Course Outline For Applied Software Development
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dianachakauyaCourse Outline For Applied Software Development
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dianachakauyaZOMAC DIGITAL
APPLIED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COURSE
A beginner to expert full stack development course
2025
COURSE OUTLINE
HTML5 AND CSS3 MODULE
HTML5 Topics
1. HTML5 Basics
• Introduction to HTML5
• Structure of an HTML document
• Basic HTML tags: <html>, <head>, <body>, <title>, <h1>–<h6>, <p>, <a>, <img>, etc.
• Elements and attributes
• Semantic HTML elements: <header>, <footer>, <article>, <section>, <nav>, <aside>,
<main>, etc.
2. HTML5 Document Structure
• HTML5 Doctype (<!DOCTYPE html>)
• HTML Document metadata: <meta>, <link>, <script>, <style>, <base>
• The <head> and <body> sections
• Character encoding (<meta charset="UTF-8">)
3. Forms and Input Types
• Basic form structure: <form>, <input>, <button>, <label>, <textarea>, <select>,
<option>
• New HTML5 input types: email, tel, url, date, datetime-local, number, range, color,
search, file
• Form validation: required, pattern, min, max, step
• Custom validation with JavaScript
• Form attributes: action, method, target, enctype
• <datalist>, <output>, <keygen>, <progress>, <meter>
4. Multimedia in HTML5
• Embedding videos with <video> tag
• Audio embedding with <audio> tag
• Attributes: controls, autoplay, loop, muted, preload
• Using the <source> element for multiple formats
• Using <track> for subtitles and captions
• Integrating YouTube and other video platforms
• Audio and video API for manipulation
5. HTML5 APIs
• Canvas API: Drawing shapes, paths, and images using <canvas>
• Geolocation API
• Local Storage and Session Storage
• Web Workers for background tasks
• WebSockets for real-time communication
• Notifications API
• Drag-and-Drop API
• Fullscreen API
• History API for single-page applications (SPA)
• Web Audio API
• Device Orientation API
• Fetch API for HTTP requests
6. HTML5 Semantic Elements
• Importance of semantic elements for SEO and accessibility
• Using <header>, <footer>, <article>, <section>, <nav>, <aside>, and <main>
• Accessibility improvements with ARIA roles and properties
• Microdata and Schema.org for structured data
7. HTML5 Best Practices
• Mobile-first design and responsive layouts
• Progressive Web Apps (PWA) fundamentals
• HTML5 offline capabilities with Service Workers and Cache API
• Optimizing HTML for performance and SEO
CSS3 Topics
1. CSS3 Basics
• CSS Syntax: Selectors, properties, values
• Cascading and Inheritance
• ID and Class Selectors
• Element selectors
• Universal selector (*) and attribute selectors
• Grouping and Combinators (descendant, child, adjacent sibling, general sibling)
• Specificity and the cascade
• !important and its use cases
2. CSS Box Model
• Understanding the Box Model: content, padding, border, and margin
• Box-sizing: content-box, border-box
• Display property: block, inline, inline-block, none
• Positioning: static, relative, absolute, fixed, sticky
• Z-index and stacking context
3. CSS Layout Techniques
• Flexbox Layout:
o Flex container and items
o justify-content, align-items, align-self, flex-wrap, flex-direction, order
o Responsive design using Flexbox
o Nested Flexboxes
• Grid Layout:
o Defining grid containers and items
o grid-template-columns, grid-template-rows, grid-template-areas
o Grid item placement: grid-column, grid-row
o Aligning and distributing grid items (align-items, justify-items, place-items)
o Responsive design using Grid
• Positioning: Absolute, relative, fixed, and sticky positioning
4. Advanced CSS Styling
• Advanced Selectors:
o Pseudo-classes: :hover, :focus, :nth-child(), :first-child, :last-child, :not(), :empty
o Pseudo-elements: ::before, ::after, ::first-letter, ::first-line
• CSS Transitions:
o transition shorthand, transition-property, transition-duration, transition-timing-
function, transition-delay
o Creating smooth animations on hover, focus, etc.
• CSS Animations:
o Keyframe animations: @keyframes
o Animating properties: transform, opacity, color, etc.
o Timing functions: ease, linear, ease-in, ease-out, cubic-bezier
• Custom Properties (CSS Variables):
o Defining and using CSS variables
o Scoping and inheritance of variables
• Media Queries:
o Mobile-first approach and responsive design
o Using min-width and max-width breakpoints
o Orientation-based media queries
• Shadows:
o box-shadow and text-shadow properties
o Multi-layered shadows for depth effects
5. CSS3 Advanced Features
• CSS Shapes:
o Circles, ellipses, polygons, and rounded corners
• CSS Masks and Clipping:
o mask-image, mask-size, clip-path
o Clipping elements with clip-path and path-based clipping
• CSS Filters:
o Using filter property for effects like blur(), grayscale(), brightness(), sepia()
• CSS Grid and Flexbox Advanced Concepts:
o Creating responsive layouts with both Grid and Flexbox
o Creating complex and adaptive layouts using both CSS Grid and Flexbox
6. CSS3 Responsive Design
• Mobile-first and desktop-first approaches
• Using Flexbox and Grid for responsive layouts
• Creating fluid layouts using percentages and vw/vh
• Breakpoints, responsive images, and adaptive text sizes
• CSS Frameworks: Bootstrap, Tailwind CSS, Foundation
7. CSS3 Best Practices
• Writing maintainable and scalable CSS
• Using BEM (Block Element Modifier) methodology
• Modular CSS and CSS architecture (SMACSS, OOCSS)
• Performance optimization: CSS minification, critical CSS, and lazy loading
• Accessibility improvements using CSS (color contrast, focus states)
• Browser compatibility and vendor prefixes (-webkit-, -moz-)
8. Advanced CSS Tools
• Sass/SCSS: CSS preprocessing, variables, nesting, mixins, inheritance, partials
Advanced HTML5 + CSS3 Integration
2. Web Performance Optimization
• Minimizing CSS and HTML files (minification)
• Lazy loading images and videos with loading="lazy"
• Critical CSS and asynchronous loading
• Image optimization and modern image formats (WebP, AVIF)
3. HTML5 + CSS3 Accessibility
• Semantic HTML for accessibility
• ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes
• Keyboard navigation, screen readers, and focus management
• High contrast mode and visual accessibility
BOOTSTRAP 5 MODULE
1. Introduction to Bootstrap 5
• Overview of Bootstrap 5 and its evolution from Bootstrap 4
• Installing Bootstrap 5: CDN vs. Download (using npm/yarn or CDN links)
• Setting up Bootstrap in a project
• Bootstrap 5 structure: HTML, CSS, and JS files
2. Bootstrap Grid System
• The 12-column grid system
• Containers: .container, .container-fluid, .container-{breakpoint}
• Grid classes: .row, .col, .col-{size}, .col-{size}-auto
• Responsive grid: Breakpoints for various screen sizes (xs, sm, md, lg, xl, xxl)
• Nesting columns
• Grid alignment: .align-items-start, .align-items-center, .align-items-end
• Grid order: .order-{size} for changing column order
• Offsetting columns: .offset-{size} classes
• Grid gap: .g-0, .g-1, .g-2, etc.
3. Bootstrap 5 Layouts
• Flexbox utilities: Flexbox basics and Bootstrap 5 implementation
• .d-flex, .d-inline-flex, .flex-row, .flex-column, .flex-wrap
• Justification and alignment: .justify-content-start, .justify-content-center, .justify-content-
between, .align-items-start, etc.
• Auto-sizing elements: .flex-fill, .flex-grow-1, .flex-shrink-1
• Bootstrap 5 Utilities for spacing: Margin and padding utilities (m-1, p-3, mt-2, pt-4, etc.)
4. Typography
• Text alignment: .text-left, .text-center, .text-right
• Text colors and background colors: .text-primary, .bg-secondary, etc.
• Typography classes: .display-1, .display-2, .lead, .h1, .h2, .h3, .h4, .h5, .h6
• Text transformation: .text-uppercase, .text-lowercase, .text-capitalize
• Font weight and italic: .fw-bold, .fw-light, .fst-italic
• Line height and text wrapping: .lh-1, .lh-sm, .text-truncate
• Responsive typography with utilities (fs-1, fs-sm-2, etc.)
5. Bootstrap 5 Components
• Buttons:
o Button variants: .btn-primary, .btn-secondary, .btn-danger, etc.
o Button sizes: .btn-lg, .btn-sm
o Button states: .active, .disabled
o Button groups and toolbars
o Outline buttons: .btn-outline-primary
o Button dropdowns and button toggle states
• Cards:
o Basic card structure
o Card variants and classes: .card-header, .card-body, .card-footer
o Card images: .card-img-top, .card-img-bottom
o Card groups and decks
o Card columns for responsive layouts
• Alerts:
o Basic alert usage
o Alert variants: .alert-success, .alert-danger, .alert-warning
o Dismissing alerts with .alert-dismissible
o Customizable alert content
• Modals:
o Basic modal usage and structure
o Modal sizes: .modal-sm, .modal-lg
o Modal fade effect
o Modal events and triggering with buttons
o Centering modal with .modal-dialog-centered
• Navbar:
o Creating responsive navigation bar
o Navbar classes: .navbar, .navbar-expand-{breakpoint}, .navbar-brand, .navbar-nav
o Navbar variants and background color classes
o Navbar toggler and collapsing menu
o Navbar with dropdowns, links, and forms
• Forms:
o Form layout: <form>, .form-control, .form-group
o Form validation and feedback
o Form grid system with row and col
o Input groups and form elements: .input-group, .form-check
o Custom forms: .form-control-plaintext, .form-control-lg, .form-control-sm
o Form switches, file uploads, and selects
o Checkboxes, radio buttons, and ranges
o Floating labels and inline forms
• Tables:
o Basic table structure: .table, .table-bordered, .table-striped, .table-hover
o Table responsiveness: .table-responsive
o Table alignment: .table-sm, .text-center, .text-right
o Table color variations: .table-primary, .table-secondary
• List Groups:
o Basic list groups: .list-group, .list-group-item
o Active, disabled, and contextual variants
o Flush and horizontal list groups
• Badges & Pills:
o Basic badges: .badge, .badge-primary, .badge-pill
o Positioning badges with utilities
• Progress Bars:
o Basic progress bar structure
o Progress bar variants: .bg-success, .bg-info, .bg-danger
o Animated and striped progress bars
o Setting progress bar width dynamically
6. Bootstrap 5 Utilities
• Spacing: Margin and padding utilities (m-2, p-3, mt-4, pt-5, etc.)
• Borders: Border utilities (.border, .border-top, .border-0)
• Colors: Background and text color utilities (bg-primary, text-white, bg-gradient)
• Positioning: .position-relative, .position-absolute, .position-fixed, .position-sticky
• Sizing: .w-25, .h-50, .w-auto, .h-auto
• Visibility: .visible, .invisible, .d-none, .d-block, .d-flex, .d-inline
• Flexbox utilities: Justify and align utilities, flex directions (flex-row, flex-column), auto
margins (mx-auto, my-auto)
• Shadows: .shadow, .shadow-sm, .shadow-lg, .shadow-none
• Text Alignment and Wrapping: .text-center, .text-left, .text-right, .text-nowrap
• Overflow: .overflow-auto, .overflow-hidden, .overflow-visible
7. Bootstrap 5 Responsiveness
• Mobile-first design approach
• Responsive breakpoints: xs, sm, md, lg, xl, xxl
• Hide or show elements based on screen size: .d-none, .d-md-block, .d-lg-none
• Responsive columns in the grid system
• Responsive tables, images, and embeds
8. Bootstrap 5 Customization
• Customizing Bootstrap with SASS variables
• Overriding default Bootstrap styles using SASS
• Creating a custom Bootstrap build using the SASS source
• Customizing grid layout and breakpoints
9. JavaScript Plugins
• Introduction to Bootstrap’s JavaScript components
• Modal, Tooltip, Popover, Carousel, Collapse, Dropdown, Toasts, and Offcanvas
• Working with events like show.bs.modal, hide.bs.dropdown, etc.
