol × 2 = 0.40 mol
500.0 Number of moles of KCl
= 0.5 × mol = 0.25 mol 100.0
1000 = 2.0 × mol = 0.20 mol
1000 T3
 +
Number of moles of K in the resultant solution (b) Molar mass of Mg(NO3)2
–1
= (0.40 + 0.20) mol = 0.60 mol = [24.3 + (14.0 + 16.0 × 3) × 2] g mol
–1
Volume of the resultant solution = 148.3 g mol
3 3
= (200.0 + 100.0) cm = 300.0 cm Mass of Mg(NO3)2
+ –1
Concentration of K (aq) in the resultant solution = 0.25 mol × 148.3 g mol = 37 g 1
0.60 mol –3 24. Volume of the resultant solution
= = 2.0 mol dm
300.0 3 = (100.0 + 200.0 + 100.0) cm
3
dm
1000 3
= 400.0 cm = 0.4 dm
3

18. A +
(a) Molarity of Na (aq) in the resultant solution
During dilution, as only water is added to the 100.0 200.0
solution, the number of moles of solute in the (1.5 × × 2 + 2.0 × ) mol
1000 1000
=
solution does not change, but the concentration of 0.4 dm
3

the solution decreases and the volume of the = 1.75 mol dm

–3
1
solution increases. +
(b) Molarity of K (aq) in the resultant solution
19. B 100.0
1.0 × mol
Let the concentration of the diluted solution be M2. 1000 –3
= = 0.25 mol dm 1
50.0 250.0 0.4 dm
3
2.0 × = M2 × –
1000 1000 (c) Molarity of Cl (aq) in the resultant solution
M2 = 0.4 200.0 100.0
(2.0 × + 1.0 × ) mol
∴ the concentration of the diluted solution is 1000 1000
–3 =
0.4 mol dm . 0.4 dm
3

–3
20. B = 1.25 mol dm 1
Let the volume of the diluted solution be V2.
100 Chapter 16
2.0 × = 0.5 × V2
1000
V2 = 0.4 A. Fill in the blanks (p.86)
Volume of diluted solution obtained = 0.4 dm (or
3 1. (a) higher
400 cm )
3 (b) equal
∴ the volume of water needed = (400 – 100) cm =
3 (c) lower
+
300 cm
3 2. pH; –log[H (aq)]
21. B 3. lower; alkalinity
Let the volume of 0.50 M H2SO4(aq) needed be V1. 4. pH; methyl orange; litmus; phenolphthalein
250.0 5. Universal; Universal; pH
0.50 × V1 = 0.15 ×
1000 6. pH meter; pH sensor
V1 = 0.075
∴ the volume of 0.50 M H2SO4(aq) needed is B. Practice questions (p.86)
3
0.075 dm or 75 cm .
3 7. (a) pH = –log 0.002 = 2.7; the solution is acidic.
–5
(b) pH = –log 1.8 × 10 = 4.7; the solution is
D. Structured questions (p.67) acidic.
–3 –7
22. (a) Concentration of K2CO3(aq) in mol dm (c) pH = –log 1.0 × 10 = 7.0; the solution is
0.350 mol –3 neutral.
= = 1.40 mol dm 1
250.0 3 –9
(d) pH = –log 7.2 × 10 = 8.1; the solution is
dm
1000
alkaline.
(b) Molar mass of K2CO3 +
–1 8. (a) 5.0 = –log[H (aq)]
= (39.1 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol + –5.0 –5
–1 [H (aq)] = 10 M = 1.0 × 10 M
= 138.2 g mol +
–3 (b) 12.5 = –log[H (aq)]
Concentration of K2CO3(aq) in g dm + –12.5 –13
–3 –1 [H (aq)] = 10 M = 3.2 × 10 M
= 1.40 mol dm × 138.2 g mol +
–3 (c) 5.6 = –log[H (aq)]
= 193 g dm 1 + –5.6 –6
[H (aq)] = 10 M = 2.5 × 10 M
23. (a) Number of moles of Mg(NO3)2 +
(d) 9.0 = –log[H (aq)]
125.0
= 2.0 × mol = 0.25 mol 1 + –9.0
[H (aq)] = 10 M = 1.0 × 10 M
–9
1000

T4
9.
Colour of the indicator in
Indicator acidic solution neutral solution alkaline solution
(pH 3) (pH 7) (pH 9)

Methyl orange red yellow yellow

Litmus red purple blue

Phenolphthalein colourless colourless very pale pink

C. Multiple-choice questions (p.87) D. Structured questions (p.88)

10. B 21. (a) Any TWO of the following methods:
(1) and (3): for both 0.10 M HCl(aq) and 0.10 M Use pH paper/universal indicator/pH
HNO3(aq), their pH = –log 0.10 = 1.0. meter/data-logger connected with a pH
(2): assume that H2SO4 ionizes completely in water sensor. 2
according to the following equation: (b) Oven cleaner, distilled water, orange juice 1
+ 2–
H2SO4(aq) 2H (aq) + SO4 (aq) (c) Orange juice 1
From the equation, 1 mol of H2SO4 ionizes to give 2
+
mol of H (aq). Chapter 17
∴ pH of 0.10 M H2SO4(aq) = –log (0.10 × 2) = 0.70 A. Fill in the blanks (p.104)
11. C 1. (a) completely; almost completely; hydrochloric
(1) and (2): the pH of 0.01 M HCl(aq) and 0.01 M acid/nitric acid/sulphuric acid
H2SO4(aq) are 2 and 1.7 respectively. (b) slightly; ethanoic acid/carbonic acid/
(3): NH3(aq) is alkaline. Its pH is greater than 7. sulphurous acid
(4): H2O(l) is neutral, its pH is equal to 7. 2. (a) dissociates; sodium hydroxide/potassium
12. A hydroxide
When an acid is diluted by adding water, the (b) slightly; aqueous ammonia
+
concentration of H (aq) ions in the acid decreases 3. (a) higher
and hence the pH of the acid increases. However, (b) lower
+
the number of moles of H (aq) ions in the acid (c) higher
remains unchanged. 4. (a) dilute; strong
13. A (b) concentrated; weak
14. C (c) concentrated; strong
The pH of 0.1 M NaOH(aq) is 13. (d) dilute; weak
15. B
16. D B. Multiple-choice questions (p.104)
The pH of glass cleaner is around 11. Refer to p.83 5. D
for the detail. 6. C
17. B Option (C): as shown in the diagram, the molecules
+
18. A of the acid ionize completely in water to give H (aq)
Refer to p.83 for the pH of some common ions and the corresponding anions.
substances. 7. D
19. C 8. B
Calcium hydroxide solution is alkaline. Its pH is 9. B
greater than 7.
C. Structured questions (p.105)
20. A
10. (a) pH = –log 0.01 = 2 1
The pH of lemon juice is around 2.5.
(b) Higher than that of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It ionizes
only slightly in water. 1

T5
 +
As [H (aq)] in 0.01 M ethanoic acid is Chapter 18
smaller than 0.01 M, the pH of this acid is A. Fill in the blanks (p.142)
greater than 2. 1 1. base
(c) 0.01 M hydrochloric acid has a higher 2. exothermic
electrical conductivity. 3. (a) pH
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while (b) acid
ethanoic acid is a weak acid. The (c) waste
concentration of mobile ions in 0.01 M (d) fertilizers
hydrochloric acid is higher compared with 4. ionizable; metal; ammonium
that in 0.01 M ethanoic acid. 1 5. (a) metal; base; carbonate
The higher the concentration of mobile ions (b) alkali; soluble
present in an acid, the higher is the 6. precipitation
electrical conductivity of the acid. 1
(d) 0.01 M hydrochloric acid reacts more B. Practice questions (p.142)
vigorously with the iron nail. 7. (a) (i) 2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
+ –
ethanoic acid is a weak acid. The (ii) H (aq) + OH (aq) H2O(l)
+
concentration of H (aq) ions in 0.01 M (iii) Calcium chloride
hydrochloric acid is higher compared with (b) (i) 2HNO3(aq) + CaO(s)
0.01 M ethanoic acid. 1 Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
+ 2+
An acid with a higher concentration of (ii) 2H (aq) + CaO(s) Ca (aq) + H2O(l)
+
H (aq) ions would react more vigorously (iii) Calcium nitrate
with an iron nail. 1 (c) (i) H2SO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
+ –3.0
11. (a) [H (aq)] = 10 M = 0.001 M 1 MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
+
(b) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid, it ionizes (ii) 2H (aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
+ 2+
slightly in water to form H (aq) ions. Hence, Mg (aq) + 2H2O(l)
+
if the concentration of H (aq) ions in a (iii) Magnesium sulphate
sample of ethanoic acid is 0.001 M, the (d) (i) HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)
+ +
concentration of ethanoic acid in the sample (ii) H (aq) + NH3(aq) NH4 (aq)
must be larger than 0.001 M. 1 (iii) Ammonium nitrate

