CHAPTER 4

Atomic Structure & Chemical Bonding

STRUCTURE & CHEMIOAr
LATEST SYLLABUS -SCOPE OF SLLABUS -ATOMIC NUMBER,
(I)
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM,
Deftnition of an atom
MASS NUMBER & ATOMIC

of an atom · nucleus |protons,

I90TOPES

neutrons] with associated

BONDING
OCTET RULE.
Constituents
actutty electratonaom.
mass number, atomic number Reason for chemlcal
the orbts - 2n nule, Octet rule.
Electron distributlon tn chlorlne) an
gtnttion and examples of isotopes (hydrogen,carbon, COMPOUNDS. ORRTT
() ELECTROVALENT &COVALENT RONDING, sTRUCTURES OF VARIOUS
(a) Electrovalent Bond
Dginitlon-Atomic orbtstructure-fortheformationenofElectrovalert compounds (egl
(b) Covalent Bond
STRUCTURE
Defirition Atomc orbt structure -for the formatlon of Cooalent molecules on the basts of
duplet &octet felectrons
carbontetrachlort,methanel
eg hydrogen, chorine, aygen, nitrogen, hyydrogenchlorlde, water, ammonia,

A. INTRODUCTION-Atomic structure
|1. The concept of the atom originated from the ancient Greek
Democritus - an ancient Greek philosopher studied the nature of matter.
and the basic constituents of all substances.
philosophers
Jokn Dalton-in 1808 proposed atheoryafthe atom known as the- atomic
theory
Dalton'soriginal theory of theatomhastindergonemodifications-buttheprincia
aspects of the theory - are still held valid &useful in the study of
|2. Postulates of- Dalton's atomic theory - Chemistry.
Matter consists of - small ingioisible particles called atoms.
Atoms - are neither created nor destroyed.
Atoms of the same element -are alike in every aspect & difer fromatoms of allother elements
Atoms combine with other atoms -
in simple whole number ratios forming compound atoms or molecsles.
An atom is the smallest unit of matter - which takes part in a chemical
reaction and
all chemical changes result fromseparation or combination of atoms.
3. Modern atomic theory - has contradicted most of the
above postulates -
Dalton's atomictheory Modern atomic theory
Atoms are-indivisible and indestructible Atoms are - divisible and destructible.
An atom is the smallest - Atoms are divisible -
indivisible particle of an elenment.
consisting of subatomic particles like
electrons, protons & neutrons.
Atoms of the same element are
alike in all respects and Atoms of the same element -
differ from atoms of other elements, may not be alike in all respects as seen
case of isotopes which are atoms of the
same element having the same aton
number but different mass numbers.
The n0dern atonic theory however
correlates
In the fact that atoms are the smallest unit of matterwith Dalton's
taking part inatomic theory
achemical -
reaction and-
in agiven compound the reMve amber and kind of atoms is a constant.
50
 HEPRESENTING AN ATOM - Atomic Number
1.
DEFINITION-
Atom -
An Atom

An atonm is the smallest particle of an element which can take part

in achemical reaction &is considered the basic unit of matter. e.g. O, CIl are
Element atoms
An element is a pure substance made up of one kind of atoms -
having the same atonic number and which cannot be broken douwn -
ntotwo or more substances by any physical or chemical means.
THE ATOM
CONSISTS OF -
Subatomic particles - Protons, electrons, neutrons
The three subatomic particles which are of great importance in
of the structure and behaviour of an atom are - protons,
The nucleus:
understanding
electrons and neutrons,
Ihe protons and neutrons are found - in thecentre or nucleus of the
The orbits : atom.
The electrons revolve around the nucleus along
shells or more accurately orbits or imaginary paths known as -
orbitals.
Orbit
Subatonnic Mass
Electron particles Charge
[C12 standard]
-Nucleus Proton 1
+ (1) 1
+1

Electron 0
- (1) negligible
An atom
Neutron 1 n Zero 1

2. ATOMIC NUMBER: [Z]

An atom of each element has its
own characteristic number
which distinguishes it from the atom of another element.
Elements are arranged on the basis of - the
This number is called the -
atomic
number of protons in their respective atoms.
The atonic number is equal to the number of the element and is - denoted by 'Z.
Since neutral atoms of an elementnumber of protons - in the atom of an
element.
same nunmber of electrons and protons have the
The atomic number is alsoequal to
the number of electrons - in the
Furthermore the number of protons determines the -
atom of an element.
positive charge of the nucleus in an atom -
thevalue of the nuclear charge is
equal to the
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z] OF AN ELEMENTatomic IS
number of the element.
Protons - in the nucleus of an THE NUMBER OF:
Electrons atom
- in the complete atom
Positive charges - in the nucleus of its atom
54
 REPRESENTING AN ATOM
- Mass Number [Contd.]
MASS NUMBER : [A]
3.
The mass nurmber of an atom is the
total number of protons and neutrons - collectively called nucleons
inthe nucleus of theatom.
The mass number, however is a -
whole number approximation of the atomicmass in atomic mass units -
since the mass of the proton as well as the nmass of the neutrons is -
approximately equal to 1 a.m.u. and the mass of the electron is negligible.
Hence the mass number is - slightly less than the actual atomicmass.
MASS NUMBER [AJOFAN ELEMENT IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF:
Protons and neutrons - in the atom of an element.
The atomicstructure of an element- dedcedfrom its atomic no. &t mass iO.
Element Atomic Number [Z] Mass Number [AJ
A
X Atomic number [Z] Mass number [A]
protons p
no. of protons lpl =
no. of neutrons [n] + no. of
no. of electrons el
A = Mass nunber Z= p = e A = n P
Z= Atomicnumber [but p =z]
no. of protons =Z
no. of electrons = Z no. of neutrons n] A -Z
19,
Conclusion : Example : X 9
e
Atomicnumber Atomic number [ZI =
P
19
+
Mass number [AJ n P Mass number [A]
A Z 10
No. of neutrons [n] A
N No. of neutrons [n]

