23124

22415
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.

Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(6) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication
devices are not permissible in Examination Hall.

Marks

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10

(a) State the use of MN/ MX and Test signal.

(b) List Assembly Language Programming tools.

(c) Write any four bit manipulation instructions of 8086.

(d) What is the use of AAM instruction with suitable example ?

(e) Give any two advantages of pipelining in 8086.

(f) Draw the format of flag register of 8086.

(g) Define procedure and write its syntax.

[1 of 4] P.T.O.
22415 [2 of 4]
2. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12
(a) Describe the function of the following instructions :
(i) DAA
(ii) CMP
(iii) ADC
(iv) JNC
(b) Explain Re-Entrant and Recursive Procedure with diagram.
(c) Write the function of following pins of 8086 :
(i) READY
(ii) ALE
(iii) TEST

(iv) DEN
(d) Draw and explain model of Assembly Language Programming.

3. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12

(a) Describe memory segmentation in 8086 and list its advantages.
(b) Write an ALP to perform addition of two 16 bit BCD numbers.
(c) Write an ALP to find largest number in array of 5 elements.
(d) Describe CALL and RET instructions with example.

4. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12

(a) Differentiate between Procedure and Macros.
(b) Write an ALP to find length of string.
(c) Explain the following assembler directives :
(i) DB
(ii) SEGMENT
(iii) DUP
(iv) EQU
22415 [3 of 4]
(d) Write an ALP to count number ‘1’ in 8 bit number.
(e) Explain any four Addressing Modes of 8086.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12

(a) Define Logical and Effective address. Describe how 20 bit Physical address is
generated in 8086. If CS = 348AH and IP = 4214H, calculate the Physical
Address.
(b) Select the instructions for each of the following :
(i) Multiply AL by 05H
(ii) Move 1234H in DS register
(iii) Add AX with BX
(iv) Signed Division of AX by BL
(v) Rotate the contents of AX towards left by 4 bits through carry
(vi) Load SP register with FF00H.
(c) Write an ALP for concatenation of two strings. Draw flow chart and assume
suitable data.

6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12

(a) Draw the functional block diagram of 8086 with all labels.
(b) Explain with example any three Shift and any three Rotate instructions.
(c) Write an ALP for Z = (P + Q) * (R + S) using MACRO. Draw flow chart of
the same.

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22415 [4 of 4]
22232
22415
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.

Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Assume suitable data, if necessary.

Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10
(a) State the functions of following pins of 8086 Microprocessor :
(i) ALE
––
(ii) M/IO
(b) State the function of STC and CMC Instruction of 8086.
(c) List the program development steps for Assembly Language Programming.
(d) Define MACRO with its syntax.
(e) Write an ALP to Add two 16 bit numbers.
(f) State two examples of each, Immediate and based indexed Addressing modes.
(g) State the use of OF and AF Flags in 8086.

2. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12

(a) Differentiate between NEAR and FAR CALLS.
(b) Explain the concept of memory segmentation in 8086.
(c) State the Assembler Directives used in 8086 and describe the function of any
two.

[1 of 4] P.T.O.
22415 [2 of 4]
(d) Identify the Addressing modes for the following instructions :

(i) MOV CL, 34 H

(ii) MOV BX, [4100 H]

(iii) MOV DS, AX

(iv) MOV AX, [SI + BX + 04]

3. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12

(a) Explain the concept of pipelining in 8086 microprocessor with diagram.

(b) Write an ALP to perform block transfer operation of 10 numbers.

(c) Write an ALP to subtract two BCD number’s.

(d) Compare procedure and macros (4 points).

4. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12

(a) Differentiate between minimum mode and maximum of 8086 microprocessor.

(b) Write an ALP for sum of series of 05 number’s.

(c) Write an ALP to find Largest number from array of 10 number’s.

(d) Describe re-entrant and Recursive procedure with diagram.

(e) Explain MACRO with suitable example. List four advantages of it.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12

(a) Define logical and effective address. Describe Physical address generation in
8086. If CS = 2135 H and IP = 3478H, calculate Physical Address.

(b) Explain the following assembler directives :

(i) DB (ii) DW (iii) EQU (iv) DUP (v) SEGMENT (vi) END

(c) Explain with suitable example the Instruction given below :

(i) DAA (ii) AAM

22415 [3 of 4]
6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12
(a) Write an appropriate 8086 instruction to perform following operation :
(i) Rotate the contents of BX Register towards right by 4 bits.
(ii) Rotate the contents of AX towards left by 2 bits.
(iii) Add 100 H to the contents of AX Register.
(iv) Transfer 1234 H to DX Register.
(v) Multiply AL by 08 H.
(vi) Signed division of BL and AL.
(b) Explain Addressing modes of 8086 with suitable example.
(c) Write an ALP to transfer 10 bytes of data from one memory location to
another, also draw the flow chart of the same.

_______________

P.T.O.
22415 [4 of 4]
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Microprocessor Model Answer Subject Code: 22415
Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with
model answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

a) Draw the labeled format of 8086 flag register 2M

Ans Correct
diagram: 2 M

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b) State any two difference between TEST and AND instructions. 2M

Ans 1 M for each

point of
TEST AND comparison
This instruction logically ANDs the This instruction logically ANDs the
source with the destination but the result source with the destination and stores the
is not stored anywhere. result in destination.
.

e. g .TEST BL ,CL e.g. AND BL , CL

The result is not saved anywhere. The result is saved in BL register

c) State the function of editor and assembler. 2M

Ans Editor: The editor is a program which allows the user to enter and modify as well as store 1 M for each
a group of instructions or text under a file name. function
Assembler: The assembler is used to convert assembly language written by a user or a
program into a machine recognizable format.

d) Write any two difference between NEAR and FAR procedure. 2M

Ans 1 M for each

point of
comparison

e) Write an ALP to add two 8 bit numbers. 2M

Ans .model small Correct

.data
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a db 06h program: 2 M
b db 12h
ends
.code
start:
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
mov al,a
mov bl,b
add al,bl
int 3
ends
end start

f) Define immediate addressing mode with suitable example 2M

Ans An instruction in which 8 bit or 16 bit operand (data) is specified in instruction itself then Definition :1M
the addressing mode of such instruction is called as immediate addressing mode.
Example:1M
Eg.
MOV AX,7120H

g) State the use of DAA instruction in BCD addition. 2M

Ans The DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition) instruction makes the result in Packed BCD Explanation: 2
from after BCD addition is performed. It works only on AL register. M

2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe the directives used to define the procedure with suitable example 4M

Ans Directives used for procedure: PROC directive: The PROC directive is used to identify Description: 2
the start of a procedure. The PROC directive follows a name given to the procedure. M
After that the term FAR and NEAR is used to specify the type of the procedure.
Example: 2 M
ENDP Directive: This directive is used along with the name of the procedure to indicate
the end of a procedure to the assembler. The PROC and ENDP directive are used in
procedure.
Example:

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b) Write the function of following pins of 8086: 4M

(i)
(ii) ALE
(iii) READY
(iv) RESET
Ans Each pin
(i) : BHE stands for Bus High Enable. It is available at pin 34 and used function 1 M
to indicate the transfer of data using data bus D8-D15. This signal is low
during the first clock cycle, thereafter it is active.
(ii) ALE: ALE stands for address Latch Enable, as address and data bus are
multiplexed; ALE is used to lock either Address or Data.
(iii) READY: It is used as acknowledgement from slower I/O device or memory.
It is Active high signal, when high; it indicates that the peripheral device is
ready to transfer data.
(iv) RESET: This pin requires the microprocessor to terminate its present activity
immediately

c) Describe any four assembler directives with suitable example. 4M

Ans 1. DB – The DB directive is used to declare a BYTE type variable – A BYTE is Each assembler
made up of 8 bits. directive 1 M
Declaration examples:
Num1 DB 10h

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Num2 DB 37H
2. DW – The DW directive is used to declare a WORD type variable – A WORD
occupies 16 bits or (2 BYTE).
Declaration examples:
TEMP DW 1234h
3. DD – The DD directive is used to declare a double word which is made up of 32
bits =2 Word’s or 4 BYTE.
Declaration examples:
Dword1 DW 12345678h
4. EQU - This is used to declare symbols to which some constant value is assigned
each time the assembler finds the given names in the program, it will replace the
name with the value or a symbol. The value can be in the range 0 through 65535
and it can be another Equate declared anywhere above or below.
.Num EQU 100
5. SEGMENT: It is used to indicate the start of a logical segment. It is the name
given to the segment. Example: the code segment is used to indicate to the
assembler the start of logical segment.
6. PROC: (PROCEDURE) It is used to identify the start of a procedure. It follows a
name we give the procedure
After the procedure the term NEAR and FAR is used to specify the procedure
Example: SMART-DIVIDE PROC FAR identifies the start of procedure named
SMART-DIVIDE and tells the assembler that the procedure is far.