8. Salt Parent acid Base

(a) Ammonium chloride HCl NH3
(b) Copper(II) nitrate HNO3 CuO/Cu(OH)2 (any one)
(c) Iron(II) sulphate H2SO4 FeO/Fe(OH)2 (any one)
(d) Potassium ethanoate CH3COOH K2O/KOH (any one)

9. K
+ +
Na Ca
2+
Al
3+ 2+
Zn Fe
2+
Pb
2+ 2+
Cu NH4
+
Ag
+
Ba
2+

–
NO3
–
HCO3
2–
CO3 CaCO3 Al2CO3 ZnCO3 FeCO3 PbCO3 CuCO3 Ag2CO3 BaCO3
–
Cl PbCl2 AgCl
–
Br PbBr2 AgBr
–
I PbI2 AgI
2–
SO4 CaSO4 PbSO4 BaSO4

T6
10. (a) By reacting excess magnesium metal/ 15. C
magnesium oxide/magnesium carbonate/ Although aqueous ammonia can be used to
magnesium hydroxide with dilute sulphuric neutralize the acidic substances in liquid waste, it
acid is seldom used to treat acidic liquid waste from
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)/ industries. This is because aqueous ammonia is
+ 2+
Mg(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + H2(g) relative expensive and not easy to handle. Vapour
OR of aqueous ammonia is extremely corrosive to
MgO(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l)/ nose, throat and mucous membrane.
+ 2+
MgO(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + H2O(l) 16. B
OR 17. D
MgCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + 18. C
H2O(l) + CO2(g)/ 19. C
+ 2+
MgCO3(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + H2O(l) + 20. D
CO2(g) Zinc metal, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide and zinc
OR carbonate are all insoluble in water. No aqueous
Mg(OH)2(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + solutions of these substances can be prepared for
2H2O(l)/ titration.
+ 2+
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + 2H2O(l) 21. D
(b) By precipitation between lead(II) nitrate 22. B
solution and sodium sulphate solution For (2): the equation for the reaction involved is
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq).
2NaNO3(aq)/ 23. C
2+ 2–
Pb (aq) + SO4 (aq) PbSO4(s) Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) is insoluble in water. So
(c) By titrating potassium hydroxide solution/ we do not write the ions separately.
potassium carbonate solution with dilute nitric 24. D
acid Lead(II) chloride is insoluble in water. It can be
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)/ prepared by precipitation:
– + 2+ –
OH (aq) + H (aq) H2O(l) Pb (aq) + 2Cl (aq) PbCl2(s)
2+
OR (The Pb (aq) ions come from lead(II) nitrate
K2CO3(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + solution.)
H2O(l) + CO2(g)/ 25. A
2– + 2+ –
CO3 (aq) + 2H (aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) Option (B): Ca (aq) + 2OH (aq) Ca(OH)2(s)
2+ –
Option (C): Pb (aq) + 2Cl (aq) PbCl2(s)
C. Multiple-choice questions (p.143) 2+ 2–
Option (D): Ca (aq) + SO4 (aq) CaSO4(s)
11. C
12. D D. Structured questions (p.145)
13. A 26. (a) Calcium hydroxide 1
The volume of the reaction mixture is the same in (b) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) 1
both experiments, but the number of moles of CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) 1
+ –
H (aq) ions and OH (aq) ions reacting in Experiment (c) (i) It can neutralize the acid in soil. 1
2 is twice that in Experiment 1. Twice as much heat (ii) It can neutralize the acidic substances
is given out in Experiment 2 compared with that in in the industrial liquid waste. 1
+ 2+
Experiment 1. Therefore, the maximum temperature (d) Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H (aq) Ca (aq) + 2H2O(l) 1
rise of neutralization reaction in Experiment 2 is 27. (a) Silver is not a reactive metal. It does not
greater than that in Experiment 1. react with dilute hydrochloric acid. 1
14. B (b) Silver chloride can be prepared by
Calcium sulphate does not neutralize the acid in precipitation between silver nitrate solution
soil as it is not an alkali or alkaline substance. and sodium chloride solution. 1
+ –
Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl(s) 1

T7
 28. (a) By reacting excess Cu(OH)2(s) with From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to HCl
H2SO4(aq) 1 = 1 : 1. –3
2.5 × 10
Cu(OH)2(s) + H2SO4(aq) ∴ molarity of HCl(aq) = mol dm
–3

22.0
CuSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1
1000 –3
(b) By precipitation between CaCl2(aq) and = 0.11 mol dm
K2SO4(aq) (or H2SO4(aq)) 1 10. Number of moles of (COOH)2․2H2O crystals used
CaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) 3.78
= mol
CaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq) 1 (12.0 + 16.0 × 2 + 1.0) × 2 + (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) × 2
OR = 0.0300 mol
CaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 1 mol of (COOH)2․2H2O contains 1 mol of
CaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq) (1) (COOH)2.
(c) By titrating Na2CO3(aq) with H2SO4(aq) 1 ∴ number of moles of (COOH)2 in 25.0 cm3 of the
Na2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) diluted solution
Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1 25.0
= 0.0300 × mol = 0.00300 mol
250.0
(COOH)2(aq) + 2KOH(aq) (COO)2K2(aq) +
Chapter 19 2H2O(l)
A. Fill in the blanks (p.192) From the equation, mole ratio of (COOH)2 to KOH =
1. primary standard 1 : 2.
2. standard solution; primary standard; known 0.00300 × 2
∴ molarity of KOH(aq) = mol dm
–3

3. pipettes; burettes; distilled water; Volumetric flasks; 15.00

conical flasks; distilled water 1000
–3
= 0.400 mol dm
4. Equivalence point 3
11. Number of moles of the acid in the 25.0 cm acid
5. end; strength
solution
(a) methyl orange; phenolphthalein 1.89 25.0 –3
(b) methyl orange = × mol = 1.50 × 10 mol
126.0 250.0
(c) phenolphthalein Number of moles of NaOH used
6. equivalence 15.0 –3
= 0.200 × mol = 3.00 × 10 mol
1000
–3
B. Practice questions (p.192) Number of moles of NaOH 3.00 × 10
= –3 = 2
7. Number of moles of Na2CO3․10H2O Number of moles of the acid 1.50 × 10
14.3 ∴ the basicity of the acid is 2.
= mol
(23.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) + (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) × 10 12. 2MHCO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) M2SO4(aq) + 2CO2(g)
= 0.0500 mol + 2H2O(l)
1 mol of Na2CO3․10H2O contains 1 mol of Na2CO3. Number of moles of H2SO4 used
∴ number of moles of Na2CO3 in the 250.0 cm3 = 0.20 ×
10.50 –3
mol = 2.1 × 10 mol
solution = 0.0500 mol 1000
0.0500 –3 From the equation, mole ratio of H2SO4 to MHCO3
Molarity of Na2CO3(aq) = mol dm
250.0 = 1 : 2.
1000 ∴ number of moles of MHCO3 in the 100.0 cm3
–3
= 0.200 mol dm
solution
8. Let the volume of 2.0 M HCl(aq) required be V1. –3 100.0
250.0 = 2.1 × 10 × 2 × mol = 0.0168 mol
2.0 × V1 = 0.15 × 25.0
1000 Let the relative atomic mass of M be x.
V1 = 0.019 1.682
∴ the volume of 2.0 M HCl(aq) required is 0.019 dm3 0.0168 =
x + 1.0 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3
3
or 19 cm . x = 39.1
9. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ∴ the relative atomic mass of M is 39.1.
25.0 13. H3A(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Na3A(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Number of moles of NaOH = 0.10 × mol
1000 Number of moles of NaOH used
–3
= 2.5 × 10 mol 18.75 –3
= 0.200 × mol = 3.75 × 10 mol
1000