4. ELECTRONS
a] ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS
Electrons are present- outside the nucleus and revolve around it.
Shells or Energy levels
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in definite orbits called-'shells'
[the centrifugal force prevents them from falling into the nucleus].
The shells are also called 'energy levels'
since while revolving in a shell anelectron possesses -a certain amount of energy.
The shellclosest to the nucleus is called the -
K shell [first shell, or number one shell].
The next shellis called the -L shell [second shell or number two shell].
Following shells, are M, N,... etc.
An electron has - mininnum energy in the first or Kshell
and the energy increases in the order K, L, M, N.

55
 [Contd.]
REPRESENTING ¢N ATOM - Electrons
4. ELECTRONS [Contd.]
OSTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONSIElectronic Configuration]
The electrons - are distributed in shells or fixed orbits.
ElectronicConfigztion - refers tothe distribution of electronsin different.shells,
Each shellhas a limited capacity to hold electrons -
and each electron tries to occupy a shellwhich has minimum energy.
The problem of distribution of electrons in various shells was solved by
Bohr and Bury and gives the distribution of electrons in various shells.
FACTORS - WHICH GOVERN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS
Rule 1
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS -IN EACH SHELL OF THE ATOM
The maximum number of electrons which can be present in any shell
Ot an atom is given by or represented by a - formula 2n.
Where n is equal to - the number of the shell as counted from the nucleus
Shell Shell No. Formula Maximm number
In] 212 of electrons in
designation each shell
K- Shel 1 2x (1)2 2
L -Shell 2 2 x (2)
M- ShellI 3 2x (3)2 18
Shell 4
2x (4) 32
Rule 2
ELECTRONS - IN THE OUTERMOST SHELL
The outermost shell cannot have more
[The penultimate shell [last but one] than -8 electrons.
cannot have more than 18 electrons.]
Anew shell is formed as soon
as the - outermost shell
attains eight electrons.
Example - ATOM OF CALCIUM ATOMIC NO. [Z] =
20 MASS NO. JAJ = 40
40
Ca
20
Electrons =20, Protons = 20,Neutrons = 20
ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION
As per rule1:
K-shell L-shell M-shell| N-shell
Ca Max. no, of 2
electrons - 10
in each shell [2n²]
Last shell
As per rule 2:
Outermost shell
Atom of calcium cannot have - more
than eight electrons.
At No. 20 Mass No. 40 Hence electronic
Electronicconfiguration 2,8,8,2 configuration 2
2

56
 RESENINGANATOM[Contd.]-Atomic diagrams of first 20 elements
ATOMOFHYDROGEN ATOM OF HELIUM ATOM OF LITHIUM ATOM OFBERYLLIUM
At.
No. 1 Mass No. 1 At. No. 2 Mass No. 4
At. No. 3 Mass No.7 At. No. 4 Mass No. 9

P=l, n =0 P= 2, n=2 P=4, n=5

Elec. Config. 1 P=3, n=4
Elec. Config. 2 Elec. Config, 2,1 Elec. Config. 2,2
ATOM OF BORON ATOM OF CARBON ATOM OF OXYGEN
ATOM OF NITROGEN
At. No. 5 Mass No. 11 At. No. 6 Mass No. 12 At. No. 7 Mass No. 14 At. No. 8Mass No. 16

P=5, n=6 P=8, n=8

P=6, n=6 P=7, n=7
Elec. Config. 2,3 Elec. Config. 2,4 Elec. Config. 2,5 Elec. Config. 2,6
ATOM OF FLUORINE ATOM OF MAGNESIUM
ATOM OF NEON ATOM OF SODIUM
At. No. 12 Mass No. 24
At. No. 9 Mass No. 19 At. No. 10 Mass No. 20 At.
E R I
11Mass No. 23

P=10, n=10 P=11, n=12 P=12, n=12

P=9, n=10
Elec. Config. 2,7 Elec. Config. 2,8 Elec. Config. 2,8,1 Elec. Config. 2,8,2
ATOM OF SILICON ATOM OF PHOSPHORUS ATOM OF SULPHUR
ATOM OF ALUMINIUM
At. No. 14 Mass No. 28 At. No. 15 Mass No. 31 At. No. 16 Mass No. 32
At. No. 13 Mass No. 27

