MODULE 4

ALCOHOL, ETHERS, AND THIOLS

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
I. INTRODUCTION

This module will explain the what are alcohols, ethers and thiols. Furthermore, this
module also explains the structures, nomenclatures and physical properties of the mentioned
substances. The author believes that your learnings on the previous modules about aliphatic and
aromatic compounds had prepared you enough to engage in challenging lessons as you explore and
learn more about organic chemistry. In this module, you will learn more about alcohols, ether and thiols.

II. MODULE CONTENTS:

This module is divided into Lesson 1, Lesson 2 and Lesson 3; Lesson 1 is about Structures,
Nomenclature and Physical Properties of Alcohol; Lesson 2 is about Structures, Nomenclature and
Physical Properties of Ethers; and Lesson 3 discusses the Structures, Nomenclature and Physical
Properties of Thiols.

III MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES

In this module, you are expected to:

1. State the rules in naming alcohol, ethers and thiols;

2. Differentiate alcohol, ethers and thiols based on their structures and physical properties;
3. Differentiate Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols;
4. Name and draw the structures of alcohol, ethers and thiols; and
5. Relate the importance of alcohol, ethers and thiols in your College of Criminal Justice Education.

IV PRE-ASSESSMENT

Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer, and write the letter of
your choice on the space provided for each number
1. Which of the following functional groups has a hydroxyl (-OH) attached to it??
a. Ether
b. Ester
c. Alcohol
d. Thiols
2. Which of the following functional groups is composed of an atom of oxygen bonded to two carbon
atoms?
a. Ether
b. Ester
c. Alcohol
d. Thiols
3. Which of the following functional groups has an -SH group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom?
 a. Ether
b. Ester
c. Alcohol
d. Thiols
4. In naming thiols, which of the following suffixes is attached to to the name of the parent alkane?
a. methoxy
b. -thiol
c. -ol
d. -OH
5. Which of the following group indicates an alcohol?
a. When an -SH group is bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
b. When an -OH group is bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
c. When an -O is bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
d. When a -diol is attached to its name
6. Considering they have similar molecular weights, which of the following have the highest boiling
points?
a. Alkanes
b. Alkenes
c. Alkynes
d. Alcohol
7. In the IUPAC system, which of the following should be the name of a compound containing two
hydroxyl groups?
a. -ol
b. diol
c. triol
d. glycol
8. In the IUPAC system, which of the following should be the name of a compound containing hydroxyl
groups on adjacent carbons?
a. -ol
b. -diol
c. -triol
d. glycol
9. Which of the following is meant by “mercaptan”?
a. Hydrogen Replacing
b. Containing Alcohol
c. Mercury Capturing
d. Painless
10. Which of the following substance was used as the first surgical anesthetic?
a. Nitrous Oxide
b. Ethrane
c. Forane
d. Diethyl ether
 V LESSON MAP

Functional Groups

Alcohol Thiols

Ethers

Structure, Nomenclature
and Physical Properties
Structure, Nomenclature
Structure, Nomenclature and Physical Properties
and Physical Properties

Classification of
Alcohol

Primary Alcohol Secondary Alcohol

Tertiary Alcohol

The map describes the content of the module 4. This module will discuss the Structure,
Nomenclature and Physical Properties of Alcohol, Ethers and Thiols.
VI CORE CONTENT

a. ENGAGE: LIGHTING A SPARK!

Activity 1: READING ACTIVITY

Instruction. Read the selection below and answer the questions that follow.