T8
 From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to H3A 19. C
= 3 : 1. Temperature / °C
∴ number of moles of H3A in the 500.0 cm3 of
solution
–3
3.75 × 10 500.0
= × mol = 0.025 mol
3 25.0
1 mol of H3A․nH2O contains 1 mol of H3A. Hence,
number of moles of H3A․nH2O in 5.25 g H3A․nH2O
= 0.025 mol
5.25
0.025 =
(192.0 + 18n)
n=1
14. H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g)
+ H2O(l)
3
Number of moles of H2SO4 used Volume of acid added / cm
20.00 20. B
= 0.5 × mol = 0.01 mol
1000 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
From the equation, mole ratio of H2SO4 to Na2CO3 From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to HCl
= 1 : 1. = 1 : 1. 25.0
0.1 ×
∴ number of moles of Na2CO3․10H2O in the 1000
∴ molarity of HCl(aq) = M = 0.139 M
mixture = 0.01 mol 18.00
Percentage by mass of Na2CO3․10H2O in the 1000
mixture = 21. A
0.01 × [(23.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) + (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) × 10] H3A(aq) + 3KOH(aq) K3A(aq) + 3H2O(l)
3.06 From the equation, mole ratio of KOH to H3A = 3 : 1.
× 100%
∴ concentration of the acid
= 93.5% 21.35 1
0.5 × ×
15. 2HNO3(aq) + CaCO3(s) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) 1000 3
= M = 0.14 M
+ H2O(l) 25.0
Number of moles of HNO3 reacted with CaCO3 in 1000
22. B 40.00
the sample 2.5 ×
Number of moles of NaOH 1000
50.0 20.0 =
= (0.50 × – 0.40 × ) mol = 0.017 mol Number of moles of the acid 25.0
1000 1000 2.0 ×
From the equation, mole ratio of HNO3 to CaCO3 0.10 1000
= =2
= 2 : 1. 0.050
∴ number of moles of CaCO3 in the sample 23. B
0.017 –3 H3A(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Na3A(aq) + 3H2O(l)
= mol = 8.5 × 10 mol
2 From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to H3A
Percentage by mass of CaCO3 in the sample = 3 : 1.
–3
8.5 × 10 × (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g ∴ molar mass of H3A
= × 100%
1.28 g 0.108 –1 –1
= 66.5% = g mol = 97.8 g mol
27.60 1
0.12 × ×
C. Multiple-choice questions (p.193) 1000 3
16. C
17. B
Let the molarity of the diluted Na2CO3(aq) be M2.
Answers to Exam practice
10.0 250.0
0.80 × = M2 × Chapter 14
1000 1000
M2 = 0.032 A. Multiple-choice questions (p.45)
∴ the molarity of the diluted Na2CO3(aq) is 1. B
0.032 M. Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) CuCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
18. B
Burettes are used to deliver variable volumes of a
solution accurately. T9
 2. D Sodium carbonate powder dissolves.
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + Colourless gas bubbles form/
H2O(l) effervescence occurs. 1
MgCl2(aq) is colourless. No observable change 1
+ 2+
3. C (ii) (1) Mg(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + H2(g)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1
2– +
Neutralization reaction is exothermic, so the (2) CO3 (aq) + 2H (aq) CO2(g) +
solution becomes warm. H2O(l) 1
4. D (80%) (iii) Ethanoic acid ionizes (slightly) in water
5. D to produce mobile ions. Hence, Solution
+ 2–
H2C2O4(aq) 2H (aq) + C2O4 (aq) X conducts electricity. 1
6. D Tetrachloromethane does not contain
(2): NH4Cl(aq) + KOH(aq) KCl(aq) + NH3(g) + water. Ethanoic acid does not ionize in
H2O(l) the absence of water. As there are no
+ –
(3): lemon juice contains H (aq); HCO3 (aq) + mobile ions in Solution Y, it does not
+
H (aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) conduct electricity. 1
7. B (65%) 13. (a) (NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
When a small amount of NaOH(aq) is added to Na2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) 1
2+
Ca (aq), a white precipitate forms, which is OR
+ –
insoluble in excess NaOH(aq). NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l) (1)
8. A (b) Set-up 1
Statement (2): silver oxide dissolves in excess This is because ammonia is less dense than
NH3(aq), but not in excess NaOH(aq). air and is very soluble in water. 1
Statement (3): both NaOH(aq) and NH3(aq) are (c) Ammonia gas is toxic if inhaled. 1
alkalis. Both can react with carbon dioxide which is OR
an acidic oxide. Exposure to ammonia gas may cause
9. B (severe) skin burns and eye damage. (1)
The following metal hydroxides are insoluble in 14. (a) Add solid calcium hydroxide to water and
excess sodium hydroxide solution: Mg(OH)2, stir the mixture for a period of time. 1
Ca(OH)2 Then filter the suspension to get the clear
The following metal hydroxides are soluble in filtrate. 1
–
excess sodium hydroxide solution: Zn(OH)2, (b) Hydroxide ion/OH (aq) 1
Pb(OH)2, Al(OH)3 (c) 2NH4NO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
10. C Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) 1
When a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution OR
+ –
is added to zinc carbonate solution, the following NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l) (1)
reaction occurs: (d) A pale blue precipitate forms. 1
2+ –
ZnCO3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + Na2CO3(aq) Cu (aq) + 2OH (aq) Cu(OH)2(s) 1
11. A 15. Add aqueous ammonia to each of the solutions
Dilute hydrochloric acid conducts electricity until in excess. 1
because it contains mobile ions, which are A white precipitate forms initially in each
produced by the ionization of hydrogen chloride solution. But only the precipitate formed by
2+
when dissolved in water. Zn (aq) dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia. 1
Add sodium hydroxide solution to each of the
B. Structured questions (p.46)
remaining solutions until in excess. 1
12. (a) 1 1
– +
A white precipitate forms initially in each
(b) CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO (aq) + H (aq) 1
solution. But only the precipitate formed by
(c) (i) Magnesium dissolves. Colourless 2+
Pb (aq) dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide
gas bubbles form. 1
solution. 1