P= 13, n=14 P=14, n=14 P=15, n=16 P=16, n=16

Elec. Config. 2,8,3 Elec. Config. 2,8,4 Elec. Config. 2,8,5 Elec. Config. 2,8,6
ATOM OF CHLORINE ATOM OF ARGON ATOM OF POTASSIUM ATOM OFCALCIUM
At. No. 17 Mass No. 35 At. No. 18 Mass No. 40 At. No. 19 Mass No. 39 At. No. 20 Mass No. 40

P=17, n=18 P=18, n=22 P=19, n= 20 P= 20, n=20

Elec. Config. 2,8,7 Elec. Config. 2,8,8 Elec,Config. 2,8,8,1 Elec. Config. 2,8,8,2

57
 REPRESENTING ANAATOM[Contd.]-Atomic
SymbolA tomic Mnss No. No. ofNo. of
structureof first
Electronic
Configuration Valency 20elNoemMenmeteatlra,l
NAME No. [Z] No. of Elec- Neu
K M
|A] Pro- trons trons 2 3 4 Or Gas
IA-Z]
Hydrogen H 1 1
fons

0 1
[Metmoablle asgawels
as Nonmeta
Heliumn He

Lithium Li
2

3
4 2 2 2 2

2 1 +1
Noble gas
7 3 3 4
Metal
Beryllium Be 4 4 5 2 2 +2
Metal
Boron B 5 11 +3
5 6 2 3

Carbon C
5
Metal oid
12 6 6 6 4 4
Nonmetal
solid
Nitrogen N 7 14 7 7 7 2 5 -3
Nonmetal
Lgas]
Oxygen 16 8 6 -2
Nonmetal
Igas]
Fluorine 9 19 10 2 7 -1 Nonmetal
Igas]
Neon Ne 10 20 10 10 10 2
Noble gas
Sodium Na 11 23 11 11 12 2 1 +1 Metal
Magnesium Mg 12 24 12 12 12 2
+2 Metal
Aluminium Al 13 27 13 13 14 2 8 3 +3 Metal
Silicon S 14 28 14 14 14 2 4 4 Metalloid
Phosphorus P 15 31 15 15 16 2
5 -3[3,5) Nonmetal
Sulphur S 16 32 16 16 16 2 6
-2 Nonmetal
Chlorine Cl 17 35 17 17 18 2 8 Nonmetal
-1
Argon Ar 18 40 18 18 22 2 8 8 0 Noble gas
Potassium K 19 39 19 19 20 2 8 1 +1 Metal
Calcium Ca 20 40 20 20 20 2
2 +2 Metal

58
(SOTOPES
DEFINITION
|-Of Isotopes
1sotopes are atoms of the same element -
having same atomic number but different mass muunbers.
Neutrons
Element IsotopesAtomic No. Mass No. Electrons Protons
Same Same Different
Different Same
35.. 17 35 17 17 18
Chlorine
17 17 17 20
37

PROPERTIES - Þf Isotopes
Isotopes have -similar chemical properties but different physicalpropertics.
Reason
Property
1. Chemical properties Chemical properties are dependent on the -
of isotopes - of the same electronic configuration of an atom.
element are similar [Z]
Isotopes have same atomic no. electrons
sane number of
hence same electronic configuration.
mass
2. Physical properties Physical constants are dependent on the atomic
Isotopes have - different mass no. [A]
D A L A S

of isotopes - of the same

element are different different number of neutrons
-

hence different atomic masses

[No. of electrons and protons -
in isotopes are same]

EXAMPLES Of Isotopes
Isotopes of hydrogen
|Manyelements exist in - isotopic forms 3

Element Nunber of isotopes OOMO

Protium |Deuterium
H

Tritium
1. Hydrogen Three H, 4H, H Isotopes of carbon
2. Carbon Two 12,c, 19,c, l4,C 13

3. Oxygen Three 16,0, ";0, 18;0

4. Chlorine Two 35-C, 37,1C1 p =6, e =6, n =6p=6, e =6, n =7
5. Potassium Two
238
Isotopes of oxygen
6. Uranium Two 352
=8, n =10
Atomic mass of chlorine is a fraction and not a whole number p= 8,e =8,n=8p=8, e
Atomic mass is the ratio of the - mass of the average of all isotopes of an element,
to the mass of 1/1th of carbon ,C atom. Chlorine exists in the forn of two isotopes -
1Cl and 3Cl. [Approximately 1atom out of every four is of CL]
Hence the mass of one atom of 1Cl = 37 and that of 3 atoms of 3Cl = 105,
Therefore, the total mass of four atoms is 142 [105 +37] and the average mass 35.5.