Laboratory Bottles of Ether

The Ether Man

Robert Howard Bruce was "a good father," an ambitious entrepreneur who made
an honest living and a neighbor who would do anything for you.
But, at night, police say, he searched out young, sleeping women, slipped a
chemical-soaked rag over their faces and raped them. In all, the "Ether Man" allegedly
raped at least 12 women in New Mexico and Texas going back to 1991.
Investigators say there may be as many as 100 more victims, including some
overseas.
Bruce, who had moved to Pueblo, Colo., from Albuquerque several years ago, was
arrested in connection with the Ether Man rapes when DNA linked him to seven of the
sexual assaults.
The Ether Man rapist got his name because he incapacitated his victims by putting
a chemically soaked rag over their mouths and noses rendering them unconscious and
raping them after.
Ether was first used as a surgical anesthetic and was used in surgery. It was
replaced with other chemicals however, when found out that it causes severe side effects.
Bruce, who was a man of intelligence, was a careful man who planned his every
move. If it wasn’t for the fingerprints recovered at the one of the crime scenes, he would
not have been caught.
Bruce was found guilty was sentenced to 177 years in prison.
https://www.denverpost.com/2009/11/02/pueblo-attempted-murder-suspect-linked-to-new-mexico-and-texas-ether-man-crimes/

Process Questions:
 1. Cite a similar case in the Philippines, wherein Alcohol, Ether or Thiols were used in a criminal
act.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

2. As a future law enforcer, what laws do you think should be implemented to control and monitor
the use of potentially illegal substances such as Ethers?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Why is it important to study Alcohol, Thiols and Ethers?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

b. EXPLORE: DISCOVERING ALCOHOL, ETHERS AND THIOLS

Activity 2: Reading and Analysing Activity

Instruction: Carefully read the texts below. The information you gather here will be used in the latter
sections of this lesson.

I. Alcohol
A. What is the Structure of Alcohols?

The functional group of an alcohol is an -OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon
atom as shown on figure 1.

Figure 1. Ethanol, Lewis structure. Notice that an -OH is attached instead of an H.

B. Nomenclature of Alcohol
IUPAC names of alcohols are derived in the same manner as those for alkenes and alkynes, with
the exception that the ending of the parent alkane is changed from -e to -ol. The ending -ol tells us that
the compound is an alcohol.
1. Select as the parent alkane the longest carbon chain that contains the -OH group and number
it from the end that gives -OH the lower number. In numbering the parent chain, the location of the -OH
group takes precedence over alkyl groups, aryl groups, and halogens.
2. Change the ending of the parent alkane from -e to -ol and use a number to show the location
of the -OH group. For cyclic alcohols, numbering begins at the carbon bearing the -OH group; this
carbon is automatically carbon 1.
3. Name and number substituents and list them in alphabetical order.
To derive common names for alcohols, name the alkyl group bonded to -OH and then add the
word "alcohol." Following are IUPAC names and, in parentheses, common names for eight low-
molecular-weight alcohols:

In the IUPAC system, a compound containing two hydroxyl groups is named as a diol, one
containing three hydroxyl groups as a triol, and so on. In IUPAC names for diols, triols, and so on, the
final -e in the name of the parent alkane is retained-for example, 1,2-ethanediol. ds with many other
organic compounds, common names for certain diols and triols have persisted. Compounds containing
hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons are often referred to as glycols. Ethylene glycol and propylene
glycol are synthesized from ethylene and propylene, respectively-hence their common names.
Sample Problem:
1. Write the IUPAC name of each alcohol.

Strategy
Follow the steps as stated above.
Step 1: Identify the parent chain.
Step 2: Change the ending of the parent alkane from -e to -ol and use a number to show the location
of the -OH group.
Step 3: Name and number substituents and list them in alphabetical order.

Solution

(a) The parent alkane is pentane. Number the parent chain from the direction that gives the lower
number to the carbon bearing the -OH group. This alcohol is 4-methyl-2-pentanol.
C. Classification of Alcohols
We classify alcohols as primary (1o), Secondary (2o), or tertiary (3o), depending on the number of
carbon groups bonded to carbon bearing the -OH group.

Sample Problem:
Classify each alcohol as primary, secondary, or tertiary.

Strategy
Locate the carbon bearing the OH group and count the number of carbon groups bonded to that
carbon.

