Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics

The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of reaction rates and their
mechanism is called as chemical kinetics.
Word kinetic is derived from a Greek word kinesis meaning movement.

4.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction:

Ionic reactions occur very fast, e.g. precipitation of silver chloride occurs
instantaneously by mixing of aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chloride.
Some reactions are very slow, e.g. rusting of iron in the presence of air and
moisture. Also there are reactions like inversion of cane sugar and hydrolysis of
starch, which proceed with a moderate speed.

Rate of a Chemical Reaction: is defined as the change in concentration of a

reactants or products in unit time.

Can be expressed as
1. the rate of decrease in concentration of any one of the reactants
or
2. the rate of increase in concentration of any one of the products

Consider a hypothetical reaction, where volume of system remains constant.

R → P
One mole of the reactant R produces one mole of the product P.
If [R]1 and [P]1 are the concentrations of R and P respectively at time t1 and [R]2 and
[P]2 are their concentrations at time t2 then,
Δt = t2 ̶ t1
ΔR = [R]2 ̶ [R]1
ΔP = [P]2 ̶ [P]1
The square brackets in the above expressions are used to express molar
concentration.
Rate of disappearance of R = Decrease in concentration of R = ̶ Δ[R] …….(1)
Time taken Δt
Rate of appearance of P = Increase in concentration of P = + [ΔP] …….(2)
Time taken Δt
Since Δ[R] is a negative quantity (as concentration of reactants is decreasing), it is
multiplied with - 1 to make the rate of the reaction a positive quantity.
rav = ̶ Δ[R] = + [ΔP] (from eq 1 & 2)
Δt Δt

Units of rate of a reaction:

Since concentration is in mol L-1 and time in seconds therefore units for rate of
reaction is mol L-1 s-1.
For gases when concentration of gases is expressed in terms of partial pressure
then rate of reaction is expressed in atm s-1.

Freda
Instantaneous rate of reaction- is defined as the rate of concentration of any
one of the reactants or products at the smallest interval of time dt.
Since the time interval is small the rate of reaction remains almost constant.
rinst = ̶ d[R] = + d[P] at Δt = 0
dt dt
For a general reaction,
aA + bB → cC + dD

rav = ̶ 1Δ[A] = ̶ 1Δ[B] = + 1Δ[C] = + 1Δ[D]

a Δt b Δt c Δt d Δt

E.g 2 N2O5 (g) → 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

rav = ̶ 1 Δ[N2O5] = + 1 Δ[NO2] = + Δ[O2]
2 Δt 4 Δt Δt

E.g PCl5 → PCl3 + Cl2

rav = ̶ Δ[PCl5] = + Δ[PCl3] = + Δ[Cl2]
Δt Δt Δt
Average rate of reaction- is defined as the rate of the reaction determined by
measuring the change in the concentration of the reactants or products over a
longer interval of time t.
It depends upon - i. the change in concentration of reactants or products and
ii. the time taken for that change to occur.

4.2 Factors Influencing Rate of Reaction:

Rate of reaction depends upon the experimental conditions like concentration of
reactants, temperature and catalyst.
1. Concentration- rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of
the reacting species. i.e greater the concentration faster is the reaction.
2. Temperature- rate of reaction increases with temperature. For every 10 oC
rise in temperature, the reaction rate almost doubles.
3. Nature of the reactants and products- chemical reaction involves breaking
of old bonds and formation of new bonds. Reactivity depends on the ease
with which it can be done.
4. Presence of Catalyst- it increases the rate of reaction.
5. Surface Area- Larger the surface area of the reactants, faster is the rate of
reaction.
6. Exposures to the Radiation- Some reactions take place very fast when
exposed to light radiations (Photochemical reactions).

a. Dependence of reaction rate on concentration:

The rate of a chemical reaction at a given temperature may depend on the
concentration of one or more reactants and products. The representation of rate
of reaction in terms of concentration of the reactants is known as rate law or rate
equation or rate expression.
When reaction proceeds, the concentration of the reactants decreases while that
of the product increases.

Freda
b. Rate expression and Rate Constant:
Rate of a reaction decreases with the passage of time as the concentration of
reactants decrease. Conversely, rates generally increase when reactant
concentrations increase. So, rate of a reaction depends upon the concentration
of reactants.