59
E.
REASON For Chemical Activity of an Atom - Octet Rule
NOBLE GASES
NOBLE GASES --have stalble clectronic configuration ie. their valence shell|is
they do not gain, lose or share electrons. Their atoms are extremely
NOBLE GASES [exception helium|Hel] have - 8 electrons in the COmp let
unreactishelve
arrangement known as - 0CTET. out ermost
HELNUM -2electrons in the outenost shell|K shell]l- arrangement krnown as
has
[The octet and duplet -
arrangements seem to represent -
Stability and hence noble gases are almost inert to chemical reactions]. DUPLE
Number of Protons Number of Electrons
NOBLE GAS Symbol [or Atomic Number] their distribution in the shella
K L M N
HELIUM P
He 2
NEON Ne 10 2
ARGON Ar 18 2 8
KRYPTON Kr 36 2 18
XENON Xe 54 2 8 18 18 8
RADON Rn 86 2 18 32 18

REASON - For Chemical Activity of an Atom

UNSTABLE ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION
Atoms of elements other than noble
gases are assumed to have -
unstable electronic configuration. DAL

ATTAINING - STABLE ELECTRONIC

The driving force in CONFIGURATION
toattain a stable combination atoms is related to the tendency for
of
electronicconfiguration of the nearest noble gas. them
OCTET RULE
For an atom toachieve
2electrons in the first stableelectronic configuration it must
shell have -
8 electrons in its
outermost [outermost] like that of noble gas Helium -2
Thus chemical shell like that of noble gas other than Helium[duplet rulel
leave each atomcombination of atoms involves -
with a stable electronic redistribution of
[octet rulel
electrons so as to
Octet rule - Atoms tend to
eight electrons in their achieve stable electronic
configuration (octet or duplet].
configuration
outermost shell like that of noble gases otherby having -
than helium.
ATTAINING CHEMICAL ACTIVITY - BY AN ATOM
By transferring one or
The atom formed are thus more electrons - from one atom to
Loss of electrons resultssin the positively or negatively charged and are
another.
in the atom attaining an overall atom attaining an overall
positive called - io5.
results
based on loss and gain of electrons negative charge. The electronic charge electrons
while gain of reduction is
[eg. Fe2t-e-’Fe] reduction a process
& where oxidation is a theory of
oxidation
process when an atom or ion loses
&
electrons
Psy eharing one or more when an atom or ion gains +e-’ Fe)
electrons |electron pairs] between the two electrons [eg. Fe*
60
combining aton
 EXAMPLES OF ATOMS Attaining Chemical Activity
METALLIC & NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS
SODIUMATOM - 11Na [elec. configuration 2, 8, 1]
Attains stable octet structure of the nearest noble gas - Neon [2, 8|
by loss of oneelectron from its valence shellforming Nalt [Cation] - Octet Kute
CHLORINE ATOM 35,CI [elec. configuration 2, 8, 7]
Attains stable octet structure of the nearest inert gas - Argon (2, 8, 8| Octet Rule
by gain of one electron in its valence shell forming CIl- [Anion]-
CALCIUM ATOM-Ca [elec. configuration 2, 8, 8, 2]
Attains stableoctet structure of the nearest inert gas - Argon |2, 8,oJ Octet kKuie
by loss of two electronsfrom its valence shellforming Ca2+ [Cation]
OXYGENATOM - 16,0 [elec. configuration 2, 6]
Attains stable octet structure of the nearest inert gas - Neon [2, 81 Octet Rule
by gain of two electrons in its valence shell forming O2- [Anion] -
FORMATION OF - Electrovalent compounds
oppositely charged-cation & anion attracteach other with a force-[electrostatic force
The NaCl, CaO
icor electrovalentconpound. e.g.
of attraction] resulting in formation of an ionic
Ca >[cal +CO’Cao
Na + .CE ’ sodium
[Na]* + chlorine soDIUM
sodium chlotine calcium oxygen calcium oxide CALCIUM
cation anion OXIDE
anion)CHLORIDE atom atom
atom atorm cation
[2, 8, 8] [2,8,8,2] [2,6] [2,8,8] [2,8]
[2, 8, 1] [2, 8,7] [2, 8]

NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS
NITROGEN ATOM - 14,N [elec. configuration 2, 5]
To attain stable octet strtcture of the nearest noble gas - Neon [2, 8]
it needs three electrons in its valence shell.
HYDROGEN ATOM - H [elec. configuration 1]
To attain stable uplet structure of the nearest noble gas - Helium [2]
it needs one electron in its valence shell.
FORMATION OF- Covalent conpounds
Nitrogenatomsorhydrogenatoms shares electron pairswith other atom or atoms, resulting
in formation of a molecular or covalent compound. e.g. Nitrogen, Water, Ammonia
H