Solution
A. Secondary (2o)
B. Tertiary (3o)
C. Primary (1o)

D. Physical Properties of Alcohols

Alcohols have higher boiling points than do alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes of similar molecular
weight (Table 14.1), because alcohol molecules associate with one another in the liquid state by
hydrogen bonding. The strength of hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules is approximately 2 to 5
kcal/mol, which means that extra energy is required to separate hydrogen-bonded alcohols from their
neighbors.
Because of increased London dispersion forces (Section 5.7A) between larger molecules, the
boiling points of all types of compounds, including alcohols, increase with increasing molecular weight.
Alcohols are much more soluble in water than are hydrocarbons of simi lar molecular weight
(Table 14.1), because alcohol molecules interact by hy drogen bonding with water molecules. Methanol,
ethanol, and 1-propanol are soluble in water in all proportions. As molecular weight increases, the water
solubility of alcohols becomes more like that of hydrocarbons of simi lar molecular weight. Higher-
molecular-weight alcohols are much less solu ble in water because the size of the hydrocarbon portion
of their molecules (which decreases water solubility) becomes so large relative to the size of the-OH
group (which increases water solubility)

Table 1. Boiling Points and Solubilities in Water of Four Sets of Alcohols and
Alkanes of Similar Molecular weight

II. Ethers
A. What is the Structures of Ethers?
The functional group of an ether is an atom of oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms.

Figure 2. These are examples of ethers. Notice the pattern common to the three
structures which has an oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms.

B. Nomenclature of Ethers
Although the IUPAC system can be used to name ethers, chemists almost invariably use
common names for low-molecular-weight ethers. Common ames are derived by listing the alkyl groups
bonded to oxygen in alpha betical order and adding the word ether. Alternatively, one of the groups on
oxygen is named as an alkoxy group. The -OCH, group, for example, is named "methoxy" to indicate a
methyl group bonded to oxygen.
 Sample Problem
Write the common name for each ether.

Strategy
To derive the common name of an ether, list the groups bonded to oxygen in alphabetical order.

Solution
Two cyclohexyl groups are bonded to the ether oxygen. The compound’s common name is

C. Physical Properties of Ethers

Ethers are polar compounds in which oxygen bears a partial negative charge and each attached
carbon bears a partial positive charge. However, only weak forces of attraction exist between ether
molecules in the pure liquid form. Consequently, the boiling points of ethers are close to those of
hydrocarbons of similar molecular weight.
The effect of hydrogen bonding on physical properties is illustrated dramatically by comparing the
boiling points of ethanol (78°C) and its constitutional isomer dimethyl ether (-24"C). The difference in
boiling point between these two compounds is due to the presence in ethanol of a polar -OH group,
which is capable of forming hydrogen bonds. This hydrogen bonding increases intermolecular
associations, thereby giving ethanol a higher boiling point than dimethyl ether.
Ethers are more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of similar molecular weight and shape, but
far less soluble than isomeric alcohols. Their greater solubility reflects the fact that the oxygen atom of
an ether carries a partial negative charge and forms hydrogen bonds with water.

III. Thiols
A. What is the Structures of Thiols?
The functional group of a thiol is an-SH (sulfhydryl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom.

1-Dimethylethanethiol

B. Nomenclature of Thiols
 The sulfur analog of an alcohol is called a thiol (thi- from the Greek: theion,sulfur) or, in the older
literature, a mercaptan, which literally means "mercury capturing." Thiols react with Hg" in aqueous
solution to give sul fide salts as insoluble precipitates. Thiophenol, C,H,SH, for example, gives
(C.H₂S),Hg. In the IUPAC system, thiols are named by selecting the longest carbon chain that contains
the-SH group as the parent alkane. To show that the compound is a thiol, we add the suffix -thiol to the
name of the parent alkane. The parent chain is numbered in the direction that gives the -SH group the
lower number. Common names for simple thiols are derived by naming the alkyl group bonded to-SH
and adding the word mercaptan.

Sample Problem
Write the IUPAC name of each Thiol.

Strategy
To derive the IUPAC name of a thiol, select as the parent alkane the lon gest carbon chain that
contains the-SH group. Show that the compound is a thiol by adding the suffix -thiol to the name of
the parent alkane. Number the parent chain in the direction that gives the-SH group the lower
number.

Solution
(a) The parent alkane is pentane. Show the presence of the-SH group by adding "thiol" to the name
of the parent alkane. The IUPAC name of this thiol is 1-pentanethiol. Its common name is pentyl
mercaptan. (b) The parent alkane is butane. The IUPAC name of this thiol is 2-butanethiol. Its
common name is see-butyl mercaptan.