T10
 Communication mark 1 4. D
2+
(Note: the white precipitate formed by Mg (aq) Number of moles of Fe2(SO4)3
neither dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia nor 250.0
= 0.200 × mol = 0.0500 mol
sodium hydroxide solution.) 1000
Mass of Fe2(SO4)3
16. Dissolve a sample of the three solids separately –1
= 0.0500 mol × [55.8 × 2 + (32.1 + 16.0 × 4) × 3] g mol
in water. 1
= 20.0 g
Add sodium hydroxide solution to each of the
5. A
solutions obtained until in excess. 1
Option (A):
A white precipitate forms initially in each solution.
Number of moles of Na2SO4
But only the precipitate of ZnCl2 dissolves in
5.0
excess sodium hydroxide solution. 1 = mol = 0.0352 mol
23.0 × 2 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4
Heat respectively a sample of the remaining two 2–
Number of moles of SO4 = 0.0352 mol
solids in a test tube and place a piece of dry 2–
Concentration of SO4 (aq)
cobalt(II) chloride paper near the mouth of the 0.0352 –3 –3
= mol dm = 0.141 mol dm
test tube. 1 250.0
Only CaCl2․6H2O can turn the paper from blue 1000
to pink. 1 Option (B):
Communication mark 1 Number of moles of K2SO4
5.0
= mol = 0.0287 mol
Chapter 15 39.1 × 2 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4
2–
Number of moles of SO4 = 0.0287 mol
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.68) 2–
Concentration of SO4 (aq)
1. D 0.0287 –3 –3
Number of moles of C8H5O4K = mol dm = 0.115 mol dm
250.0
1.63 1000
= mol
12.0 × 8 + 1.0 × 5 + 16.0 × 4 + 39.1 Option (C):
–3
= 7.99 × 10 mol Number of moles of CuSO4
Concentration of C8H5O4K(aq) 5.0
7.99 × 10
–3 = mol = 0.0313 mol
=
–3
mol dm = 0.0799 mol dm
–3 63.5 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4
2–
100.0 Number of moles of SO4 = 0.0313 mol
1000 2–
Concentration of SO4 (aq)
2. C 0.0313 –3 –3
= mol dm = 0.125 mol dm
Number of moles of oxalic acid crystals 250.0
4.81 1000
= mol
[(12.0 + 16.0 × 2 + 1.0) × 2 + (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) × 2] Option (D):
= 0.0382 mol Number of moles of FeSO4
Molarity of the oxalic acid solution 5.0
0.0382 = mol = 0.0329 mol
=
–3
mol dm = 0.153 mol dm
–3 55.8 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4
2–
250.0 Number of moles of SO4 = 0.0329 mol
1000 2–
Concentration of SO4 (aq)
3. D 0.0329 –3 –3
= mol dm = 0.132 mol dm
Number of moles of NH3 250.0
150 1000
= mol = 8.82 mol
14.0 + 1.0 × 3 6. B
Concentration of NH3(aq) Solution (1):
8.82 –3 –3 + –
= mol dm = 17.6 mol dm There are 1 Na ion and 1 NO3 ion in each formula
500
unit of NaNO3.
1000
(The author is responsible for the solutions and Total number of moles of ions
36
that (a) they have neither been provided nor = 1.0 × × 2 mol = 0.072 mol
1000
approved by AQA and (b) they may not necessarily Solution (2):
constitute the only possible solutions.) + –
There are 1 Na ion and 1 OH ion in each formula
unit of NaOH.
T11
 Total number of moles of ions B. Structured questions (p.69)
30 12. (a) Number of moles of sucrose
= 1.5 × × 2 mol = 0.090 mol
1000 5.00 g
Solution (3): = –1
(12.0 × 12 + 1.0 × 22 + 16.0 × 11) g mol
+ 2–
There are 2 K ions and 1 SO4 ion in each formula = 0.0146 mol 1
unit of K2SO4. Concentration limit of sugar in ‘low sugar’
Total number of moles of ions drinks
24 0.0146 mol
= 1.0 × × 3 mol = 0.072 mol = = 0.146 mol dm
–3
1
1000 100 3
7. C dm
2–
1000
Number of moles of SO4 from K2SO4 = 0.05 mol (b) Mass of sugar per 100 ml of that carton of
2–
Number of moles of SO4 from Al2(SO4)3 lemon tea
= 0.05 mol × 3 = 0.15 mol 26.5 g
2– = × 100 ml = 7.07 g 1
Total number of moles of SO4 375 ml
= (0.05 + 0.15) mol = 0.20 mol As that carton of lemon tea contains more
2–
Molarity of SO4 (aq) ions than 5.00 g of sugar per 100 ml of the
0.20 –3 –3 lemon tea, it cannot claim to be ‘low sugar’. 1
= mol dm = 0.80 mol dm 3
250.0 13. (a) Mass of NH3 present in 1 dm of this
–3 3
1000 solution = 0.88 g cm × 1000 cm × 35%
8. A = 308 g 1
+
There are 3 Na ions in each formula unit of Na3PO4. (b) Molarity of this solution
Hence, the number of moles of Na3PO4 that contains 308 g
+ –1
0.03 mol of Na ions (14.0 + 1.0 × 3) g mol –3
0.03 = 3
= 18.1 mol dm 1
= mol = 0.01 mol 1 dm
3 +
14. (a) Cu(s) + 2Ag (aq)
2+
Cu (aq) + 2Ag(s) 1
Molarity of Na3PO4(aq)
0.01 (b) Some shiny silvery solid deposits on the
–3 –3
= mol dm = 0.2 mol dm copper surface. 1
50.0
1000 The solution changes from colourless to
9. B blue. 1
Let the molarity of the remaining solution be M2. (c) Number of moles of Cu used
250.0 220.0 0.635
0.05 × = M2 × = mol = 0.0100 mol 1
1000 1000 63.5
+ 3
M2 = 0.057 Number of moles of Ag ions in 100 cm of
∴ the molarity of the remaining solution was 0.5 M AgNO3
0.057 M. 100
= 0.5 × mol = 0.05 mol 1
10. B 1000
0.0100 mol of Cu requires only 0.0100 mol
Let the volume of 10.0 M HCl(aq) needed be V1. +
× 2 = 0.0200 mol of Ag for complete reaction.
500.0
10.0 × V1 = 0.30 × Hence, Cu is the limiting reactant. In the
1000
V1 = 0.015 dm
3 resultant solution,
2+
∴ the volume of 10.0 M HCl(aq) needed is concentration of Cu (aq) ions
3 3 0.01 mol –3
0.015 dm (or 15 cm ). = = 0.1 mol dm 1
100 3
11. C dm
1000
Number of moles of MgSO4 +
concentration of Ag (aq) ions
1.204 (0.05 – 0.02) mol
= mol = 0.01000 mol –3
24.3 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4 = = 0.3 mol dm 1
100 3
Volume of the diluted MgSO4(aq) dm
0.01000 mol 1000
3 3
= –3 = 0.5 dm (or 500 cm )
0.02 mol dm

T12
 – 3
15. Number of moles of OH in the 400 cm solution 3. B
–3 –3 400 3 1 mol of H2SO4 ionizes almost completely in water
= 6.56 × 10 mol dm × dm
–3 1000 +
to give 2 mol of H (aq) and 1 mol of SO4 (aq).
2–
= 2.624 × 10 mol 1
Number of moles of M(OH)2 in the 400 cm solution
3 ∴ [H (aq)] = 0.03 × 2 mol dm = 0.06 mol dm–3
+ –3

2.624 × 10
–3
–3
pH = –log 0.06 = 1.2
= mol = 1.312 × 10 mol 1
2 4. C
+ –1
From the equation, mole ratio of M(OH)2 to M [H (aq)] in the solution of acid J = 10 M = 0.1 M
+ –2
= 1 : 1. [H (aq)] in the solution of acid K = 10 M = 0.01 M
∴ molar mass of M 5. D
0.115 g –1 For the 0.064 M HX(aq), pH = –log 0.064 = 1.2
= –3 = 87.7 g mol
1.312 × 10 mol For the 0.0032 M HX(aq), pH = –log 0.0032 = 2.5
M is strontium. 1
6. B
(Note: from the Periodic Table, the relative atomic + –
HNO3(aq) H (aq) + NO3 (aq)
mass of strontium is 87.6.) +
3 pH of the sample of HNO3(aq) = 1.8 = –log[H (aq)]
16. (a) Mass of NaOCl in the 10 cm of chlorine + –1.8
[H (aq)] in the sample of HNO3(aq) = 10 M
bleach sample 3 3
3 –3 When 200 cm of water is mixed with 100 cm of
= 10 cm × 1.0 g cm × 6.0% = 0.60 g
3 the sample, the volume of the resultant mixture
Number of moles of NaOCl in the 10 cm of 3
becomes 300 cm .
chlorine bleach sample +
Let the [H (aq)] in the resultant mixture be M2.
0.60 g
= –1.8 100 300
(23.0 + 16.0 + 35.5) g mol
–1
10 × = M2 ×
–3
1000 1000
= 8.05 × 10 mol 1 M2 = 5.3 × 10
–3