O o) H" xNx
XX
H
Nitrogen molecule Water molecule
[lone pair]
N; ;N: ’ [N=N] ’N, H 0: H or H-0-H ’H,O|Ammonia molecule
61
R IN TRODUCTION-Chemical Bonding Electrovalent
& TYPES OF BONDING-
&
CHEMICAL BOND
1. CHEMICAL BOND cOvalent
The force which acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a
molecule is calledla - chenical bond. The concept is called - chemical stable
2. NOBLE GASES bo nding,
Noble gases have stable electronic configurationie. their -outermost or valence shell is-
complete. They have 2 electrons in outermost shell - e.g. helium (elec. config. 2] or
have 8electrons in outermost shell- neon [elec. config. 2,8] or argon |elec. contig. 2, 8, 81 they
They do not gain, lose or share electrons and are unreactive or inert.
3. ATOMS OF
OTHERELEMENTS
Have unstable electronicconfiguration and their - outermost or valence shell is
tncomplete. They can gain, lose or share electrons.
They tend to attain stable electronicconfiguration of the nearest noble gas - by
a] Transfer of valence electrons from
a metallic atom to an non-metallic atonm.
The chemical bond- formed between the two atoms -
by transfer of one or more electrons from the atom of a metallic element
to an atom of a non-metallic element is called an - electrovalent bond.
Thechenicalcompound-formed as aresult of transfer of one or more electrons
from the atom of a metallic element to an atom of a
is called an - electrovalent compound. e.g. NaCI, CaO,non-metallic element
-
b] Mutual sharing of electrons between MgClh.
two pairs of atoms of non-metallic elements.
The chemicalbond- formed due to mutual sharing of
given pairs of atoms of non-metallic elements is calledelectrons - betweenthe
a - covalent bond.
The chemical compound - formed due to
between the given pair of non-metallicelementsmutual is called
sharing of electrons -
a - covalent compound.
For an atom to achieve stable
2electrons in the first shell
electronic configuration must have -
it
[outermost like that of noble gas Helium
8 electrons in its outermost shell like
that of noble gas other than -2-DUPLET RULE
Thus chemical combination of atoms
involves- Helium-0CTET RULE
leave each atom witha stable electronic redistribution of electrons So as to
Formation of - an electrovalent configuration-Octet Duplet.
or
Transfer of
compound Lgeneral diagram]
electron
Electrovalent|
compound
formed
Metallic - atom Non-metallic -atom
Metallic ion Non-metallic ion
Formation of - a covalent compound lgeneral diagram]
Sharing of electrons

One shared pair

of electrons
Non-metallicatom Non-metallic atom
Covalent compound formed
66
 Table
THE ATOMS- Atomic number 1 to 20 in the Modern Periodic
B. BERYLLIUM - Be
HYDROGEN -H HELIUM - He LITHIUM - Li No. 9
No, 1 At. No. 2 Mass No. 4 At. No. 3 Mass No. 7 At. No. 4 Mass
At. No. 1 Mass

3p 4p
lp 2p 5n
On 2n 4n

Elec. Config. 2,2

Elec. Config. 1 Elec. Config. 2 Elec. Config. 2,1
OXYGEN -O
BORON -B CARBON -C NITROGEN -N No. 16
At. No. 8 Mass
At. No. 6 Mass No. 12 At. No. 7 Mass No. 14
At. No. 5 Mass No. 11

7p 8p
5p 6p 7n
6n 6n
Elec. Config. 2,6
Elec. Config. 2,4 Elec. Config. 2,5
Elec. Config. 2,3 MAGNESIUM - Mg
NEON- Ne SODIUM- Na No. 24
FLUORINE - F At. No. 12 Mass
At. No. 10 Mass No. 20 At.No.11 Mass No. 23
At. No. 9 Mass No. 19

11p 12p
12n
9p 10p 12n
10n 10n

Elec. Config. 2,8,1 Elec. Config. 2,8,2

Elec. Config. 2,7 Elec. Config. 2,8
PHOSPHORUS-P SULPHUR - S
SILICON - Si
ALUMINIUM- Al 28 At. No. 15 Mass No. 31 At. No. 16 Mass No. 32
At. No. 13 Mass No. 27 At. No. 14 Mass No.

14p 15p 16p

13p 16n 16n
14n 14n

Elec. Config. 2,8,4 Elec. Config. 2,8,5 Elec. Config. 2,8,6

Elec. Config. 2,8,3
ARGON - Ar POTASSIUM-K CALCIUM-Ca
CHLORINE - CI At. No. 19 Mass No. 39 At. No. 20Mass No. 40
At. No. 17 Mass No. 35 At. No, 18 Mass No. 40

19p 20p
18p
22n 20n 20n

Elec. Config. 2,8,8 Elec. Config. 2,8,8,1 Elec. Config. 2,8,8,2

Elec. Config. 2,8,7

67
C.
FORMATION - Of COMPOUND - Sodium chloride
Electrovalent Compound- NaCI

ELECTROVALENT
SODIUM CHLORIDE
tt1s formed as a resultof - tansfer of onevalence electron -
- from metallicsodium atom 23
11
Na
electronicconfiguration-2,8,1
- to 35
non-metallicchlorine atom electronic configuration -;2,8,7
ELECTRON TRANSFER - ELECTROVALENCY
Sodium [Na]- atomic number 11
Elec. configuration =2, 8,1
(Na)
Nearest noble gas =Neon [2, 8]
Loses one electron - from its outer shell to attain stabilitr
of nearest noble gas neon & becomes a -
Na-atom sodium ion [cation]: Nal+.