C. Physical Properties of Thiols

Because of the small difference in electronegativity between sulfur and hy drogen (2.5 -2.1-0.4),
we classify the S-H bond as nonpolar covalent. Because of this lack of polarity, thiols show little
association by hydrogen bonding. Consequently, they have lower boiling points and are less soluble in
water and other polar solvents than are alcohols of similar molecular weight. Table 14.2 gives boiling
points for three low-molecular-weight thiols.. Shown for comparison are the boiling points of alcohols
with the same num ber of carbon atoms.

Table 2. Boiling Points of Three Thiols and Alcohols with the Same Number of Carbon Atoms
 Thiol Boiling Point (oC) Alcohol Boiling Point (oC)
methanethiol 6 methanol 65
ethanethiol 35 ethanol 78
1-butanethiol 98 1-butanol 117

Earlier we illustrated the importance of hydrogen bonding in alcohols by comparing the boiling
points of ethanol (78°C) and its constitutional isomer dimethyl ether (-24°C). By contrast, the boiling
point of ethanethiol is 35°C and that of its constitutional isomer dimethyl sulfide is 37°C: Because the boil
ing points of these constitutional isomers are almost identical, we know that little or no association by
hydrogen bonding occurs between thiol molecules.

IV. What are the Most Commercially Important Alcohols?

As you study the alcohols described in this section, you should pay particular attention to two key
points. First, they are derived almost entirely from petroleum, natural gas, or coal-all nonrenewable
resources. Second, many are themselves starting materials for the synthesis of valuable commercial
products, without which our modern industrial society could not exist.
At one time, methanol was derived by heating hard woods in a limited supply of air-hence the
name "wood alcohol." Today methanol is obtained entirely from the catalytic reduction of carbon
monoxide. Methanol, in turn, is the starting material for the preparation of several important industrial
and commercial chemicals, including acetic acid and formaldehyde. Treat ment of methanol with carbon
monoxide in the presence of a rhodium cata lyst gives acetic acid. Partial oxidation of methanol gives
formaldehyde. An important use of this one-carbon aldehyde is in the preparation of phenol
formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde glues and resins, which are used as molding materials and as
adhesives for plywood and particle board for the construction industry.
The bulk of the ethanol produced worldwide is prepared by acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene,
itself derived from the cracking of the ethane sepa rated from natural gas (Section 11.4). Ethanol is also
produced by fermenta tion of the carbohydrates in plant materials, particularly corn and molasses. The
majority of the fermentation-derived ethanol is used as an "oxygenate" additive to produce E85, which is
a blend of up to 85% ethanol in gasoline. Combustion of E85 produces less air pollution than
combustion of gasoline itself.
Acid-catalyzed dehydration of ethanol gives diethyl ether, an impor tant laboratory and industrial
solvent. Ethylene is also the starting mate rial for the preparation of ethylene oxide. This compound itself
has few direct uses. ather, ethylene oxide's importance derives from its role as an intermediate in the
production of ethylene glycol, a major component of automobile antifreeze. Ethylene glycol freezes at -
12°C and boils at 199°C, which makes it ideal for this purpose. In addition, reaction of ethylene glycol
with the methyl ester of terephthalic acid gives the polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate), abbreviated
PET or PETE. Ethylene glycol is also used as a solvent in the paint and plastics industry and in the
formu lation of printer's inks, inkpads, and inks for ballpoint pens.
Isopropyl alcohol, the alcohol in rubbing alcohol, is made by acid catalyzed hydration of propene.
It is also used in hand lotions, aftershave lotions, and similar cosmetics. A multistep process also
converts propene to epichlorohydrin, one of the key components in the production of epoxy glues and
resins.
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a by-product of the manufacture of soaps by saponification of
animal fats and tropical oils. The bulk of the glycerin used for industrial and commercial purposes,
however, is prepared from propene. Perhaps the best-known use of glycerin is for the manufacture of
nitroglycerin. Glycerin is also used as an emollient in skin care products and cosmetics, in liquid soaps,
and in printing inks.

c. EXPLAIN

Activity 3: CRITICAL THINKING

Instruction: Answer the questions below.
1. Why is it important to study the physical properties of alcohols, ethers and thiols?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

2. What functional group does glycerin belong to? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is use of the following substances:

a) Ethanol
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b) Methanol
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
c) Diethyl Ether
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4: Chemical Connections

Instruction: Read the selection below and answer the questions that follow.