Consider a general reaction, aA + bB → cC + dD

where a, b, c and d are the stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products.
The rate expression for this reaction is Rate ∞ [A]x [B]y
Where exponents x and y may or may not be equal to the stoichiometric coefficients
of the reactants.
Rate = k [A]x [B]y
̶ d [R] = k [A]x [B]y
dt
is known as differential rate equation and k is the proportionality constant called
rate constant. This equation which relates the rate of a reaction to concentration of
reactants is called rate law or rate expression.

Rate Law / Rate equation / Rate expression: is the expression in which reaction
rate is given in terms of molar concentrations of reactants with each term
raised to some power, which may or may not be the same as the
stoichiometric coefficient of the reacting species in the balanced chemical
equation.
For example: 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2 (g)

We can measure the rate of this reaction as a function of initial concentrations either
by keeping the concentration of one of the reactants constant and changing the
concentration of the other reactant or by changing the concentration of both the
reactants.
When the concentration of NO is doubled and that of O2 is kept constant then the
initial rate increases by a factor of four; this indicates that the rate depends upon the
square of the concentration of NO.
When concentration of NO is kept constant and concentration of O2 is doubled the
rate also gets doubled indicating that rate depends on concentration of O2 to the first
power. Hence, the rate equation for this reaction will be

Rate = k [NO]2[O2]
The differential form of this rate expression is given as

̶ d [R] = k [NO]2 [O2]

dt
In the rate equation derived from the experimental data, the exponents of the
concentration terms are the same as their stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced
chemical equation.
Some other examples are given below:
Reaction Experimental rate expression
1. CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl Rate = k [CHCl3 ] [Cl2]1/2
2. CH3COOC2H5 + H2O → CH3COOH + C2H5OH Rate = k [CH3COOC2H5]1 [H2O]0

Freda
In these reactions, the exponents of the concentration terms are not the same as
their stoichiometric coefficients. Thus, we can say that:
Rate law for any reaction cannot be predicted by merely looking at the balanced
chemical equation, i.e., theoretically but must be determined experimentally.
Reaction rate constant is defined as the rate of reaction when concentration of
reactants is unity.
Rate of Reaction Rate Constant
It is defined as the change in It is defined as the rate of reaction when
concentration of any one of the reactants the concentration of reactants is unity.
or products in unit time.
It is the speed with which reactant are It is the proportionality constant in the
converted into products. rate law.
It depends on the initial concentration of It does not depend on the initial
the reactant. concentration of the reactant.

c. Order of reaction: is defined as the sum of powers of the concentration of

the reactants in the rate law expression
Let us consider the equation- aA + bB → cC + dD
the rate law expression is Rate = k[A]x [B]y
n = x + y where n is the order of reaction.
When n = 1, the reaction is 1st order
n = 2, the reaction is 2nd order
n = 3, the reaction is 3rd order
n = 0, the reaction is 0th order
Order of a reaction can be 0, 1, 2, 3 and even a fraction. A zero order reaction
means that the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of reactants.
Zero order reactions: Total order of the reaction is zero. n = 0
1) Decomposition of NH3 on metal surfaces such as gold and molybdenum.
2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Rate = k[NH3]o or r = k therefore order = 0
First order reactions: Total order of the reaction is one. n = 1
1) Thermal decomposition of Nitrogen pentoxide, N 2O5.
2 N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2
r = k[N2O5]
2) Thermal decomposition of Sulfuryl chloride, SO 2Cl2.
SO2Cl2 → SO2+Cl2
r = k [SO2Cl2]
3) Thermal decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.
H2O2 → H2O + ½O2 r = k[H2O2]
Second order reactions: Total order of the reaction is two. n = 1 + 1 = 2
1) Thermal decomposition of Nitrous oxide, N 2O.
2N2O → 2N2 + O2
r = k [N2O]2
2) Decomposition of Cl2O.
2Cl2O → 2Cl2 + O2
r = k [Cl2O]2

Freda
Third order reactions : Total order of the reaction is three. n = 2 + 1 = 3
1) Reaction between NO and O2 to give NO2
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
r = k[NO]2[O2]
2) Reaction between NO and Cl 2 to give NOCl
2NO + Cl2 → 2NOCl
r = k[NO]2 [Cl2]

Elementary reactions: The chemical reactions which occur in one single step are
called elementary reactions.