Chlorine[Cl]- atomic number 17

C Elec. configuratio-2, 8,7
Nearest noblegas =Argon (2, 8,8]
Accepts oteelectron - in outer shell to attain stability
of theearest noble gas - argon &
Cl-atom
chloride ion [anion]: CIl-. becomes a -
ATOMIC ORBIT STRUCTURE
Transfer of
electron

Na-atom Cl-atom
(2, 8, 1] Nat Cl
[2, 8, 7]
(2,8] (2, 8, 8]
[atoms before combination] Sodium chloride
The cation [Nal*] &anion [CI] are [electrovalent compound formed]
which attract one another toform anoppositely charged particles -
electrovalent
formation of an - electrovalent compound - NaCl,
bond leading to-
Nal+ Cl

electrovalent
bond

68
FORMATION - Of Electrovalent Compound- CaO
ELECTROVALENT cOMPOUND - Calcium oxide
lCALCIUM OXIDE
Itis formed as aresult of - transfer of two valence electrons -
atom
40
Ca electronic configuration - 2, 8,8,2
- from metallic calcium 20

electronic 16 configuration - 2, 6
-to non-metallic chlorine atom
ELECTRON TRANSFER - ELECTROVALENCY
Calcium [Cal - atomic number 20
Elec. configuration =2, 8,8, 2
Nearest noble gas = Argon (2, 8, 8|
its outer shell to attain stability
electrons- from
Loses tuwo beComes a -
argon &
of nearest noble gas -
calcium ion [cation]: Caz+.
Ca-atom
number8
Oxygen [O]- atomic
Elec. configuration= 2, 6
Nearest noblegas -Neon [2,8]
outer shellto attain stability
Accepts two electrons - in
neon & becomes an
of nearest noble gas -
O- atom oxide ion [anion]:02,
ATOMIC ORBIT STRUCTURE ++

Cat+
O -atom
Ca-atom
(2, 6] [2, 8,8] Calcium oxide [2, 8]
[2, 8, 8, 2] (electrovalent compound formed]
latoms before combination]
are oppositely charged particles -
The cation [Ca] &anion [0-] leading to-
form an electrovalent bond
to
which attract one another compound - CaO.
formation of an - electrovalent
02
Ca?t
electrovalent
bond

69
roRMATION Of Electrovalent Compound - Mgclz
ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND - Magnesium chloride
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
lt is formed as a result of -transfer of two valence electrons -
-from one metallic magnesium atom 24 12M8 --electronic configuration -2,
35
,8,2
- to two non-metallic chlorine atoms electronicconfiguration -2,8,7
ELECTRON TRANSFER-ELECTROVALENCY
Magnesium (Mg]- atomic number 12
Elec. configuration =2, 8, 2
(Mg) Nearest noble gas = Neon [2, 8|
Loses tuwo electrons - from its outer shell to attain stability
of nearest noble gas,- neon & becomes a -
Mg -atom magnesium ion [cation]: Mg2+.
Chlorine[CI] - number 17
Elec. confiousfon-on
Nearest noble gas = Argon (2, 8, 8]
Accepts'one electron - in its outer shell to attain stability
of nearest noble gas - argon &
Cl-atom chloride ion [anion]: CIl-, becomes a
Magnesium atom donates two electrons, whereas chlorine
accepts oneelectron togive -chloride ion.
the other electron Therefore toaccept
be another chlorinedonated by
atom. Thusmagnesium atom, there must
one magnesium atom combines
with two chlorine atoms to give -
MgCl)
ATOMÊCORBIT STRUCTURE
+} ++

Cl- atom Mg-atom Cl-atom

[2, 8, 7] (2, 8, 2] CI Mgt+ CI
[2, 8,7] [2, 8, 8] [2, 8, 8]
[2, 8]
Magnesium chloride
[electrovalent compound formed)
70
 FORMATION -Of Covalent Molecule- Hydrogen
.
uVDROGEN - Atomic orbit structure
For formation of hydrogen molecule -
- the hydrogen atoms redistribute their electrons so that the nearest noble gas.
of
- each combining atom attains a stable electronic configuration
Unstable electronic configuration
Stable electronic configuration
Noble gas helium has - Atom of hydrogen has
Stable - electronic configuration. Unstable - electronic configuration.
Its valence (outer] shell is - complete. Its valence shell is - incomplete.
stable electronic
It has -2 electrons in its outer shell. It tends to attairn
It does not gain, lose or configuratidn of the nearest noble gas
share electrons. - By sharing electrons.
"H
H
He (H
Hydrogen atom
Hydrogen atom [Elec. config. 1]
Helium [Elec. config. 1]
[Elec. config. 2]
FORMATION OF HYDROGEN MOLECULE
resutof
A hydrogen molecule is formed as a reacting hydrogen atoms, so that -
sharing one pair of electrons between two gas- helium.
each atom attains stable electronic cÔnfigurationof the nearest rtoble
hydrogen atoms, contributes one electron leading to -
Thus each of the between the hydtogern atotns.
covalent bonding & a covalent bond
before sharing
. Each hydrogen atom -
-Elec. configuration =1 Elec. configuration=1
H Nearest noble gas = Helium (2]
H 9.Nearest noble gas=Helium [2
.Needs one electron -
. Needs one electron -
to attain stability. H- atom
to attain stability.
H- atom
sharing of electrons
Formation of hydrogen mnolecule - by
Atomic orbit structure