Ether and Anesthesia

Before the mid-1800s, surgery was performed only when absolutely necessary, because no
truly effective general anesthetic was available. More often than not, patients were drugged,
hypnotized, or simply tied down.
In 1772, Joseph Priestley isolated nitrous oxide, NO, a colorless gas. In 1799, Sir Humphry
Davy demonstrated this compound's anesthetic effect, naming it "laughing gas." In 1844, an
American dentist, Horace Wells, introduced nitrous oxide into general dental practice. One patient
awakened prematurely, however, screaming with pain; an other died during the procedure. Wells
was forced to with draw from practice, became embittered and depressed, and committed suicide at
age 33. In the same period, a Boston chemist, Charles Jackson, anesthetized himself with diethyl
ether; he also persuaded a dentist, William Morton, to use it. Subsequently, they persuaded a
surgeon, John Warren, to give a public demonstration of surgery under anesthesia. The operation
was completely successful, and soon general anesthesia by diethyl ether became routine practice
for general surgery. Diethyl ether was easy to use and caused excellent muscle relaxation. Blood
pressure, pulse rate, and respiration were usually only slightly affected. Diethyl ether's chief
drawbacks are its irritating effect on the respiratory passages and its aftereffect of nausea.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. Diethyl ether was used for some time in surgical procedures as anesthetic. Why is it not used today?
State the reasons why.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

2. Based on the selection above, what legality was violated when Wells, without solid proof on the
effectiveness of nitrous oxide, introduced the substance into his practice?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

3. Can you identify cases in the Philippines, wherein alcohol, ether or thiol was abused by any individual
or entity?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

4. What measures does the government implement to control and monitor the use and prevent abuse of
substances such as alcohols, ethers and thiols? Cite laws implemented by the Philippine government.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
d.. EXTEND

Activity 5: CONNECTING TO THE REAL WORLD

Instruction: Identify a criminal offense/act that involves the use of Alcohol, Ether and Thiols. Make a
narrative report about the case, how was it solved and what laws were violated by the offender.
Make sure to highlight the following:
A. Setting (time and date) - When and Where did the event happened?
B. Casualty (injured and death) - Number of victims
C. Weapons used (Explosives, gun, poison, etc.). - What type of weapon/s was used?
D. Indicate the substance (alcohol, thiols, ethers) used. - What substances were used?
E. Criminal Offense - what laws were violated?
F. How did the authorities of the area solved the case?
G. Include pictures if any.
Requirements:
1. Your Paper should follow the following format:
Paper size: Short Bond Paper
Font size: 12
Font Style: Arial
Margin: Normal
2. Submit your paper in PDF format through a google drive link. Allow my personal gmail account -
capjano6@gmail.com - so that I can view it anytime.
3. Date of submission is on or before July 15, 2021.
Rubrics
Excellent (15) Good (10) Fair (5)
Content Accuracy Contents especially the Some Contents Contents especially the
details of the output are especially the details of details of the output are
accurate. the output are accurate. not accurate.
Points to be The details required to Some of the details The details required to
emphasized be emphasized are required to be be emphasized are not
stated clearly. emphasized are stated stated clearly.
clearly.
Clarity The output clearly The output delivers the The output vaguely
delivers the message of message of the delivers the message of
the narrative. narrative. the narrative.
e. EVALUATE
f.