Complex reactions: When a sequence of elementary reactions give us the

products, the reaction are called complex reactions.
These may be consecutive reactions (e.g., oxidation of ethane to CO2 and H2O
passes through a series of intermediate steps in which alcohol, aldehyde and acid
are formed), reverse reactions and side reactions (e.g., nitration of phenol yields
o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol).

Units of Reaction Rate Constant:

Consider a reaction aA + bB → cC + dD
the rate law expression is Rate = k [A]x [B]y where x & y = n; n is the order of
reaction.
K= Rate = Concentration x 1 .
x y n
[A] [B] Time (Concentration)
Taking SI units of concentration, mol L–1 and time, s, the units of k for different
reaction order are listed in Table
Reactions Order Units of rate constant
Zero order reaction 0 mol L -1
x 1 = mol L ̶ 1 s ̶1
̶1 0
s (mol L )
First order reaction 1 mol L -1
x 1 = s ̶1
̶1 1
s (mol L )
Second order reaction 2 mol L -1
x 1 = mol ̶ 1 L s ̶1
̶1 2
s (mol L )

d. Molecularity of a reaction: Another property of a reaction called molecularity

helps in understanding its mechanism.
The number of reacting species (atoms, ions or molecules) taking part in an
elementary reaction, which must collide simultaneously in order to bring
about a chemical reaction is called molecularity of a reaction.
 The reaction can be unimolecular when one reacting species is involved, for
example, decomposition of ammonium nitrite.
 Bimolecular reactions involve simultaneous collision between two species, for
example, dissociation of hydrogen iodide.
 Trimolecular or termolecular reactions involve simultaneous collision between
three reacting species.
The probability that more than three molecules can collide and react simultaneously
is very small. Hence, reactions with the molecularity three are very rare and slow to
proceed. It is evident that complex reactions involving more than three molecules in
the stoichiometric equation must take place in more than one step.

Freda
 KClO3 + 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 → KCl + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Step Molecularity
i) A --------> X 1
E.g. NH4NO2 → N2 + 2H2O
ii) 2X -------> Y 2
E.g. 2 HI → H2 + I2
iii) 2Y + A --------> 2B 3
E.g. 2 NO + O2 → NO2

The overall rate of the reaction is controlled by the slowest step in a reaction
called the rate determining step.
Consider the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide which is catalysed by iodide ion in
an alkaline medium. I–
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Alkaline medium
The rate equation for this reaction is found to be
Rate = ̶ d [H2O2] = k [H2O2] [I–]
dt
This reaction is first order with respect to both H2O2 and I–.
Evidences suggest that this reaction takes place in two steps
(1) H2O2 + I– → H2O + IO–
(2) H2O2 + IO– → H2O + I– + O2
Both the steps are bimolecular elementary reactions. Species IO– is called as an
intermediate since it is formed during the course of the reaction but not in the
overall balanced equation. The first step, being slow, is the rate determining step.
Thus, the rate of formation of intermediate will determine the rate of this reaction.

Conclusion –
1. Order of a reaction is an experimental quantity and can be zero and even a
fraction but molecularity cannot be zero or non integer.
2. Order is applicable to elementary as well as complex reactions while molecularity
is applicable only for elementary reaction.
3. For complex reaction order is given by the slowest step and molecularity of the
slowest step is same as the order of the overall reaction.

Order of Reaction Molecularity of Reaction

It is defined as the sum of the powers to It is defined as the number of reacting
which concentration terms are raised in species (molecules, atoms, ions) taking
the rate law expression. part in an elementary reaction, which
must collide simultaneously in order to
bring about a chemical reaction.
It can be zero. It cannot be zero.
It is determined experimentally. It is deduced theoretically.

4.3 Integrated Rate Equation: We can integrate the differential rate equation to
give a relation between directly measured experimental data, i.e., concentrations
at different times and rate constant. The integrated rate equations are different
for the reactions of different reaction orders.

Freda
1. Zero Order Reaction: The rate of reaction is proportional to zero power of
the concentration of reactants.
Consider the reaction, R → P
Rate = – d[R] = k[R]o
dt
For any quantity raised to power zero is unity.
Rate = – d[R] = k x 1
dt
d[R] = – k dt
Integrating both sides: [R] = – kt + C …….. (1) where, C = constant of
integration.