H H H H

H- atom H- atom H2
Hydrogen atoms Hydrogen molecule
(before combination] [formed after combination]
H-H
Single covalent bond between hydrogen atoms

71
FORMATION -0fCovalent Molecule - Chlorine
CHLORINE - Atomic orbit structure
For formation of chlorine molecule -
- the chlorine atoms redistribute their electrons so that
-each combining atom attains a stable electronic configuration of the nearest
Stable electröhic configuration Unstable electronic configuration
noble gas.
Noble gas argon his - Atom of chlorine has -
Stable - electrohic configuration. Unstable- electronic configuration.
Itsvalence [outer] shell is - complete. Its valence shell is - incomplete.
It has - 8 electibns in its outer shell. It tends to attain stable electronie
It does not gaih, lòse or - configuration of the nearest noble gas
share electrons. - By sharing electrons.
35
CI
17
Ar

Argon Chlorine atom Chlorine atom

(Elec. config. 2, 8, 8] [Elec. config. 2, 8,7] [Elec. config, 2, 8, 7|
FORMATION OFCHLORINE MOLECULE
A
chlorine molecule is formed as a result of
sharing one pair of electrons betwaeen tWO reacting chlorine atoms, so that -
each atom attains stable electroniccÙrifiguration of the nearest noble gas - argon.
Thus each of the chlorine atoms, contributes one electron leading to -
covalent bonding &a covalent bond between the chlorine atoms.
Each chlorine atom - before sharing
Elec. configuration =2, 8,7 " Elec. configuration =2, 8,7
Nearestnoble gas =Argon [28,8] Nearest noblegas Argon 288)
Needs one electron - Needs one electron -
Cl- atom
to attain stability. Cl - atom to attain stability.
Formation of chlorine molecule - by sharing of electrons Formation of - HCI
Atomicorbit structure

H
C

Cl-atom
Cl- atom
Chlorine atoms
Cly
Chlorine molecule
[before combination] [formed after combination] H
Cl-CI
Single covalent bond between chlorine atoms Hydrogen chloride molecule

72
ORMATION.-Of
orYGEN- Atomic Covalent
orbit Molecule- Oxygen
Forformation structure-
of oxygen
-the oxygen atoms molecule
redistribute
-each combining atom their
attains astable electrons so that
Stable electronic configuration electronic Configuration ofthe nearest noble gas.
Unstable electronic configuration
Noble gas neon has
Stable - electronic Atom of oxygen has -
Its
confiigs urat- ion.
valence [outer) shell Unstable - electronic configuration.
T# has -8 electrons in its outer shell. complete. Its valence shell is - incomplete.
It tends to attain stable electronic
Itdoes not gain, lose or - Configutation of the nearest noble gas -
share electrons.
-By sharing electrons.

(Ne
Neon Oxygen atom Oxygen atom
[Elec. config. 2, 6]
[Elec. config. 2,8] Elec. config. 2, 6]

FORMATION OF OXYGEN MOLECULE

An oxygern molecule is formed as aresuf 2

sharing tuwopairs of electrons between two reacting oxygen atoms, so that -
noble gas -neon.
each atom attains stable electronic çonfigutationbf the nearest
electrons leading to -
Thus each of the oxygen atom,ohtributes two oxygen atoms.
covalent bonding &acovalent bond between the
sharing
Each oxygen atom - before
Elec. configuration =2,6
Elec. configuration =2,6
Nearest noble gas =Neon (2,8]
Nearest noblegas =Neon [2, 8] Needs two electrons -
Needs two electrons - to attain stability.
toattain stability. 0-atom
O-atom
molecule - by sharing of electrons
Formation of oxygen
Atomic orbit structure

0- atom Oxygen molecule

O-atom
Oxygenatoms [formed after combination]
[beforecombination]
O=0
betweern oxygen atoms
Double covalent bond
 FORMATION -OffCovalent Molecule - Nitrogen
NITROGEN - Atomicorbit structure
For formation of nitrogen
moleculetheir
-the nitrogen atoms redistribute
-
- electrons so that
each combining atom attains astable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.
Stable electronic configuration Unstable electronic configuration
Noble gas neon has - Atomof nitrogen has -
Stable - electronic configuration. Unstable- electronic configuration.
Its valence [outer] shell is - Its valence shell is - incomplete.
It complete.
has -8 electrons in its outer
shell. It tends to attain stable electronie
It does not gain, lose or -
share electrons. configuration of the nearest
noble gas -
- By sharing electrons.
14.
N
7