Molarity of NaOCl(aq) in the original sample ∴ pH of the resultant mixture = –log 5.3 × 10–3
–3
8.05 × 10 mol –3 = 2.3
= = 0.805 mol dm 1
10 3
7. C
dm
1000 3
Volume of the resultant solution = (10 + 990) cm
(b) Approximate molarity of the 1:99 disinfectant 3
= 1000 cm
solution +
–3 As the concentration of H (aq) in the sample of
8.05 × 10 mol
= 1 HCl(aq) decreases by a factor of 100 after dilution,
10 + 990 3
dm the pH of resultant solution is 2 + 2 = 4.
1000
–3
= 8.05 × 10 mol dm
–3
1 8. C
+
Number of moles of H (aq) from HA
25.0
Chapter 16 = 6.0 ×
1000
mol = 0.15 mol
+
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.89) Number of moles of H (aq) from HB
1. B 45.0
= 3.0 × mol = 0.14 mol
Both P and Q are acids, their pH are less than 7. 1000
+
+
HCl(aq) is a monobasic acid, the [H (aq)] in 0.01 M Concentration of H (aq) in the resulting solution
(0.15 + 0.14) mol –3
HCl(aq) is 0.01 M. H2SO4(aq) is a dibasic acid, the = = 4.1 mol dm
+ 25.0 + 45.0 3
[H (aq)] in 0.01 M H2SO4(aq) is higher than 0.01 M. ( ) dm
1000
Hence, 0.01 M H2SO4(aq) is more acidic than 0.01 9. B
M HCl(aq), and the pH of Q is lower than that of P. pH of 0.1 M HNO3(aq) = –log 0.1 = 1
Both R and S are alkalis, their pH are greater than 10. B
–
7. As 0.01 M NaOH(aq) has a lower [OH (aq)] than
0.10 M NaOH(aq), 0.01 M NaOH(aq) is less alkaline B. Structured questions (p.90)
than 0.10 M NaOH(aq), and hence the pH of R is 11. (a) pH of 0.0005 M HCl(aq)
lower than that of S. = –log 0.0005 = 3.3 1
2. B Hence, the colour of methyl red is red. 1
–13
As shown in Table 14.2 on p.17, nitric acid ionizes (b) pH of the solution = –log 3.2 × 10 = 12.5 1
completely in water but ethanoic acid does not. For Hence, the colour of phenolphthalein is
the same molar concentration, nitric acid has a pink. 1
+
higher [H (aq)] than ethanoic acid. Hence, 0.10 (c) Around 4.4 to 6.0 1 T13
–3
mol dm nitric acid has a lower pH.
 12. (a) pH meter 1 10. C (77%)
(b) The solution is acidic. 1 Option (A): HCl(aq) is a stronger acid than
+
(c) 2.87 = –log[H (aq)] CH3COOH(aq), irrespective of concentration. X has
+ –2.87 –3 +
[H (aq)] = 10 mol dm a higher pH than Z because the [H (aq)] in X is
–3 –3
= 1.35 × 10 mol dm 1 lower than that in Z.
–3
1.35 × 10 Option (B): the pH of a solution is independent of
(d) pH = –log ( ) = 3.17 1
2 the volume of the solution. Y has a lower pH than X
(e) Easy to use 1 +
Quick to obtain accurate readings 1 because Y has a higher [H (aq)] than X.
Option (D): Y has a lower pH than Z because the
+
Chapter 17 [H (aq)] in Y is higher than that in Z.

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.106) B. Structured questions (p.107)

+ –2.0
1. A 11. (a) [H (aq)] = 10 M = 0.01 M
Sulphurous acid is a weak and dibasic acid. It As Y is a strong and monobasic acid, 1 mol
ionizes slightly in water according to the following of Y ionizes completely or almost completely
+
equation: in water to give 1 mol of H (aq) ions.
water
H2SO3(l)
+ –
H (aq) + HSO3 (aq) ∴ the molarity of Y in the solution is
–
HSO3 (aq)
+ 2–
H (aq) + SO3 (aq) 0.01 M. 1
As the ionization does not occur completely, the (b) X and Z have the same molarity and basicity
+
concentration of H (aq) in 1.0 M H2SO3(aq) is but X has a lower pH than Z. This suggests
smaller than 2.0 M. that X ionizes more completely in water than
2. D Z. 1
Dilute nitric acid reacts with sodium carbonate Hence, X is a stronger acid than Z. 1
+ –
according to the following equation: 12. (a) NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) 1
2HNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) (b) Measure the pH/electrical conductivity of
2NaNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) the two aqueous solutions of alkalis (i.e.
3. C aqueous ammonia and sodium hydroxide
Both NaOH(aq) and NH3(aq) form a white precipitate solution) of the same molar concentration. 1
of Mg(OH)2 with Mg(NO3)2(aq). The pH/electrical conductivity of aqueous
4. B ammonia is lower than that of sodium
Carbonic acid is a weak acid while sulphuric acid hydroxide solution. 1
is a strong acid. Sulphuric acid has a higher This is because aqueous ammonia is a
+
concentration of H (aq) ions than carbonic acid for weak alkali while sodium hydroxide solution
the same molar concentration. is a strong alkali. For the same molar
5. C concentration, aqueous ammonia has a
–
6. A lower concentration of OH (aq) ions/
Aqueous ammonia ionizes slightly in water while mobile ions compared with sodium
hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide solution. 1
hydroxide ionize or dissociate completely in water. 13. (a) Prepare two lumps of magnesium carbonate
7. A with very similar sizes and masses. Add one
8. D to each of the acids (i.e. sulphuric acid and
9. C sulphurous acid) with the same molar
A weak acid ionizes only slightly in water to give concentration. 1
+
H (aq) and its corresponding anion. Hence, the pH Compare the rate of evolution of the
of this solution is greater than 2.0. In addition, this colourless gas bubbles/vigour of the two
solution has a rather low concentration of mobile reactions. 1
ions. Hence, it has poor electrical conductivity. (b) Sulphuric acid shows a higher rate of
evolution of colourless gas bubbles/
reacts more vigorously with magnesium
carbonate compared with sulphurous acid. 1

T14
 This is because sulphuric acid is a strong Option (B): neutralization reaction occurs and it
acid while sulphurous acid is a weak acid. can be represented by the equation: Zn(OH)2(s) +
For the same molar concentration, sulphuric 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
+
acid has a higher concentration of H (aq) Option (C): magnesium chloride is a salt. It has no
ions for the reaction with magnesium reaction with a metal oxide.
carbonate compared with sulphurous acid. 1 Option (D): zinc chloride is a water soluble salt. It
cannot be prepared by precipitation.
Chapter 18 4. C
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.146) There is no reaction between zinc nitrate and dilute
1. A hydrochloric acid.
Equation of the reaction involved: HCl(aq) + 5. B
NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) The equation for the reaction involved in (2) is
Na2SO4(aq) + CaCl2(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq).
Number of moles Number of moles Volume of the 6. D
+ –
of H (aq) reacted of OH (aq) reaction
3 Upon mixing Ca(OH)2(aq) and H2SO4(aq), the
/ mol reacted / mol mixture / cm
following precipitation reaction occurs:
25.0 25.0 + 25.0 Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l).
(1) 1.0 × = 0.025
1000 = 50.0
CaSO4 is insoluble in water. The concentration of
100.0 100.0 + 100.0 mobile ions is the lowest in the resultant mixture in
(2) 1.0 × = 0.1
1000 = 200.0
option (D).
50.0 50.0 + 50.0 7. B
(3) 2.0 × = 0.1
1000 = 100.0
When aqueous ammonia is added to an aqueous
In (2), although the volumes of the solutions used solution of calcium ions, no precipitate would form.
are four times that used in (1), the number of moles This is because the calcium hydroxide formed is
+ –
of H (aq) ions and OH (aq) ions reacting is also soluble in aqueous ammonia. Besides, neither
four times that in (1). Four times as much heat is calcium nitrate solution nor magnesium nitrate
given out, but this is used to heat up four times solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
the volume of the reaction mixture. Hence, the 8. D
maximum temperature rise in (1) and (2) are about 9. C
the same. The (dirty) green precipitate and white precipitate
+
In (3), the number of moles of H (aq) ions and produced in these reactions are Fe(OH)2(s) and
–
OH (aq) ions reacting is also four times that in (1), BaSO4(s) respectively.
but the heat produced is used to heat up only 10. B
twice the volume of the reaction mixture. Hence, The reactions involved can be represented by the
the maximum temperature rise in (3) is higher than following equations:
that in (1). PbCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g)
2. A (66%) + H2O(l)
W, X, Y and Z represent MgCl2(aq), NaOH(aq), Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) +
Na2CO3(aq) and HCl(aq) respectively. 2NaNO3(aq)
Mixing W and X:
B. Structured questions (p.147)
MgCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
white precipitate 11. (a) Zinc nitrate 1
Mixing W and Y: (b) ZnCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
MgCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + MgCO3(s) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
white precipitate
Mixing W and Z: (c) Effervescence stops/colourless gas
MgCl2(aq) + HCl(aq) no reaction bubbles stop evolving. 1
3. B Some powdered smithsonite remains
Option (A): no displacement reaction occurs as undissolved in the acid. 1
zinc is less reactive than magnesium.