At time, t = 0, the concentration of the reactant R = [R]o where [R]o is initial

concentration of reactant.
substituting in eq 1 [R]o = - k x 0 + C
[R]o = C

substituting the value of C in eq 1 [R] = – kt + [R]o …….(2)

The above equation is known as
integrated rate equation for zero order
reactions.
If we plot a graph of [R] v/s t
a straight line graph with slope = – k
and intercept on y-axis equal to [R]o is
obtained.

On further simplifying eq 2 we get;

k = [R]o – [R] ………(3)
T

Note –
1. Zero order reactions are relatively uncommon but they occur under special
conditions.
2. Some enzyme catalysed reactions and reactions which occur on metal surfaces
are a few examples of zero order reactions.
3. The decomposition of gaseous ammonia on a hot platinum surface is a zero
order reaction at high pressure.
1130 K
2NH3 (g) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
Pt catalyst

Rate = k [NH3]o = k
At high pressure, the metal surface gets saturated with gas molecules. So, a
further change in reaction conditions is unable to alter the amount of ammonia on
the surface of the catalyst making rate of the reaction independent of its
concentration.
4. The thermal decomposition of HI on gold surface is another example of zero
order reaction.

Freda
2. First Order Reaction: The rate of the reaction is proportional to the first
power of concentration of reactant R.
R → P
Rate = – d[R] = k[R]
dt
on rearranging we get d[R] = – k dt
[R]
Integrating both sides: ln [R] = – kt + C …………..(1)
Where, C = constant of integration.

At time, t = 0, let [R] = [R]o where [R]o is the initial concentration of the reactant
Substituting in equation (1); In[R]o = – k x 0 + C
In [R]o= C
Using the value of C in equation (1) we get, In[R] = – kt + In [R]o
On rearranging, In [R] = – kt ……………(2)
[R]o
or k = 1 In [R]o
t [R]
k = 2.303 Iog[R]o ……………(3)
t [R]
The above equation is known as integrated rate equation for first order reactions.
If we plot a graph of Iog [R] / [R]o v/s t a straight line graph with slope = k / 2.303
is obtained.

Fig. 4.4 : A plot between ln[R] and t for 1st order Fig. 4.5 : A plot of log [R] o / [R] v/s t 1st order

Hydrogenation of ethene is an example of first order reaction.

C2H4(g) + H2 (g) → C2H6(g)
Rate = k [C2H4]
All natural and artificial radioactive decay of unstable nuclei taken place by first order
kinetics.
226 4 222
88Ra → 2He + 86Rn

Rate = k [Ra]

Decomposition of N2O5 and N2O are some more examples of first order reactions.

Freda
First order Gas Phase Reaction:
Let us consider a typical first order gas phase reaction
A(g) → B(g) + C(g)
Let Pi be the initial pressure of A and Pt the total pressure at time ‘t’. Integrated rate
equation for such a reaction can be derived as
Total pressure Pt = PA + PB + PC
where PA, PB, and PC are the partial pressures of A, B and C resp.
If x atm is the decrease of A at time t and one mole each of B and C is being
formed, the increase in pressure of B and C will also be x atm each.
A(g) B(g) + C(g)
At t = 0 Pi atm 0 atm 0 atm
At time = t (Pi – x) atm x atm x atm
Let Pi be the initial pressure at time t = 0.
Pt = (Pi – x) + x + x
= Pi + x
x = (Pt – Pi)
where PA = Pi – x = Pi – (Pt – Pi) = 2 Pi – Pt
k = 2.303 Iog Pi
t PA
k = 2.303 Iog Pi___
t (2Pi – Pt)

3. Half Life of the reaction (t½): it is the time in which the concentration of the
reactants is reduced to one half of its initial concentration.
a. For zero order reaction- rate constant is given by equation
k = [R]o – [R]
t
at t = t½ and [R] = 1[R]o
2
rate constant at t½ will be
[R]o–1[R]o
k = _____ 2____
t½

t½ = [R]o
2k
Note- 1. t½ for zero order reaction is directly proportional to the initial concentration
of the reactants.
2. It is inversely proportional to the rate constant.
b. For first order reaction-
k = 2.303 Iog[R]o
t [R]
at t = t½ and [R] = [R]o rate constant at t½ will be
2
k = 2.303 log [R]o__
t½ [R]o
2