d) Describe DAS instruction with suitable example. 4M

Ans DAS: Decimal Adjust after Subtraction: - This instruction converts the result of the Description 2
subtraction operation of 2 packed BCD numbers to a valid BCD number. The subtraction M
operation has to be only in the AL. If the lower nibble of AL is higher than the value 9,
this instruction will subtract 06 from the lower nibble of the AL. If the output of the Example 2 M
subtraction operation sets the carry flag or if the upper nibble is higher than value 9, it
subtracts 60H from the AL. This instruction modifies the CF, AF, PF, SF, and ZF flags.
The OF is not defined after DAS instruction. The instance is following:

Example:

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3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe memory segmentation in 8086 with suitable diagram. 4M

Ans Diagram: 2 M
Explanation:
2M

Memory Segmentation: The memory in 8086 based system is organized as segmented

memory. 8086 can access 1Mbyte memory which is divided into number of logical
segments. Each segment is 64KB in size and addressed by one of the segment register.
The 4 segment register in BIU hold the 16-bit starting address of 4 segments. CS holds
program instruction code. Stack segment stores interrupt & subroutine address. Data
segment stores data for program. Extra segment is used for string data.

 The number of address lines in 8086 is 20, 8086 BIU will send 20bit address, so
as to access one of the 1MB memory locations.
 The four segment registers actually contain the upper 16 bits of the starting
addresses of the four memory segments of 64 KB each with which the 8086 is
working at that instant of time
 A segment is a logical unit of memory that may be up to 64 kilobytes. Starting
address will always be changing. It will not be fixed.
Note that the 8086 does not work the whole 1MB memory at any given time. However, it
works only with four 64KB segments within the whole 1MB memory.

b) Write an ALP to multiply two 16 bit signed numbers. 4M

Ans .model small Program Code:

4M
.data

A db 2222h
B db 1111h

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Ends
.code
Mov ax,@data
Mov ds,ax
Mov AX,a
Mov BX,b
IMul BX
Int 03h
Ends
End

c) Write an ALP to count odd numbers in the array of 10 numbers 4M

Ans . Model Small Program Code:

4M
.data

BLK DB 10h,40h,30h,60h
e db ?h
o db ?h
ends
.code
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
lea si, BLK
mov bl, 00h
mov bh, 00h
mov cl, 04h
up: mov al, [si]
ror al, 1
jc go
inc bl
jmp next
go: inc bh
next: inc si
dec cl
jnz up
mov e,bl
mov o,bh
int 3
ends
end
d) Write a MACRO to perform 32 bit by 16 bit division of unsigned 4M
numbers.
Ans .model small Program Code:
4M
Div1 macro no1,no2

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mov ax,no1

div no2

endm

.data

num1 dw 12346666h

num2 dw 2222h

.code

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

div1 num1,num2

ends

end

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe how 20 bit Physical address is generated in 8086 microprocessor 4M

with suitable example.

Ans Formation of a physical address:- Segment registers carry 16 bit data, which is also Describition:
known as base address. BIU attaches 0 as LSB of the base address. So now this address 2M
becomes 20-bit address. Any base/pointer or index register carry 16 bit offset. Offset
address is added into 20-bit base address which finally forms 20 bit physical address of Example: 2 M
memory location.

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Example
Assume DS= 2632H, SI=4567H

DS : 26320H ……...0 added by BIU(or Hardwired 0)

+ SI : 4567H

----------------------------

2A887H

b) Write an ALP to find largest number in the array. 4M

Ans .model small Program Code:

4M
.data

Array db 02h,04h,06h,01h,05h

Ends

.code

Start: Mov ax,@data

Mov ds,ax

Mov cl,04h

Lea si,array

Mov al,[si]

Up : inc si

Cmp al,[si]

Jnc next

Mov al,[si]

Next : dec cl

Jnz up

Int 03h

Ends

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End start

c) Write an ALP to count number of 0' in 8 bit number. 4M

Ans .MODEL SMALL Program Code:

4M
.DATA
NUM DB 08H
ZEROS DB 00H
.CODE

START:

MOV AX,@DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV CX, 08H ; initialize rotation counter by 8

MOV BX, NUM ;load number in BX
UP: ROR BX, 1 ; rotate number by 1 bit right
JC DN ; if bit not equal to 1 then go to DN
INC ZEROS ; else increment ZEROS by one
DN: LOOP UP
;decrement rotation counter by 1 and if not zero then go
to up
MOV CX, ZEROS ;move result in cx register.

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H

ENDS

END ; end of program.

d) Write an ALP to subtract two BCD number using procedure. 4M

Ans .model small Program Code:

4M
.data

num1 db 13h

num2 db 12h

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ends

.code

start:

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

call sub1

sub1 proc near

mov al,num1

mov bl,num2

sub al,bl

das

sub1 endp

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

ends

end start

end

e) Describe re-entrant and recursive procedure with suitable diagram. 4M

Ans 1)Recursive procedure: Recursive

procedure: 2 M
A recursive procedure is procedure which calls itself. This results in the procedure call
to be generated from within the procedures again and again. Re-entrant
procedures:
The recursive procedures keep on executing until the termination condition is reached. 2M

The recursive procedures are very effective to use and to implement but they take a large
amount of stack space and the linking of the procedure within the procedure takes more
time as well as puts extra load on the processor.

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2) Re-entrant procedures:

In some situation it may happen that Procedure 1 is called from main program
Procrdure2 is called from procedure1And procedure1 is again called from procdure2. In
this situation program execution flow re enters in the procedure1. These types of
procedures are called re-entrant procedures.

A procedure is said to be re-entrant, if it can be interrupted, used and re-entered without

losing or writing over anything.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) (a) Calculate the physical address if: 6M

(i) CS 1200H and IP = DE00OH
(ii) SS = FFOOH and SP = 0123H
(iii) DS 1IFOOH and BX= IA00H for MOV AX, [BX]
Ans Physical address = segment address x 10H + offset address Each correct
answer 2 M
(i) Physical address = CS X 10H + IP
= 1200H X 10H + DE00H
= 12000H + DE00H

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= 1FE00H
(ii) Physical address = SS X 10H + SP
= FF00H X 10H + 0123H

= FF000H + 0123H

= FF123H

(iii) Physical address = DS X 10H + BX

= 1F00H X 10H + 1A00H
= 1F000H + 1A00H
= 20A00H

b) Describe how an assembly language program is developed and debugging 6M

using program developments tools.
Ans Assembly language development tools: Each
development
EDITOR: tool 1.5 M

It is a program which helps to construct assembly language program with a file

extension .asm, in right format so that the assembler will translate it to machine
language. It enables one to create, edit, save, copy and make modification in source file.

Assembler:

Assembler is a program that translates assembly language program to the correct binary
code. It also generates the file called as object file with extension .obj. It also displays
syntax errors in the program, if any.

Linker:

It is a programming tool used to convert Object code (.OBJ) into executable (.EXE)
program. It combines, if requested, more than one separated assembled modules into one
executable module such as two or more assembly programs or an assembly language
with C program.

Debugger:

Debugger is a program that allows the execution of program in single step mode under
the control
of the user. The errors in program can be located and corrected using a debugger.
Debugger generates .exe file.

c) State the addressing mode of following instructions: 6M

(i) MOV AX, 3456H

(ii) ADD BX, [2000H]

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(iii) DAA
(iv) MOV AX, [Si]
(v) MOV AX, BX
(vi) SUB AX, [BX +SI +80H]

Ans (i) MOV AX , 3456H ------- IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING MODE

(ii) ADD BX , [2000H] ------- DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE
Each correct
(iii) DAA ------ IMPLIED ADDRESSING MODE
answer 1 M
(iv) MOV AX , [SI] ------- INDEXED ADDRESSING MODE
(v) MOV AX , BX ------- REGISTER ADDRESSING MODE
(vi) SUB AX , [BX+SI+80H] ----- BASE RELATIVE INDEX
ADDRESSING MODE

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Describe how string instructions are used to compare two strings with suitable 6M
example.