Activity 6: Naming Compounds

Instruction: Name the following compounds below.
Compound Name

Activity 7: Drawing Compounds

Instruction: Draw the following compounds indicated below.
Name Compound

Isopropyl Alcohol

3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol

Propylene glycol

2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol
Activity 8: Critical Thinking
Instruction: Answer the questions below.
1. How do we name the following compounds:
a) Alcohol
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b) Ether
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
c) Thiols
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate the following functional groups based on their structures and physical properties:
a) Alcohol
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b) Ether
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
c) Thiols
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the importance of studying alcohol, ether and thiols to criminal justice studies.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. How can organic chemistry help law enforcers in solving and investigating crimes?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Differentiate Primary alcohol, Secondary alcohol and Tertiary alcohol.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 9: CRITICAL THINKING

Instruction: Answer the questions below.
1. What structural feature distinguishes Alcohol, Ethers and Thiols from each other? Illustrate your
answer by drawing an ether with six carbon atoms, an alcohol with six carbon atoms and a thiol with six
carbon atoms.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference in the structure of the following:

d) Primary Alcohol
___________________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________________
e) Secondary Alcohol
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
f) Tertiary Alcohol
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

VIII TOPIC SUMMARY

In this lesson, you learned that:

 The functional group of an alcohol is an -OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom.
 The functional group of an ether is an atom of oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms.
 The IUPAC name of an alcohol is derived by changing the -e of the parent alkane to -ol. The parent
chain is numbered from the end that gives the carbon bearing the-OH group the lower number.
 The common name for an alcohol is derived by naming the alkyl group bonded to the -OH group
and adding the word "alcohol."
 Alcohols are classified as 1°, 2°, or 3°, depending on the number of carbon groups bonded to the
carbon bearing the-OH group.
 Compounds containing hydroxyl groups on adjacent car bons are called glycols.
 Alcohols are polar compounds in which oxygen bears a partial negative charge and both the carbon
and hydrogen bonded to it bear partial positive charges. Alcohols associate in the liquid state by
hydrogen bonding. As a consequence, their boiling points are higher than those of hydrocarbons of
similar molecular weight.
 Because of increased London dispersion forces, the boil ing points of alcohols increase with their
increasing molecular weight.
 Alcohols interact with water by hydrogen bonding and are more soluble in water than are
hydrocarbons of similar molecular weigh

IX POST-ASSESSMENT

Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer, and write the letter of
your choice on the space provided for each number
1. Which of the following functional groups has a hydroxyl (-OH) attached to it??
a. Ether
b. Ester
c. Alcohol
d. Thiols
2. Which of the following functional groups is composed of an atom of oxygen bonded to two carbon
atoms?
a. Ether
b. Ester
c. Alcohol
d. Thiols
3. Which of the following functional groups has an -SH group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom?
a. Ether
b. Ester
c. Alcohol
d. Thiols
4. In naming thiols, which of the following suffixes is attached to to the name of the parent alkane?
a. methoxy
b. -thiol
c. -ol
 d. -OH
5. Which of the following group indicates an alcohol?
a. When an -SH group is bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
b. When an -OH group is bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
c. When an -O is bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
d. When a -diol is attached to its name
6. Considering they have similar molecular weights, which of the following have the highest boiling
points?
e. Alkanes
f. Alkenes
g. Alkynes
h. Alcohol
7. In the IUPAC system, which of the following should be the name of a compound containing two
hydroxyl groups?
e. -ol
f. diol
g. triol
h. glycol
11. In the IUPAC system, which of the following should be the name of a compound containing hydroxyl
groups on adjacent carbons?
e. -ol
f. -diol
g. -triol
h. glycol
12. Which of the following is meant by “mercaptan”?
e. Hydrogen Replacing
f. Containing Alcohol
g. Mercury Capturing
h. Painless
13. Which of the following substance was used as the first surgical anesthetic?
e. Nitrous Oxide
f. Ethrane
g. Forane
h. Diethyl ether

REFERENCES

Books:
 Bettelheim, F.A., Brown. W.H., Campbell, M.K., Farrell, S.O., Torres, O.J. (10th edition).
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry. @2014 Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 1st
Philippine reprint 2014

Padolina, Ma. Christina D., Simon-Antero, E., Alumaga, Ma. J.B., Estanilla, L.C., Rabago, L.M.
(2004). Conceptual and Functional Chemistry, Modular Approach. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Websites:

Anon, (2020). Structures and Names of Alkanes. (2020, September 27). Retrieved March 20,
2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/16064