Freda
t½ = 2.303 log 2
k
= 2.303 x 0.301
k
t½ = 0.693
k

Note- 1. t½ for first order reaction is independent of the initial concentration of the
reactants.
2. It is independent of [R]o.
4.4 Pseudo first order reaction:-
Consider a chemical reaction between two substances when one reactant is
present in excess. During the hydrolysis of 0.01 mol of ethyl acetate with
10 mol of water, amounts of the various constituents at the beginning (t = 0)
and completion (t) of the reaction are given as under.
H+
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH
Ethyl acetate or Acetic acid or Ethanol
Ethyl ethanoate Ethanoic acid
t = 0 0.01 mol 10 mol 0 mol 0 mol
t= 0 mol 9.9 mol 0.01 mol 0.01 mol
The concentration of water does not get altered much during the course of the
reaction. So, in the rate equation
Rate = k' [CH3COOC2H5] [H2O]
Since [H2O] remains constant, therefore Rate = k [CH3COOC2H5]
where k = k' [H2O]
and the above reaction behaves as 1st order reaction and is called as Pseudo-
First Order reaction.
H+
E.g Inversion of cane sugar - C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Canesugar Glucose Fructose
Rate = k [C12H22O11]

Threshold energy – is the energy required more than a particular value by the
colliding molecules for a collision to be effective.
1. E.g 2NO2 (g) + F2 → 2NO2F (Nitryl Flouride)
Rate = k [NO2] [F2]
2. E.g 2 N2O5 (g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Rate = k [N2O5]

Goa Board Questions:-

March 2008
Q1. For the reaction A + B → C + D; if concentration of A is doubled without
altering the concentration of B, the rate gets doubled. If the concentration of B is
increased by nine times without altering the concentration of A, the rate gets tripled.
Therefore the order of reaction is : (1 mark)
a.2 b. 1 c. 3/2 d. 4/3
Q2. A first order reaction has specific rate constant of 10 -3 sec-1. Calculate the time taken
for 10 gm to reduce to half the quantity. (2 marks)
Q3. Derive an integrated rate law equation for a zero order reaction. (2 marks)

Freda
March 2009
Q1. The following is the graphical representation for a plot of variation of
concentration versus time, for the reaction of the decomposition of NH 3. Observe the
figure and answer the questions that follow: (2 marks)

↑ [NH3] 0
I.What is the order of this reaction? NH3
II.Write the rate law expression for the of
.
decomposition of NH3. C
III.Write the dimensions of the unit for rate N
constant of this reaction. O
IV.Determine the rate constant from the C
given graph.

Time →

Q2. On increasing the temperature of a species by ten degrees, the rate of the reaction
almost doubles. The most appropriate reason for this is _____. (1 mark)
a. Increase in collision frequency
b. the fraction of molecules having energy equal to Ea or more increases
c. c. Ea increases by increase in temperature
d. value of threshold energy decreases
Q3. Calculate the rate constant at 430 oC for the reaction
2NO2 → 2NO + O2 having activation energy of 110 KJ mol -1, if the rate
constant at 400 C is 7.8 mol Ls-1. (R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1)
o -1
(2 marks)

March 2010
Q1.Select the correct alternative : (1 mark)
For a chemical reaction xA → yM, the rate law is r = k[A] 3. If the concentration of A is
doubled, the reaction rate:
a. remains unchanged b. increases by 6 times c. increases by 8 times d. becomes
double
Q2. The rate of a particular reaction doubles when the temperature changes from
27oC to 37oC. Calculate the energy of activation of such a reaction.
(Given R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1) (2 marks)
Q3. Starting from the rate expression derive an expression to show that the half- life of a
zero order reaction is directly proportional to the initial concentration of the reactants
and inversely proportional to the rate constant. Also, write the dimensions of the unit
for rate constant of this reaction. (2 marks)