Ans CMPS /CMPSB/CMPSW: Compare string byte or Words.

Syntax: Explanation of
CMPS destination, source string compare
instruction 4 M
CMPSB destination, source
CMPSW destination, source And
Operation: Flags affected < ----- DS:[SI]- ES:[DI]
Example 2 M
It compares a byte or word in one string with a byte or word in another string. SI holds
the offset of source and DI holds offset of destination strings. CX contains counter and
DF=0 or 1 to auto increment or auto decrement pointer after comparing one byte/word.
e.g.

Example Explanation
CMPS m8, m8 Compares byte at address DS: SI with byte at address ES: DI
and sets the status flags accordingly.
CMPS m16, m16 Compares word at address DS:SI with word at address ES:DI
and sets the status flags accordingly.
CMPSB Compares byte at address DS:SI with byte at address ES:DI
accordingly.
CMPSW Compares word at address DS:SI with word at address ES:DI
and sets the status flags accordingly.

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b) Write an instructión to perform following operations: 6M
(i) Multiply BL by 88H
(ii) Signed division of AL by BL
(iii) Move 4000H to DS register
(iv) Rotate content of AX register to left 4 times.
(v) Shift the content of BX register to right 3 times.
(vi) Load SS with FF0OH.
Ans (1) Multiply BL by 88h
MOV AL, 88H Each correct
answer 1 M
MUL BL

(2) Signed division of AL by BL

IDIV BL

(3) Move 4000H to DS register

MOV DS, 4000H

(4) Rotate content of AX register to left 4 times

MOV CL,04

ROL AX, CL

(5) Shift the content of BX register to right 3 times

MOV CL,03H

SHR BX, CL

(6) Load SS with FF00H

MOV AX, FF00H

MOV SS, AX

c) Write an ALP to concatenate two strings. 6M

Ans DATA SEGMENT Correct

STR1 DB "hello$" program 6 M
STR2 DB "world$"
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS:DATA
MOV AX,@ DATA
MOV DS, AX

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MOV SI, OFFSET STR1
NEXT: MOV AL, [SI]
CMP AL,’$’
JE EXIT
INC SI
JMP NEXT
EXIT: MOV DI, OFFSET STR2
UP: MOV AL, [DI]
CMP AL, "$"
JE EXIT1
MOV [SI], AL
INC SI
INC DI
JMP UP
EXIT1: MOV AL,’$’
MOV [SI], AL
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

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SUMMER – 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: MICROPROCESSOR Model Answer Subject Code: 22415
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try
to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed
constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and
model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any Five of the following: 10M
a State the function of READY and INTR pin of 8086 2M
Ans Ready: Each correct
It is used as acknowledgement from slower I/O device or memory. function 1M
It is Active high signal, when high; it indicates that the peripheral device is
ready to transfer data.
INTR
This is a level triggered interrupt request input, checked during last clock
cycle of each instruction to determine the availability of request. If any
interrupt request is occurred, the processor enters the interrupt acknowledge
cycle.
b What is role of XCHG instruction in assembly language program? 2M
Give example
Ans Role of XCHG: Correct
role:1M
This instruction exchanges the contents of a register with the contents of
another register or memory location. Correct
example : 1M
Example:

XCHG AX, BX ; Exchange the word in AX with word in BX.

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(any other
example
allowed)
c List assembly language programming tools. 2M
Ans 1. Editors Each ½ M
2. Assembler
3. Linker
4. Debugger.
d Define Macro.Give syntax. 2M
Ans Macro: Small sequence of the codes of the same pattern are repeated Definition1M
frequently at different places which perform the same operation on the
different data of same data type, such repeated code can be written separately Syntax 1M
called as Macro.

Syntax:
Macro_name MACRO[arg1,arg2,…..argN)
…..
End
e Draw flowchart for multiplication of two 16 bit numbers. 2M
Ans Correct
flowchart:
2M(consider
any relevant
flowchart
also)

f Draw machine language instruction format for Register-to-Register 2M

transfer.

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Ans Correct
diagram 2M

g State the use of STC and CMC instruction of 8086. 2M

Ans STC – This instruction is used to Set Carry Flag. CF1 Each correct
use 1M
CMC – This instruction is used to Complement Carry Flag.
CF ~ CF

2. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a Give the difference between intersegment and intrasegment CALL 4M
Ans Any 4 points
Sr.no Intersegment Call Intrasegment Call 1M each

1. It is also called Far It is also called Near

procedure call procedure call.

2. A far procedure refers to a A near procedure refers to a

procedure which is in the procedure which is in the
different code segment same code segment from
from that of the call that of the call instruction
instruction.

3 This procedure call This procedure call replaces

replaces the old CS:IP pairs the old IP with new IP.
with new CS:IP pairs

4. The value of the old CS:IP The value of old IP is

pairs are pushed on to the pushed on to the stack.
stack
SP=SP-2 ;Save IP on
SP=SP-2 ;Save CS on stack(address of procedure)
stack

SP=SP-2 ;Save IP (new

offset address of called
procedure)

5. More stack locations are Less stack locations are

required required

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6. Example :- Call FAR PTR Example :- Call Delay

Delay

b Draw flag register of 8086 and explain any four flags. 4M

Ans Flag Register of 8086 Correct
diagram 2M

Any 4 flag
explanation
:1/2 M each

Conditional /Status Flags

C-Carry Flag : It is set when carry/borrow is generated out of MSB of
result. (i.e D7 bit for 8-bit operation, D15 bit for a 16 bit operation).

P-Parity Flag This flag is set to 1 if the lower byte of the result contains even
number of 1’s otherwise it is reset.
AC-Auxiliary Carry Flag This is set if a carry is generated out of the lower
nibble, (i.e. From D3 to D4 bit)to the higher nibble
Z-Zero Flag This flag is set if the result is zero after performing ALU
operations. Otherwise it is reset.
S-Sign Flag This flag is set if the MSB of the result is equal to 1 after
performing ALU operation , otherwise it is reset.
O-Overflow Flag This flag is set if an overflow occurs, i.e. if the result of
a signed operation is large enough to be accommodated in destination
register.

Control Flags
T-Trap Flag If this flag is set ,the processor enters the single step execution
mode.
I-Interrupt Flag it is used to mask(disable) or unmask(enable)the INTR
interrupt. When this flag is set,8086 recognizes interrupt INTR. When it
is reset INTR is masked.

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D-Direction Flag It selects either increment or decrement mode for DI &/or

SI register during string instructions.
c Explain assembly language program development steps. 4M
Ans 1. Defining the problem: The first step in writing program is to think very Correct steps
carefully about the problem that the program must solve. 4M
2. Algorithm: The formula or sequence of operations to be performed by the
program can be specified as a step in general English is called algorithm.
3. Flowchart: The flowchart is a graphically representation of the program
operation or task.
4. Initialization checklist: Initialization task is to make the checklist of
entire variables, constants, all the registers, flags and programmable ports
5. Choosing instructions: Choose those instructions that make program
smaller in size and more importantly efficient in execution.
6. Converting algorithms to assembly language program: Every step in
the algorithm is converted into program statement using correct and efficient
instructions or group of instructions.
d Explain logical instructions of 8086.(Any Four) 4M
Ans Logical instructions. Any 4
instruction
1) AND- Logical AND correct
explanation
Syntax : AND destination, source
1M each
Operation
Destination ←destination AND source
Flags Affected :CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF
This instruction AND’s each bit in a source byte or word with the
same number bit in a destination byte or word. The result is put in
destination.

Example: AND AX, BX

• AND AL,BL
• AL 1111 1100
• BL 0000 0011
---------------------
• AL0000 0000 (AND AL,BL)

2) OR – Logical OR
Syntax :OR destination, source

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Operation
Destination OR source

Flags Affected :CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF

This instruction OR’s each bit in a source byte or word with the
corresponding bit in a destination byte or word. The result is put in a
specified destination.
Example :
• OR AL,BL
• AL 1111 1100
• BL 0000 0011
---------------------
• AL1111 1111

3) NOT – Logical Invert

Syntax : NOT destination
Operation: Destination NOT destination

Flags Affected :None

The NOT instruction inverts each bit of the byte or words at the
specified destination.

Example
NOT BL

BL = 0000 0011
NOT BL gives 1111 1100
4) XOR – Logical Exclusive OR
Syntax : XOR destination, source
Operation : Destination Destination XOR source

Flags Affected :CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF

This instruction exclusive, OR’s each bit in a source byte or word
with the same number bit in a destination byte or word.