T15
 (d) This is to ensure that all the dilute nitric 3. D
acid has reacted and the product is not HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
contaminated by the acid. 1 Number of moles of HCl
(e) 20
filter paper = 0.10 × = 0.002 mol
1000
excess powdered Number of moles of NaOH
smithsonite filter funnel 10
= 0.10 × = 0.001 mol
1000
From the equation, 0.001 mol of NaOH requires
only 0.001 mol of HCl for complete neutralization.
zinc nitrate solution 2 Hence, HCl is in excess.
+
(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct Concentration of H (aq) ions in the resulting mixture
labelling) 0.002 – 0.001 –3
= mol dm
(f) Leave the hot saturated solution to cool 10 + 20
slowly to room temperature. Zinc nitrate 1000
pH of the resulting mixture
crystals will form after some time. 1
0.002 – 0.001
Filter the residual solution to obtain the = –log ( ) = 1.48
10 + 20
crystals. Wash the crystals with a little cold
1000
distilled water. Finally, dry the crystals 4. D
using filter paper. 1 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
12. (a) (i) x: NaOH(aq) 1 From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to HCl
y: Zn(OH)2(s) 1 = 1 : 1.
(ii) By filtration 1 ∴ concentration of HCl(aq)
(b) Dilute HCl(aq) 1 25.0
0.245 ×
1000 –3 –3
= mol dm = 0.454 mol dm
Chapter 19 13.49
1000
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.195) 5. C
1. D (53%) Option (A): if the pipette is rinsed with distilled
2. C water only, the concentration of sodium hydroxide
H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) solution in it may be smaller than 0.245 M. As a
Number of moles of H2SO4 result, a smaller volume of hydrochloric acid may
20.0 be needed for neutralizing all the sodium hydroxide
= 0.5 × mol = 0.01 mol
1000 solution.
To give a resultant solution of pH 7, the sulphuric
Option (C): if the conical flask is rinsed with sodium
acid should be completely neutralized by potassium
hydroxide solution, the volume of 0.245 M sodium
hydroxide solution. From the equation, mole ratio of
hydroxide solution in it may be greater than 25.0
H2SO4 to KOH = 1 : 2. Hence, the number of moles 3
cm . As a result, a greater volume of hydrochloric
of KOH required = 0.01 mol × 2 = 0.02 mol
acid may be needed for neutralizing all the sodium
Option (A): number of moles of KOH
20.0 hydroxide solution.
= 0.5 × mol = 0.01 mol Option (D): if the filter funnel is left on the top of the
1000
Option (B): number of moles of KOH burette, hydrochloric acid clinging onto the stem of
10.0 the funnel may fall into the burette. As a result, a
= 0.5 × mol = 0.005 mol
1000 smaller volume of hydrochloric acid would be needed
Option (C): number of moles of KOH for neutralizing all the sodium hydroxide solution.
20.0
= 1.0 × mol = 0.02 mol 6. C
1000
Option (D): number of moles of KOH 7. B
40.0 H2SO4(aq) + X2CO3(aq) X2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) +
= 1.0 × mol = 0.04 mol
1000 H2O(l)
From the equation, mole ratio of H2SO4 to X2CO3
= 1 : 1.

T16
 Let the relative atomic mass of X be a. (b) From yellow to orange 1
Number of moles of X2CO3 (c) Number of moles of NaOH
0.53 25.00 25.0
= 0.2 × = 0.05 ×
–3
= mol = 1.25 × 10 mol
2a + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3 1000 1000
0.53 –3 Number of moles of acid X 1
= = 5 × 10 0.25 24.70
2a + 60.0 = × mol
a = 23.0 10 1000
–4
∴ the relative atomic mass of X is 23.0. = 6.175 × 10 mol
–3
8. A Number of moles of NaOH 1.25 × 10
= –4
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + Number of moles of acid X 6.175 × 10
= 2.02 1
H2O(l)
∴ the basicity of acid X is 2.
Number of moles of HCl used
23.50 –3
(d) Measure the pH of the reaction mixture after
= 0.10 × mol = 2.35 × 10 mol each addition of a small but fixed volume of
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl to Na2CO3 diluted solution of acid X to the standard
= 2 : 1. sodium hydroxide solution by using a pH
∴ number of moles of Na2CO3 in the 250.0 cm3 meter/data-logger with a pH sensor. 1
solution Using the pH readings obtained, plot a titration
–3 1 250.0
= 2.35 × 10 × × mol curve of this titration. The point where there
2 25.0
= 0.01175 mol is a sharp change in pH is the equivalence
Number of moles of Na2CO3․nH2O point of this titration. 1
1.46 OR
= 0.01175 =
23.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3 + (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) × n Measure the temperature of the reaction
1.46
= 0.01175 = mixture after each addition of a small but
106.0 + 18n
n = 1.01 fixed volume of diluted solution of acid X to
9. C the standard sodium hydroxide solution by
10. C using a thermometer. (1)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Using the temperature readings obtained,
From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to HCl plot a graph of the temperature of the
= 1 : 1. reaction mixture against the volume of the
∴ number of moles of HCl reacted with CaCO3 in diluted solution of acid X added. The point
the egg shell where the temperature of the reaction
50.0 22.65 mixture reaches the maximum (determined
= (1.00 × – 0.500 × ) mol
1000 1000 by extrapolation) is the equivalence point of
= 0.0387 mol
this titration. (1)
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) +
12. (a) Aqueous ammonia 1
H2O(l)
NH3(aq) + HClO4(aq) NH4ClO4(aq) 1
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl to CaCO3
(b) (i) Methyl orange 1
= 2 : 1.
(ii) From the equation in (a), mole ratio of
∴ percentage by mass of CaCO3 in the egg shell HClO4 to NH3 = 1 : 1.
1
0.0387 × × (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g ∴ molarity of the NH3(aq)
2
= × 100% 26.90
3.85 g 0.65 ×
= 50.3% 1000 –3
= mol dm 1
25.0
B. Structured questions (p.196) 1000
3 –3
11. (a) Using a clean 25.0 cm pipette, transfer = 0.70 mol dm 1
3
25.0 cm of 0.25 M solution of acid X to (c) (i) From the equation in (a), mole ratio of
3
a clean 250.0 cm volumetric flask. 1 HClO4 to NH4ClO4 = 1 : 1.
Add distilled water up to the graduation ∴ theoretical yield of NH4ClO4
mark of the flask. Finally, stopper the flask. 26.90
= 0.65 × × 117.5 g 1
Invert it several times to mix the contents 1000
= 2.05 g 1
well. 1
T17
 (Note: the formula mass of NH4ClO4 is (iii) Percentage by mass of CaCO3 in the
–1
117.5 g mol ) limestone sample
–3
(ii) The actual yield is much lower than the 8.5 × 10 × (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g
= × 100%
theoretical yield probably because: 1.28 g
= 66.5% 1
• not all NH4ClO4 was crystallized out 16. (a) Fe2O3․nH2O(s) + 6HCl(aq)
from the saturated NH4ClO4 solution 1 2FeCl3(aq) + (3 + n)H2O(l) 1
• some NH4ClO4 crystals were lost (b) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
during filtering and drying (1) From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to HCl
13. HKDSE 2018 Paper 1B Q7 = 1 : 1.
14. (a) (i) SO2(g) + H2O2(aq) H2SO4(aq) 1 ∴ number of moles of HCl reacted with the
(ii) H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Fe2O3․nH2O in the rust sample
Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1 40.0 35.16
= (1.50 × – 0.50 × ) mol 1
(b) Reasonable average volume of NaOH(aq) used 1000 1000
6.20 + 6.25 + 6.30 3 3 = 0.0424 mol 1
= cm = 6.25 cm
3 (c) From the equation in (a), mole ratio of HCl to
From the equations in (a), mole ratio of NaOH
Fe2O3․nH2O = 6 : 1.
to H2SO4 to SO2 = 2 : 1 : 1.
∴ number of moles of Fe2O3․nH2O in the rust
∴ number of moles of SO2 in the dried fruit
sample
sample 0.0424 1.89
6.25 1 = = 1
= 0.010 × × mol 1 6 (55.8 × 2 + 16.0 × 3) + (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) × n
1000 2
–5 n = 5.99 ≈ 6 1
= 3.13 × 10 mol 1
(d) The number of water of crystallization per
(c) Mass of SO2 in 25.0 g of the dried fruit sample
–5 –1 formula unit of hydrated iron(III) oxide
= 3.13 × 10 mol × (32.1 + 16.0 × 2) g mol ×
1000 mg depends on the amount of water reacted
1g with an iron sample in the formation of rust
= 2.00 mg 1 in each case. 1
Mass of SO2 per kg of the dried fruit sample 17. (a) In step (2), the flask should not be fully
2.00 mg –1 filled with distilled water. The correct
= = 80.0 mg kg 1
25.0 procedure is:
kg
1000 Fill the flask with more distilled water until
As the calculated value is smaller than 100 mg the bottom of the meniscus reaches the
–1
kg , the dried fruit sample has not exceeded graduation mark. Stopper and invert the
the limit. flask several times. 1
15. (a) CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + In step (3), the burette should also be
H2O(l) + CO2(g) 1 rinsed with the given standard hydrochloric
(b) From colourless to pink 1 acid. The correct procedure is:
(c) (i) HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq) + Fill a burette, which has been well rinsed
H2O(l) with distilled water followed by the given
From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to standard hydrochloric acid, with the
HNO3 = 1 : 1. standard hydrochloric acid and make sure
∴ number of moles of unreacted HNO3 that the jet is filled completely. 1
20.00 –3 3
= 0.40 × mol = 8.0 × 10 mol 1 In step (4), the 25.0 cm diluted sample
1000 3
(ii) From the equation in (a), mole ratio of should not be transferred to a 250 cm
HNO3 to CaCO3 = 2 : 1. beaker. The correct procedure is:
3
∴ number of moles of CaCO3 in the Using a cleaned pipette, transfer 25.0 cm
limestone sample of the diluted sample to a cleaned conical
50.0 –3 1 flask and add a few drops of methyl orange
= (0.50 × – 8.0 × 10 ) × mol
1000 2 indicator. 1
–3
= 8.5 × 10 mol 1