• Customizing and triggering components via JavaScript
10. Bootstrap 5 Advanced Topics
• Using Bootstrap with React, Angular, or Vue.js
• Accessibility features: Aria roles and keyboard navigation
• Advanced modal interactions (Nested modals, dynamic content)
• Custom themes and branding with Bootstrap
JAVASCRIPT MODULE
1. Introduction to JavaScript
• What is JavaScript?
• How JavaScript works in browsers (JS engines, event loop)
• Including JavaScript in HTML: <script> tag, src attribute, inline vs. external scripts
• JavaScript environments: Browser, Node.js
2. Basic Syntax and Operators
• Writing JavaScript code
• Variables: var, let, const
• Data types: String, Number, Boolean, null, undefined, Symbol, Object
• Type conversion and coercion
• Operators: Arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, bitwise, ternary operator
• Template literals (string interpolation)
3. Control Flow and Loops
• Conditional statements: if, else, else if, switch, ternary operator
• Looping: for, while, do-while, forEach, map, filter, reduce
• Loop control: break, continue, return
• Error handling with try, catch, finally, and throw
4. Functions
• Function declaration vs. function expression
• Arrow functions (=>)
• Parameters and return values
• Default parameters, rest parameters (...args), and spread operator (...)
• Closures and lexical scoping
• Higher-order functions
• Immediately Invoked Function Expressions (IIFE)
• Function binding and this keyword
• Function scope vs. block scope
• Recursion in JavaScript
5. Objects
• Introduction to objects: Creating objects, Object constructor
• Object properties and methods
• Dot notation vs. bracket notation
• Nested objects and arrays
• Object destructuring
• this in objects
• Object.keys(), Object.values(), Object.entries()
• Prototype-based inheritance
6. Arrays
• Creating arrays and accessing elements
• Array methods: .push(), .pop(), .shift(), .unshift(), .splice(), .slice()
• Iterating over arrays: for, forEach, map, filter, reduce, some, every
• Array destructuring
• Spread operator with arrays
• Multidimensional arrays
• Array sorting and searching (sort(), find(), indexOf(), includes())
7. ES6+ Features
• let and const for variable declaration
• Arrow functions (=>): Syntax, this, and advantages
• Template literals and string interpolation
• Object and array destructuring
• Default function parameters
• Rest parameters and the spread operator
• for...of and for...in loops
• Classes and inheritance
• import and export (modules)
• Promise and async/await (for handling asynchronous operations)
• Map and Set collections
8. Asynchronous JavaScript
• Callback functions: What are callbacks?
• Promises: then(), catch(), finally()
• Async/Await: Syntactic sugar over promises
• Handling asynchronous functions with Promise.all(), Promise.race()
• Event loop and the call stack
• The setTimeout() and setInterval() functions
• Working with APIs: fetch(), XMLHttpRequest
9. DOM (Document Object Model) Manipulation
• Introduction to the DOM and DOM tree
• Selecting elements: getElementById(), getElementsByClassName(), querySelector(),
querySelectorAll()
• Modifying content: .innerHTML, .textContent, .value
• Modifying styles: .style, .classList, .classList.add(), .classList.remove()
• Creating and removing elements: createElement(), appendChild(), removeChild(),
remove()
• Event handling: addEventListener(), removeEventListener()
• Event delegation
• DOM traversal: parentNode, childNodes, nextSibling, previousSibling
• Form handling and validation
• Handling user input: mouse events, keyboard events, focus, and blur events
10. Advanced Functions and Closures
• The this keyword: Context and binding
• Function binding (bind())
• Arrow functions vs. regular functions
• Closures: Lexical scoping and private variables
• Currying functions
• Memoization techniques
• Debouncing and throttling techniques (limiting the rate of function execution)
11. Error Handling and Debugging
• try, catch, finally, and throw for handling errors
• Custom errors: Error object, throw new Error()
• Debugging JavaScript using console.log(), console.error(), console.table()
• Using breakpoints and DevTools for step-by-step debugging
• Understanding stack traces and error messages
12. JavaScript Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
• Introduction to OOP in JavaScript
• Classes and constructor functions
• class syntax in ES6
• Inheritance using extends
• Methods in classes
• Static methods
• Encapsulation and access modifiers (private, public)
• Polymorphism and method overriding
• The super keyword in inheritance
• Object.create() and prototype inheritance
13. JavaScript Design Patterns
• Introduction to design patterns in JavaScript
• Module pattern
• Singleton pattern
• Factory pattern
• Observer pattern
• Prototype pattern
• Decorator pattern
• MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture
14. Working with APIs
• Introduction to RESTful APIs
• HTTP Methods: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE
• Understanding JSON and XML data formats
• Using fetch() for API requests
• Handling errors in API requests
• Working with third-party APIs (example: weather API, Google Maps API)
15. JavaScript and Web Storage
• LocalStorage and SessionStorage: Storing data on the client-side
• Setting, getting, and removing data from LocalStorage/SessionStorage
• Cookies in JavaScript: Creating, reading, and deleting cookies
• IndexedDB: Client-side database for large-scale storage
16. JavaScript and the Browser
• The Window object and global scope
• The window object methods: alert(), confirm(), prompt()
• Geolocation API
• History API for navigation (history.pushState(), history.replaceState())
• Web Workers for background processing
• Service Workers and Progressive Web Apps (PWA)
• Local and session storage for client-side data persistence
• WebSockets for real-time communication
17. Testing in JavaScript
• Unit testing with Jest or Mocha
• Test-Driven Development (TDD)
• Mocking and spies in tests
• Asynchronous testing with Promises and async/await
• Setting up test suites and assertions
18. JavaScript Tooling
• Using Babel for JavaScript transpiling (ES6+ to ES5)
• Using Webpack for bundling JavaScript
• Package management with npm (Node Package Manager)
• Installing packages with npm install
• ESLint for linting JavaScript code
• Prettier for formatting JavaScript code
• Task runners: Gulp, Grunt
19. Advanced Topics and New Features
• BigInt for large integers
• WeakMap, WeakSet, and their differences with Map and Set
• GlobalThis and its use
• Private class fields with #
• Top-level await for async operations in modules
• Intl object for internationalization
• Generator functions: function*, yield, and asynchronous iterators
• Reflection API: Reflect object, Reflect.apply(), Reflect.get(), etc.
• JavaScript engines: V8, SpiderMonkey, Chakra, and their differences
PYTHON MODULE
1. Introduction to Python
• What is Python?
• Installing Python and setting up the environment
• Running Python scripts and interactive mode
• Python IDEs (PyCharm, VSCode, Jupyter Notebooks)
• Python versioning: Python 2 vs. Python 3
• Writing and running Python programs
2. Basic Syntax and Variables
• Python syntax basics: Indentation, colons, and line breaks
• Variables and data types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict, set
• Variable assignment and reassignment
• Naming conventions and best practices
• Type conversion and casting
• Constants and immutability
3. Operators
• Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, //, %, **
• Comparison operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
• Logical operators: and, or, not
• Assignment operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, etc.
• Bitwise operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
• Identity operators: is, is not
• Membership operators: in, not in
• Operator precedence and associativity
4. Control Flow
• Conditional statements: if, elif, else
• Nested conditionals
• Loops: for loops, while loops
• Loop control: break, continue, pass
• List comprehensions for filtering and mapping
• range() function for generating sequences of numbers
5. Functions
• Defining functions using def
• Function arguments: positional, keyword, and default arguments
• Return values and return statement
• Variable scope: local, global, and nonlocal
• Lambda functions (anonymous functions)
• Recursion in Python
• Variable-length arguments: *args and **kwargs
• Function documentation with docstrings
• Higher-order functions: Functions as arguments and return values
• Closures and nested functions
6. Data Structures
• Lists:
o Creating, indexing, slicing, and manipulating lists
o List methods: .append(), .remove(), .pop(), .extend(), .insert(), etc.
o Nested lists
o List comprehensions
• Tuples:
o Creating and accessing tuples
o Tuple immutability
o Nested tuples
• Dictionaries:
o Creating, accessing, and modifying dictionaries
o Dictionary methods: .keys(), .values(), .items(), .get(), .update()
o Dictionary comprehensions
o Handling missing keys and default values
• Sets:
o Creating sets and set operations (union, intersection, difference)
o Set methods: .add(), .remove(), .discard(), .pop()
• Strings:
o String manipulation and methods: .lower(), .upper(), .strip(), .split(), .join()
o String formatting: f-strings, format(), % operator
o String slicing and indexing
o Multi-line strings and escape sequences
7. File Handling
• Reading files: open(), read(), readline(), readlines()
• Writing to files: write(), writelines()
• File modes: 'r', 'w', 'a', 'b', 'x', etc.
• Working with file paths (os.path, Pathlib)
• Context manager (with statement) for handling files
• Reading and writing CSV, JSON, and other formats
8. Exception Handling
• Try-except blocks
• Handling specific exceptions
• Catching multiple exceptions
• else and finally blocks
• Raising exceptions using raise
• Custom exception classes and handling
9. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
• Introduction to OOP in Python
• Classes and objects
• Attributes and methods
• Instance vs. class variables
• Inheritance: Creating subclasses, overriding methods
• Polymorphism: Method overloading and overriding
• Encapsulation: Private and public attributes, property method
• Abstraction: Abstract base classes and methods
• Static methods vs. class methods
• The self keyword and super() function
• Dunder methods (__init__, __str__, __repr__, __len__, __del__, etc.)
10. Modules and Packages
• Importing modules using import and from ... import ...
• Creating custom modules
• Standard library: os, sys, math, random, datetime, re, json, collections
• Installing external packages using pip
• Working with Python virtual environments (venv, virtualenv)
• Creating and using packages in Python
• The Python Package Index (PyPI)
11. Iterators and Generators
• Iterators in Python: iter(), next()
• Creating custom iterators by defining __iter__() and __next__()
• Generators: yield statement
• Generator expressions
• Infinite generators and lazy evaluation
12. Decorators
• What are decorators and why use them?
• Function decorators
• Decorators with arguments
• Class decorators
• Built-in decorators: @staticmethod, @classmethod, @property
• Chainable decorators
13. Regular Expressions
• Introduction to regular expressions
• The re module: re.match(), re.search(), re.findall(), re.sub()
• Regular expression patterns: Metacharacters, character classes, quantifiers
• Grouping and capturing
• Replacing patterns and text
• Advanced regular expressions: Lookahead, lookbehind, non-capturing groups
14. Python's Advanced Features
• List comprehensions and Set comprehensions
• Map, Filter, and Reduce
• Enumerate() and Zip()
• Global and local scope in functions
• Working with multithreading and multiprocessing
• Working with lambda functions
• Context managers for resource management
• Abstract Base Classes (ABC)
• Weak references and weakref
• Contextlib and contextmanager decorator
• Descriptors: __get__, __set__, __delete__
15. Testing and Debugging
• Unit testing with unittest and pytest
• Writing test cases and assertions
• Mocking with unittest.mock
• Debugging with pdb and logging
• Test-driven development (TDD)
18. Concurrency and Parallelism
• Introduction to concurrency in Python
• Threading vs Multiprocessing
• Using threading and multiprocessing modules
• Python’s Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)
• Async programming with asyncio and await
• Concurrent Futures and Executor patterns
19. Deployment and Packaging
• Packaging Python applications with setuptools
• Distributing Python applications on PyPI
• Deploying Python apps on web servers (Heroku, AWS, DigitalOcean)
• Dockerizing Python applications
• Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)
DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS
MODULE
1. Introduction to DSA
• What are Data Structures and Algorithms?