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Example(optional)
XOR AL,BL
• AL 1111 1100
• BL 0000 0011
---------------------

• AL1111 1111 (XOR AL,BL)

5)TEST
Syntax : TEST Destination, Source
This instruction AND’s the contents of a source byte or word with the
contents of specified destination byte or word and flags are updated, ,
flags are updated as result ,but neither operands are changed.
Operation performed:
Flags set for result of (destination AND source)

Example: (Any 1)
TEST AL, BL ; AND byte in BL with byte in AL, no result, Update PF,
SF, ZF.

e.g MOV AL, 00000101

TEST AL, 1 ; ZF = 0.
TEST AL, 10b ; ZF = 1

3. Attempt any Four of the following:

a Draw functional block diagram of 8086 microprocessor. 4M
Ans Block
diagram 4M

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b Write an ALP to add two 16-bit numbers. 4M

Ans DATA SEGMENT Data segment
initialization
NUMBER1 DW 6753H 1M, Code
segment 3M
NUMBER2 DW 5856H
SUM DW 0
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA
START: MOV AX, DATA

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MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, NUMBER1
MOV BX, NUMBER2
ADD AX, BX
MOV SUM, AX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
c Write an ALP to find length of string. 4M
Ans Data Segment program - 4
M
STRG DB 'GOOD MORNING$'
LEN DB ?
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS : DATA
MOV DX, DATA
MOV DS,DX
LEA SI, STRG
MOV CL,00H
MOV AL,'$'
NEXT: CMP AL,[SI]
JZ EXIT
ADD CL,01H
INC SI

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JMP
NEXT EXIT: MOV LEN,CL
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
d Write an assembly language program to solve p= x2+y2 using Macro.(x 4M
and y are 8 bit numbers.
Ans .MODEL SMALL program - 4
M
PROG MACRO a,b

MOV al,a

MUL al

MOV bl,al

MOV al,b

MUL al

ADD al,bl

ENDM

.DATA

x DB 02H

y DB 03H

p DB DUP()

.CODE

START:

MOV ax,data

MOV ds,ax

PROG x, y

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MOV p,al

MOV ah,4Ch

Int 21H

END

4. Attempt any Three of the following:

a What is pipelining? How it improves the processing speed.
Ans  In 8086, pipelining is the technique of overlapping instruction fetch Explanation 3
and execution mechanism. M, Diagram
 To speed up program execution, the BIU fetches as many as six 1M
instruction bytes ahead of time from memory. The size of
instruction prefetching queue in 8086 is 6 bytes.
 While executing one instruction other instruction can be fetched.
Thus it avoids the waiting time for execution unit to receive other
instruction.
 BIU stores the fetched instructions in a 6 level deep FIFO . The
BIU can be fetching instructions bytes while the EU is decoding an
instruction or executing an instruction which does not require use of
the buses.
 When the EU is ready for its next instruction, it simply reads the
instruction from the queue in the BIU.
 This is much faster than sending out an address to the system
memory and waiting for memory to send back the next instruction
byte or bytes.
 This improves overall speed of the processor

b Write an ALP to count no.of 0’s in 16 bit number. 4M

Ans DATA SEGMENT Program 4 M
N DB 1237H
Z DB 0
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DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME DS:DATA, CS:CODE
START:
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
MOV AX, N
MOV CL,08
NEXT: ROL AX,01
JC ONE
INC Z
ONE: LOOP NEXT
HLT
CODE ENDS
END START
c Write an ALP to find largest number in array of elements 10H, 24H, 4M
02H, 05H, 17H.
Ans DATA SEGMENT Program - 4
ARRAY DB 10H,24H,02H,05H,17H M
LARGEST DB 00H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
MOV CX,04H
MOV SI ,OFFSET
ARRAY MOV AL,[SI]
UP: INC SI
CMP AL,[SI]
JNC NEXT
MOV AL,[SI]
NEXT: DEC CX
JNZ UP
MOV LARGEST,AL
MOV AX,4C00H
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
d Write an ALP for addition of series of 8-bit number using procedure. 4M
Ans DATA SEGMENT Program - 4
NUM1 DB 10H,20H,30H,40H,50H M
RESULT DB 0H
CARRY DB 0H

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DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA
START: MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS, DX
MOV CL,05H
MOV SI, OFFSET NUM1
UP: CALL SUM
INC SI
LOOP UP
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H

SUM PROC; Procedure to add two 8 bit numbers

MOV AL,[SI]
ADD RESULT, AL
JNC NEXT
INC CARRY
NEXT: RET
SUM ENDP
CODE ENDS
END START

e Describe re-entrant and recursive procedure with schematic diagram. 4M

Ans In some situation it may happen that Procedure 1is called from main program Re-entrant 2
Procrdure2 is called from procedure1And procrdure1 is again called from M, recursive
procdure2. In this situation program execution flow reenters in the 2 M
procedure1. These types of procedures are called re enterant procedures. The
RET instruction at the end of procrdure1 returns to procedure2. The RET
instruction at the end of procedure2 will return the execution to
procedure1.Procedure1 will again executed from where it had stopped at the
time of calling procrdure2 and the RET instruction at the end of this will
return the program execution to main program.
The flow of program execution for re-entrant procedure is as shown in FIG.

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5. Attempt any Two of the following: 12 M

a Define logical and effective address. Describe physical address 6M
generation process in 8086. If DS=345AH and SI=13DCH. Calculate
physical address.
Ans A logical address is the address at which an item (memory cell, storage Define each
element) appears to reside from the perspective of an executing application Term :1M.
program. A logical address may be different from the physical address due
to the operation of an address translator or mapping function. Physical
Address
Effective Address or Offset Address: The offset for a memory operand is Generation.
called the operand's effective address or EA. It is an unassigned 16 bit Description :
number that expresses the operand's distance in bytes from the beginning of 2 M
the segment in which it resides. In 8086 we have base registers and index &
registers. Calculation 2
M

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Generation of 20 bit physical address in 8086:-

1. Segment registers carry 16 bit data, which is also known as base address.
2. BIU appends four 0 bits to LSB of the base address. This address becomes
20-bit address.
3. Any base/pointer or index register carries 16 bit offset.
4. Offset address is added into 20-bit base address which finally forms 20 bit
physical address of memory location

DS=345AH and SI=13DCH

Physical adress = DS*10H + SI
= 345AH * 10H + 13DCH
= 345A0+13DC
= 3597CH
b Explain the use of assembler directives. 1) DW 2) EQU 3) ASSUME 4) 2M
OFFSET 5) SEGMENT 6) EVEN
Ans DW (DEFINE WORD) Each
The DW directive is used to tell the assembler to define a variable of type Directive
word or to reserve storage locations of type word in memory. The statement Use : 1M
MULTIPLIER DW 437AH, for example, declares a variable of type word each
named MULTIPLIER, and initialized with the value 437AH when the
program is loaded into memory to be run.
EQU (EQUATE)
EQU is used to give a name to some value or symbol. Each time the
assembler finds the given name in the program, it replaces the name with
the value or symbol you equated with that name.

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Example
Data SEGMENT
Num1 EQU 50H
Num2 EQU 66H
Data ENDS
Numeric value 50H and 66H are assigned to Num1 and Num2.
ASSUME
ASSUME tells the assembler what names have been chosen for Code, Data
Extra and Stack segments. Informs the assembler that the register CS is to be
initialized with the address allotted by the loader to the label CODE and DS
is similarly initialized with the address of label DATA.

OFFSET
OFFSET is an operator, which tells the assembler to determine the offset or
displacement of a named data item (variable), a procedure from the start of
the segment, which contains it.
Example
MOV BX;
OFFSET PRICES;
It will determine the offset of the variable PRICES from the start of the
segment in which PRICES is defined and will load this value into BX.
SEGMENT
The SEGMENT directive is used to indicate the start of a logical segment.
Preceding the SEGMENT directive is the name you want to give the
segment.
For example, the statement CODE SEGMENT indicates to the assembler
the start of a logical segment called CODE. The SEGMENT and ENDS
directive are used to “bracket” a logical segment containing code of data
EVEN (ALIGN ON EVEN MEMORY ADDRESS)
As an assembler assembles a section of data declaration or instruction
statements, it uses a location counter to keep track of how many bytes it is
from the start of a segment at any time. The EVEN directive tells the
assembler to increment the location counter to the next even address, if it is
not already at an even address. A NOP instruction will be inserted in the
location incremented over.
c Describe any four string instructions of 8086 assembly language. 2M
Ans 1] REP: each correct
instruction
REP is a prefix which is written before one of the string instructions. It will 1½ M each
cause During length counter CX to be decremented and the string instruction
to be repeated until CX becomes 0.