March 2011
Q1. Study the given graph carefully with respect to the chemical reaction
between P and Q and answer the questions (3 mark)
Graph
I. Which curve ‘A’ or ‘B’ describe the reaction path with a catalyst?
II. What is the similarity between ‘C’ and ‘D’?
III. State any 2 characteristics of a catalyst in a catalysed reaction.
IV. Find the molecularity of the above reaction.
Q2. The decomposition of SO2Cl2 to SO2 and Cl2 following first order kinetics. It takes
315 x 102 sec for the reaction to be 50% complete at 320 oC. Starting with one gram
of the reactant, how much of it will remain after 90 min? (2 marks)

Freda
March 2012
Q1. The rate of a reaction triples when the temperature changes from 27 oC to 47oC.
Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction (R = 8314 JK -1 mol-1) (2 marks)
Q2. Define half-life of a reaction. Starting with the integrated rate law expression for a first
order reaction, derive the expression for its half-life. (2 marks)
Or
Q2. Define order of a reaction. The reaction A + 2B → C + D, obeys the rate equation,
Rate = k[A][B]. What is the order of the reaction? Derive the unit for rate constant of
the above reaction. (2 marks)

March 2013
Q1. Select the correct alternative : (1 mark)
The differential rate law for the reaction H2 + I2 → 2HI is _______
a. d[H2] = d[I2] = 1 d[HI] b. -2 d[H2] = 2 d[I2] = d[HI]
dt dt 2 dt dt dt dt
c. 1 d[H2] = 1 d[I2] = - d[HI] d. - d[H2] = - d[I2] = - d[HI]
2 dt 2 dt dt dt dt dt
Q2. What is the order of a reaction whose rate constant has the same units as the rate of
a reaction? (1 mark)
Q3. For a decomposition reaction the value of rate constant at two different
temperatures are as follows: (2 marks)
K1 = 2.15 x 10-8 s-1 at 650 K, K2 = 2.39 x 10-7 s-1 at 700 K calculate the energy of
activation (R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1)
Or
The initial concentration of N2O5 in the following first order reaction:
N2O5 → 2NO + 3/2O2 was 1.24 x 10-2 molL-1 at 318 K. The concentration of
N2O5 after 60 minutes was 0.20 x 10 -2 molL-1. Calculate the rate constant of the
reaction at 318 K. (2 marks)

March 2014
Q1. Derive the half-life equation for a zero order reaction. Calculate the value of
activation energy for a reaction whose rate constant at 500 K and 700 K is
0.009 s-1 and 0.018 s-1 respectively. (R = 8.314 Jk-1 mol-1) (3 marks)
Q2. In case of an electrolyte which dissociates in a solution, the Van’t Hoff, i is
________ a. Equal to zero b. Equal to one c. greater than one d. less than one

March 2015
Q1. Derive the integrated rate law expression for a zero order reaction. (2 marks)
Q2. The rate constant for a first order reaction becomes six times when the temperature
is raised from 77oC to 127oC. Calculate the activation energy for the reaction.
(Given R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1). (2 marks)
Q3. A first order reaction takes 40 minutes for 30 % decomposition. Calculate the half life
for the reaction. (1 marks)

March 2016
Q1. Derive the integrated rate law equation for a chemical reaction, R→P following first
order kinetics. (2 marks)
Q2. The rate constant of a reaction is 1.5 x 10 7 s at 50 oC and 6.0 x 107 s at 100 oC.
Calculate the activation energy. (2 marks)
March 2017
Q1. For the reaction R→P Observe the figure given below and answer the following
questions: (1 marks)
I.Is the reaction accompanied by release of heat energy or absorption of heat energy?
II. What does the label A in the figure indicate?

Freda
Q2. For the reaction,
16 H + 2 MnO4 ̶ + 10 I ̶ → 2 Mn2+ + 5I2 + 8 H2O
Write the reaction between the rate of disappearance of permanganate ion and rate
of appearance of iodine. Thermal decomposition of a compound is of first order. 50%
of the compound is decomposed in 120 minutes. How long will it take for 90% of the
compound to decompose? (3 marks)

March 2018
Q1. Derive the integrated rate law expression for a zero order reaction. (2 marks)