• Importance of DSA in problem-solving
• Time and Space Complexity Analysis (Big O Notation)
o Best, Worst, and Average Case Analysis
o Time Complexity of common operations
o Space Complexity and Memory management
• Asymptotic Notations: Big O, Omega, and Theta
• Amortized Analysis
• Recursion and its relation to algorithms
2. Arrays
• Introduction to Arrays: Definition, static vs dynamic arrays
• Array Operations: Insertion, deletion, search, traversal
• Multi-dimensional Arrays (2D, 3D, and higher-dimensional arrays)
• Array Problems:
o Finding duplicates
o Pair sums, Triplet sums
o Maximum subarray sum (Kadane’s Algorithm)
o Rotating arrays
o Merging sorted arrays
• Array Manipulation Algorithms:
o Reverse an array
o Find the missing number (Sum formula vs XOR)
o Move zeroes to the end
• Applications:
o Arrays in memory and matrices
3. Linked Lists
• Introduction to Linked Lists: Singly Linked List, Doubly Linked List, Circular Linked
List
• Linked List Operations: Insertion, deletion, traversal, search
• Reversing a Linked List
• Detecting cycles in Linked Lists: Floyd’s Tortoise and Hare algorithm
• Linked List Problems:
o Merge two sorted lists
o Find the intersection point of two linked lists
o Finding the middle element
o N-th node from the end
• Applications: Memory management, dynamic data storage
4. Stacks
• Introduction to Stacks: Definition, LIFO principle
• Stack Operations: Push, Pop, Peek, IsEmpty
• Applications of Stacks:
o Expression evaluation (Infix, Prefix, Postfix)
o Parenthesis matching
o Backtracking algorithms (e.g., DFS in graphs)
• Implementation: Stack using arrays and linked lists
• Problems:
o Balanced parentheses problem
o Next greater element
o Validating expressions
5. Queues
• Introduction to Queues: FIFO principle
• Queue Operations: Enqueue, Dequeue, Front, Rear, IsEmpty
• Types of Queues:
o Simple Queue
o Circular Queue
o Priority Queue (Min-Heap and Max-Heap)
o Deque (Double-ended Queue)
• Applications:
o Job scheduling
o BFS traversal in graphs
o Sliding window problems
• Queue Problems:
o Implement a queue using stacks
o Circular queue implementation
6. Hashing
• Introduction to Hashing: Hash functions, Hash tables
• Collision Resolution:
o Chaining
o Open addressing (Linear probing, Quadratic probing, Double hashing)
• Applications of Hashing:
o Implementing hash maps and hash sets
o Counting frequencies of elements
o Finding duplicates
• Problems:
o Two sum problem
o Find the first non-repeating character
o Group anagrams
7. Trees
• Introduction to Trees: Definition, Terminology (root, leaves, branches)
• Binary Trees: Structure and traversal (In-order, Pre-order, Post-order)
• Binary Search Trees (BST): Insertion, deletion, searching
• Balanced Trees: AVL Trees, Red-Black Trees
• Heaps:
o Binary Heap (Min-Heap, Max-Heap)
o Heap operations: Insert, delete-min, delete-max
• Trie (Prefix Tree): Operations, Applications (Autocompletion)
• Tree Traversals: Recursive and iterative
• Problems:
o Find height of a binary tree
o Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) in a binary tree
o Serialize and deserialize a binary tree
o Diameter of a tree
8. Graphs
• Introduction to Graphs: Definition, terminology (vertices, edges, degree, etc.)
• Types of Graphs:
o Directed, Undirected, Weighted, Unweighted
o Cyclic, Acyclic (DAG)
• Graph Representation:
o Adjacency matrix, adjacency list, and incidence matrix
• Graph Traversal:
o Depth-First Search (DFS)
o Breadth-First Search (BFS)
• Shortest Path Algorithms:
o Dijkstra's Algorithm (for weighted graphs)
o Bellman-Ford Algorithm
o Floyd-Warshall Algorithm (All-pairs shortest path)
• Minimum Spanning Tree (MST):
o Prim’s Algorithm
o Kruskal’s Algorithm
• Topological Sort (for DAGs)
• Graph Algorithms:
o Detecting cycles (DFS, Union-Find)
o Find Strongly Connected Components (Kosaraju’s Algorithm)
o Finding Bridges and Articulation Points
• Problems:
o Find connected components
o Implement BFS and DFS in a graph
o Cycle detection in a directed graph
9. Searching Algorithms
• Linear Search: Time complexity and implementation
• Binary Search: Conditions, implementation, and time complexity
• Search Algorithms on Data Structures:
o Binary Search on a sorted array
o Searching in rotated sorted arrays
o Search in matrix (sorted row and column)
• Advanced Search Algorithms:
o Ternary Search
o Exponential Search
• Problems:
o Searching in rotated sorted array
o Finding the position of an element in a matrix
10. Sorting Algorithms
• Introduction to Sorting: Importance and types of sorting algorithms
• Basic Sorting Algorithms:
o Bubble Sort
o Selection Sort
o Insertion Sort
• Efficient Sorting Algorithms:
o Merge Sort
o Quick Sort
o Heap Sort
• Non-Comparison Sorting Algorithms:
o Counting Sort
o Radix Sort
o Bucket Sort
• Sorting Complexity Analysis: Time and space complexity for different algorithms
• Stable and Unstable Sorting Algorithms
• Problems:
o Finding kth smallest/largest element
o Sorting using comparison and non-comparison algorithms
11. Dynamic Programming
• Introduction to Dynamic Programming (DP): Memoization vs Tabulation
• Top-Down vs Bottom-Up Approach
• DP on Arrays:
o Fibonacci sequence
o Coin change problem
o Longest Increasing Subsequence (LIS)
• DP on Strings:
o Longest Common Subsequence (LCS)
o Edit Distance (Levenshtein distance)
o Palindromic Substrings
• DP on 2D grids:
o Matrix chain multiplication
o Minimum path sum in a matrix
o Unique paths
• DP on Trees and Graphs:
o Knapsack problem (0/1 Knapsack)
o Subset sum problem
• Advanced DP Problems:
o Partition problem
o Maximum subarray sum with at most two non-overlapping subarrays
12. Greedy Algorithms
• Introduction to Greedy Algorithms: Characteristics of greedy algorithms
• Greedy Strategy: Problem selection, correctness, and optimization
• Greedy Algorithms Problems:
o Activity selection problem
o Fractional knapsack problem
o Huffman coding
o Job sequencing with deadlines
• Greedy vs Dynamic Programming: When to use greedy algorithms
13. Backtracking Algorithms
• Introduction to Backtracking: Definition and working
• Backtracking vs Recursion
• Common Backtracking Problems:
o N-Queens problem
o Sudoku Solver
o Rat in a maze
o Subset sum problem
• Applications: Puzzle solving, game playing, combinatorial problems
14. Divide and Conquer Algorithms
• Introduction to Divide and Conquer: Divide, Conquer, and Combine strategy
• Merge Sort and Quick Sort
• Binary Search
• Strassen’s Matrix Multiplication
• Closest Pair of Points
• Karatsuba Multiplication Algorithm
15. String Algorithms
• String Matching Algorithms:
o Naive string matching
o KMP (Knuth-Morris-Pratt) algorithm
o Rabin-Karp algorithm
o Boyer-Moore algorithm
• String Manipulation Algorithms:
o Longest common substring
o String reversal, anagram detection
o Palindrome detection
o Z algorithm
16. Advanced Topics
• Union-Find (Disjoint Set Union): Path compression, union by rank
• Segment Tree: Range queries, range updates
• Trie (Prefix Tree): Operations, uses in dictionary and autocomplete
• Bit Manipulation:
o XOR, AND, OR operations
o Counting set bits
o Bitwise tricks
• Kruskal’s and Prim’s Algorithms for MST (Minimum Spanning Tree)
REACT MODULE
1. Introduction to React
• What is React?
• History of React (Created by Facebook)
• Setting up the development environment (Node.js, npm, React CLI)
• Installing React via Create React App
• Understanding React's component-based architecture
• JSX (JavaScript XML) syntax
• How React works (Virtual DOM vs Real DOM)
• Rendering a React component in the DOM
2. Basic React Concepts
• Components: Functional and Class Components
• JSX Syntax: Writing HTML inside JavaScript
• Props: Passing data to child components
• State: Managing local state in a component
• Event Handling: Handling user events like clicks, form submissions
• Conditional Rendering: Rendering components conditionally
• Lists and Keys: Rendering lists of data and using keys for efficient updates
• Forms: Handling form inputs, controlled vs uncontrolled components
3. Advanced React Concepts
• Hooks: Introduction to React Hooks
o useState for state management
o useEffect for side effects and lifecycle management
o useContext for consuming context values
o useRef for accessing DOM elements and mutable values
o useMemo and useCallback for optimization
• Custom Hooks: Creating reusable hooks
• Component Lifecycle (in class components): componentDidMount,
componentDidUpdate, componentWillUnmount
• Error Boundaries: Catching JavaScript errors in components
4. Component Architecture and Design Patterns
• Container and Presentational Components
• Component Composition: Nested components and children
• Higher-Order Components (HOCs): Reusing logic across components
• Render Props: Sharing code between components
• Function as Child Component (FaCC): Using functions as render props
• Controlled vs Uncontrolled Components
5. React Router
• Introduction to React Router
• Setting up routes and navigation
• BrowserRouter, HashRouter, MemoryRouter
• Defining routes with <Route> and <Switch>
• Nested Routes and Dynamic Routing
• Using Link and NavLink for navigation
• Route Params and Query Strings
• Redirects and Protected Routes (Authentication)
• Programmatic Navigation with history.push
6. State Management
• useState and useReducer for local state management
• Context API: Sharing state globally across the component tree
• Redux:
o Introduction to Redux (Single Source of Truth)
o Actions, Reducers, Store
o Dispatching Actions
o Connecting React with Redux: connect and useDispatch
o Redux Toolkit (RTK)
o Redux Middleware: Thunk for async actions
o Asynchronous Data Fetching with Redux
o Redux DevTools for debugging
• MobX: An alternative to Redux for state management
• Recoil: A modern state management library for React
7. React Component Styling
• CSS in JS: Styled Components, Emotion
• Inline styles in React
• CSS Modules: Scoped CSS for React components
• Global CSS: External stylesheets
• Responsive Design: Media queries, breakpoints, and mobile-first design
• SASS/SCSS for advanced CSS features
• Tailwind CSS: Utility-first CSS framework
8. React Performance Optimization
• Virtual DOM: Understanding how React optimizes rendering
• Reconciliation Algorithm: How React updates the DOM efficiently
• PureComponent and React.memo: Memoization for performance
• Lazy Loading: Code splitting with React.lazy and Suspense
• useMemo and useCallback: Avoiding unnecessary re-renders
• Throttling and Debouncing: Optimizing input fields, event listeners
• Server-side Rendering (SSR): Rendering React on the server
• Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) with React
9. Side Effects Management
• useEffect: Performing side effects like data fetching, subscriptions, DOM manipulation
• Custom Hook for Data Fetching: Making HTTP requests with fetch or axios
• useLayoutEffect: Synchronous side effects
• useEffect Cleanup: Cleaning up subscriptions, event listeners
• Debounced State Updates: Using useEffect to delay expensive operations
• React Query: A library for fetching, caching, and syncing data in React apps
10. Testing React Components
• Unit Testing: Writing test cases for React components
• Jest: Testing framework for React
• React Testing Library: Testing React components with user-centric methods
• Mocking Functions: Using Jest mocks for testing asynchronous code
• Snapshot Testing: Verifying the UI does not change unexpectedly
• End-to-End Testing: Using tools like Cypress for E2E testing
11. TypeScript with React
• Introduction to TypeScript: Why use TypeScript with React
• Setting up TypeScript with React
• Basic Types: string, number, boolean, any, void, etc.
• Type inference: How TypeScript can infer types automatically
• Typing Props and State in functional components
• Defining Component Types: FC (FunctionComponent) type
• Handling Events and Forms with TypeScript
• TypeScript Generics in React
• Advanced Types: Intersection, Union, and Conditional types
12. Advanced React Patterns
• Compound Components Pattern
• Provider Pattern: Using context for theme, language settings
• Render Props Pattern: Passing state or methods as a function
• Hooks and Composition: Combining multiple hooks to create reusable logic
• State Reducer Pattern: Handling state with reducer-like logic
15. React Architecture & Design Patterns
• Component Composition vs Inheritance: Choosing the right approach
• Separation of Concerns: Using container and presentational components
• Flux Architecture: Unidirectional data flow
• Redux Toolkit: Simplified approach to Redux for better readability
• Atomic Design: Organizing components by reusability and atomicity
• Micro Frontends: Breaking down large applications into smaller, manageable sections
16. Security Best Practices in React
• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Preventing XSS vulnerabilities in React apps
• Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF): Implementing security measures
• Security Headers: Using HTTP headers for added security
• Securing React Apps: Using JWT tokens, OAuth for authentication
17. Real-World React Application Projects
• Building a Todo List App
• Building a Weather App using external APIs
• Building an E-commerce Store with Cart functionality
• Building a Social Media Dashboard with authentication and dynamic content
• Real-Time Chat App using WebSockets or Firebase
• Building a Blogging Platform with authentication, posting, commenting
GIT VERSION CONTROL MODULE
1. Introduction to Git
• What is Git?