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Two more prefix.

REPE/REPZ: Repeat if Equal /Repeat if Zero.
It will cause string instructions to be repeated as long as the compared bytes
or words Are equal and CX≠0.
REPNE/REPNZ: Repeat if not equal/Repeat if not zero.
It repeats the strings instructions as long as compared bytes or words are not
equal
And CX≠0.
Example: REP MOVSB

2] MOVS/ MOVSB/ MOVSW - Move String byte or word.

Syntax:
MOVS destination, source
MOVSB destination, source
MOVSW destination, source
Operation: ES:[DI]<----- DS:[SI]
It copies a byte or word a location in data segment to a location in extra
segment. The offset of source is pointed by SI and offset of destination is
pointed by DI.CX register contain counter and direction flag (DE) will be set
or reset to auto increment or auto decrement pointers after one move.

Example
LEA SI, Source
LEA DI, destination
CLD
MOV CX, 04H
REP MOVSB

3] CMPS /CMPSB/CMPSW: Compare string byte or Words.

Syntax:
CMPS destination, source

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CMPSB destination, source

CMPSW destination, source
Operation: Flags affected < ----- DS:[SI]- ES:[DI]
It compares a byte or word in one string with a byte or word in another string.
SI Holds the offset of source and DI holds offset of destination strings. CS
contains counter and DF=0 or 1 to auto increment or auto decrement pointer
after comparing one byte/word.

Example
LEA SI, Source
LEA DI, destination
CLD
MOV CX, 100
REPE CMPSB

4] SCAS/SCASB/SCASW: Scan a string byte or word.

Syntax:
SCAS/SCASB/SCASW
Operation: Flags affected < ----- AL/AX-ES: [DI]
It compares a byte or word in AL/AX with a byte /word pointed by ES: DI.
The string to be scanned must be in the extra segment and pointed by DI. CX
contains counter and DF may be 0 or 1.
When the match is found in the string execution stops and ZF=1 otherwise
ZF=0.

Example
LEA DI, destination
MOV Al, 0DH
MOV CX, 80H
CLD
REPNE SCASB

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5] LODS/LODSB/LODSW:
Load String byte into AL or Load String word into AX.
Syntax:
LODS/LODSB/LODSW
Operation: AL/AX < ----- DS: [SI]
IT copies a byte or word from string pointed by SI in data segment into AL
or AX.CX
may contain the counter and DF may be either 0 or 1

Example
LEA SI, destination
CLD
LODSB

6] STOS/STOSB/STOSW (Store Byte or Word in AL/AX)

Syntax STOS/STOSB/STOSW
Operation: ES:[DI] < ----- AL/AX
It copies a byte or word from AL or AX to a memory location pointed by DI
in extra
segment CX may contain the counter and DF may either set or reset

6. Attempt any Two of the following: 12M

a Describe any 6 addressing modes of 8086 with one example each. 6M
Ans 1. Immediate addressing mode: Any 6 mode
with example
An instruction in which 8-bit or 16-bit operand (data) is specified in the 1 M each
instruction, then the addressing mode of such instruction is known as
Immediate addressing mode.

Example:
MOV AX,67D3H

2. Register addressing mode

An instruction in which an operand (data) is specified in general purpose
registers, then the addressing mode is known as register addressing mode.

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Example:
MOV AX,CX

3. Direct addressing mode

An instruction in which 16 bit effective address of an operand is specified in
the instruction, then the addressing mode of such instruction is known as
direct addressing mode.

Example:
MOV CL,[2000H]
4. Register Indirect addressing mode
An instruction in which address of an operand is specified in pointer register
or in index register or in BX, then the addressing mode is known as register
indirect addressing mode.
Example:
MOV AX, [BX]

5. Indexed addressing mode

An instruction in which the offset address of an operand is stored in index
registers (SI or DI) then the addressing mode of such instruction is known as
indexed addressing mode.
DS is the default segment for SI and DI.
For string instructions DS and ES are the default segments for SI and DI resp.
this is a special case of register indirect addressing mode.

Example:
MOV AX,[SI]

6. Based Indexed addressing mode:

An instruction in which the address of an operand is obtained by adding the
content of base register (BX or BP) to the content of an index register (SI or
DI) The default segment register may be DS or ES

Example:
MOV AX, [BX][SI]
7. Register relative addressing mode: An instruction in which the address
of the operand is obtained by adding the displacement (8-bit or 16 bit) with

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the contents of base registers or index registers (BX, BP, SI, DI). The default
segment register is DS or ES.

Example:
MOV AX, 50H[BX]

8. Relative Based Indexed addressing mode

An instruction in which the address of the operand is obtained by adding the
displacement (8 bit or 16 bit) with the base registers (BX or BP) and index
registers (SI or DI) to the default segment.

Example:
MOV AX, 50H [BX][SI]
b Select assembly language for each of the following 6M
i) rotate register BL right 4 times
ii) multiply AL by 04H
iii) Signed division of AX by BL
iv) Move 2000h in BX register
v) increment the counter of AX by 1
vi) compare AX with BX
Ans i) MOV CL, 04H Each correct
instruction
RCL AX, CL1 1M

Or
MOV CL, 04H
ROL AX, CL

Or
MOV CL, 04H
RCR AX, CL1

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Or
MOV CL, 04H
ROR AX, CL

ii) MOV BL,04h

MUL BL

iii) IDIV BL
iv) MOV BX,2000h
v) INC AX
vi) CMP AX,BX
c Write an ALP to reverse a string. Also draw flowchart for same.
Ans Program: Program 4 M
flowchart 2
DATA SEGMENT M
STRB DB 'GOOD MORNING$'
REV DB 0FH DUP(?)
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
LEA SI,STRB
MOV CL,0FH
LEA DI,REV
ADD DI,0FH
UP:MOV AL,[SI]

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MOV [DI],AL
INC SI
DEC DI
LOOP UP
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

Flowchart:

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SUMMER – 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Microprocessor Model Answer Subject Code: 22415
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may
try to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in
the figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner
may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed
constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers
and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of
relevant answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
1 Attempt any FIVE : 10 M
a State the function of BHE and A0 pins of 8086. 2M
Ans BHE: BHE stands for Bus High Enable. It is available at pin 34 and used to Explanation:
indicate the transfer of data using data bus D8-D15. This signal is low during 1 M each
the first clock cycle, thereafter it is active.
A0: A0 is analogous to BHE for the lower byte of the data bus, pinsD0-D7. A0 bit
is Low during T1 state when a byte is to be transferred on the lower portion of
the bus in memory or I/O operations.

BHE A0 Word / Byte access

0 0 Whole word from even address

0 1 Upper byte from / to odd address

1 0 Lower byte from / to even address

1 1 None

b How single stepping or tracing is implemented in 8086? 2M

Ans By setting the Trap Flag (TF) the 8086 goes to single-step mode. In this mode, Explanation:
after the implementation of every instruction s 8086 generates an internal 2M

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interrupt and by writing some interrupt service routine we can show the content
of desired registers and memory locations. So it is useful for debugging the
program.

OR
If the trap flag is set, the 8086 will automatically do a type-1 interrupt after
each instruction executes. When the 8086 does a type-1 interrupt, it pushes the
flag register on the stack.