T18
 3
(b) Step (1): 25.0 cm of a drain cleaner was 7. C
3
transferred to a 250.0 cm volumetric flask The volume of the resultant mixture is the same in
using a cleaned pipette. 1 all the four combinations. But the number of moles
+ –
Step (2): The flask was filled with distilled of H (aq) ions and OH (aq) ions reacting is the
water until the bottom of the meniscus largest in the combination for option (C). This
reached the graduation mark. The flask was combination would give out the most heat, and
stoppered and inverted several times. 1 hence would produce the greatest temperature
rise.
8. C (68%)
Answers to Part exercise (1): neither AgNO3(aq) nor NaNO3(aq) reacts with
Cu(NO3)2(aq).
Chapter 19 (2): only AgNO3(aq) reacts with HCl(aq) to give a
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.200) white precipitate (AgCl(s)).
1. D (3): only AgNO3(aq) reacts with KOH(aq) to give a
The equation of the reaction is: dark brown precipitate (Ag2O(s)).
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + 9. A
H2O(l) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) +
2. D 2NaNO3(aq)
For option (D), the equation of the reaction is: Number of moles of Na2SO4
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) 20.0
= 0.1 × mol = 0.002 mol
1000
3. D
From the equation, mole ratio of Na2SO4 to PbSO4
Aqueous ammonia is an alkali, but it does not
= 1 : 1.
contain metal ions.
∴ mass of PbSO4(s) formed
4. D
– = 0.002 × (207.2 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4) g = 0.607 g
Statement (1): when the concentration of OH (aq)
10. A (59%)
of a solution decreases, the pH of the solution also
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl2(s) +
decreases.
2NaNO3(aq)
Statement (3): sodium hydroxide solution is a
Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2
strong alkali. It dissociates completely in water 25.00
regardless of concentration. = 0.50 × mol = 0.0125 mol
1000
5. C Number of moles of NaCl
3
(1): adding sodium chloride solution to 25.0 cm of 50.00
= 1.00 × mol = 0.0500 mol
0.5 M hydrochloric acid will dilute the acid. This 1000
+ 0.0125 mol of Pb(NO3)2 requires only 0.0125 mol ×
lowers the concentration of H (aq) ions in the acid.
2 = 0.0250 mol of NaCl for complete reaction.
As a result, the pH of the acid will increase.
3 Hence, Pb(NO3)2 is the limiting reactant.
(2): the resultant solution will be 50.0 cm of 0.5 M –
Concentration of Cl (aq) in the mixture
hydrochloric acid.
0.0500 – 0.0125 × 2
(3): ethanoic acid is a weak acid, which ionizes = M = 0.33 M
+ 25.00 + 50.00
only slightly in water to give H (aq) ions. Hence,
3
1000
adding the ethanoic acid to 25.0 cm of 0.5 M 11. A (57%)
hydrochloric acid will lower the concentration of 3CaCl2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s) +
+
H (aq) ions in the acid. As a result, the pH of the 6NaCl(aq)
acid will increase. Number of moles of CaCl2
6. A (85%) 100.0
= 0.30 × mol = 0.030 mol
The pH of vinegar is around 3. 1000
Number of moles of Na3PO4
300.0
= 0.10 × mol = 0.030 mol
1000
2
0.030 mol of CaCl2 requires only 0.030 mol × =
3
0.020 mol of Na3PO4 for complete reaction. Hence,
CaCl2 is the limiting reactant.
T19
 From the equation, mole ratio of CaCl2 to Ca3(PO4)2 (1 mark for correct calculations of the number
= 3 : 1. of moles of atoms; 1 mark for the correct
∴ number of moles of Ca3(PO4)2 formed calculations of the simplest whole number
0.030 mole ratio of atoms)
= mol = 0.010 mol
3 (b) Let the molecular formula of sulphamic acid be
12. D
dilute HNO3(aq) (H3NSO3)n, where n is an integer.
Pb(OH)2(s) Pb(NO3)2(aq)
n × (1.0 × 3 + 14.0 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 3) = 97.1 1
NaCl(aq)
PbCl2(s) n=1
13. A ∴ the molecular formula of sulphamic acid is
14. A (35%) H3NSO3.
3KOH(aq) + H3A(aq) K3A(aq) + 3H2O(l) (c) Mass of sulphamic acid in the cleaning powder
3 mol 1 mol = 5.00 g × 14.5% = 0.725 g
The acid is a tribasic acid. Molarity of the solution prepared
15. D (50%) 0.725
The mixture of W and X is a mixture of two strong 97.1 –3
= mol dm 1
monobasic acids of 0.20 M. Hence, the concentration 200
+ 1000
of H (aq) ions in the mixture is 0.20 M. –3
= 0.0373 mol dm 1
The mixture of X and Y is a mixture of a strong
20. HKDSE 2019 Paper 1B Q4
monobasic acid of 0.20 M and a weak monobasic
+ 21. (a) When HX is diluted 10 times, the pH of its
acid of 0.20 M. Hence, the concentration of H (aq)
aqueous solution increases by one unit. 1
ions in the mixture is smaller than 0.20 M.
This suggests that HX ionizes completely in
Therefore, the pH of the mixture of W and X is lower +
water and so the concentration of H (aq)
than that of the mixture of X and Y.
ions decreases by 10 times. 1
16. D (51%)
Hence, HX is a strong acid.
In the absence of water, there is no reaction –0.92
(b) x = 10 M = 0.12 M 1
between acidic gases and CaO(s). 3
(c) Using a clean pipette, transfer 25.0 cm of
17. C 3
HX to a clean 250.0 cm volumetric flask. 1
18. C (48%)
+ – Add distilled water up to the graduation
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)
– mark of the flask. Finally stopper the flask,
As the OH (aq) ions have reacted, more NH3
– invert it several times to mix the contents
molecules will ionize in water to give OH (aq) ions
well. 1
for the reaction with HCl(aq). Hence, 1 mol of
22. (a) Monobasic acid is an acid which produces
NH3(aq) can completely neutralize 1 mol of HCl(aq).
one hydrogen ion when one molecule of the
B. Structured questions (p.202) acid ionizes completely in water. 1
19. (a) 2 (b) (i) Baking powder is alkaline. It can
neutralize the methanoic acid injected
H N S O
into the skin. 1
Mass / g 3.1 14.4 33.1 49.4 + –
H (aq) + HCO3 (aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) 1
Number of (ii) From the equation in (i), mole ratio of
moles of 3.1 14.4 33.1 49.4
= 3.10 = 1.03 = 1.03 = 3.09 HCOOH to NaHCO3 = 1 : 1.
atoms / 1.0 14.0 32.1 16.0
mol ∴ mass of NaHCO3 required
–4
Simplest = 1.50 × 10 × (23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 +
whole 3.10 16.0 × 3) g 1
= 3.01 1.03 1.03 3.09
number 1.03 =1 =1 =3
mole ratio ≈3 1.03 1.03 1.03 = 0.0126 g 1
of atoms (iii) Sodium hydroxide solution is corrosive.
It can attack the skin. 1
∴ the empirical formula of sulphamic acid is 23. (a) A weak acid is an acid which ionizes slightly
H3NSO3. in water. 1
(b) H3A(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Na3A(aq) + 3H2O(l)
1
T20
 (c) Number of moles of NaOH used (ii) After washing, some diluted vinegar may
1.30 –4 remain in the flask. As a result, a larger
= 0.2 × mol = 2.6 × 10 mol 1
1000 volume of sodium hydroxide solution
From the equation in (b), mole ratio of NaOH
may be needed for neutralizing all the
to H3A = 3 : 1. –4
2.6 × 10 diluted vinegar. 1
∴ number of moles of H3A = mol
3 25. (a) A white precipitate forms. 1
Concentration of citric acid in the lemon juice 2+
(b) Ba (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2–
BaSO4(s) 1
–4
2.6 × 10
mol (c) (i) The electrical conductivity of the
3
= × 192.0 g mol–1 reaction mixture decreases. This is
5.0 3
dm because BaSO4(s) and H2O(l) form
1000
= 3.3 g dm
–3
1 when dilute H2SO4(aq) is added to
(d) The lemon juice does not contain any Ba(OH)2(aq). This lowers the
substance that reacts with sodium concentration of mobile ions in the
hydroxide solution. 1 reaction mixture. 1
(e) Any one of the following: (ii) The electrical conductivity of the
This saves chemicals. 1 reaction mixture increases. This is
This saves time on carrying out the because the concentration of mobile
experiment. (1) ions in the mixture increases when
This minimizes the potential hazards of the dilute H2SO4(aq) is added in excess. 1
3
experiment. (1) (d) 33.0 cm 1
This reduces chemical wastes produced. (1) (e) Number of moles of Ba(OH)2
25.0 –3
24. (a) This is to save sodium hydroxide solution. 1 = 0.10 × mol = 2.5 × 10 mol 1
1000
(b) Phenolphthalein 1 From the equation in (b), mole ratio of Ba to
2+