• Version control systems: Git vs SVN vs Mercurial
• Advantages of using Git
• Installing Git
• Setting up Git (Git config, user details)
• Understanding repositories: Local vs Remote
• Git Terminology: Repository, Commit, Branch, Merge, Remote, Clone, Push, Pull
2. Basic Git Commands
• git init: Initializing a Git repository
• git clone: Cloning an existing repository
• git status: Checking repository status
• git add: Staging changes
• git commit: Committing changes to the local repository
o Commit messages best practices
o Amending the last commit (git commit --amend)
• git log: Viewing commit history
• git diff: Viewing differences between working directory and staged changes
• git reset: Undoing changes (soft, mixed, hard reset)
• git rm: Removing files from the working directory
3. Working with Branches
• git branch: Listing and creating branches
• git checkout: Switching between branches
• git switch: Modern way to switch branches (Git 2.23+)
• git merge: Merging one branch into another
• git rebase: Rebasing branches (interactive rebasing)
• git branch -d: Deleting branches
• git cherry-pick: Applying specific commits from another branch
• git revert: Reverting a commit (creating a new commit that undoes changes)
• git stash: Temporarily saving uncommitted changes
• git stash pop: Restoring stashed changes
4. Remote Repositories
• git remote: Viewing and managing remotes (e.g., git remote -v)
• git push: Pushing changes to a remote repository
o Pushing to specific branches
• git pull: Fetching and merging changes from a remote repository
o git pull --rebase: Rebasing instead of merging on pull
• git fetch: Fetching changes from the remote without merging
• git clone: Cloning a repository from a remote
• git remote add: Adding a remote to the local repository
• git push origin --delete: Deleting a remote branch
• git remote prune: Cleaning up stale branches from remotes
5. Git Workflow
• Basic Git Workflow:
o Modify files → Stage changes → Commit changes → Push to remote
• Git Flow: Understanding the Git Flow branching model
o Master, Develop, Feature, Release, and Hotfix branches
• GitHub Flow: Simpler, GitHub-centric flow for pull requests
• Forking Workflow: Working with forks in open-source projects
• Continuous Integration (CI) with Git: Automating testing and deployment pipelines
• Git Hooks: Automating processes with Git hooks (pre-commit, pre-push)
6. Advanced Git Commands and Concepts
• git rebase: Rebasing vs Merging
o Interactive rebasing (git rebase -i)
o Squashing commits during a rebase
• git reflog: Viewing and recovering lost commits
• git bisect: Binary search for finding the commit that introduced a bug
• git blame: Identifying who last modified each line of a file
• git tag: Tagging commits for releases
o Annotated vs lightweight tags
• git submodule: Managing nested Git repositories within a repository
• git clean: Removing untracked files
• git archive: Creating an archive of a repository
• git filter-branch: Rewriting commit history (deleting sensitive data)
• git gc (Garbage Collection): Cleaning up unnecessary files and optimizing the
repository
7. Collaboration and Teamwork
• Forking a repository: Working with personal forks
• Creating Pull Requests (PRs): Creating and reviewing pull requests
o Best practices for writing PRs
o Resolving conflicts in PRs
• Code Reviews: Using comments and reviews on GitHub/GitLab
• Resolving Merge Conflicts: Understanding and fixing conflicts during merges
• Rebasing and Pull Requests: Using rebase to keep commits clean in PRs
• Collaborative workflows:
o Feature branching, pull request review workflows
o Rebase vs merge for feature branches
8. Git and GitHub/GitLab/Bitbucket
• GitHub Features:
o Creating a repository
o Collaborating with GitHub Issues, Projects, Actions
• SSH Key Setup: Using SSH for Git authentication
• GitHub Pages: Hosting websites directly from GitHub repositories
9. Git for Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)
• CI/CD Overview: What is CI/CD and why use it with Git?
• Automated Testing with Git: Integrating testing tools with Git commits and pull
requests
• Deploying with Git:
o Deploy to cloud platforms (AWS, Heroku, Azure)
o Automated deployment pipelines using GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, or Bitbucket
Pipelines
10. Git for Open Source Projects
• Open Source Contribution Flow:
o Forking a repository
o Creating a branch
o Making commits
o Creating pull requests
• Commit Message Conventions:
o Writing meaningful commit messages
o Following conventional commit standards (e.g., "feat", "fix", "chore")
• GitHub Issues and Labels: Managing issues, bugs, and feature requests in open-source
projects
• GitHub Actions: Automating workflows in open-source projects
13. Git Troubleshooting and Debugging
• Recovering Lost Commits: Using git reflog and git fsck to recover lost data
• Fixing Broken Repositories: Using git fsck, git fsck --full, and git gc
• Debugging Merge Conflicts: How to resolve complex merge conflicts
14. Git Best Practices
• Writing Good Commit Messages: Structuring messages for clarity and consistency
• Git Branching Strategy: Git Flow, GitHub Flow, Feature Branch Workflow, Trunk-
based development
• Commit Granularity: Making small, meaningful commits
• Rebasing vs Merging: Choosing the right strategy for clean history
• Git and Large Files: Using Git LFS (Large File Storage) for large files
are critical for becoming proficient in Git.
RELATIONAL DATABASES MODULE
1. Introduction to Relational Databases
• What is a Relational Database?
• Characteristics of Relational Databases
• Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) overview
• Popular RDBMS software (MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle, SQLite)
• The role of SQL (Structured Query Language) in RDBMS
• Database Design and Development Workflow
2. Database Basics
• Database Tables: Structure, Rows, and Columns
• Primary Key: Purpose, constraints, and enforcement
• Foreign Key: Relationship between tables, referential integrity
• Indexes: Speeding up queries, indexing strategies, and types
• Schemas: Organizing tables and objects in a database
• Normalization: Organizing data to reduce redundancy (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)
• Denormalization: When to introduce redundancy for performance
• Database Constraints:
o NOT NULL
o UNIQUE
o CHECK
o DEFAULT
o FOREIGN KEY
• Data Types: Choosing the right data types for fields (integer, varchar, date, etc.)
3. SQL (Structured Query Language)
• SQL Basics:
o SELECT: Retrieving data from a database
o INSERT: Adding data to a table
o UPDATE: Modifying existing data
o DELETE: Removing data
o WHERE clause: Filtering records
o AND, OR, NOT operators
• Sorting and Limiting Results:
o ORDER BY clause (ASC, DESC)
o LIMIT and OFFSET for pagination
• Aggregation:
o COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
o GROUP BY for grouping results
o HAVING for filtering aggregated results
• Joins:
o INNER JOIN
o LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN)
o RIGHT JOIN (or RIGHT OUTER JOIN)
o FULL JOIN (or FULL OUTER JOIN)
o CROSS JOIN
o Self JOIN
• Subqueries:
o Scalar subqueries (selecting a single value)
o Correlated subqueries (referencing outer query)
o EXISTS, NOT EXISTS
o IN, NOT IN
o ANY, ALL operators
• Set Operations:
o UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT
• Transactions:
o BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, ROLLBACK
o ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
o Isolation Levels (READ UNCOMMITTED, READ COMMITTED,
REPEATABLE READ, SERIALIZABLE)
• Indexes: Creating and using indexes for query optimization
o UNIQUE Index, Composite Index, Partial Index, Full-text Index
• Views: Creating, using, and updating views
• Stored Procedures and Functions:
o Creating and calling stored procedures
o Creating and calling user-defined functions
• Triggers: Setting up triggers for automatic actions (before and after INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE)
• Prepared Statements: Using parameterized queries for security (SQL injection
prevention)
• Temporary Tables: Creating and using temporary tables
5. Database Design and Modeling
• Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagrams: Visualizing database design
• Normalization:
o First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), Third Normal Form
(3NF)
o Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF), Fourth (4NF), and Fifth (5NF)
• Relationships:
o One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many relationships
o Mapping relationships with foreign keys
• Designing Tables: Choosing the correct primary and foreign keys
• Indexes in Database Design: Choosing what fields to index
• Refactoring Database Schema: Updating schema without losing data (migrations)
• ER to Relational Mapping: Translating ER models into relational schemas
7. Data Import/Export
• Data Import:
o Using LOAD DATA (MySQL), COPY (PostgreSQL)
o Importing CSV, JSON, XML, and other formats
• Data Export:
o Using mysqldump (MySQL), pg_dump (PostgreSQL)
o Exporting data to CSV, JSON, XML, etc.
• ETL Processes: Extracting, Transforming, and Loading data between systems
8. Relational Database Administration (DBA)
• Database Installation and Configuration: Setting up RDBMS (MySQL, PostgreSQL,
SQL Server)
• User Management: Creating and managing database users, roles, and permissions
• Database Monitoring: Using tools like pgAdmin, MySQL Workbench, Oracle
Enterprise Manager
• Query Performance Tuning:
o Analyzing slow queries with EXPLAIN
o Indexing strategies to improve query performance
• Database Logging: Configuring and analyzing query and error logs
• Database Maintenance: Running maintenance tasks (vacuuming, reindexing,
defragmentation)
• Replication and Failover: Setting up and managing replication for redundancy and load
balancing
• Database Migration: Upgrading and migrating databases to newer versions or platforms
DJANGO FRAMEWORK MODULE
1. Introduction to Django
• What is Django?
• History and philosophy of Django
• Features and advantages of Django
• Installing Django (using pip, virtual environments)
• Setting up a new Django project
• Understanding Django Project Structure
• Django settings file and configuration
• Running the development server (python manage.py runserver)
2. Django Basics
• Django App Structure: Understanding apps in Django projects
• URL Routing: Configuring URLs with urls.py
o URL patterns, path converters, and regular expressions
o Mapping URLs to views
• Views:
o Function-based views (FBV)
o Class-based views (CBV)
o Returning HTML, JSON, or redirect responses
• Templates:
o Using Django’s template language
o Template tags and filters
o Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
o Template inheritance
• Models:
o Defining models with Django’s ORM
o Fields and field types (CharField, IntegerField, ForeignKey, etc.)
o Model methods and properties
o Migrations and database schema management (makemigrations, migrate)
3. Django Forms
• Creating Forms: Using forms.py to define forms
• Form Fields: CharField, IntegerField, DateField, etc.
• Form Validation: Built-in validation and custom validation
• ModelForms: Using Django forms tied to models
• Handling form submissions: GET and POST methods
• Displaying forms in templates: Rendering forms in HTML templates
4. Django Admin Interface
• Enabling and customizing the Django admin panel
• Registering models with the admin site
• Customizing admin views (list display, search, filters)
• Inline models in admin interface
• Admin actions and bulk operations
5. Database and Models in Django
• Understanding Django’s ORM (Object Relational Mapper)
• Querying data with Django ORM:
o .filter(), .get(), .all(), .exclude(), .annotate()
• Model Relationships:
o One-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships
o ForeignKey, OneToOneField, ManyToManyField
• Database migrations (creating, applying, and reversing migrations)
• QuerySets and chaining methods
• Using raw SQL queries with raw(), connection
• Transactions and atomic operations
6. Django Authentication and Authorization
• User authentication system (login, logout, registration)
• Using Django's built-in User model
• User authentication forms (AuthenticationForm, UserCreationForm)
• Password hashing and security
• Custom user models
• Permissions and access control
• Groups and user roles
• Protecting views with @login_required and permissions decorators
• Custom authentication backends
• Password reset and change functionality
• Django sessions and cookies
8. Django REST Framework (DRF)
• What is Django REST Framework (DRF)?
• Setting up DRF in a Django project
• Serializers: Converting model instances to JSON and vice versa
• Viewsets and Routers for handling API endpoints
• Authentication in DRF: Token-based authentication, OAuth, JWT
• Permissions and access control in APIs
• Pagination, filtering, and ordering in DRF
• DRF testing tools (APIRequestFactory, TestCase)
• Versioning APIs in Django
• Throttling and rate limiting in DRF
• API documentation with tools like Swagger or ReDoc
9. Django Middleware
• What is middleware?