OR
The instructions to set the trap flag are:
PUSHF ; Push flags on stack
MOV BP,SP ; Copy SP to BP for use as index
OR WORD PTR[BP+0],0100H ; Set TF flag
POPF ; Restore flag Register

c State the role Debugger in assembly language programming. 2M

Ans Debugger: Debugger is the program that allows the extension of program in Explanation:
single step mode under the control of the user. 2M
The process of locating & correcting errors using a debugger is known as
Debugger.
Some examples of debugger are DOS debug command Borland turbo debugger
TD, Microsoft debugger known as code view cv, etc…
d Define Macro & Procedure. 2M
Ans Macro: A MACRO is group of small instructions that usually performs one Definition: 1
task. It is a reusable section of a software program. A macro can be defined M each
anywhere in a program using directive MACRO &ENDM.
General Form :
MACRO-name MACRO [ARGUMENT 1,……….ARGUMENT N]
-----
MACRO CODIN GOES HERE
ENDM
E.G DISPLAY MACRO 12,13
---------------------

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MACRO STATEMENTS
-----------------------
ENDM
Procedure: A procedure is group of instructions that usually performs one
task. It is a reusable section of a software program which is stored in memory
once but can be used as often as necessary. A procedure can be of two types. 1)
Near Procedure 2) Far Procedure

Procedure can be defined as

Procedure_name PROC
----
------
Procedure_name
ENDP

For Example
Addition PROC near
------
Addition ENDP

e Write ALP for addition of two 8bit numbers. Assume suitable data. 2M
Ans .Model small Correct
Program:2 M
.Data
NUM DB 12H
.Code
START:
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AL, NUM
MOV AH,13H

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ADD AL,AH
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
ENDS
END

f List any four instructions from the bit manipulation instructions of 8086. 2M
Ans Bit Manipulation Instructions For Each
These instructions are used to perform operations where data bits are involved, instruction ½
i.e. operations like logical, shift, etc. M

Following is the list of instructions under this group −

Instructions to perform logical operation
 NOT − Used to invert each bit of a byte or word.

 AND − Used for adding each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding
bit in another byte/word.
 OR − Used to multiply each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding
bit in another byte/word.
 XOR − Used to perform Exclusive-OR operation over each bit in a
byte/word with the corresponding bit in another byte/word.

g State the use of REP in string related instructions. 2M

Ans  This is an instruction prefix which can be used in string instructions. Explanation:
 It causes the instruction to be repeated CX number of times. 2M
 After each execution, the SI and DI registers are
incremented/decremented based on the DF (Direction Flag) in the flag
register and CX is decremented i.e. DF = 1; SI, DI decrements.
E.g. MOV CX, 0023H

CLD
REP MOVSB
The above section of a program will cause the following string
operation
ES: [DI] ← DS: [SI]
SI ← SI + I

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DI ← DI + I
CX ← CX – 1
to be executed 23H times (as CX = 23H) in auto incrementing mode (as
DF is cleared).
REPZ/REPE (Repeat while zero/Repeat while equal)

 It is a conditional repeat instruction prefix.

 It behaves the same as a REP instruction provided the Zero Flag is set
(i.e. ZF = 1).
 It is used with CMPS instruction.

REPNZ/REPNE (Repeat while not zero/Repeat while not equal)

 It is a conditional repeat instruction prefix.

 It behaves the same as a REP instruction provided the Zero Flag is reset
(i.e. ZF = 0).
 It is used with SCAS instruction.

2 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12 M

a Explain the concept of pipelining in 8086. State the advantages of 4M
pipelining (any two).
Ans Pipelining:
Explanation:
1. The process of fetching the next instruction when the present instruction 2 M,
is being executed is called as pipelining.
2. Pipelining has become possible due to the use of queue.
3. BIU (Bus Interfacing Unit) fills in the queue until the entire queue is For any two
full. Advantages: 2
4. BIU restarts filling in the queue when at least two locations of queue are M
vacant.

Advantages of pipelining:

 The execution unit always reads the next instruction byte from the
queue in BIU. This is faster than sending out an address to the memory
and waiting for the next instruction byte to come.
 More efficient use of processor.
 Quicker time of execution of large number of instruction.
 In short pipelining eliminates the waiting time of EU and speeds up the
processing. -The 8086 BIU will not initiate a fetch unless and until there
are two empty bytes in its queue. 8086 BIU normally obtains two

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instruction bytes per fetch.

b Compare Procedure and Macros. (4 points). 4M

Ans Procedure Macro Each Point: 1
M (any 4
Procedures are used for large Procedures are used for small Points)
group of instructions to be group of instructions to be
repeated repeated.

Object code is generated only Object code is generated every

once in memory. time the macro is called.

CALL & RET instructions are Macro can be called just by

used to call procedure and return writing its name.
from procedure.

Length of the object file is less Object file becomes lengthy.

Directives PROC & ENDP are MACRO and ENDM are used
used for defining procedure. for defining MACRO

Directives More time is required Less time is required for it’s

for its execution execution

Procedure can be defined as Macro can be defined as

Procedure_name PROC MACRO-name MACRO
[ARGUMENT,……….
---- ARGUMENT N]
------ ------
Procedure_name -------
ENDP ENDM

For Example For Example

Addition PROC near Display MACRO msg
------ ------
Addition ENDP ENDM

c Explain any two assembler directives of 8086. 4M

Ans 1. DB – The DB directive is used to declare a BYTE -2-BYTE variable – A Explanation
BYTE is made up of 8 bits. for each for
Declaration examples: any two
assembler

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Byte1 DB 10h directives: 2

M
Byte2 DB 255; 0FFh, the max. possible for a BYTE

CRLF DB 0Dh, 0Ah, 24h ;Carriage Return, terminator BYTE

2. DW – The DW directive is used to declare a WORD type variable – A

WORD occupies 16 bits or (2 BYTE).
Declaration examples:
Word DW 1234h

Word2 DW 65535; 0FFFFh, (the max. possible for a WORD)

3. DD – The DD directive is used to declare a DWORD – A DWORD double

word is made up of 32 bits =2 Word’s or 4 BYTE.
Declaration examples:
Dword1 DW 12345678h

Dword2 DW 4294967295 ;0FFFFFFFFh.

4. EQU -
The EQU directive is used to give name to some value or symbol. Each time the
assembler finds the given names in the program, it will replace the name with
the value or a symbol. The value can be in the range 0 through 65535 and it can
be another Equate declared anywhere above or below.

The following operators can also be used to declare an Equate:

THIS BYTE

THIS WORD

THIS DWORD

A variable – declared with a DB, DW, or DD directive – has an address and has
space reserved at that address for it in the .COM file. But an Equate does not
have an address or space reserved for it in the .COM file.

Example:
A – Byte EQU THIS BYTE

DB 10

A_ word EQU THIS WORD

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DW 1000

A_ dword EQU THIS DWORD

DD 4294967295

Buffer Size EQU 1024

Buffer DB 1024 DUP (0)

Buffed_ ptr EQU $ ; actually points to the next byte after the; 1024th byte in
buffer.

5. SEGMENT:
It is used to indicate the start of a logical segment. It is the name given to the
segment. Example: the code segment is used to indicate to the assembler the
start of logical segment.

6. PROC: (PROCEDURE)
It is used to identify the start of a procedure. It follows a name we give the
procedure.

After the procedure the term NEAR and FAR is used to specify the procedure
Example: SMART-DIVIDE PROC FAR identifies the start of procedure named
SMART-DIVIDE and tells the assembler that the procedure is far.
d Write classification of instruction set of 8086. Explain any one type out of 4M
them.
Ans classification of instruction set of 8086 Classification:
2 M,
 Data Transfer Instructions
 Arithmetic Instructions
 Bit Manipulation Instructions Explanation
 String Instructions any one type:
 Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch & Loop Instructions) 2M
 Processor Control Instructions
 Iteration Control Instructions
 Interrupt Instructions

1) Arithmetic Instructions:
These instructions are used to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
ADD:
The add instruction adds the contents of the source operand to the destination
operand.

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Eg. ADD AX, 0100H

ADD AX, BX
ADD AX, [SI]
ADD AX, [5000H]
ADD [5000H], 0100H
ADD 0100H

ADC: Add with Carry

This instruction performs the same operation as ADD instruction, but adds the
carry
flag to the result.
Eg. ADC 0100H
ADC AX, BX
ADC AX, [SI]
ADC AX, [5000]
ADC [5000], 0100H

SUB: Subtract
The subtract instruction subtracts the source operand from the destination
operand
and the result is left in the destination operand.
Eg. SUB AX, 0100H
SUB AX, BX
SUB AX, [5000H]
SUB [5000H], 0100H

SBB: Subtract with Borrow

The subtract with borrow instruction subtracts the source operand and the
borrow flag
(CF) which may reflect the result of the previous calculations, from the
destination
operand
Eg. SBB AX, 0100H
SBB AX, BX
SBB AX, [5000H]
SBB [5000H], 0100H

INC: Increment
This instruction increases the contents of the specified Register or memory
location
by 1. Immediate data cannot be operand of this instruction.
Eg. INC AX
INC [BX]
INC [5000H]

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DEC: Decrement
The decrement instruction subtracts 1 from the contents of the specified register
or
memory location.
Eg. DEC AX
DEC [5000H]