Ne
Neon
Nitrogen atom Nitrogen atom
(Elec. config. 2, 8] [Elec. config. 2, 5] [Elec. config. 2, 5]
FORMATION OF NITROGEN MOLECULE RIES
A nitrogen molecule is formned as a
resultof
sharing three pairs of electrons betweentwo reacting
each atom attains stable nitrogen atoms, so that -
Thus each of the nitrogenelectronicconfiguration
of the nearest noble gas
atom ontributes three electrons leading to -neon.
covalent bonding & acovalent bond between the
nitrogen atoms.
Each nitrogen atom - before sharing
Elec. configuration -2,5
. Elec. configuration = 2, 5
Nearest noblegas =Neon (2, 8]
.Needs three electrons - Nearest noble gas =Neon 2, 8|
toattain stability. Needs three electrons -
N-atom to attain stability.
N-atom
Formation of nitrogen molecule - by sharing of electrons
Atomic orbit structure

N
(N N
N- atom N-atom
Nitrogen atoms Nz
[before combination] Nitrogen molecule
[formed after combination]
NN
Triplecovalent bond between nitrogen
atoms

14
poRMATION - Of
Covalent
WATER.- Atomic
orbit
Stable electronic:configuration
Noblegas helium has -
structure Molecule-Water &ammonia

Attaining stable electronic configuration

2electronsin its outer |Atom1of hydrogen needs -one electron -to attain stable
Noble gasS neon has -
8electrons in:its outer
shel l.e le ctr
Atomoni
of
shell. electronic
c confi
foxygen g uratio
needs n of nearest noble gas - He.
-tw0 electrons -to attain stable
configuration of nearest noble gas - Ne.
He Ne) H H

Helium
(Elec. config. 2] Neon
[Elec. config. 2, 8] Hydrogen atom Oxygen atom Hydrogen atom
[Elec. config. 1] [Elec. config. 2, 6] [Elec. config. 1]
ach of the two hydrogen atoms - shares an
electron pair with the oxygen atom -
stch that hydrogen attains stable duplet configuration &oxygen a stable octet configuration.
Formation of water molecule - by sharing of electrons - Atomicorbit structure
ntOne lone pair of electrons

H H 6 H H H-0-H

One lone pair of electrorns

H atom Oatom H atom Water molecule

AMMONIA Atomic orbit stråcture

Stable electronic configuration Attaining stable electronic configuration
Noble gas neon has - Atomofnitrogen needs- threeelectrons -to attain stable
nearest noble gas - Ne.
8 electrons in its outer shelL. electrornic configuration of electron - to attain stable
Noble gas helium has - Atom of hydrogen needs - one
gas - He
electrons in its outer shell.electronic configuration of nearestnoble
2
H
Ne) He

Nitrogen atom Hydrogen atom

Helium [Elec. config. 1]
Neon
[Elec. config. 2] (Elec. config. 2, 5]
[Elec. config. 2, 8]
three electron pairs one with each of the three hydrogen atoms.
Ohe atom of nitrogen - shares - by sharing of electrons - Atomic orbit
structure
Formation of ammonia molecule
H atomn
(H) H
H

H N (H) H-N-H
N)(H)
(H) Oo -One lone pair of electrons
H atom
Ammonia molecule
Hatom

75
 FORMATION -Of Covalent Molecule - CCl & methane
CARBON TETRACHI ORIDE -Atomic orbit structure [CHA
Stable electronicconfiguration Attaining stable electronic configuration
Noble gas neon has |Atom of carbon needs - four electrons - to attain
8 electrons in its outer shell. electronicconfiguration of nearest noble gas - Ne.stable
Noble gas argon has - |Atom of chlorine needs - one electron. - to attain
8electrons in its outer shell. electronic configuration of nearest noble gas - Ar.stable
12
C
6 17
Ne Ar

Neon
Argon Carbon atom Chlorine atom
Elec. config. 2, 8] (Elec. config. 2, 8, 8] [Elec. config. 2, 4] (Elec. config. 2, 8, 7]
One atom of carbon - shares four electron pairsone with each of the four atoms of chlorine.
Formation of carbon tetrachloride - by sharing of electrons - Atomic orbit structure
Carbon
Cl-aton tetrachloride
molecule

Cl-atom Cl-atom S E R I E S

-e-aCi
9Cl-atom

METHANE - Atomic orbit structure

Stable electronic configuration Attaining stable electronic configuration
Noble gas neon has - Atomof carbon needs - four electrons - to attain stable
8 electrons in its outer shell. electronicconfiguration of nearest noble gas - Ne.
Noble gas helium has Atom of hydrogen needs - one electron - to attain stable
2 electrons in its outer shell. electronic contiguration of nearest noble gas - He.

Ne He H

Neon Helium Carbon atom

[Elec. config. 2, 8] (Elec. config. 2] [Elec. config. 2, 4] Hydrogen atom
[Elec. config. 1]
One atom of carbon - shares four electron pairs one with each of the
four hydrogen atoms.
Formation of methane molecule - by sharing of electrons - Atomicorbit structure
(H) H-atom Methane
H molecule
H
H-atom H H-atom
(H H

H
(H) )H-atom H

76