• How middleware works in Django (request/response cycle)
• Creating custom middleware
• Common middleware in Django (session, authentication, security)
• Using middleware for logging, caching, or security purposes
10. Django Security Features
• Preventing SQL Injection with Django’s ORM
• CSRF protection (Cross-Site Request Forgery)
• XSS protection (Cross-Site Scripting)
• SQL Injection prevention
• Clickjacking protection
• Using HTTPS and Secure Cookies
• Using Django’s built-in security middleware
• Django’s password hashing mechanisms (PBKDF2, Argon2, bcrypt)
• Secure user authentication and session management
11. Django Testing
• Setting up testing in Django with TestCase
• Writing unit tests for models, views, and forms
• Using TestClient for simulating requests
• Mocking database queries and responses
• Running tests with python manage.py test
• Coverage testing and using coverage tools
12. Django Caching
• Introduction to caching in Django
• Types of caching: Per-view, template fragment, and low-level caching
• Caching with database, filesystem, and in-memory caches (Memcached, Redis)
• Cache invalidation strategies
• Using the Django cache framework
• Django’s caching middleware
13. Django Signals
• What are signals in Django?
• Setting up and using Django signals (pre_save, post_save, pre_delete, post_delete)
• Custom signals and receivers
• Use cases for signals (e.g., sending emails after saving a model)
14. Django Deployment
• Setting up a production environment for Django
• Using WSGI and ASGI servers (Gunicorn, Daphne)
REACT NATIVE MODULE
1. Introduction to React Native
• What is React Native?
• Difference between React and React Native
• Benefits of using React Native for mobile app development
• Setting up the development environment (Node.js, NPM, Expo CLI, React Native CLI)
• Creating the first React Native app (npx react-native init or expo init)
• Running the app on emulators, simulators, and real devices (iOS and Android)
• React Native components and how they differ from web components
2. React Native Basics
• Core Components:
o View, Text, Image, ScrollView, TextInput, Button, TouchableOpacity
o Handling basic layouts with Flexbox
• Styling in React Native:
o Inline styles and StyleSheet API
o Styling with Flexbox
o Platform-specific styling (iOS vs Android)
o Responsive design using Dimensions API
• Handling User Input:
o TextInput, Button, TouchableHighlight
o Handling form inputs and user interaction
• Event Handling:
o Handling touch events (onPress, onLongPress, onStartShouldSetResponder)
o Gesture handling with React Native Gesture Handler
3. Navigation in React Native
• React Navigation: The most popular library for navigation
• Setting up react-navigation library (Stack, Tab, Drawer navigators)
• Stack Navigation:
o Navigating between screens (push, pop, replace)
o Passing data between screens via navigation prop
• Tab Navigation:
o Bottom tabs and top tabs navigation
o Customizing tab bar styles and icons
• Drawer Navigation:
o Creating a side menu (drawer navigation)
o Handling gestures for opening/closing the drawer
• Deep Linking: Handling external links and URL schemes
• Navigation with Redux: Using global state to manage navigation state
• Custom Navigation Transitions: Implementing custom animations for screen transitions
4. State Management
• React Native State and Props:
o Using state and props in functional and class components
o Passing data via props and using state to manage data
• Redux: Advanced state management with Redux
o Setting up Redux (actions, reducers, store)
o Using useDispatch and useSelector hooks in functional components
o Middleware in Redux (Redux Thunk, Redux Saga)
o Managing async actions with Redux
o Redux DevTools for debugging
5. Networking and APIs
• Fetching data from APIs using fetch and axios
• Handling asynchronous operations with async/await
• Managing API responses and errors
• Using useEffect for making API calls when a component mounts
• Authentication and Authorization (JWT, OAuth)
• Handling background tasks and background fetches
• Using WebSockets for real-time communication
• Debugging network requests using Chrome DevTools or React Native Debugger
6. Working with Data and Storage
• AsyncStorage: Using AsyncStorage for local storage of data
• SQLite: Using SQLite for persistent storage of relational data
• Realm Database: Using Realm for local, offline-first storage
• React Query: Optimizing data fetching and caching with React Query
• Redux Persist: Persisting Redux state across app restarts
7. Handling Images, Videos, and Media
• Loading and displaying images in React Native (Image component, ImageBackground)
• Optimizing image size and resolution for mobile devices
• Handling video playback (react-native-video library)
• Working with the camera (react-native-camera, react-native-image-picker)
• Recording and playing audio (react-native-sound, react-native-audio)
• Creating media galleries or photo pickers
8. Animations and Performance
• Basic Animations: Using Animated API for animations
• Interactivity with Animations: Combining gestures with animations (e.g., swipeable
views)
• LayoutAnimation: Animating layout changes
• React Native Reanimated: Advanced animations with Reanimated 2
• Optimizing performance with shouldComponentUpdate or React.memo
• Virtualization of long lists (FlatList, SectionList)
• Using useMemo and useCallback to prevent unnecessary re-renders
• Optimizing images and media for performance
• Using the InteractionManager for handling interactions asynchronously
9. Building and Testing the App
• Writing unit tests with Jest and React Native Testing Library
• Using detox for end-to-end testing
• Running tests on emulators and real devices
• Mocking network requests and external APIs in tests
• Debugging in React Native (using React Native Debugger, Flipper, or Chrome DevTools)
• Performance profiling and memory leak detection using Flipper and Xcode Instruments
10. App Lifecycle and Background Tasks
• Understanding the app lifecycle (AppState, foreground/background)
• Handling app lifecycle events (onFocus, onBlur)
• Running background tasks with react-native-background-fetch
• Handling push notifications (Firebase, OneSignal, etc.)
• Scheduling local notifications
• Background processing and task queues
11. Push Notifications and Deep Linking
• Setting up push notifications (Firebase Cloud Messaging, OneSignal)
• Receiving and handling push notifications in the app
• Configuring deep linking to navigate to specific app screens from a URL
• Universal Links and App Links (iOS and Android)
13. Debugging and Error Handling
• Debugging React Native apps (Remote Debugging, Flipper, React Native Debugger)
• Handling runtime errors in React Native (try-catch, error boundaries)
• Understanding and fixing common React Native errors (red screens, network errors)
• Using crash reporting and logging tools (Sentry, Firebase Crashlytics)
14. Deployment and Distribution
• Building and deploying on iOS and Android:
o Setting up the iOS build environment (Xcode, Apple Developer Account)
o Setting up the Android build environment (Android Studio, Google Play
Developer Account)
o Building APKs and AABs for Android and IPAs for iOS
• App Signing: Signing and securing your apps for production
• Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates: Using Expo or CodePush for pushing updates to your app
without app store releases
• App Store and Google Play Store: Preparing your app for submission, guidelines, and
best practices
• CI/CD: Setting up Continuous Integration and Deployment for React Native apps
(Fastlane, CircleCI, GitHub Actions)
• App Store Optimization (ASO): Strategies for app visibility and user acquisition
15. Advanced Topics in React Native
• React Native with TypeScript: Setting up and using TypeScript in React Native projects
PROJECTS SECTION
WEBSITE DESIGNING PROJECT
Overview:
Create an advanced personal portfolio website that showcases your skills, experience, projects,
and contact information. The website will feature several interactive and dynamic elements such
as a responsive grid layout, animated transitions, sticky navigation, hover effects, and a contact
form with validation.
Features to Implement:
1. Responsive Design
• Mobile-First Approach: Design the website with a mobile-first approach, ensuring it
looks good on all screen sizes (from small mobile screens to large desktop displays).
• Responsive Grid Layout: Use CSS Grid for the layout of the portfolio sections, ensuring
that sections rearrange dynamically based on the viewport size.
• Media Queries: Implement media queries to handle changes in layout, font sizes, and
component arrangements for different devices (mobile, tablet, desktop).
2. Navigation
• Sticky Navigation Bar: The top navigation should remain fixed at the top of the screen
when the user scrolls down.
• Hamburger Menu (Mobile): On mobile screens, convert the navigation into a
hamburger menu that expands when clicked.
• Smooth Scroll: Implement smooth scrolling when navigating to different sections of the
page.
3. Sections of the Portfolio
• Hero Section: Create an eye-catching hero section with an introduction and a
background image (or video). The hero section should feature a clear call-to-action (e.g.,
"Get in Touch" button) that scrolls the page to the contact section.
• About Section: A section where you describe your skills, experience, and background,
including a short biography.
• Projects Section: Showcase your projects in a grid or card layout. Each project should
include:
o Project name
o Short description
o Skills or tools used
o Links to live demo or GitHub repository
• Testimonials Section: Display feedback or quotes from people you’ve worked with,
using a responsive carousel or grid of testimonials.
• Contact Form Section: Create a form with fields for the user’s name, email, message,
and a CAPTCHA. The form should have validation for each field (using HTML5
validation attributes such as required, pattern, etc.).
4. Advanced Styling and Effects
• CSS Flexbox: Use Flexbox for the layout of smaller components like the navigation,
footer, and project cards.
• CSS Grid: Use CSS Grid for the layout of the main sections such as the About, Projects,
and Testimonials sections to create a modern and flexible layout.
• Hover Effects: Apply hover effects to project cards and buttons (e.g., scaling, color
changes, shadow effects) to make the site more interactive.
• Transitions and Animations:
o Use CSS transitions for smooth hover effects (for example, smooth transitions
when hovering over buttons or images).
o Add animations for elements entering the screen (e.g., fading in or sliding up as
the user scrolls).
o Create an animated loading screen for when the page first loads.
• Custom Fonts and Icons: Use Google Fonts for typography and Font Awesome or
custom SVG icons for visual enhancements.
5. Accessibility Features
• Semantic HTML5 Tags: Use proper HTML5 semantic elements such as <header>,
<main>, <footer>, <section>, <article>, <nav>, <form>, etc., for better SEO and
accessibility.
• Keyboard Navigation: Ensure the navigation and form elements are accessible by
keyboard and follow proper focus management.
• Color Contrast: Use high-contrast text and background colors for readability and
accessibility (especially for users with visual impairments).
• Alt Text for Images: Include descriptive alt attributes for all images for screen readers.
6. Forms and Validation
• Custom Form Validation: Implement client-side form validation using HTML5
validation attributes (e.g., required, pattern, type="email"). Use CSS to show error
messages with custom styles when validation fails.
• Submit Button Animation: Animate the form submit button on hover, and show a
loading spinner when the form is submitted.
7. Other Advanced CSS Features
• CSS Variables: Use CSS variables for easier color and spacing management.
• CSS Transforms: Implement 3D transformations or rotations to make elements
interactive (e.g., rotating project images when hovered).
• Parallax Scrolling: Implement a parallax scrolling effect on the background of the hero
section for a more dynamic look.
• Custom Scrollbar: Style the scrollbar to make it visually appealing and consistent with
the site’s design.
8. Performance and Optimization
• Lazy Loading Images: Implement lazy loading for images to improve performance on
long pages with many visuals.
• Minification and Compression: Minify your CSS, HTML, and JavaScript files to
reduce the page load time.
• Image Optimization: Compress images without losing quality, ensuring fast loading
times, especially for large background images.
Project Structure:
/portfolio-project
/index.html
/assets
/images
- project1.jpg
- hero.jpg
- logo.svg
/css
- styles.css
/js
- script.js
/fonts
- OpenSans-Regular.ttf
- Lato-Bold.ttf
Steps to Build:
1. Create the Basic Structure:
o Start by setting up the basic HTML5 structure for your project. Ensure you're
using appropriate semantic HTML5 elements.
2. Implement the Layout:
o Build the responsive grid layout for each section using CSS Grid for larger
screens and Flexbox for smaller components.
o Make sure each section (hero, about, projects, testimonials, contact) is clearly
defined and styled.
3. Add Navigation:
o Create the sticky top navigation bar and implement the hamburger menu for
mobile view.
o Add smooth scrolling functionality to internal links.
4. Design the Sections:
o Design each section using CSS and ensure that content is readable and
appropriately spaced.
o Implement hover effects and transitions for interactive elements.
5. Form Implementation:
o Create the contact form and add HTML5 validation for required fields, email
format, etc.
o Style the form and create custom validation error messages.
