trigonometry

Trigonometry Revision
1. Basic Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometry is concerned with the relationships between the angles and sides of a right-angled
triangle. There are three main ratios:
 Sine (sin):
sin⁡θ=oppositehypotenuse\sin \theta = \frac{\text{opposite}}{\text{hypotenuse}}
 Cosine (cos):
cos⁡θ=adjacenthypotenuse\cos \theta = \frac{\text{adjacent}}{\text{hypotenuse}}
 Tangent (tan):
tan⁡θ=oppositeadjacent\tan \theta = \frac{\text{opposite}}{\text{adjacent}}
Where:
 Opposite: The side opposite the angle.

 Adjacent: The side next to the angle (but not the hypotenuse).
 Hypotenuse: The longest side of the triangle (opposite the right angle).
2. Trigonometric Ratios for Specific Angles
You should know the values for the common angles: 30°, 45°, and 60°, as well as 0° and 90°.
Here are the key values:
 For θ=30∘\theta = 30^\circ:
sin⁡30∘=12, cos⁡30∘=32, tan⁡30∘=13\sin 30^\circ = \frac{1}{2}, \, \cos 30^\circ = \frac{\

sqrt{3}}{2}, \, \tan 30^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}
sin⁡45∘=22, cos⁡45∘=22, tan⁡45∘=1\sin 45^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \, \cos 45^\circ = \

frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \, \tan 45^\circ = 1

sin⁡60∘=32, cos⁡60∘=12, tan⁡60∘=3\sin 60^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, \, \cos 60^\circ = \
frac{1}{2}, \, \tan 60^\circ = \sqrt{3}
3. Pythagoras' Theorem
This is useful in trigonometry for finding sides of right-angled triangles when you know two
sides:
a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2
Where cc is the hypotenuse, and aa and bb are the two legs of the triangle.
4. SOHCAHTOA
This is a mnemonic to help remember the trigonometric ratios:
 Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse (SOH)

 Cosine = Adjacent / Hypotenuse (CAH)
 Tangent = Opposite / Adjacent (TOA)
5. The Unit Circle
The unit circle is important when you study trigonometric functions for all angles, not just those
in right-angled triangles. The radius of the unit circle is 1, and the angles are typically measured
in radians.
 Cosine is the x-coordinate of the point on the unit circle.

 Sine is the y-coordinate of the point on the unit circle.
6. Solving Problems Involving Angles
If you are given a right-angled triangle and need to find an angle or side, you can rearrange the
basic trigonometric formulas and apply inverse trigonometric functions.
 To find an angle:
θ=sin⁡−1(oppositehypotenuse),θ=cos⁡−1(adjacenthypotenuse),θ=tan⁡−1(oppositeadjacent)\
theta = \sin^{-1} \left( \frac{\text{opposite}}{\text{hypotenuse}} \right), \quad \theta = \
cos^{-1} \left( \frac{\text{adjacent}}{\text{hypotenuse}} \right), \quad \theta = \tan^{-1}
\left( \frac{\text{opposite}}{\text{adjacent}} \right)
7. The Sine Rule (for non-right-angled triangles)
For any triangle (not just right-angled), the sine rule can help you find unknown angles or sides.
asin⁡A=bsin⁡B=csin⁡C\frac{a}{\sin A} = \frac{b}{\sin B} = \frac{c}{\sin C}
Where:
 a,b,ca, b, c are the sides of the triangle.

 A,B,CA, B, C are the angles opposite these sides.
8. The Cosine Rule (for non-right-angled triangles)
The cosine rule is useful for finding an unknown side or angle in a triangle.
 To find a side:
c2=a2+b2−2ab⋅cos⁡Cc^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab \cdot \cos C
 To find an angle:
cos⁡C=a2+b2−c22ab\cos C = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab}
9. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
For the IGCSE, you may need to know how to sketch the graphs of the trigonometric functions:
 y = sin x
 y = cos x
 y = tan x
Key features:
 The amplitude (height from the midline to the peak) of sine and cosine is 1.
 Period (the length of one complete cycle) for sine and cosine is 360∘360^\circ (or 2π2\pi
radians).
 Tan x has vertical asymptotes where the function is undefined (at 90∘90^\circ,
270∘270^\circ, etc.).
10. Radian Measure
While most IGCSE trigonometry problems are in degrees, radians are sometimes used. To
convert between degrees and radians:
Degrees=Radians×180∘π\text{Degrees} = \text{Radians} \times \frac{180^\circ}{\pi}

Radians=Degrees×π180∘\text{Radians} = \text{Degrees} \times \frac{\pi}{180^\circ}
11. Applications
 Trigonometry is used in real-world situations like navigation, engineering, architecture,

physics, and astronomy.
 You might also be asked to solve word problems or apply trigonometry in practical
contexts, such as calculating the height of an object or the distance between two points.

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Trigonometry Revision

1. Basic Trigonometric Ratios

sin⁡θ=oppositehypotenuse\sin \theta = \frac{\text{opposite}}{\text{hypotenuse}}

cos⁡θ=adjacenthypotenuse\cos \theta = \frac{\text{adjacent}}{\text{hypotenuse}}

tan⁡θ=oppositeadjacent\tan \theta = \frac{\text{opposite}}{\text{adjacent}}

 Opposite: The side opposite the angle.

2. Trigonometric Ratios for Specific Angles

 For θ=30∘\theta = 30^\circ:

sin⁡30∘=12, cos⁡30∘=32, tan⁡30∘=13\sin 30^\circ = \frac{1}{2}, \, \cos 30^\circ = \frac{\

 For θ=45∘\theta = 45^\circ:

sin⁡45∘=22, cos⁡45∘=22, tan⁡45∘=1\sin 45^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \, \cos 45^\circ = \

 For θ=60∘\theta = 60^\circ:

a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2

This is a mnemonic to help remember the trigonometric ratios:

 Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse (SOH)

5. The Unit Circle

 Cosine is the x-coordinate of the point on the unit circle.

6. Solving Problems Involving Angles

7. The Sine Rule (for non-right-angled triangles)

asin⁡A=bsin⁡B=csin⁡C\frac{a}{\sin A} = \frac{b}{\sin B} = \frac{c}{\sin C}

 a,b,ca, b, c are the sides of the triangle.

8. The Cosine Rule (for non-right-angled triangles)

c2=a2+b2−2ab⋅cos⁡Cc^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab \cdot \cos C

cos⁡C=a2+b2−c22ab\cos C = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab}

9. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

10. Radian Measure

Degrees=Radians×180∘π\text{Degrees} = \text{Radians} \times \frac{180^\circ}{\pi}

 Trigonometry is used in real-world situations like navigation, engineering, architecture,

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