NEG: Negate
The negate instruction forms 2’s complement of the specified destination in the
instruction. The destination can be a register or a memory location. This
instruction can
be implemented by inverting each bit and adding 1 to it.
Eg. NEG AL
AL = 0011 0101 35H Replace number in AL with its 2’s complement
AL = 1100 1011 = CBH

CMP: Compare
This instruction compares the source operand, which may be a register or an
immediate data or a memory location, with a destination operand that may be a
register or a memory location
Eg. CMP BX, 0100H
CMP AX, 0100H
CMP [5000H], 0100H
CMP BX, [SI]
CMP BX, CX

MUL: Unsigned Multiplication Byte or Word

This instruction multiplies an unsigned byte or word by the contents of AL.
Eg.
MUL BH ; (AX) (AL) x (BH)
MUL CX ; (DX)(AX) (AX) x (CX)
MUL WORD PTR [SI] ; (DX)(AX) (AX) x ([SI])

IMUL: Signed Multiplication

This instruction multiplies a signed byte in source operand by a signed byte in
AL or
a signed word in source operand by a signed word in AX.
Eg. IMUL BH
IMUL CX
IMUL [SI]

CBW: Convert Signed Byte to Word

This instruction copies the sign of a byte in AL to all the bits in AH. AH is then
said
to be sign extension of AL.

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Eg. CBW
AX= 0000 0000 1001 1000 Convert signed byte in AL signed word in AX.
Result in AX = 1111 1111 1001 1000

CWD: Convert Signed Word to Double Word

This instruction copies the sign of a byte in AL to all the bits in AH. AH is then
said
to be sign extension of AL.
Eg. CWD
Convert signed word in AX to signed double word in DX : AX
DX= 1111 1111 1111 1111
Result in AX = 1111 0000 1100 0001

DIV: Unsigned division

This instruction is used to divide an unsigned word by a byte or to divide an
unsigned
double word by a word.
Eg.
DIV CL ; Word in AX / byte in CL
; Quotient in AL, remainder in AH
DIV CX ; Double word in DX and AX / word
; in CX, and Quotient in AX,
; remainder in DX

2) Processor Control Instructions

These instructions are used to control the processor action by
setting/resetting the flag values.

STC:
It sets the carry flag to 1.

CLC:
It clears the carry flag to 0.

CMC:
It complements the carry flag.

STD:
It sets the direction flag to 1.
If it is set, string bytes are accessed from higher memory address to lower
memory address.

CLD:
It clears the direction flag to 0.
If it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from lower memory address to higher

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memory address.

3 Attempt any THREE : 12 M

a Explain memory segmentation in 8086 and list its advantages.(any two) 4M
Ans Memory Segmentation: Explanation
2M
 In 8086 available memory space is 1MByte.
 This memory is divided into different logical segments and each Any two
segment has its own base address and size of 64 KB. Advantages
 It can be addressed by one of the segment registers. 2M
 There are four segments.

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Advantages of Segmentation:

 The size of address bus of 8086 is 20 and is able to address 1 Mbytes

( ) of physical memory.
 The compete 1 Mbytes memory can be divided into 16 segments,
each of 64 Kbytes size.
 It allows memory addressing capability to be 1 MB.
 It gives separate space for Data, Code, Stack and Additional Data
segment as Extra segment size.
 The addresses of the segment may be assigned as 0000H to F000H
respectively.
 The offset values are from 00000H to FFFFFH
 Segmentation is used to increase the execution speed of computer
system so that processor can able to fetch and execute the data from
memory easily and fast.

b Write an ALP to count the number of positive and negative numbers in 4M

array.
Ans ;Count Positive No. And Negative No.S In Given ;Array Of 16 Bit No. Correct
;Assume array of 6 no.s program: 4 M

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CODE SEGMENT For basic

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA logic may
START: MOV AX,DATA give 1-2 M
MOV DS,AX
MOV DX,0000H
MOV CX,COUNT
MOV SI, OFFSET ARRAY
NEXT: MOV AX,[SI]
ROR AX,01H
JC NEGATIVE
INC DL
JMP COUNT_IT
NEGATIVE: INC DH
COUNT_IT: INC SI
INC SI
LOOP NEXT
MOV NEG_COUNT,DL
MOV POS_COUNT,DH
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS

DATA SEGMENT
ARRAY DW F423H,6523H,B658H,7612H, 2300H,1559H
COUNT DW 06H
POS_COUNT DB ?
NEG_COUNT DB ?
DATA ENDS
END START
c Write an ALP to find the sum of series. Assume series of 10 numbers. 4M
Ans ; Assume TEN , 8 bit HEX numbers Correct
CODE SEGMENT program: 4 M
For basic
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA logic may
give 1-2 M
START: MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
LEA SI,DATABLOCK
MOV CL,0AH
UP:MOV AL,[SI]
ADD RESULT_LSB,[SI]

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JNC DOWN
INC REULT_MSB
DOWN:INC SI
LOOP UP
CODE ENDS

DATA SEGMENT
DATABLOCK DB 45H,02H,88H,29H,05H,45H,78H,
95H,62H,30H
RESULT_LSB DB 0
RESULT_MSB DB 0
DATA ENDS

END

d With neat sketches demonstrate the use of re-entrant and recursive 4M

procedure.
Ans Reentrant Procedure: Reentrant: 2
M and
A reentrant procedure is one in which a single copy of the program code can be recursive
shared by multiple users during the same period of time. Re-entrance has two procedure
key aspects: The program code cannot modify itself and the local data for each explanation
user must be stored separately. With both
diagram :2M

Recursive procedures:
An active procedure that is invoked from within itself or from within another

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active procedure is a recursive procedure. Such an invocation is

called recursion. A procedure that is invoked recursively must have the
RECURSIVE attribute specified in the PROCEDURE statement.

4 Attempt any THREE : 12 M

a Describe mechanism for generation of physical address in 8086 with 4M
suitable example.
Ans For diagram
or
computation
shown 1M ,
Explanation 2
M , and for
example 1 M

Fig.: Mechanism used to calculate physical address in 8086

As all registers in 8086 are of 16 bit and the physical address will be in 20 bits.
For this reason the above mechanism is helpful.
Logical Address is specified as segment: offset
Physical address is obtained by shifting the segment address 4 bits to the left
and adding the offset address.
Thus the physical address of the logical address A4FB:4872 is:

A4FB0
+ 4872
---------------

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A9822
OR
• i.e. Calculate physical Address for the given
CS= 3525H, IP= 2450H.

CS 3 5 2 5 0 Implied Zero

IP + - 2 4 5 5

Physical Address
3 7 6 A 5
i.e. 376A5H

b Write ALP to count ODD and EVEN numbers in an array. 4M

Ans ;Count ODD and EVEN No.S In Given ;Array Of 16 Bit No. Correct
;Assume array of 10 no.s program: 4 M
For basic
CODE SEGMENT logic may
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA give 1-2 M
START: MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV DX,0000H
MOV CX,COUNT
MOV SI, OFFSET ARRAY1
NEXT: MOV AX,[SI]
ROR AX,01H
JC ODD_1
INC DL
JMP COUNT_IT
ODD_1 : INC DH
COUNT_IT: INC SI
INC SI
LOOP NEXT
MOV ODD_COUNT,DH
MOV EVENCNT,DL
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS

DATA SEGMENT
ARRAY1 DW F423H, 6523H, B658H, 7612H, 9875H,
2300H, 1559H, 1000H, 4357H, 2981H
COUNT DW 0AH
ODD_COUNT DB ?
EVENCNT DB ?
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DATA ENDS
END START
c Write ALP to perform block transfer operation of 10 numbers. 4M
Ans ;Assume block of TEN 16 bit no.s Correct
;Data Block Transfer Using String Instruction program: 4 M
CODE SEGMENT For basic
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,ES:EXTRA logic may
MOV AX,DATA give 1-2 M
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX,EXTRA
MOV ES,AX
MOV CX,000AH
LEA SI,BLOCK1
LEA DI,ES:BLOCK2
CLD
REPNZ MOVSW
MOV AX,4C00H
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
DATA SEGMENT
BLOCK1 DW 1001H,4003H,6005H,2307H,4569H, 6123H,
1865H, 2345H,4000H,8888H
DATA ENDS
EXTRA SEGMENT
BLOCK2 DW ?
EXTRA ENDS
END
d Write ALP using procedure to solve equation such as 4M
Z= (A+B)*(C+D)
Ans ; Procedure For Addition Correct
SUM PROC NEAR program: 4 M
ADD AL,BL For basic
RET logic may
SUM ENDP give 1-2 M

DATA SEGMENT
NUM1 DB 10H
NUM2 DB 20H
NUM3 DB 30H
NUM4 DB 40H
RESULT DB?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS: CODE,DS:DATA

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START:MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AL,NUM1
MOV BL,NUM2
CALL SUM
MOV CL,AL
MOV AL, NUM3
MOV BL,NUM4
CALL SUM
MUL CL
MOV RESULT,AX
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END
e Write ALP using macro to perform multiplication of two 8 Bit Unsigned 4M
numbers.
Ans ; Macro For Multiplication Correct
program: 4 M
PRODUCT MACRO FIRST,SECOND For basic
MOV AL,FIRST logic may
MOV BL,SECOND give 1-2 M
MUL BL
PRODUCT ENDM

DATA SEGMENT
NO1 DB 05H
NO2 DB 04H
MULTIPLE DW ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS: CODE,DS:DATA
START:MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
PRODUCT NO1,NO2
MOV MULTIPLE, AX
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END

5 Attempt any TWO : 12 M

a Draw architectural block diagram of 8086 and describe its register 6M
organization.