6. Apply Animations and Transitions:
o Add animations to elements as they enter the viewport (e.g., fade-in, slide-up,
etc.).
o Add hover effects to project cards and navigation buttons.
7. Test Responsiveness:
o Test the responsiveness of the site on various screen sizes using media queries.
o Adjust layouts, fonts, and elements to look great on all devices.
8. Optimize for Performance:
o Compress images and use lazy loading for large images.
o Minify your CSS and JavaScript files.
9. Deploy:
o Once the website is finished, deploy it using a platform like GitHub Pages,
Netlify, or Vercel.
Extra Challenges (Optional):
• Progressive Web App (PWA): Turn your portfolio into a Progressive Web App that can
be installed on mobile devices and works offline.
• Dark Mode Toggle: Implement a dark/light mode toggle that switches between two color
schemes.
• SVG Animations: Use SVG animations for logos or icons to make the site more
dynamic.
JAVASCRIPT PROJECT
1. Basic Task Management Features
• Add Task: Users should be able to add new tasks by entering text in an input field.
• Edit Task: Users should be able to edit an existing task.
• Delete Task: Users should be able to delete tasks.
• Mark Task as Complete/Incomplete: Users should be able to toggle between completed
and active tasks.
• Prioritize Tasks: Users can mark a task as high-priority, making it stand out in the list.
• Task Description: Allow users to add additional details to tasks, like due date or
description.
• Task Due Date: Add functionality to specify a due date for each task.
2. Persistent Data (Using Local Storage)
• Store the tasks in the browser's local storage so that tasks persist even when the page is
refreshed.
• When the page loads, retrieve the tasks from local storage and render them on the page.
3. Dynamic Rendering
• Render tasks dynamically on the web page as they are added, edited, or deleted.
• Use JavaScript to manipulate the DOM and update the list without refreshing the page.
4. Task Filter and Sorting
• Filter Tasks: Allow users to filter tasks based on completion status (All, Active,
Completed).
• Sort Tasks: Allow users to sort tasks by priority, due date, or alphabetical order.
5. Search Functionality
• Add a search bar that allows users to search through tasks by title or description.
• Update the list dynamically based on the search input.
6. Drag-and-Drop Task Reordering
• Implement drag-and-drop functionality using JavaScript. Allow users to reorder tasks in
the list.
• Tasks should retain their new order even after a page refresh by updating local storage.
7. Animations and Transitions
• Use JavaScript or CSS transitions to animate task addition, deletion, and reordering.
• Add subtle animations when tasks are marked as complete or incomplete (e.g., crossing
out completed tasks).
8. Task Validation
• Implement input validation to ensure that the task title is not empty before adding it to the
list.
• Show an error message if the user tries to add an empty task.
9. Advanced JavaScript Concepts
• Event Delegation: Use event delegation for handling multiple dynamic event listeners,
such as task delete or mark as complete.
• Promises and Async/Await: If your app fetches tasks from an API (e.g., from a mock
API), use async/await to handle asynchronous operations.
• Custom Events: Use custom events to trigger certain actions, such as marking all tasks
as completed.
10. Bonus Features (Optional)
• Priority Levels: Add a dropdown for users to set task priority (e.g., Low, Medium,
High).
• Notification System: Display notifications when a task is approaching its due date or is
overdue.
• Task Categories: Allow users to categorize tasks (e.g., Work, Personal, Study) and filter
by category.
• Dark Mode: Implement a dark mode toggle using JavaScript and store the user
preference in local storage.
Project Structure:
/task-manager
/index.html
/assets
/css
- styles.css
/js
- script.js
/images
- icons (e.g., trash, edit, etc.)
Steps to Build:
1. Set up the HTML Structure:
o Create a basic HTML page with the following sections:
▪ A header with the app title.
▪ An input field and button to add tasks.
▪ A task list section where tasks will be displayed.
▪ A search bar and filter controls.
▪ An option to toggle dark/light mode (if implementing dark mode).
2. CSS Styling:
o Design the layout of the task list using Flexbox or CSS Grid.
o Style each task with a different background color or priority indicator based on its
status (active, completed, high priority).
o Implement transitions or animations for adding/removing tasks.
3. JavaScript Logic:
o DOM Manipulation: Use JavaScript to manipulate the DOM based on user
actions:
▪ Add tasks dynamically to the list.
▪ Edit, delete, and toggle task completion state.
o Local Storage: Use localStorage to persist tasks across page reloads.
o Filter/Sort/Search: Implement filtering and sorting functions. For example, filter
tasks by their completion status.
o Drag and Drop: Use the dragstart, dragover, and drop events to implement drag-
and-drop reordering of tasks.
4. Implement Async/Await (Optional):
o If you're using an external API (mock API), use fetch or axios with async/await to
load tasks from a server or simulate an API call to fetch tasks.
5. Task Validation and Notifications:
o Ensure that tasks can’t be added with empty titles.
o Use setTimeout or setInterval for task reminder notifications or due date
reminders.
6. Advanced Features:
o If implementing dark mode, store the mode preference in localStorage and apply
the corresponding styles dynamically when the app loads.
o Implement drag-and-drop reordering and ensure that the new order is saved in
localStorage.
7. Testing:
o Test all functionalities (add, edit, delete, mark complete, search, filter, sort, drag-
and-drop) to ensure everything works smoothly.
o Check browser compatibility (make sure to handle edge cases like localStorage
availability).
Sample Code for Key Features:
1. Add Task (Basic Example)
const taskInput = document.getElementById("taskInput");
const addButton = document.getElementById("addTaskButton");
const taskList = document.getElementById("taskList");
addButton.addEventListener("click", function() {
const taskText = taskInput.value.trim();
if (taskText !== "") {
const taskItem = document.createElement("li");
taskItem.textContent = taskText;
taskList.appendChild(taskItem);
taskInput.value = "";
saveTasks();
}
});
function saveTasks() {
const tasks = [];
taskList.querySelectorAll("li").forEach(item => tasks.push(item.textContent));
localStorage.setItem("tasks", JSON.stringify(tasks));
window.onload = function() {
const tasks = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("tasks"));
if (tasks) {
tasks.forEach(task => {
const taskItem = document.createElement("li");
taskItem.textContent = task;
taskList.appendChild(taskItem);
});
};
2. Drag-and-Drop Task Reordering (Basic Example)
taskList.addEventListener("dragstart", function(event) {
event.dataTransfer.setData("text", event.target.id);
});
taskList.addEventListener("dragover", function(event) {
event.preventDefault();
});
taskList.addEventListener("drop", function(event) {
event.preventDefault();
const draggedTask = document.getElementById(event.dataTransfer.getData("text"));
const targetTask = event.target;
// Swap tasks position
taskList.insertBefore(draggedTask, targetTask);
});
PYTHON PROJECT
Project: Event Management System
Overview:
Build an Event Management System that allows users to register for events, manage event
details, send notifications to users, and track event registrations. The system should include
features for creating, updating, and deleting events, managing user registrations, sending email
notifications about upcoming events, and integrating an external API to fetch weather data for
each event.
Key Features to Implement:
1. User Registration and Authentication
• User Registration: Allow users to create an account with a username, email, and
password.
• Login: Implement user login with password verification.
• Authentication: Protect certain API endpoints (e.g., registering for an event) with token-
based authentication (using JWT - JSON Web Tokens).
2. Event Management
• Create Events: Allow users to create events by providing details such as event name,
date, location, description, etc.
• Edit Events: Allow users to edit event details.
• Delete Events: Allow users to delete events.
• Event List: Display a list of events with details (name, date, location, description, etc.).
3. User Registration for Events
• Register for Events: Allow users to register for events by providing their name and
email.
• Event Registrations: Display the list of users who have registered for a particular event.
• Event Capacity: Set a maximum capacity for each event and prevent further registrations
once the event is full.
4. Email Notifications
• Send Registration Confirmation: Send a confirmation email when a user successfully
registers for an event.
• Event Reminder: Send a reminder email to registered users a few days before the event.
• Send Notifications for Event Updates: Send an email notification when event details
(date, location, etc.) are updated.
5. Weather Data Integration
• Weather API: Integrate an external weather API (e.g., OpenWeatherMap) to fetch the
weather forecast for the location of each event.
• Display Weather: Show the weather forecast for the event’s location on the event details
page.
6. API Endpoints
• GET /events: Get a list of all events.
• POST /events: Create a new event.
• PUT /events/{id}: Edit an existing event.
• DELETE /events/{id}: Delete an event.
• POST /register: Register for an event.
• GET /event/{id}/registrations: Get a list of users who have registered for an event.
7. MySQL Database Integration
• Use MySQL to store user data, event data, and registrations.
• Design the following tables:
o users: stores user information (username, email, hashed password).
o events: stores event information (name, description, date, location, etc.).
o registrations: stores event registration details (user_id, event_id).
8. Security and Validation
• Use bcrypt for securely hashing passwords.
• Validate inputs such as email format and date format.
• Implement JWT authentication for protecting user-specific actions (e.g., event
registration).
Project Structure:
/event_manager
/app
/models.py # Database models (User, Event, Registration)
/controllers.py # Business logic for event management, user authentication
/utils.py # Helper functions (weather data, email notifications)
/config.py # Configuration settings (MySQL DB, API keys, etc.)
/templates
- event_list.html # Page displaying a list of events
- event_details.html # Event details page with registration and weather
- login.html # Login page template
- register.html # Registration page template
/static
/css
- styles.css
/requirements.txt # Project dependencies (Flask, SQLAlchemy, etc.)
/app.py # Flask app initialization and routing
/database.py # Database setup and connection
Steps to Build:
1. Set up the Flask App:
• Initialize a Flask application.
• Set up MySQL database connection using SQLAlchemy.
• Configure environment variables (API keys, database connection, etc.).
2. Implement User Authentication:
• Set up Flask-Login or Flask-JWT-Extended for user authentication (JWT is
recommended for API security).
• Create routes for user registration, login, and logout.
• Store passwords securely using bcrypt or Flask-Bcrypt.
3. Database Models:
• Create the following models:
o User: To store user information.
o Event: To store event details (name, description, date, location, etc.).
o Registration: To track which users are registered for which events.
4. Event Management:
• Create routes for creating, updating, and deleting events (e.g., /events, /events/{id}).
• Ensure that users can only edit or delete their own events.
• Limit event registrations based on the event's maximum capacity.
5. API Endpoints:
• Implement API endpoints to handle CRUD operations for events and registrations:
o POST /events: To create a new event.
o GET /events: To list all events.
o PUT /events/{id}: To update event details.
o DELETE /events/{id}: To delete an event.
o POST /register: To register a user for an event.
o GET /event/{id}/registrations: To get a list of registered users.
6. Email Notifications:
• Use smtplib or an external email API (e.g., SendGrid, Mailgun) to send registration
confirmation emails.
• Use a cron job or a scheduled task to send email reminders a few days before an event.
• Send email notifications when an event's details are updated.
7. Weather Data Integration:
• Use an API like OpenWeatherMap to fetch the weather data for the event’s location.
• Show the weather forecast (e.g., temperature, conditions) on the event details page.
8. Security and Validation:
• Ensure that all sensitive data (e.g., passwords) is securely hashed and stored.
• Validate inputs for events and registrations (e.g., date format, email format).
• Implement JWT-based authentication to secure API endpoints.
9. Testing and Debugging:
• Write unit tests for the app (e.g., testing user registration, event creation, API endpoints).
• Test email sending functionality and verify that users are correctly notified.
• Test the weather API integration.
10. Deployment:
• Deploy the app to a cloud platform like Heroku, AWS, or DigitalOcean.
• Configure the production environment (e.g., use MySQL in production, secure API keys,
etc.).