March 2019
Q1. For the reaction, H2(g) + Br2(g) → 2HBr(g), the reaction rate = K[H2] [Br2]1/2, the
statement that is true about this reaction is ________________ (1 marks)
I.the reaction is of second order.
II.the order of the reaction is 3/2.
III. the unit of K is s-1.
III.the molecularity of the reaction is 3/2.
Q2. Why does the rate of decomposition of N 2O5 increase when the temperature
changes from 0oC to 50oC? (1 marks)
Q3. Write only the mathematical expression used to calculate the activation energy of a
chemical reaction at two different temperatures.
Starting from the integrated rate law equation for a first order reaction, derive the
expression for its half life. (2 marks)

March 2020
Q1. For the reaction: H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g), the rate expression;
Rate = K[H2] 0 [Cl2]0. What is the unit of rate constant for the reaction. Also,
starting from integrated rate equation derive the expression for half life of this
reaction. (2 marks)

March 2021
Q1. The rate constant for the first order reaction is 60s -1. The time taken to reduce the
concentration of the reactant to one-tenth of its initial value is ________ (1 marks)
# 3.3 x 10-2 sec-1 # 3.38 x 10-2 sec-1 # 4 x 10-2 sec-1 # 3 x 10-2 sec-1
Q2. The average rate and instantaneous rate of a reaction are equal ____ (1 marks)
# when 2 rates have time interval equal to zero # at the beginning of the
reaction # in the middle of the reaction # at the end of the reaction
Q3. The half life of first order decay of a radioactive isotope is one year. The time taken
by the isotope to decay by 75% is ________ (1 marks)
# 730 days # 740 days # 720 days # 750 days
Q4. The change in the rate of the elementary reaction 3X + Y  X2Y if the
concentration of the substance X is doubled and that of Y is halved is ___ (1 marks)
# 4.5 times of initial rate # 5 times of initial rate # 2 times of initial rate
# 4 times of initial rate
Q5. In the reaction C2H4(g) + H2(g)  C2H6, the concentration of C2H4 changed from
1.24 x 10-2 molL-1 to 0.62 x 10-2 molL-1 after 360 mins. The rate of the reaction in
mol L-1 hour-1 is ________ (1 marks)
# 1.0 x 10-3 # 1.15 x 10-3 # 1.25 x 10-3 # 0.55 x 10-3

Freda
March 2022
Q1. The rate constant for the following reaction, A + 2B  AB2 is Rate = K [A]1[B]2 , if the
concentration of B is doubled, then the rate of reaction will be ________ (1 marks)
# increases by 4 times # decreases by 2 times # increases by 2 times
# remains the same
Q2. Photochemical reactions like formation of HCl from H2 and Cl2 are ______ (1 marks)
to
# zero order reactions # first order reactions # second order reactions
# third order reactions
Q3. A first order reaction is half completed in 3 minutes. How long does it take for
completion of 99% of the reaction? Given 2.303/0.231 =9.969; log 100 = 2.0000
(1 marks)
# 1.9938 mins # 19.938 mins # 9.969 mins # 91.93 mins
Q4. If the rate constant of a reaction is 0.3 x 10 -4 mol-1Ls-1, the order of the reaction is
_______ (1 marks)
# zero order # first order # second order # 4 fractional order
Q5. In the reaction 3NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) the differential rate expression of
the above reaction can be expressed in terms of concentration of 3NO 2(g), H2O(l),
2HNO3(aq) and NO(g). The instantaneous rate expression for the above equation
are________ (1 marks)
# Rate = -3d[NO2]/dt = -d[H2O]/dt = +2d[HNO3]/dt = +d[NO]/dt
# Rate = 1/3d[NO2]/dt = d[H2O]/dt = 1/2d[HNO3]/dt = d[NO]/dt
# Rate = -1/3d[NO2]/dt = -d[H2O]/dt = +1/2d[HNO3]/dt = +d[NO]/dt
# Rate = -d[NO2]/dt = -d[H2O]/dt = +d[HNO3]/dt = +d[NO]/dt

March 2024
1. When initial concentration of the reactant is doubled, the half-life period of a zero
order reaction is __________. (1)
2. Derive an integrated rate equation for a zero order reaction. The three-fourth of a
first order reaction is completed in 30 minutes. Calculate the half-life period of
the reaction. (4)
OR
Write the differential rate equation for the following reaction:
H2 + I2  2HI
What is the effect of adding a catalyst on activation energy? Calculate activation
energy if the rate of a chemical reaction doubles for an increase of temperature
from 298 to 308 K. (R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1). (4)

Freda