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Ans Diagram : 3M

List of
Register :1M,

Any 4
registers
explanation :
½ M each

Register Organization of 8086

1. AX (Accumulator) – Used to store the result for arithmetic / logical
operations
2. BX – Base – used to hold the offset address or data
3. CX – acts as a counter for repeating or looping instructions.
4. DX – holds the high 16 bits of the product in multiply (also handles
divide operations)
5. CS – Code Segment – holds base address for all executable instructions
in a program
6. SS - Base address of the stack
7. DS – Data Segment – default base address for variables
8. ES – Extra Segment – additional base address for memory variables in
extra segment.
9. BP – Base Pointer – contains an assumed offset from the SS register.
10. SP – Stack Pointer – Contains the offset of the top of the stack.

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11. SI – Source Index – Used in string movement instructions. The source

string is pointed to by the SI register.
12. DI – Destination Index – acts as the destination for string movement
instructions
13. IP – Instruction Pointer – contains the offset of the next instruction to be
executed.
14. Flag Register – individual bit positions within register show status of
CPU or results of arithmetic operations.

b Demonstrate in detail the program development steps in assembly 6M

language programming.
Ans Program Development steps Each step :
1M
1. Defining the problem
The first step in writing program is to think very carefully about the (Flowchart
problem that you want the program to solve. symbols are
2. Algorithm optional)
The formula or sequence of operations or task need to perform by your
program can be specified as a step in general English is called
algorithm.
3. Flowchart
The flowchart is a graphically representation of the program operation
or task.

4. Initialization checklist
Initialization task is to make the checklist of entire variables, constants,
all the registers, flags and programmable ports.
5. Choosing instructions
We should choose those instructions that make program smaller in size
and more importantly efficient in execution.
6. Converting algorithms to assembly language program
Every step in the algorithm is converted into program statement using
correct and efficient instructions or group of instructions.

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c Illustrate the use of any three branching instructions. 6M

Ans BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS Any 3 branch
Branch instruction transfers the flow of execution of the program to a new instructions:
address specified in the instruction directly or indirectly. When this type 2M each
of instruction is executed, the CS and IP registers get loaded with new
values of CS and IP corresponding to the location to be transferred.
Unconditional Branch Instructions :
1. CALL : Unconditional Call
The CALL instruction is used to transfer execution to a subprogram or
procedure by storing return address on stack There are two types of calls-
NEAR (Inter-segment) and FAR(Intra-segment call). Near call refers to a
procedure call which is in the same code segment as the call instruction and far
call refers to a procedure call which is in different code segment from that of
the call instruction.
Syntax: CALL procedure_name
2. RET: Return from the Procedure.
At the end of the procedure, the RET instruction must be executed. When it is
executed, the previously stored content of IP and CS along with Flags are
retrieved into the CS, IP and Flag registers from the stack and execution of the
main program continues further.
Syntax :RET

3. JMP: Unconditional Jump

This instruction unconditionally transfers the control of execution to the
specified address using an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement. No Flags are affected
by this instruction.
Syntax : JMP Label

4. IRET: Return from ISR

When it is executed, the values of IP, CS and Flags are retrieved from the stack
to continue the execution of the main program.
Syntax: IRET

Conditional Branch Instructions

When this instruction is executed, execution control is transferred to the address
specified relatively in the instruction

1. JZ/JE Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if ZF=1.
2. JNZ/JNE Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if ZF=0
3. JS Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if SF=1.

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4. JNS Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if SF=0.
5. JO Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if OF=1.
6. JNO Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if OF=0.
7. JNP Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if PF=0.
8. JP Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if PF=1.
9. JB Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CF=1.
10. JNB Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CF=0.
11. JCXZ Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CX=0
Conditional LOOP Instructions.
12. LOOP Label :
Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero.

13.LOOPE label
Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and
Equal (ZF = 1).

14.LOOPZ label
Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and ZF= 1.

15.LOOPNE label
Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and Not Equal (ZF = 0).

16. LOOPNZ label

Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and ZF=0

6 Attempt any TWO : 12 M

a Describe any six addressing modes of 8086 with suitable diagram. 6M

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Ans Different addressing modes of 8086 : Any 6

addressing
modes correct
description:
1M each

1. Immediate: In this addressing mode, immediate data is a part of instruction,

and appears in the form of successive byte or bytes.
ex. MOV AX, 0050H

2. Direct: In the direct addressing mode, a 16 bit address (offset) is directly

specified in the instruction as a part of it.
ex. MOV AX ,[1 0 0 0 H]

3. Register: In register addressing mode, the data is stored in a register and it is

referred using the particular register. All the registers except IP may be used in
this mode.
ex. 1)MOV AX,BX

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4. Register Indirect: In this addressing mode, the address of the memory

location which contains data or operand is determined in an indirect way using
offset registers. The offset address of data is in either BX or SI or DI register.
The default segment register is either DS or ES.

e.g. MOV AX,  BX 

5. Indexed: In this addressing mode offset of the operand is stored in one of the
index register. DS and ES are the default segments for index registers SI and DI
respectively

e.g. MOV AX,  SI 

6. Register Relative: In this addressing mode the data is available at an

effective address formed by adding an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement with the
content of any one of the registers BX, BP, SI and DI in the default either DS or
ES segment.

e.g. MOV AX, 50H  BX 

7. Based Indexed: In this addressing mode the effective address of the data is
formed by adding the content of a base register (any one of BX or BP) to the
content of an index register (any one of SI or DI). The default segment register
may be ES or DS.

e.g MOV AX,  BX   SI 

8. Relative Based Indexed: The effective address is formed by adding an 8-bit

or 16-bit displacement with the sum of contents of any one of the base register
(BX or BP) and any one of the index registers in a default segment.

e.g. MOV AX, 50H  BX  SI 

9 .Implied addressing mode:

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No address is required because the address is implied in the instruction itself.

e.g NOP,STC,CLI,CLD,STD

b Select an appropriate instruction for each of the following & write : 6M

i)Rotate the content of DX to write 2 times without carry
ii)Multiply content of AX by 06H
iii)Load 4000H in SP register
iv)Copy the contents of BX register to CS
v)Signed division of BL and AL
vi) Rotate AX register to right through carry 3 times.
Ans i) Each correct
answer : 1 M
MOV CL,02H each
ROR DX,CL
(OR)
ROR DX,03H

ii)
MOV BX,06h
MUL BX

iii)
MOV SP,4000H

iv)
The contents if CS register cannot be modified directly , Hence no
instructions are used However examiner can give marks if question is
attempted.
v)

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IDIV BL

vi)
MOV CL,03H
RCR AX,CL

(OR)
RCR AX,03H

c Write an ALP to arrange numbers in array in descending order. 6M

Ans DATA SEGMENT Correct
ARRAY DB 15H,05H,08H,78H,56H Program: 6M
DATA ENDS (For basic
CODE SEGMENT logic may
START:ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA give 2-4 M)
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
MOV BL,05H

STEP1: MOV SI,OFFSET ARRAY

MOV CL,04H
STEP: MOV AL,[SI]
CMP AL,[SI+1]
JNC DOWN

XCHG AL,[SI+1]
XCHG AL,[SI]

DOWN:ADD SI,1
LOOP STEP
DEC BL
JNZ STEP1
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

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