Sample Code for Key Features:
1. User Registration (Flask + JWT)
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
import bcrypt
import jwt
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = 'your_secret_key'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] =
'mysql://username:password@localhost/db_name'
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
class User(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
username = db.Column(db.String(100), nullable=False, unique=True)
password = db.Column(db.String(255), nullable=False)
@app.route('/register', methods=['POST'])
def register():
data = request.get_json()
hashed_password = bcrypt.hashpw(data['password'].encode('utf-8'), bcrypt.gensalt())
user = User(username=data['username'], password=hashed_password)
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
return jsonify(message="User registered successfully"), 201
@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
def login():
data = request.get_json()
user = User.query.filter_by(username=data['username']).first()
if user and bcrypt.checkpw(data['password'].encode('utf-8'), user.password.encode('utf-8')):
token = jwt.encode({'user_id': user.id, 'exp': datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(hours=1)},
app.config['SECRET_KEY'], algorithm='HS256')
return jsonify(token=token)
return jsonify(message="Invalid credentials"), 401
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)
2. Event Model and Email Notification (smtplib)
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
def send_email(to_email, subject, body):
msg = MIMEMultipart()
msg['From'] = 'your_email@example.com'
msg['To'] = to_email
msg['Subject'] = subject
msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'plain'))
with smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587) as server:
server.starttls()
server.login('your_email@example.com', 'your_password')
server.sendmail(msg['From'], msg['To'], msg.as_string())
def send_registration_confirmation(user_email, event_name):
subject = "Event Registration Confirmation"
body = f"Dear User,\n\nYou have successfully registered for the event: {event_name}."
send_email(user_email, subject, body)
3. Fetch Weather Data (OpenWeatherMap API)
import requests
def get_weather(location):
api_key = "your_openweathermap_api_key"
url =
f"http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q={location}&appid={api_key}&units=metri
c"
response = requests.get(url)
data = response.json()
return {
"temperature": data['main']['temp'],
"conditions": data['weather'][0]['description']
Outcome:
By completing this project, you will have built an Event Management System with the
following advanced features:
• User Authentication (JWT-based)
• Event Management (CRUD)
• Email Notifications (via SMTP or external API)
• Weather Data Integration
• MySQL Database for persistent storage
• RESTful APIs for interaction with events and registrations
This project will allow you to gain experience with full-stack development in Python, working
with APIs, sending email notifications, and managing databases securely. It will be a great
addition to your portfolio.
DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS
Project: Task Management System with Optimized Search and Sorting Algorithms
Overview:
Build a Task Management System where users can add, delete, update, and sort tasks.
Implement various data structures (like linked lists, hash maps, trees, etc.) and algorithms
(sorting, searching, graph traversal) to enhance the functionality of the system. The system
should be capable of handling large data sets efficiently and allow users to perform different
operations with optimized time and space complexities.
Key Features to Implement:
1. Task Management
• Add Tasks: Add tasks with attributes like task name, priority, status, due date, etc.
• Delete Tasks: Remove tasks by ID or name.
• Update Tasks: Modify task details such as name, due date, or status (e.g., completed,
pending).
• View Tasks: Display a list of all tasks, including their details.
2. Task Sorting and Searching
• Sort Tasks: Implement sorting algorithms like Quick Sort, Merge Sort, or Heap Sort to
sort tasks based on priority, due date, etc.
• Search Tasks: Implement searching algorithms like Binary Search or HashMap-based
search to find tasks based on their name or due date.
3. Optimized Search using Hashing
• Use a hash map (or dictionary in Python) to store and retrieve tasks efficiently based on
task ID or name.
4. Task Prioritization (using Heaps/Priority Queues)
• Implement a min-heap or max-heap data structure to prioritize tasks based on their
priority levels (higher priority tasks should be processed first).
5. Graph Traversal for Dependencies
• Implement graph traversal (like DFS or BFS) to handle task dependencies. For
example, if Task A depends on Task B, ensure that Task B is completed before Task A.
6. Advanced Sorting Algorithms
• Implement Advanced Sorting Algorithms like Quick Sort, Merge Sort, or Heap Sort
to sort tasks by different attributes such as deadlines, priority, etc.
7. Time Complexity and Optimization
• Optimize all the operations (add, delete, update, sort, search) with respect to time
complexity using appropriate data structures and algorithms.
8. Database Integration (Optional)
• Integrate the task manager with a database like MySQL or SQLite to persist tasks and
allow users to retrieve their tasks even after the program is restarted.
Data Structures to Use:
1. Array/List: To store and display tasks.
2. Hash Map: For efficient task retrieval based on task ID or name.
3. Linked List: If you need to implement a queue-like structure to maintain task order.
4. Heap/Priority Queue: For task prioritization (sorting tasks based on priority).
5. Binary Search Tree (BST): For storing tasks in a way that allows efficient searching,
insertion, and deletion of tasks based on a specific attribute (e.g., task deadline).
6. Graph: For representing task dependencies.
Algorithms to Implement:
1. Sorting Algorithms:
o Quick Sort
o Merge Sort
o Heap Sort
2. Searching Algorithms:
o Binary Search (if tasks are stored in sorted order)
o Hashing (use hash maps for efficient task lookups)
3. Graph Algorithms:
o Depth First Search (DFS): To explore task dependencies.
o Breadth First Search (BFS): For exploring tasks level by level.
4. Priority Queue Operations:
o Implement the heap data structure for efficiently retrieving the highest or lowest
priority tasks.
Project Structure:
/task_manager
/task.py # Task model (attributes: name, priority, status, due date, etc.)
/task_manager.py # Task manager with methods for adding, deleting, updating tasks
/algorithms.py # Implement sorting and searching algorithms
/graph_algorithms.py # Implement graph algorithms for task dependencies (DFS, BFS)
/priority_queue.py # Implement priority queue for task prioritization
/database.py # Optional: Implement MySQL/SQLite integration
/main.py # Main script to interact with the task manager
/tests
/test_algorithms.py # Unit tests for algorithms (e.g., sorting, searching)
/test_task_manager.py # Unit tests for task manager (CRUD operations)
/README.md # Project description and setup
Detailed Steps to Build:
1. Set Up Task Class and CRUD Operations:
• Define a Task class with attributes such as name, priority, due date, and status.
• Implement methods in the TaskManager class to add, delete, update, and view tasks.
class Task:
def __init__(self, task_id, name, priority, due_date, status="Pending"):
self.task_id = task_id
self.name = name
self.priority = priority
self.due_date = due_date
self.status = status
class TaskManager:
def __init__(self):
self.tasks = {}
def add_task(self, task):
self.tasks[task.task_id] = task
def delete_task(self, task_id):
if task_id in self.tasks:
del self.tasks[task_id]
def update_task(self, task_id, new_name=None, new_priority=None, new_due_date=None,
new_status=None):
task = self.tasks.get(task_id)
if task:
task.name = new_name or task.name
task.priority = new_priority or task.priority
task.due_date = new_due_date or task.due_date
task.status = new_status or task.status
def view_tasks(self):
return list(self.tasks.values())
2. Implement Sorting Algorithms:
• Implement sorting algorithms like Quick Sort or Merge Sort to allow users to sort tasks
based on priority, due date, or other attributes.
def quick_sort(tasks, key):
if len(tasks) <= 1:
return tasks
pivot = tasks[0]
less_than_pivot = [task for task in tasks[1:] if getattr(task, key) < getattr(pivot, key)]
greater_than_pivot = [task for task in tasks[1:] if getattr(task, key) >= getattr(pivot, key)]
return quick_sort(less_than_pivot, key) + [pivot] + quick_sort(greater_than_pivot, key)
3. Implement Search Algorithms:
• Implement Binary Search (if tasks are sorted) or Hash Map based search for efficient
lookups.
def binary_search(tasks, target_name):
low, high = 0, len(tasks) - 1
while low <= high:
mid = (low + high) // 2
if tasks[mid].name == target_name:
return tasks[mid]
elif tasks[mid].name < target_name:
low = mid + 1
else:
high = mid - 1
return None
4. Implement Graph Traversal for Task Dependencies:
• Use DFS or BFS for handling task dependencies. For instance, if a task depends on other
tasks, ensure those tasks are completed first.
def dfs(task, task_graph, visited):
visited.add(task.task_id)
for dependency in task_graph.get(task.task_id, []):
if dependency.task_id not in visited:
dfs(dependency, task_graph, visited)
5. Task Prioritization Using Priority Queue:
• Implement a min-heap (or max-heap) to allow for priority-based task handling. Higher
priority tasks can be processed first.
import heapq
class TaskPriorityQueue:
def __init__(self):
self.priority_queue = []
def add_task(self, task):
heapq.heappush(self.priority_queue, (task.priority, task))
def get_highest_priority_task(self):
return heapq.heappop(self.priority_queue)[1] if self.priority_queue else None
6. Database Integration (Optional):
• Use SQLite or MySQL to persist tasks. Create a table to store tasks, with columns for
the task name, priority, status, and due date.
import sqlite3
def create_database():
connection = sqlite3.connect('task_manager.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute('''
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tasks (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT,
priority INTEGER,
status TEXT,
due_date TEXT
)
''')
connection.commit()
connection.close()
7. Testing and Optimization:
• Write unit tests to validate the correctness of sorting, searching, and CRUD operations.
• Optimize the performance for large task sets (e.g., using binary search, hash maps, or
efficient sorting algorithms).
Outcome:
By completing this project, you will have built a Task Management System that incorporates
various data structures and algorithms:
• Efficient Task Retrieval using hash maps.
• Sorting and Searching tasks using different algorithms (e.g., Quick Sort, Binary
Search).
• Task Prioritization using heaps (priority queues).
• Task Dependencies managed through graph traversal (DFS/BFS).
• CRUD operations and database persistence for tasks.
This project will not only help you test your understanding of data structures and algorithms but
will also enhance your skills in problem-solving, optimization, and implementation.
REACT NATIVE PROJECT
Project: Expense Tracker App
Overview:
Build a React Native Expense Tracker App where users can track their expenses by
categorizing them (e.g., Food, Transport, Entertainment, etc.). The app will allow users to:
• Add, edit, and delete expenses.
• View a list of expenses.
• Filter expenses by categories and date range.
• Display a summary of expenses for the selected period.
• Store data locally on the device using AsyncStorage or SQLite.
• Sync the data with a cloud database (like Firebase or a custom API) to allow data
persistence across devices.
Key Features to Implement:
1. User Authentication (Optional)
• Use Firebase Authentication or JWT to implement user login and sign-up functionality.
2. Expense Management
• Add Expense: Users can add a new expense with details like name, amount, category,
date, and description.
• Edit Expense: Users can update the details of an existing expense.
• Delete Expense: Users can remove an expense.
• View Expenses: Display a list of all expenses.
3. Expense Filters
• Allow users to filter expenses based on:
o Date range (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly).
o Categories (e.g., Food, Transport, Entertainment).
4. Expense Summary
• Display the total amount of expenses in each category.
• Show a chart or graph representing the total expenses by category using a library like
react-native-chart-kit or victory-native.
5. Local Data Storage
• Use AsyncStorage or SQLite to store expense data locally on the user's device.
6. Cloud Sync (Optional)
• Use Firebase Firestore or your custom backend (REST API) to sync data with the cloud.
• Implement real-time data sync to reflect changes made on any device.
7. UI/UX Design
• Clean, minimal design with an easy-to-navigate interface.
• Responsive layout for both iOS and Android.
• Use React Navigation for app navigation (e.g., StackNavigator for navigating between
screens).
8. Notification System (Optional)
• Use Push Notifications (Firebase or another service) to notify users about their spending
(e.g., "You have exceeded your budget for the week!").
Technologies and Libraries to Use:
• React Native: Core framework for building cross-platform mobile applications.
• React Navigation: For navigation between screens (StackNavigator, TabNavigator, etc.).
• AsyncStorage or SQLite: For local storage of expenses.
• Firebase/Firestore: For user authentication and cloud data storage.
• react-native-chart-kit or victory-native: For displaying expense summaries in charts.
• React Hook Form or Formik: For managing form inputs and validations.
• react-native-paper or native-base: For UI components and styling.
• Axios/Fetch API: For integrating APIs (if using a custom backend for syncing).
• Push Notifications: Use Firebase Cloud Messaging or another service to send push
notifications.