From colourless to pink 1 2–

SO4 = 1 : 1.
(c) Reasonable average volume of NaOH(aq) used ∴ number of moles of H2SO4 = 2.5 × 10–3 mol
22.50 + 22.40 + 22.60 3 3
= cm = 22.50 cm Molarity of the H2SO4(aq)
3 –3
2.5 × 10 –3 –3
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) = mol dm = 0.076 mol dm 1
33.0
CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
1000
Number of moles of NaOH used
26. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q4
22.50 –3
= 0.050 × mol = 1.1 × 10 mol 1 27. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q2
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to 28. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q7
CH3COOH = 1 : 1.
∴ number of moles of CH3COOH in 25.0 cm3 of
the diluted vinegar solution = 1.1 × 10 mol
–3 Answers to Revision test
3
Number of moles of CH3COOH in the 10.0 cm
vinegar Chapter 19
–3 250.0 –2
= 1.1 × 10 mol × = 1.1 × 10 mol 1 A. Multiple-choice questions (p.208)
25.0
Concentration of CH3COOH in this brand of 1. B
vinegar 2. D
+
1.1 × 10
–2
–3 –3
X has a lower pH than Y. As pH = –log[H (aq)], the
= mol dm = 1.1 mol dm 1 +
10.0 concentration of H (aq) in X(aq) is higher than that
1000 in Y(aq).
(d) (i) The sodium hydroxide solution clinging 3. A
3
onto the stem of the funnel may fall into In 100.0 cm aqueous solution, 0.1 mol of H2SO4
the burette. As a result, a smaller ionizes almost completely to form more than 2 mol
volume of sodium hydroxide solution of mobile ions, while 0.1 mol of KOH dissociates
would be needed for neutralizing all the completely to form 2 mol of mobile ions. NH3(aq)
diluted vinegar. 1 and CH3COOH(aq) are weak alkali and weak acid
respectively. Only a small proportion of their own
molecules ionize in water to give mobile ions. T21
 4. B ∴ volume of H2SO4(aq) required
Reaction between Solution P and NaOH(aq): 2.71
×3
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 55.8 × 2 + 16.0 × 3 3
= dm
0.005 mol ? 0.20
3 3
Reaction between Solution Q and NaOH(aq): = 0.255 dm = 255 cm
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 10. B
0.005 mol ? 2MHCO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) M2SO4(aq) + 2CO2(g)
According to the equations, the HCl(aq) and the + 2H2O(l)
CH3COOH(aq) require the same number of moles Number of moles of H2SO4 used
20.0
of NaOH(aq) for complete neutralization. = 0.5 × mol = 0.01 mol
1000
5. C From the equation, mole ratio of H2SO4 to MHCO3 =
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 1 : 2.
Number of Number of Number of ∴ number of moles of MHCO3 reacted
moles of moles of moles of = 0.01 mol × 2 = 0.02 mol
Experiment
HCl(aq) / NaOH(aq) / H2O(l) Let the relative atomic mass of M be a.
mol mol formed / mol 2.00
0.02 =
I 0.025 0.025 0.025 a + 1.0 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3
a = 39.0
0.05 ∴ the relative atomic mass of M is 39.0.
II 0.025 0.025
(in excess)
11. D
Since the numbers of moles of HCl(aq) and Concentrated ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
NaOH(aq) reacting are the same in both experiments Concentrated hydrochloric acid does not attack
I and II, the amount of heat produced in both copper.
experiments is equal. B. Structured questions (p.209)
The volume of the mixture in experiment I is smaller 12. (a)
than that in experiment II. As a smaller volume of
mixture is heated by equal amount of heat, the
maximum temperature rise of the mixture in
experiment I is higher than that in experiment II. 1
6. C (b) 2 1
2+ –
(1): Pb (aq) + 2OH (aq) Pb(OH)2(s) (c) (i) Effervescence occurs/colourless gas
(3): Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) bubbles evolve. 1
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) (ii) When dissolved in water, tartaric acid
7. C +
ionizes to give H (aq) which react with
Lead(II) chloride is an insoluble salt. It could be –
HCO3 (aq) to give CO2(g). 1
prepared by precipitation. + –
H (aq) + HCO3 (aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl2(s) + 13. (a) Add a few drops of the milk sample and
2NaNO3(aq) lemon juice sample to a piece of pH paper
8. D respectively. Then match the colour
Mass of Ni(NO3)2․6H2O required produced by each sample with a colour
250.0
= 0.1 × × [58.7 + (14.0 + 16.0 × 3) × 2 + (1.0 chart. 1
1000
× 2 + 16.0) × 6] g (b) (i) Lemon juice 1
(6–2) 4
= 7.27 g (ii) 10 = 10 1
9. C OR
Fe2O3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2O(l) 10 000 (1)
From the equation, mole ratio of Fe2O3 to H2SO4 = 14. (a) x: dilute NaOH(aq) 1
1 : 3. y: Cu(OH)2(s) 1
z: dilute H2SO4(aq) 1
(b) Copper(II) ions in an aqueous solution gives
a bluish green flame in the flame test. 1
T22
15. (a) The reaction between the concentrated
sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide
solution is highly exothermic. 1
OR
This is to avoid filling the burette more than
once. (1)
(b) From colourless to pink 1
3
(c) (i) 5.0 cm pipette 1
3
(ii) 1000.0 cm volumetric flask 1
3
(d) Using a clean 5.0 cm pipette, slowly add
3
5.0 cm of the toilet cleaner, with constant
stirring, to a beaker containing about
3
250 cm of distilled water. 1
Then transfer the solution made, with all the
3
washing, into a clean 1000.0 cm volumetric
flask. Add distilled water up to the graduation
mark of the flask. Finally stopper the flask,
invert it several times to mix the contents
well. 1
(e) H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) +
2H2O(l)
Number of moles of NaOH used
28.00 –3
= 0.15 × mol = 4.2 × 10 mol 1
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH to
H2SO4 = 2 : 1.
∴ concentration of H2SO4 in the 25.0 cm3 of
diluted sample of toilet cleaner
–3
4.2 × 10
2 –3 –3
= mol dm = 0.084 mol dm 1
25.0
1000
3
Concentration of H2SO4 in the 5.0 cm of the
toilet cleaner 3
–3 1000.0 dm
= 0.084 mol dm × 3
–3
5.0 dm
= 17 mol dm 1

T23