Project Structure:
/expense-tracker-app
/src
/components
/ExpenseItem.js # Display a single expense item
/ExpenseForm.js # Form to add or edit expenses
/CategoryFilter.js # Filter expenses by category
/DateRangePicker.js # Picker to select date range for filtering
/ExpenseSummary.js # Display expense summary (total by category)
/screens
/HomeScreen.js # Display a list of expenses with filters
/AddEditExpenseScreen.js # Add or edit expense screen
/ExpenseDetailsScreen.js # Detailed view of a single expense
/SummaryScreen.js # Summary of expenses (chart and total)
/services
/storage.js # For interacting with AsyncStorage or SQLite
/firebase.js # Firebase setup for authentication and data syncing
/api.js # API calls for syncing data with a custom backend
/context
/ExpenseContext.js # Global state management for expenses (using Context API)
/styles
/globalStyles.js # Global styles for consistent look
/App.js # Main App component with navigation setup
/package.json # Dependencies and project setup
/README.md # Project description and setup
Steps to Build the App:
1. Set Up Navigation:
• Install React Navigation for navigating between different screens (Home, Add/Edit
Expense, Expense Details, Summary).
npm install @react-navigation/native @react-navigation/stack
npm install react-native-gesture-handler react-native-reanimated
• Create a basic navigation setup in App.js using StackNavigator.
import React from 'react';
import { NavigationContainer } from '@react-navigation/native';
import { createStackNavigator } from '@react-navigation/stack';
import HomeScreen from './src/screens/HomeScreen';
import AddEditExpenseScreen from './src/screens/AddEditExpenseScreen';
import ExpenseDetailsScreen from './src/screens/ExpenseDetailsScreen';
import SummaryScreen from './src/screens/SummaryScreen';
const Stack = createStackNavigator();
export default function App() {
return (
<NavigationContainer>
<Stack.Navigator initialRouteName="Home">
<Stack.Screen name="Home" component={HomeScreen} />
<Stack.Screen name="AddEditExpense" component={AddEditExpenseScreen} />
<Stack.Screen name="ExpenseDetails" component={ExpenseDetailsScreen} />
<Stack.Screen name="Summary" component={SummaryScreen} />
</Stack.Navigator>
</NavigationContainer>
);
}
2. Expense Form (Add/Edit Expense):
• Use React Hook Form to manage form inputs and validation for adding and editing
expenses.
npm install react-hook-form
• Example of an expense form:
import React, { useState } from 'react';
import { View, TextInput, Button } from 'react-native';
import { useForm, Controller } from 'react-hook-form';
const ExpenseForm = ({ onSubmit, expense }) => {
const { control, handleSubmit } = useForm({
defaultValues: expense || { name: '', amount: '', category: '', date: '' },
});
return (
<View>
<Controller
name="name"
control={control}
render={({ field: { onChange, value } }) => (
<TextInput
value={value}
onChangeText={onChange}
placeholder="Expense Name"
/>
)}
/>
<Controller
name="amount"
control={control}
render={({ field: { onChange, value } }) => (
<TextInput
value={value}
onChangeText={onChange}
placeholder="Amount"
keyboardType="numeric"
/>
)}
/>
<Controller
name="category"
control={control}
render={({ field: { onChange, value } }) => (
<TextInput
value={value}
onChangeText={onChange}
placeholder="Category"
/>
)}
/>
<Button title="Save Expense" onPress={handleSubmit(onSubmit)} />
</View>
);
};
export default ExpenseForm;
3. Expense List and Filters:
• Use FlatList to display the list of expenses.
• Implement DateRangePicker and CategoryFilter components to filter expenses based
on user selection.
import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
import { View, FlatList, Text, Button } from 'react-native';
import { useContext } from 'react';
import ExpenseContext from '../context/ExpenseContext';
const HomeScreen = ({ navigation }) => {
const { expenses, filterExpenses } = useContext(ExpenseContext);
const [category, setCategory] = useState('');
const [dateRange, setDateRange] = useState({ start: '', end: '' });
return (
<View>
<CategoryFilter onSelect={setCategory} />
<DateRangePicker onSelect={setDateRange} />
<FlatList
data={filterExpenses(expenses, category, dateRange)}
renderItem={({ item }) => (
<View>
<Text>{item.name}</Text>
<Text>{item.amount}</Text>
<Button
title="View Details"
onPress={() => navigation.navigate('ExpenseDetails', { expenseId: item.id })}
/>
</View>
)}
/>
</View>
);
};
export default HomeScreen;
4. Expense Storage and Sync:
• Use AsyncStorage or SQLite to persist data locally.
• Optionally, implement Firebase integration for cloud storage and real-time syncing.
npm install @react-native-async-storage/async-storage
5. Expense Summary with Charts:
• Use react-native-chart-kit to display the total expenses in various categories.
npm install react-native-chart-kit
• Example of a bar chart:
import React from 'react';
import { BarChart } from 'react-native-chart-kit';
const ExpenseSummary = ({ data }) => {
return (
<BarChart
data={{
labels: data.map(item => item.category),
datasets: [
data: data.map(item => item.totalAmount),
},
],
}}
width={320}
height={220}
yAxisLabel="$"
/>
);
};
export default ExpenseSummary;
Final Thoughts:
This Expense Tracker App project will give you a good understanding of React Native's core
features such as navigation, state management, forms, local storage, and data syncing. You'll
also gain experience in integrating third-party libraries and optimizing your app for real-world
use.
FINAL PROJECT
Project: Job Board Platform with Real-time Notifications
Overview:
Create a Job Board Platform that allows companies to post job openings and candidates to
apply for these jobs. The platform will have several features, including:
• Company Profile Management: Companies can manage their profiles, including listing
job openings.
• Job Listings: Users (job seekers) can browse and filter job listings.
• User Profiles: Job seekers can create and update their profiles (including resume
uploads).
• Application System: Job seekers can apply for jobs directly through the platform.
• Real-time Notifications: Job seekers will be notified in real-time when a job is posted
that matches their profile and skill set.
• Admin Panel: Admins can manage users, job postings, and applications through the
Django admin panel.
• Authentication: Users (both companies and job seekers) will need to sign up and log in
to access the platform.
• Search and Filters: Job seekers can filter jobs by category, location, and other criteria.
This project will demonstrate your ability to work with Django REST Framework for the
backend and React for the frontend, as well as your ability to implement real-time notifications,
user authentication, file uploads, search functionality, and complex relationships (jobs,
applications, users).
Key Features to Implement:
1. Authentication & Authorization
• User Types: Separate user roles for companies and job seekers.
• Use JWT (JSON Web Tokens) for user authentication.
• User registration and login functionality with email/password.
• Password reset functionality.
2. Job Postings
• Companies can create, edit, and delete job postings.
• Each job posting will have a title, description, requirements, company info, salary range,
and location.
• Job Search and Filtering: Implement search functionality by job title, company,
location, and skill set.
3. Job Seeker Profile
• Job seekers can create, update, and delete their profiles.
• Resume Upload: Job seekers can upload resumes, which will be stored in the backend.
• Skills Set: Job seekers can add a list of skills to their profile, which will be matched
against job postings.
4. Application System
• Job seekers can apply for jobs.
• Companies can view a list of applications for each job.
• Application Status: Companies can change the status of applications (e.g., "Under
Review", "Accepted", "Rejected").
5. Real-Time Notifications
• When a job that matches a job seeker's profile is posted, a real-time notification will be
sent to the job seeker.
• Use WebSockets or Django Channels for real-time communication.
• Notifications for application status changes (e.g., "Your application was accepted").
6. Admin Panel
• Admin users can manage job listings, users, and applications via Django's built-in Admin
Interface.
• Admin can also send custom notifications to users.
7. Database Design
• Models: Use Django ORM to create models for User, Company, JobPost, Application,
and Notification.
• Relationships:
o One-to-many relationship between Company and JobPost.
o Many-to-many relationship between JobSeeker and JobPost (via the
Application model).
o One-to-many relationship between JobSeeker and Applications.
Technologies and Libraries to Use:
Backend: Django + Django REST Framework
• Django: Backend framework.
• Django REST Framework (DRF): For building RESTful APIs.
• Django Channels: For implementing WebSockets and real-time notifications.
• JWT (JSON Web Tokens): For handling authentication (e.g., djangorestframework-
simplejwt).
• Celery: For background tasks such as sending email notifications and handling time-
consuming operations.
• Pillow: For image handling (profile picture uploads).
• PostgreSQL: Database to store user profiles, job postings, applications, etc.
Frontend: React + Libraries
• React: For the frontend.
• React Router: For managing routes.
• Axios: For making HTTP requests to the Django REST API.
• React-Redux: For managing the global state (e.g., user authentication, notifications, job
listings).
• React-Bootstrap or Material-UI: For UI components.
• Socket.IO: For real-time notifications.
• Formik or React Hook Form: For managing forms (e.g., user profiles, job applications).
• React-Toastify: For toast notifications on success/failure actions (e.g., job application
success).
Database Models (Django)
1. User: Custom User model using AbstractUser.
2. Company: Represents a company profile.
3. JobPost: Represents job postings by companies.
4. JobSeekerProfile: Represents job seeker profiles, including uploaded resumes.
5. Application: Represents applications from job seekers to job postings.
6. Notification: For storing notifications for job seekers and companies.
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
class User(AbstractUser):
is_company = models.BooleanField(default=False) # Determines if the user is a company
is_job_seeker = models.BooleanField(default=False) # Determines if the user is a job seeker
class Company(models.Model):
user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
company_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
location = models.CharField(max_length=255)
class JobPost(models.Model):
company = models.ForeignKey(Company, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
description = models.TextField()
salary_range = models.CharField(max_length=100)
location = models.CharField(max_length=255)
posted_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
# More fields like category, skills, etc.
class JobSeekerProfile(models.Model):
user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
skills = models.CharField(max_length=255)
resume = models.FileField(upload_to='resumes/')
class Application(models.Model):
job_post = models.ForeignKey(JobPost, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
job_seeker = models.ForeignKey(JobSeekerProfile, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
applied_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
status = models.CharField(max_length=50, choices=[('pending', 'Pending'), ('accepted',
'Accepted'), ('rejected', 'Rejected')])
class Notification(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
message = models.CharField(max_length=255)
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
is_read = models.BooleanField(default=False)
Frontend (React)
Pages / Components:
1. Homepage:
o Displays featured job postings.
o Search and filter options (by category, location, salary).
2. Job Listing Page:
o Displays all job listings with filtering options.
o Apply button to apply for a job.
3. Job Seeker Profile:
o A form for creating and updating job seeker profiles.
o Resume upload and skills selection.
4. Company Dashboard:
o Allows companies to create, update, and delete job postings.
o View applications for posted jobs.
5. Job Application:
o A form for submitting applications to job posts.
6. Real-time Notifications:
o A notification component that listens for real-time updates from the backend.
o Displays notifications for new job postings or application status changes.
Sample React Code (Job Application Component):
import React, { useState } from 'react';
import axios from 'axios';
const ApplyJob = ({ jobId }) => {
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
const [message, setMessage] = useState("");
const handleApply = async () => {
setLoading(true);
try {
const response = await axios.post(`/api/jobs/${jobId}/apply/`);
setMessage("Application submitted successfully!");
} catch (error) {
setMessage("There was an error submitting your application.");
} finally {
setLoading(false);
};
return (
<div>
<button onClick={handleApply} disabled={loading}>
{loading ? "Applying..." : "Apply for this Job"}
</button>
{message && <p>{message}</p>}
</div>
);
};
export default ApplyJob;
Real-Time Notifications (Using WebSockets)
1. Backend: Django Channels:
o Install Django Channels for handling WebSockets:
2. pip install channels
o Setup Django Channels for real-time notifications when a new job is posted or
when the application status is updated.
3. Frontend: React + Socket.IO:
o Install Socket.IO client in React:
4. npm install socket.io-client
o Set up a WebSocket connection in React to listen for new notifications.
Deployment and Final Touches:
• Use Docker for containerization.
• Deploy the frontend on Netlify or Vercel.
• Deploy the backend on Heroku or DigitalOcean.
• Use Nginx or Gunicorn for production-ready Django deployment.
• Set up CI/CD pipelines for automated testing and deployment.
Conclusion:
This Job Board Platform will showcase your ability to work with React, Django, Django
REST Framework, WebSockets, and real-time notifications. This project will highlight your
full-stack development skills, making it an excellent addition to your portfolio
COMPILED BY ALLAN CHIZANGA (SOFTWARE DEVELOPER, ZOMAC DIGITAL)
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